World Bank Support for Social Safety Nets 2007-2013: A Review of Financing, Knowledge Services and R

DISCUSSION PAPER

Abstract This review examines World Bank support to social safety nets between FY07–FY13, including both financing and knowledge services. During this time period World Bank financing for safety nets totaled just over US$12 billion, 273 financing activities in 93 Countries, the World Bank spent approximately US$118 million on 281 safety net studies and supported approximately 129 credible safety net impact evaluations covering in 24 countries. Among the 93 countries represented in the portfolio, 42 received little or no safety net support from the World Bank prior to Fiscal Year 2007. The growth in Bank support is especially notable during the period of the food, fuel, and financial crises. The analysis delves into these trends by region, type of intervention and instruments involved. Finally, it delineates implications and outlook for the future based on lessons learned, results measured and evaluative evidence.

NO. 1422

World Bank Support for Social Safety Nets 2007–2013

A Review of Financing, Knowledge Services and Results Colin Andrews, Adea Kryeziu and Dahye Seo

About this series...

Social Protection & Labor Discussion Papers are published to communicate the results of The World Bank’s work to the development community with the least possible delay. This paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate for formally edited texts.

The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

For more information, please contact the Social Protection Advisory Service, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Room G7-803, Washington, DC 20433 USA. Telephone: (202) 458-5267, Fax: (202) 614-0471, E-mail: socialprotection@worldbank.org or visit us on-line at www.worldbank.org/spl.

© 2013 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank

June 2014

World Bank Support for Social Safety Nets 2007-2013: A Review of Financing, Knowledge Services and Results

Colin Andrews, Adea Kryeziu and Dahye Seo

June 2014

Abstract This review examines World Bank support to social safety nets between FY07-FY13, including both financing and knowledge services. During this time period World Bank financing for safety nets totaled just over US$ 12 billion, 273 financing activities in 93 Countries, the World Bank spent approximately US$118 million on 281 safety net studies and supported approximately 129 credible safety net impact evaluations covering in 24 countries. Among the 93 countries represented in the portfolio, 42 received little or no safety net support from the World Bank prior to Fiscal Year 2007. The growth in Bank support is especially notable during the period of the food, fuel, and financial crises. The analysis delves into these trends by region, type of intervention and instruments involved.

Finally, it delineates implications and outlook for the future based on lessons learned, results measured and evaluative evidence.

Keywords: Social Protection and Labor, Social Safety Nets, Financing, Knowledge Services, Impact Evaluation

JEL Classification: I380 Welfare and Poverty: Government Programs; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs

Acknowledgements This paper was written by Colin Andrews, Adea Kryeziu, and Dahye Seo. Peer review feedback was provided by Margaret Grosh, Penelope Williams, and Peter Pojarski. We are grateful for overall guidance from Ruslan Yemtsov and Anush Bezhanyan. Helpful feedback and inputs were also received from Arup Banerji, Laura Rawlings, Mark Sundberg, Briana Wilson, Hideki Mori, and Gisela M. Garcia. Special thanks to Sophie Warlop for continued inputs and quality checks of data and Ana Veronica Lopez for her inputs on impact evaluations. The authors alone are responsible for the contents of this final version.

Moreover, the opinions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the World Bank, its executive directors or the countries they represent. We are grateful to Fiona Mackintosh for editorial assistance and to Raiden Dillard, Michael Weber and Amira Nikolas for assistance with the final publication.

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Acronyms AFR AIM CCT CoP CPIA DID DIME DPL DRC EAP ECA ESW FAO GFRP GNI IBRD IDA IEG IPA JERP JPAL LAC LIC MIC MNA P4R PAD PSM PWP RAS RSR SAR SIEF SPL SSA SSN TA TF TTL UCT UN 3ie

Sub-Saharan Africa region Africa Impact Evaluation Initiative Conditional Cash Transfer Community of practice Country Policy and Institutional Assessment Difference-in-Difference approach Development Impact Evaluation Development Policy Lending Democratic Republic of Congo East Asia and Pacific region Europe and Central Asia region Economic Sector Work Food and Agriculture Organization Global Food Crisis Response Program Gross National Income International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Development Association Independent Evaluation Group Innovations for Poverty Action Lab Joint Economic Research Program Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab Latin America and the Caribbean region Lower Income Country Middle Income Country Middle East and North Africa region Program-for-Results Project Appraisal Document Propensity score matching Public Works Program Reimbursable Advisory Service Rapid Social Response South Asia region Spanish Impact Evaluation Fund (SIEF) Social Protection and Labor Sub-Saharan Africa region Social Safety Net Technical Assistance Trust Fund Task Team Leader Unconditional Cash Transfer United Nations International Initiative for Impact Evaluation 3

Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 7 II. CONTEXT.................................................................................................................... 9 III. METHODOLOGY OF THE PORTFOLIO REVIEW ...................................................................... 13 DEFINITIONS AND KEY TERMS ..................................................................................................... 13 ACCOUNTING FOR SOCIAL SAFETY NET FINANCING .......................................................................... 17 DATA AND RESOURCES USED TO EXAMINE FINANCING AND KNOWLEDGE SERVICES AND RESULTS ............ 18 LIMITATIONS............................................................................................................................ 20 IV. REVIEW OF FY2007-2013 SOCIAL SAFETY NET FINANCING .................................................. 22 OVERALL FINANCING PORTFOLIO FY07-13 ................................................................................... 22 IDA AND IBRD ALLOCATIONS ..................................................................................................... 26 TRUST FUND ASSISTANCE IN THE SAFETY NETS PORTFOLIO ............................................................... 30 TYPES OF INTERVENTIONS........................................................................................................... 32 LENDING BY REGION ................................................................................................................. 34 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (SSA) ..................................................................................................... 36 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (LAC) .................................................................................. 38 EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA (ECA) .............................................................................................. 40 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC (EAP) .................................................................................................... 42 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MNA) ................................................................................... 43 SOUTH ASIA REGION (SAR) ....................................................................................................... 45 LENDING BY INSTRUMENT .......................................................................................................... 46 OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOMES .................................................................................................... 48 PORTFOLIO PERFORMANCE ........................................................................................................ 50 V. KNOWLEDGE SERVICES ................................................................................................. 52 ECONOMIC SECTOR WORK (ESW) AND NON-LENDING TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE (TA)............................ 52 IMPACT EVALUATIONS ............................................................................................................... 59 SOUTH-SOUTH LEARNING AND KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGE AND OTHER TRAINING SERVICES....................... 61 VI. DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................. 69 WORLD BANK SAFETY NET OPERATIONS ....................................................................................... 69 MAJOR LESSONS LEARNED ......................................................................................................... 70 THE EVOLVING NATURE OF SOCIAL SAFETY NET PROVISION .............................................................. 73 LESSONS FROM KNOWLEDGE SERVICES ......................................................................................... 75 LINKS BETWEEN FINANCING AND KNOWLEDGE ACTIVITIES ................................................................ 76 KNOWLEDGE CHALLENGES AT COUNTRY AND GLOBAL LEVEL ............................................................... 76 EVALUATING AND MEASURING RESULTS ....................................................................................... 78 RESULTS FROM IMPACT EVALUATIONS .......................................................................................... 80 VII. CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................... 84 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................... 90

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List of Figures Figure 1: World Bank Financing for Safety Nets, FY02-13 ..................................................... 10 Figure 2: Social Safety Net Functions Supported by World Bank Projects ............................ 25 Figure 3a/b: Allocation to Theme 54 and Number of Financing Activities, IDDA and IBRD FY07-13 ................................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 4a/b: Trend in TF espenditures (US$m and % by region) ........................................... 31 Figure 5: Number of Social Safety Net Activities by Type, FY07-13....................................... 32 Figure 6: Amounts Allocated to Social Safety Net Activities and Number of Financing Activities by Region, FY07-13 (US$ billion) ............................................................................. 34 Figure 7a/b: Number of financing amounts allocated to SS .................................................. 36 Figure 8a/b: Number of financing activities and Total amounts allocated to SSN ................ 38 Figure 9a/b: Number of financing activities and Total amounts allocated to SSN in ECA, FY07-13 ................................................................................................................................... 40 Figure Figure 10a/b: Number of financing activities and Total amounts allocated to SSN in ECA, FY07-13 ........................................................................................................................... 42 Figure 11a/b: Number of financing activities and Total amounts allocated to SSN in MNA 44 Figure 12a/b: Number of financing activities and Total amounts allocated to SSN in SAR FY07-13 ................................................................................................................................... 45 Figure 13 a/b: Allocation to Theme 54 by Type of Lending Instrument and Number of Operations by Lending Type FY07-13 ..................................................................................... 47 Figure 14: Percentage of Projects with a Performance Rating of Moderately Satisfactory or Higher, by Region .................................................................................................................... 48 Figure 15: Additional IEG ratings, percentage of projects with a performance rating of moderately satisfactory or higher by income level ................................................................ 49 Figure 16: Knowledge Services Theme 54, FY07-13 by output typee .................................... 53 Figure 17: ESW and TA by region, % of total ......................................................................... 54 Figure 18a/b: Regional distribution of Impact Evaluations and Types of SSN itnerventions studied in Impact Evaluations ................................................................................................. 59

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List of Tables Table 1: Types of Social Safety Net Interventions ................................................................. 14 Table 2a: Lending Commitments for Safety Nets, by region and fiscal year ......................... 22 Table 2b: Number of Projects with Safety Net Components, ............................................... 22 Table 3: Amounts Allocated to Social Safety Net Activities and Number of Financing Activities by Region, FY07-13 (US$ billion) ............................................................................. 35 Table 4: Percentage of Projects with Moderately Satisfactory or ......................................... 48 Table 5: Safety Nets portfolio performance .......................................................................... 51 Table 6: Influential Country and Regional Knowledge Activities, ESW and TA (2007-2013). 56 Table 7: RAS Activities in the Safety Net Knowledge Services Portfolio, FY07-13 ................. 59 Table 8: Flagship Global Knowledge Products ....................................................................... 67 Table 9: Select Corporate Scorecard Indicators for Human Development and Gender ....... 79

List of Boxes

Box 1: A Retrospective Look at the World Bank Safety Net Portfolio for 2002-2007………....12 Box 2: Flagship Operations in IDA Countries ………………………………………….………………....….....27 Box 3: Flagship Operations in IBRD Countries……………………………………………………………...……30

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I.

Introduction

Social safety nets have become a highly visible part of the global development agenda. With growing evidence base on their positive impact – from both low- and middle-income countries – there has been an explosion of interest in the design and implementation of safety net programs in recent years. Adding to the flagship examples such as Mexico, Brazil, Ethiopia, and Bangladesh, there is a new generation of countries emerging with robust safety net systems including Niger, Cameroun, Rwanda, and Pakistan. The aspirations of individual countries are reflected by with growing calls at the global level for social protection to be featured on the post-2015 development agenda.

