Trade Therapy

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Deepening Cooperation on Medical Goods and Services Trade

54. The hub concept draws inspiration from a 2007 WHO program to provide seed grants to manufacturers in LMICs to establish or improve pandemic influenza vaccine production capacity (Hendriks et al. 2011). The companies involved were supported by an influenza vaccine technology platform (“hub”) at the Netherlands Vaccine Institute for training and technology transfer. During its first two years of operation, a robust and transferable monovalent pilot process for egg-based inactivated whole virus influenza A vaccine production was established under international GMP standards as well as in-process and release assays. The hub developed training tools, including a practical handbook on production and quality control, and provided hands-on training courses to employees from manufacturers in LMICs. 55. A possible model is provided by Accumulus Synergy, a nonprofit company providing a cloudbased platform to support interactions between the biopharmaceutical industry and health authorities worldwide, leveraging advanced technology and tools for data exchange to support global regulatory reliance mechanisms by giving all agencies access to information and data provided by vaccine manufacturers, run regulatory work-sharing activities, provide parallel review of dossiers, and produce reliance- or recognition-based assessments, under a single and global management system. For more information, see https://www.accumulus.org/. 56. “The COVAX Marketplace,” Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) website: https://cepi.net/the-covax-marketplace/.

REFERENCES Adlung, R. 2010. “Trade in Healthcare and Health Insurance Services: WTO/GATS as a Supporting Actor(?)” Intereconomics 45 (4): 227–38. Adlung R., and A. Carzaniga. 2001. “Health Services under the General Agreement on Trade Services.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79 (4): 352–64. Agarwal, R., and T. Reed. Forthcoming. “Financing Vaccine Equity: Funding for Day Zero of the Next Pandemic.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 38 (4). Anderson, R. D., W. E. Kovacic, A. C. Müller, and N. Sporysheva. 2018. “Competition Policy, Trade and the Global Economy: Existing WTO Elements, Commitments in Regional Trade Agreements, Current Challenges and Issues for Reflection.” Staff Working Paper ERSD-2018-12, World Trade Organization, Geneva. Anderson, R. D., A. C. Müller, and P. Pelletier. 2017. “Regional Trade Agreements and Procurement Rules: Facilitators or Hindrances?” In The Internationalization of Government Procurement Regulation, edited by A. Georgopoulos, B. Hoekman, and P. C. Mavroidis, 56–85. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations). 2020a. “AEM Signing of the MOU‌‌on‌‌the‌ Implementation‌ ‌of‌ ‌Non-Tariff‌ ‌Measures‌ on‌ ‌Essential‌ ‌Goods‌ ‌under‌ ‌the‌ ‌Hanoi‌ POA ‌in‌ ‌Response‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌‌COVID-19‌‌Pandemic‌.” News release, November 24, ASEAN Secretariat, Jakarta. ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations). 2020b. “Hanoi Plan of Action on Strengthening ASEAN Economic Cooperation and Supply Chain Connectivity in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Plan implementing the April 14 “Declaration of the Special ASEAN Summit on the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).” Adopted June 4 at the ASEAN Economic Ministers Meeting, Jakarta. Baiker, L., E. Bertola, and M. Jelitto. 2021. “Services Domestic Regulation – Locking in Good Regulatory Practices: Analyzing the Prevalence of Services Domestic Regulation Disciplines and Their Potential Linkages with Economic Performance.” Staff Working Paper ERSD-2021-4, World Trade Organization, Geneva. Ball, D., S. Roth, and J. Parry. 2016. “Better Regulation of Medicines Means Stronger Regional Health Security: Strengthening and Convergence of National Regulatory Agencies Has Benefits beyond Country Borders.” ADB Briefs No. 54, Asian Development Bank, Manila.

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response for future pandemics

18min
pages 177-187

Notes

11min
pages 165-168

References

12min
pages 169-174

3.2 Low levels of GATS commitments in medical services trade

1min
page 147

commitments than in GATS

15min
pages 148-154

Cooperation beyond trade agreements for global health security

22min
pages 155-164

3.3 Potential commitments to bolster governance of trade policy in global crises

20min
pages 131-139

Trade policy cooperation to contribute to global health security

3min
pages 127-128

3.5 Traceability and illicit trade in medical products in Africa

5min
pages 145-146

B3.4.2 Types of health technology transfer programs reported by WTO developed country members under TRIPS Agreement, art. 66.2, 2018–20

5min
pages 142-144

3.2 Pricing policies for medical goods in the context of international trade

6min
pages 124-126

3.1 RTA cooperation during the COVID-19 pandemic

6min
pages 121-123

References

12min
pages 114-118

Policies affecting medical goods and services trade during the COVID-19 pandemic

2min
page 96

the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (excluding China), January 2020 to March 2022

5min
pages 108-110

Notes

8min
pages 111-113

2.11 NRA decisions on WHO-EUL COVID-19 vaccines, December 2020 to February 2022

8min
pages 104-107

2.7 Government support measures for the medical goods sector predated the pandemic

6min
pages 93-95

2.4 Trade in medical services faces many trade barriers

5min
pages 88-90

References

8min
pages 71-74

2.2 WTO-notified quantitative restrictions, by type and member income group, 2018–19

3min
pages 80-81

2.3 Progress on implementation commitments under the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement

10min
pages 82-86

1.22 The vaccine value chains

3min
pages 68-69

2.2 Development of export-oriented medical services in selected countries

2min
page 87

1.17 Exports of PPE soared early in the COVID-19 pandemic

0
page 63

Notes

2min
page 70

1.11 Trade in medical services hit US$78.6 billion in 2019

1min
page 56

1.3 Recent FDI trends in medical goods and services

2min
page 46

Personnel—and the blurred boundaries between trade in medical services and migration of health workers

5min
pages 43-44

1.6 MNCs’ contribution to global value added and exports varies by industry

3min
pages 50-51

Patterns in medical goods and services trade before the pandemic

2min
page 52

B1.1.1 Private health insurance schemes as a share of total health expenditure in selected countries, 2019

3min
pages 41-42

1.1 Access to health care: The role of (trade in) health insurance services

2min
page 40

Drivers of trade in medical goods and services

2min
page 36

of medical goods and services, leading to concentration

8min
pages 32-35

Notes

1min
page 23

1 Trade and trade-related policy actions to improve prevention, preparedness, and

2min
page 20

Deepening cooperation on medical goods and services trade

4min
pages 21-22

Stronger trade systems for better global health security

1min
page 25

References

1min
page 24

Organization of the report

1min
page 26

Reference

0
pages 27-28

The medical goods and services trade: Relevance, characteristics, and welfare implications

1min
page 29
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