Reforming and Developing China’s Port Sector
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Zhejiang Ocean University, Guangdong Ocean University, Qingdao Ocean Shipping Mariners College, and Tianjin Maritime College. Skills can also be acquired through vocational training. In 2015, both the MoT and the Ministry of Education sought to expand vocational training programs, releasing a series of regulations and advisories, including the Opinions of the Ministry of Transport and the Ministry of Education on Developing Vocational Education in the Modern Transportation Sector (Ministry of Transport and Ministry of Education 2016). Part-time educational courses were made available to further enhance and upgrade workers’ skill sets. In addition to education and skills training, the MoT funds scientific research. At present, 26 industrial laboratories conduct research in water transport. In addition, maritime and logistics courses are supported by port cities, for example, at the University of Ningbo. Port companies are labor intensive, requiring significant manpower and skilled workers. Port employees can be roughly classified into three types: production operators, technicians and engineers, and administrators. According to a 2018 analysis by the China Waterborne Transport Research Institute (WTI) on regular employees of 12 listed port companies in coastal areas, operational and technical workers account for, on average, about 72 percent of the total (figure 2.16). In this group, production operators represent a larger share than technical engineers (about 57 percent and 15 percent, respectively). The analysis also showed that, on average, about 31 percent of port employees hold at least a bachelor’s degree.
FIGURE 2.16
Proportion of operational and technical workers, and of staff with bachelor’s degree and higher at specific ports, 2018 100 90 Average = 72%
70 60 50 40
Average = 31%
30 20 10
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Proportion of staff (%)
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Operational and technical workers
Staff with bachelor’s degree and above
Sources: Analysis by China Waterborne Transport Research Institute (WTI), based on port group annual reports for 2019, as follows: Dalian Port Group 2020; Guangzhou Port Group 2020; Lianyun Port Group 2020; Ningbo-Zhoushan Port Group 2020; Qingdao Port Group 2020; Qinhuangdao Port Group 2020; Rizhao Port Group 2020; Shanghai International Port Group 2020; Tianjin Port Group 2020; Yingkou Port Group 2020.