Against this dynamic backdrop, this review aims to examine World Bank support to social safety nets between FY07-FY13, including both financing and knowledge services. The review will examine the entire portfolio, drawing on the considerable amount of data and literature that has been generated in recent years. The analysis will pay particular attention to shifts in the portfolio, including any change in: (i) support for safety nets in low- and middle-income countries within regions; (ii) the most common types of safety net interventions used; and (iii) the results achieved in various settings. The analysis builds on a previous portfolio review entitled Social Safety Nets in World Bank Lending and Analytical Work: FY2002-2007,1 which provided a strong comparative baseline for how World Bank support for social safety nets has recently evolved.

The analysis confirms a surge of interest among developing countries in social safety net support from the World Bank, particularly around the time of the food, fuel, and financial (FFF) crises of FY09-11). The bulk of the Bank’s increased financing commitments were made to middle-income countries that already had social safety nets in place, while the number of new commitments has been highest in IDA countries that have only limited 1

Grosh and Milazzo (2008)

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safety net provision in place. Significantly, the review highlights a recent convergence in the Bank’s provision of support to low-income and middle-income support for safety net activities worldwide.

The analysis also highlights the importance of knowledge services within the portfolio. In recent years, the Bank’s analytical work has shifted from stand-alone reports to a more programmatic approach in which diverse and tailor-made technical assistance is provided to partner countries, often leading to subsequent financing for country operations. A hallmark of the Bank’s work on knowledge services has been to facilitate the sharing of information, best practices, and lessons learned between different countries, which have created a vibrant community of global safety net practitioners worldwide. It is notable that safety net projects tend to perform better, on average, than the World Bank’s portfolio as a whole. A wealth of recent impact evaluation studies have shown that safety nets have had a direct and significant effect in reducing poverty and narrowing inequality while also improving other developmental outcomes.

This report highlights the progress that has been made in the Bank’s provision of support for safety nets. It finds that the World Bank’s growing safety nets portfolio is adjusting to different country scenarios and is increasingly moving towards building systems rather than supporting individual programs. The Bank is also moving towards a pro-cyclical financing model, in which support for safety nets continues beyond periods of crisis, while continuing to focus on addressing the needs of those in the bottom 40 percent of the income distribution. There is a strong evidence base charting the success and impact of Banksupported safety net programs in a diverse range of settings, including low income and fragile settings. This evidence base is helping to improve the administration of safety net programs and to codify knowledge on key program processes such as enrollment, registration, verification, and monitoring and evaluation. A key lesson from many operations is the importance of strong political leadership and governance to sustain such advances.

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At the same time, the review highlights a range of challenges. While the World Bank business model in safety nets has clearly expanded in recent years, what are its limits in terms of country coverage? As the World Bank sharpens its focus on poverty reduction and shared prosperity, will safety net operations require greater selectivity? How can safety nets maintain their flexibility to respond to shocks and crisis, whilest also moving towards a longer terms systems approach. Given its retrospective nature, it is beyond the scope of this paper to fully address these challenges, but it is expected that the analysis will increase global knowledge and inform debate on safety nets and on the Bank’s support for them.

II.

Context

Over the last decade, World Bank support for safety nets can most vividly be seen in financing levels, which have been consistently high with growing regional diversification (see Figure 1). This review focuses particularly on the period between 2007 and 2013, a period that was dramatically shaped by events related to the global economic crisis. In particular the fuel, food, and financial crises highlighted the importance of well-designed social safety nets for reducing poverty and vulnerability and precipitated a wave of interest in introducing safety nets, especially in IDA countries.2

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Grosh and Milazzo (2008)

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Figure 1: World Bank Financing for Safety Nets, FY02-13

In this broad context, the Bank’s support for safety nets has evolved in a positive direction towards becoming more integrated and programmatic. In recent years the Bank has begun moving from a project-focused approach that emphasized delivery of social assistance benefits to an approach that focuses on helping countries to build safety net systems and institutions to respond better to poverty, risk, and vulnerability. Stronger demand for safety net support in middle-income countries (MICs) in the past led to the Bank being significantly more involved in other countries than in low-income countries (LICs). The recent global crisis caused the Bank to expand its support into 42 new countries, many of which are LICs.

The Bank’s support to safety nets has consisted of both financing and knowledge sharing. At present, the World Bank has an active portfolio in 122 countries and regions, in 57 of which it is providing both financing and knowledge services, in 34 of which it is providing knowledge services alone, and in 31 of which it is providing just financing. As an increasing number of governments look to build safety net systems, they are often faced hard choices about the type, affordability, and sustainability of social protection initiatives, particularly those in fragile states. By supporting both lending and grant operations, the Bank has been able to give countries flexibility and has provided them with predictable funding within a

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long-term planning framework. Central to this support has been the dissemination and sharing of knowledge through technical assistance, training, and south-south learning events. In this context, trust funds have become an increasingly important part of the Bank’s financing services, catalyzing both policy dialogue and support in low-income settings.

The Bank’s strong engagement in the area of safety nets is reflected in the key findings of the World Bank’s Independent Evaluation Group’s Evaluation on Safety Nets in 2010. It was also an important component of the Bank’s recent Social Protection and Labor Strategy 2012-2022, which signaled an important shift towards integrating safety nets within the broader social protection system to respond to country-level poverty, risks, and vulnerabilities.3 The strategy aims to build sustainable and affordable safety nets in each developing country while enabling them to invest in their human capital, thus increasing their resilience, productivity, and their ability to access jobs and take advantage of opportunities. With this aim in mind, the World Bank is developing country-specific tools and approaches, investing in knowledge, data, and analysis, providing rapid-reaction policy advice, and undertaking continuous technical assistance and capacity-building. In particular, the Bank’s Rapid Social Response program is helping low-income countries to build social protection systems that will protect their people during future crises. The Bank also supports a diverse set of safety net interventions, ranging from cash transfers to laborintensive public works to school feeding programs.

Finally, it should be noted that the current review builds on a previous analysis of the safety nets portfolio conducted during the time period 2002-2007.4 Because the previous study used comparable data and methodology to the current review, it provides a useful benchmark against which to assess what progress the Bank has made on safety nets since then. Box 1 highlights the key findings of the previous review.

3 4

World Bank (2012b) Grosh and Milazzo (2008)

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Box 1: A Retrospective Look at the World Bank Safety Net Portfolio for 2002-2007 Grosh and Milazzo (2008) identified a portfolio of 145 operations with active safety net components during the 2002-2007 period. The value of these components was US$3.4 billion dollars. Nine percent of all World Bank projects in those five years included safety nets, though these were usually a small share of the overall loan. Limited comparisons with a previous portfolio showed that there had been a larger number of loans in every year from FY98, the year before the social risk management framework that underlies the Bank’s Social Protection and Labor Strategy was written. The size of the portfolio varied at different times as it was expanded when large or multiple countries were faced with economic crises.

The share of the safety nets portfolio between IDA and IBRD countries was about the same as for the Bank’s overall portfolio. The safety nets portfolio was dominated by Latin America and the Caribbean both in terms of the number of projects and of dollars.

The portfolio was nearly evenly divided between cash programs, various types of non-cash programs, public works, and technical assistance in that order, with much smaller amounts going to micro-finance, “other,” and food-related projects. Despite the ubiquitous appearance of the conditional cash transfer (CCT) in the literature at that time, the CCT portfolio was fairly small. The most common theme in analytical work on safety nets was cash transfers, with non-cash programs running second, and public works a distant third. A hallmark of the portfolio was the existence of a large number of credible impact evaluations of the main interventions, especially conditional cash transfers and public works programs.

The assessment of current trends, country needs, and other factors suggested that the portfolio would continue to be active going forward, with a greater balance among the regions. The following areas were projected to be the main focus of the future portfolio: • Implementing safety nets in the low-income countries of South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa • Lending for CCTs in more countries • Continuing to support institutional issues (such as targeting, decentralization, and improved service delivery), particularly in middle-income countries • Addressing policy issues throughout the portfolio, particularly how safety nets fit into the poverty reduction and social policies of each country.

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III.

Methodology of the Portfolio Review

Definitions and Key Terms This report defines social safety nets (SSNs) as non-contributory transfer programs that target the poor and vulnerable. They are also referred to as social assistance or social welfare in some countries. In most countries, safety nets operate within a broader poverty reduction strategy that also includes social insurance, health, education, and financial services, the provision of utilities and roads, and other policies aimed at reducing poverty and managing risk. SSNs play four major roles: (i) redistributing income to reduce poverty and inequality; (ii) enabling better human capital investments: (iii) helping households to manage risk: and (iv) offering social protection to those negatively affected by government reforms aimed at increasing efficiency and growth.5

The safety net programs listed in the inventory in Table 1 follow the same categories as used by Grosh and Milazzo (2008), which are cash transfers (both means-tested and categorical), non-cash (in-kind) transfers (including food or energy price subsidies for households), and others (including public work schemes and microcredit). This review adds several categories of technical assistance because of the surge in this type of work in recent years.

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Grosh et al (2008)

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Table 1: Types of Social Safety Net Interventions Cash Transfers

Non-cash Transfers

Short-term Employment, Income Generation Capacity Building and Institutional Improvements

Conditional cash transfer (CCTs) Social assistance / income support Family/child allowance Non-contributory pensions Disability benefits Food transfers (including nutrition programs) Basic transfers Education-related (school vouchers, scholarships, fee waivers) Training for beneficiaries Health-related (fee waivers and exemptions for health care services) Energy subsidies Housing (including housing assistance ) Public works Microcredit / income-generation opportunities Other activities Strengthening of the institutional capacity of governments (including improvements in the administration, coverage, and targeting of social safety nets) Support for social sector reforms (including performance evaluations and/or the public monitoring of social sector programs)

Source: Grosh and Milazzo (2008)

The first group, cash programs, consists of programs that provide recipients with transfers in cash targeted either by means (needs-based income support programs) or by category of recipient (such as child allowances, non-contributory pensions for the elderly, and disability benefits). It also includes conditional cash transfers (CCTs), which have become increasingly popular since they were first found to be effective in Latin America. CCTs aim to reduce poverty in the short term by providing cash transfers and in the longer term by making the receipt of the transfers conditional on the recipients making investments in their human capital (for example, by requiring them to make use of education and health facilities).

The non-cash category includes food-based programs (such as school feeding, maternal child supplements, and food rations), training opportunities for beneficiaries (for example, basic life skills training or vocational skills training), fee waivers or subsidies for health and education services, and price subsidies for energy or housing.

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The third set of interventions consists of public works, micro-credit, and other incomegenerating activities. Public works are the most important SSN intervention within this category. Public works typically provides low-skilled employment opportunities (for example, constructing or rehabilitating much-needed public infrastructure) to the poor who are willing to work for a low wage paid either in cash or in kind. This category also includes micro-credit programs and support for small-scale income-generating activities.

The final group of interventions aims to build capacity and improve institutions. Their purpose is to strengthen the institutional capacity of key government agencies to improve the administration, coverage, and targeting of social safety net programs. Some other interventions in this category aim to encourage the development of a harmonized social safety net system within a given country. In this area, the Bank often monitors or carries out performance evaluations of the main social sector programs for the client country.

The World Bank has defined social protection as systems, policies, and programs that aim to promote resilience, enhance equity, and build opportunities for all (World Bank, 2012a) Social protection directly increases resilience by helping people to insure themselves against any deterioration in their well-being as a result of different types of shocks and improves equity by reducing poverty and destitution and promoting equality of opportunity. Social protection also promotes opportunity by building human capital, assets, and access to jobs and by freeing families to make productive investments because of their greater sense of security. Through this assistance, social protection aims to contribute to poverty reduction and equitable growth, specifically by focusing on: (i) protection to ensure adequate support to the poor; (ii) prevention to provide security to vulnerable people; and (iii) promotion to increase the chances for them to raise their productivity and their incomes.

The Bank defines “low-income” and “middle-income” countries as those countries that are eligible to borrow from the World Bank’s International Development Association (IDA) or International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) respectively. (They will

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henceforth be referred to in this report as IDA and IBRD countries.) As of July 1, 2013, lowincome economies are those that had per capita GNI of US$1,035 or less in 2012, with exceptions for countries that have recently emerged from conflict or are small island economies. IBRD countries are divided into lower-middle-income economies with a per capita GNI of US$1,036 to US$4,085 and upper-middle-income economies with per capita GNI of US$4,086 to US$12,615. This report defines “fragile situations” as those countries that have an average institutional rating of 3.2 or less on the Bank’s Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) or that have had a United Nations (UN) and/or regional peace‐keeping or peace‐building mission in their soil during the previous three years. During FY12, 33 countries worldwide were recognized by the Bank as being fragile and conflict‐affected, 19 of which were in Africa. Of these 33, with the exception of Iraq and the West Bank and Gaza, all were also IDA‐eligible countries.

Financing services refers to the mix of loans, credits, and grants that the World Bank provides to member countries in order to meet their development challenges. The three main financing instruments include: (i) investment project financing; (ii) development policy lending; and (iii) program-for-results operations. Investment projects provide funding (in the form of IBRD loans or IDA credits and grants) to governments to cover specific expenditures related to economic and social development projects.6 Development policy operations provide budget support to governments for policy and institutional reforms aimed at achieving a set of specific development results. Program-for-results operations (P4R) support the performance of government programs by strengthening institutions and building capacity and by linking the disbursement of funds directly to the delivery of defined results. In addition to these three kinds of financing services, the World Bank’s support for member countries also comes in the form of trust funds/grants, which are accounted for separately from the Bank’s own resources. Trust funds are financial and administrative arrangements that the World Bank has with an external donor that provide countries with 6

Over the past two decades, investment operations have made up about 75 to 80 percent of the Bank's portfolio.

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grants, credits, loans, or guarantees for high-priority development needs, such as technical assistance, advisory services, debt relief, post-conflict transition, and co-financing.

Knowledge services refer to the non-lending segment of World Bank support, which usually takes the form of research, analysis and technical assistance. This category typically includes: (i) economic and sector work and non-lending technical assistance; (ii) impact evaluations; (iii) South-South learning and knowledge exchanges and other training services; and (iv) contributions to global knowledge e.g. data, flagship publications (v) services also include reimbursable advisory services, which aim to help member governments to adopt policies, programs, and reforms that can lead to greater economic growth and poverty reduction. Each government pays the Bank for receiving these services.

Accounting for Social Safety Net Financing The Bank assigns sector and theme codes to investment lending and other activities that directly serve an external client.7 As of 2001, the World Bank task team leaders have been assigning up to five thematic codes to projects. Thematic code 54 is meant to capture social safety net activities (sometimes referred to as social assistance) within the World Bank’s financing and knowledge services. The guidance note for theme coding defines Thematic Code 54 as: “Activities intended to provide social assistance or social care services targeted in some way to the poor and vulnerable (such as in-kind or cash assistance to poor and vulnerable individuals or families, including assistance to help them to cope with the consequences of economic or other shocks).�8

Theme 54 includes cash benefits to poor and vulnerable groups (such as conditional and non-conditional cash transfers), in-kind benefits (such as food/energy/transport vouchers), subsidies for goods consumed (such as rice subsidies or rebates for electricity), subsidies for 7 8

World Bank internal website under Operations Policy and Country Services World Bank internal website under Operations Policy and Country Services

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services (such as fee waivers or subsidized connections to utilities), workfare programs (such as cash-for-work), and institutional strengthening/capacity building for SSN programs.

The World Bank Business Warehouse serves as an internal information management system that tracks data on the Bank’s financing and knowledge services.9 For the purpose of this portfolio review, the Business Warehouse was used to extract information on both financing and knowledge services that had been categorized as Theme 54. The analysis only includes Theme 54 activities, as this is the current institutional theme code for safety nets.

Data and Resources Used to Examine Financing and Knowledge Services and Results The main data that were used to quantify and evaluate the Bank’s financing and knowledge services and results were extracted from the World Bank’s Business Warehouse system and were valid as of July 8th, 2013. According to the financing data, there were 273 projects approved between FY07 and FY13. All 273 projects identified as containing safety nets (Theme 54) were included in the analysis, regardless of the amount allocated to safety nets within the overall project. Information on knowledge services was also extracted from Business Warehouse system, including all economic and sector work (ESW) and non-lending technical assistance (TA) approved between FY07 and FY13 that was assigned as Theme 54.

A total of 281 activities were included in the analysis, 47 percent of which were EW and 53 percent were TA. Finally, the Independent Evaluation Group’s outcome ratings on implementation completion reports for completed projects were reviewed.

The review also included an extensive literature review of key documents. For the financing review, the second stage of the portfolio analysis involved a review of project appraisal documents (PADs) for all 273 projects. Following the same categories as were used in Grosh and Milazzo (2008), each project was categorized by fiscal year, region, country, project title, total amount of financing committed, whether it was an IBRD loan or an IDA grant, 9

th

Data valid as of July 8 , 2013

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which sector board was supervising , country eligibility, theme allocation, type of financing instrument, and type of SSN intervention. Some additional categories were subsequently added: the number of project beneficiaries (as one of the main project indicators), which donors/partners were involved, what co-financing was available, description on how project links to wider safety net system, and the project development objectives (see Annex 1 for the full SSN portfolio used in this review). For the knowledge services analysis, data and statistics on knowledge-sharing activities including south-south learning forums, and training were also gleaned from various publications, issue briefs, and Rapid Social Response Annual Reports.

The review also included a careful analysis of the impact evaluations for Bank-supported social safety net projects between 2007 and 2013. Building on the f the Independent Evaluation Group’s 2011 meta-analysis, the database was updated as of July 2013.10 After careful quality verification, a total of 52 additional impact evaluations were added to the existing database. Currently, the database contains 220 impact evaluations published between 1999 and 2013, and 129 of them study the impact of the Bank-supported interventions. This review focused on findings from the evaluations that were carried out between 2007 and 2013 and examined key results and trends in those evaluations. Impact evaluations were considered to be credible if they met four criteria: (i) they had a development focus; (ii) they included counterfactuals; (iii) they were robust; and (iv) they included quality checks11

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IEG (2011b) As part of this review, all evaluations carried out between 2010 and 2013 were identified from World Bank impact evaluation databases, academic journals, institutions, experts, and the teams involved directly in impact evaluations. The specific World Bank databases used were the Africa Impact Evaluation Initiative (AIM), the Development Impact Evaluation (DIME), the Spanish Impact Evaluation Fund (SIEF), and the Social Protection Publication Database. The institutions consulted were the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (JPAL), the Innovations for Poverty Action Lab (IPA), and the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie).

Each evaluation that was considered in this review followed the same search methodology, screening process, and cataloguing definitions as the initial IEG meta-analysis (IEG, 2011b).

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Finally, the review team consulted knowledgeable Bank staff and the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG). In particular, the complete financing portfolio was cross-checked with similar exercises completed by the IEG in their evaluation of the Bank’s safety net support between 2000 and 2010 and others that are currently ongoing.12 The cross-check revealed important differences in the eligible pool of projects analyzed by the IEG, the main distinction being the omission of additional financing, development policy loans (DPLs), special financing, and recipient executed activities in the IEG’s review. Nevertheless, the individual classification of each project (for example, by type of intervention was largely consistent between the two exercises.

Limitations Although numerous sources were used to analyze the SSN portfolio, there are still considerable limitations to the data. The official World Bank thematic coding system is not fully precise and suffers from possible errors of inclusion and exclusion and in the assignment of percentage shares to each activity.13Also, Theme 54 does not cover the entire range of SSN activities supported by the World Bank. For example, it does not cover broader social protection and labor (SPL) systems (which are listed under Theme 51, Improving Labor Markets), social and welfare services for the elderly and disabled (listed under Theme 87, Social Risk Mitigation), community-based public works carried out by social funds (listed under Theme 56, Other Social Protection and Risk Management), or food crisis response projects (listed under Theme 91, Global Food Crisis Response).

Regarding possible errors of exclusion, projects with the theme code 91 deserve special attention. Theme code 91 was introduced following the launch of the Bank’s Global Food Crisis Response Program (GFRP) in 2008, which was set up to provide emergency responses to the sudden jump in food prices. To improve the tracking of the World Bank’s responses 12 13

IEG (2011a) Grosh and Milazzo (2008)

20

to food crises, all operations processed under the GFRP were assigned to Theme Code 91.

Safety net activities to ensure access to food and to minimize the nutritional and poverty impact of the crisis were included in 60 percent of GFRP operations, but often these operations were not assigned to Theme Code 54. Furthermore, in the previous portfolio review by Grosh and Milazzo (2008), cross-checking was done for all projects that were approved by the social protection sector boards as well as projects under Theme 56 (Other Social Protection and Risk Management) to minimize error of exclusion. However, the number of projects that were identified as safety net programs after the cross-checking exercise was minimal, and therefore the team conducting this review decided not to replicate the exercise.

Another problem with the data is that it is hard to quantify all of the knowledge services provided by the Bank. This review undoubtedly underestimates the large body of tacit and informal information exchanges between the Bank and its client countries, which have been a hallmark of the sector in recent years. Third, it is harder to track trust fund data than regular IDA and IBRD financing, which reduces the quality of analysis on this topic. Finally, some of the literature gives a very partial and ex-ante view of particular operations, for example, project appraisal documents. For these reasons, the review team has had to make some judgment calls in some cases.

21

IV.

Review of FY2007-2013 Social Safety Net Financing

Overall Financing Portfolio FY07-13 The safety nets portfolio from FY07 to FY13 accounted for just over US$12 billion, with 273 financing activities in 93 countries. The total value of all financing activities that contained a safety net theme (Theme 54) was US$33 billion, of which 36 percent (US$12 billion) was dedicated to safety nets. The average annual commitment for safety nets during FY07-13 was US$1.72 billion, a threefold increase from US$567 million per year during FY02-07.

Table 2a: Lending Commitments for Safety Nets, by region and fiscal year SSA

93

38

224

269

102

612

412

1,751

EAP

8

51

182

1

13

261

120

636

ECA

10

91

274

569

1,066

352

66

2,429

LAC

121

47

2,356

527

2,083

84

284

5,502

MNA

19

24

12

116

31

151

71

423

SAR

193

22

300

150

212

90

353

1,320

Total

444

272

3,348

1,633

3,508

1,550

1,306

12,061

Table 3b: Number of Projects with Safety Net Components, by region and fiscal year, FY07-13 Region

FY07

FY08

FY09

FY10

FY11

FY12

FY13

Total

SSA

7

4

11

17

13

14

11

77

EAP

1

1

4

4

4

2

2

18

ECA

3

5

3

17

13

10

4

55

LAC

6

6

9

12

13

5

8

59

MNA

5

6

5

6

5

4

5

36

SAR

7

2

6

3

6

1

2

27

Total

29

24

38

60

54

36

32

272

22

The growth in the Bank support was especially notable during the period of the food, fuel, and financial crises. The most dramatic increase in the safety net portfolio took place between FY08 and FY09, right after the crisis hit developing countries in 2008. A large part of this growth came from the expansion of well-established flagship operations, such as Mexico’s Oportunidades and Argentina’s Basic Social Protection Program. However, also contributing to the growth in the financing were the Bank’s newly established crisis response programs that emphasized the most fragile states, including the Food Crisis Response Program (established in 2008) and the Rapid Social Response Program, or RSR (established in 2009).

Among the 93 countries represented in the portfolio, 42 received little or no safety net support from the World Bank prior to FY07. The region with the largest number of new countries receiving safety net support was Africa with 17, followed by East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) with six, Europe and Central Asia (ECA) with three, Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) with seven, and the South Asia region (SAR) with one. This reflects the expansion of World Bank safety net support into low-income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, mainly in the form of the crisis response programs.

The safety net portfolio also increased in terms of its size relative to overall World Bank lending. From FY07-13, 5 percent of total World Bank lending was accounted for by safety net projects, up from 2.6 percent of total lending in the FY02-07 period. More importantly, the percentage of safety net lending in the World Bank’s overall lending portfolio experienced two peaks –in FY09 (6 percent) and FY11(8 percent). These peaks correspond with the two highest peaks in lending for SSNs during the same time period.

The allocation to safety nets as a share of total project financing has also become larger.

The average financing package of total project financing equals US$122 million, of which US$44 million (36 percent) is dedicated specifically to safety nets. During the FY02-07

23

period, the average loan with a safety net component was equal to US$92.4 million, of which US$23.5 million (25 percent) was dedicated to social safety nets.

Reducing chronic poverty and inequality is the main objective of most financing activities in the portfolio. During the course of the portfolio review, all 273 financing activities were coded according to their association with five core objectives (or functions): (i) reducing chronic poverty and inequality; (ii) encouraging more and better human capital investments by poor households; (iii) enabling the poor to manage the risk of individual shocks; (iv) enabling the poor to manage the risk of systemic shocks; and (v) protecting the poor if necessary during broader economic reforms.14 Many programs were coded for multiple functions. The majority of programs in the portfolio (82 percent) were coded for their contribution to reducing chronic poverty and inequality. Fifty-one percent of the programs aimed to enable the poor to manage the risk of systemic shocks, such as climatic irregularities and macroeconomic shocks, and 50 percent of programs promoted more and better household investments in education and health. These trends are largely similar in both IDA and IBRD countries, with only slight variations. For example, IBRD countries have a higher prevalence of programs that aim to help households manage the risk of individual shocks, such as health insurance or unemployment schemes, whereas programs that aim to help households manage the risk of systemic shocks (such as climatic or macroeconomic shocks) were more prevalent in IDA countries. Also, there was a higher prevalence of programs that support investment in human capital in IDA countries.

14

These functions are articulated, to different degrees, in the broader literature on SSNs and elaborated by the World Bank’s Social Protection Department on its website as well as in its flagship publication, “For Protection and Promotion: The Design and Implementation of Effective Safety Nets� (Grosh et al (2008).

24

Figure 2: Social Safety Net Functions Supported by World Bank Projects

A small number of countries attracted the vast majority of financing. Ten countries accounted for 70 percent of the overall financing portfolio, seven out of ten of which were middle-income. 15 Four of the ten countries were in the Latin America region. This concentration of funding for IBRD and LAC countries was because the great majority of support during FY07-13 was allocated to well-established nationwide social protection programs in middle-income countries where it was easiest to scale up funding quickly in times of macroeconomic crises. Low-income countries tended to have a larger number of small projects; for example, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Yemen, and Rwanda all had more than six operations between FY07 and FY13. During this time, there were 163 financing activities in IDA countries and 91 in IBRD countries.

15

Mexico, Romania, Argentina, Colombia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Brazil, and Turkey.

25

IDA and IBRD Allocations Although overall safety net expenditure was greater in IBRD countries than in IDA countries during FY07-13, we observed signs of a strategic shift toward IDA countries. These shifts were in terms of the number of countries newly introduced to the portfolio, the growing volume of IDA expenditure in the most recent years, and IDA presence in terms of the number of projects under implementation (see Figures 3a and 3b).

Figure 3a/b: Allocation to Theme 54 and Number of Financing Activities, IDDA and IBRD FY07-13 FY07-13

First, during this period, there was a dramatic rise in the number of IDA countries with hardly any safety nets that received Bank support for safety nets for the first time. Among the 42 countries that had limited or no engagement with the Bank before FY07, 27 countries were IDA countries. The addition of 27 “new� IDA countries means that about 80 percent of all IDA countries (65 out of 81) have now received support for safety nets from the World Bank. Before FY07, the number of IDA countries that had received World Bank support was 39, or fewer than 50 percent of all IDA countries.

Second, the increase in the volume of IDA lending has been more prominent in recent years, suggesting that this is a continuing and growing trend. From FY11 until FY13, there was a positive increase in total lending to IDA countries, and in FY13, Bank lending in support of

26

SSN activities worldwide was higher in IDA eligible countries then in IBRD eligible countries, at US$831 million and US$462 million respectively, which reversed a longstanding trend.16

Within the list of IDA-eligible countries, the Bank is also supporting several SSN operations in fragile states and conflict-affected countries, mainly in the SSA, SAR, and Middle East and North Africa (MNA) regions. “Fragile states” is the term used for countries facing particularly severe development challenges, including weak institutional capacity, poor governance, and political instability.17 Between FY07 and FY13, the Bank supported 22 countries that are classified as being in fragile situations, with over US$500m being directed towards SSN activities. Examples of countries and places categorized as fragile include those in a state of post-conflict (Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Timor Leste); prolonged crisis (Somalia); fragile transition (Liberia, Haiti, and Sudan); slow progress (Cambodia); and deteriorating governance (Eritrea and Papua New Guinea).

Box 2: Flagship Operations in IDA Countries For FY07-13, the three largest IDA programs were in Bangladesh (FY13, P132634: Safety Net Systems for the Poorest Project, US$350 million) Ethiopia (FY12, P126430: PSNP Additional Financing, US$296 million), and Nigeria (FY13, P126964: Youth Employment and Social Support Operation, US$180 million). In IDA eligible countries (both low-income and fragile states), the Bank’s responses to the crises included subsidies and tax exemptions, public work programs, and food transfers. In these countries, the impact of the food and fuel crises was greater than that of the financial crises, given their lesser integration into international markets and the relative importance of food in their overall consumption basket. Most social safety net programs in low-income countries have tended either to provide an immediate crisis response or to be pilot programs. Once countries have established these basic safety nets, then any follow-up operations can focus on strengthening institutions and scaling up or restructuring existing programs. Some country examples include: Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Nets Project (PSNP), one of the largest IDA programs, provides cash and in-kind transfers through labor-intensive public works to able-bodied households 16

The lending information for FY2013 includes both approved and pipeline projects. From the total of 88 lending operations included in the FY13 calculations, 42 are fully approved and the remaining 46 have yet to be approved. The 46 pipeline projects are all defined as "possible/likely" to be approved in Q4.

17 Information from the external World Bank Social Safety Nets website: www.worldbank.org/safetynets.

27

and direct support to other more vulnerable households. The program was first approved in FY05 at a cost of US$23 million and was refinanced in FY07, FY09, FY10, and FY12 for a US$470 million. It has reached 7.6 million clients or 8 percent of the Ethiopian population so far.

Nigeria’s Youth Employment and Social Support Program was approved in FY13 at a cost of US$180 million. It is a comprehensive program that provides public works and CCT to youths from poor households, as well as supporting the government in defining and consolidating the institutional responsibilities and implementation arrangement to ensure effective coordination.

Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN), implemented as the third phase of the Tanzania Social Action Fund, was approved in FY12 at a cost of US$154 million. Its goal is to create a comprehensive and permanent productive social safety net system with CCT and public works components for the poor and the vulnerable.

In response to the food price crisis in Liberia, the Bank supported in 2007/2008a Cash-forWorks Temporary Employment Program that provided more than 640,000 days of employment to more than 17,000 beneficiaries. It has now been mainstreamed into the country’s social protection system.

Bangladesh’s recent operation, Safety Net Systems for the Poorest Project, takes the lead as the biggest IDA operation in terms of volume (for a single project). Its objective is to integrate existing safety net programs and to improve their equity and increase their efficiency and transparency.

In 2008, Pakistan launched an extensive social protection program to provide cash transfers to the most vulnerable households. Within 10 months, the program provided cash transfers to 2.2 million families. By June 2012, the Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) collected information on 7.15 million poor families, out of which 4.2 million (about 15 percent of households in Pakistan) are receiving regular cash transfers.

IBRD financing continues to be more substantial than IDA funding. In recent years, the increase in overall safety net lending in response to the crises was unprecedented, and in line with the countercyclical character of the interventions. This was particularly true in IBRD countries.

Because safety net programs already existed in many IBRD countries before the financial crises, it was possible to scale them up in response to the shocks in a timely and effective way. These programs tended to be comprehensive, well-established interventions that were flexible enough to be able to respond to crises. The systems and programs that were already in place in these countries determined what kind of crisis response was feasible in

28

terms of what resources and administrative capacity were available and how willing the governments were to respond.18

The response to the crises in IBRD countries was characterized by an increase in government coordination in the EAP region, an unprecedented effort to avoid higher poverty rates in ECA and LAC, and an expansion of the existing systems in LAC. The Bank’s support was continuous throughout the crisis, mostly in the form of labor market measures to protect jobs and stimulate employment. The Bank was more involved in MICs than in LICs, mainly because of the demand from MICs such as Brazil, Colombia, and Argentina for the Bank’s expertise in SSN development. The Bank’s support for IBRD countries tended to be in a series of large financing operations over time in just a few countries whereas its support for low-income countries was more thinly spread over a larger number of countries and more limited in scope.

Overall, the Bank was most effective in helping countries with which it had had a longstanding relationship in terms of financing, knowledge services, and country dialogue.

This long-term engagement had enabled these countries to develop SSN institutions and had enabled the Bank to develop a deeper understanding of the countries’ dynamics. This was evident in such countries as Brazil, Colombia, and Moldova.

Throughout the last decade, the Bank’s support for SSNs in middle-income countries has shifted towards institutional capacity building and to the creation and strengthening of SSN systems. In several IBRD countries, there has been a clear strategic shift in Bank support towards coordinating its programs within a broad social protection strategy and in alignment with the government’s economic policies.

18

Marzo and Mori (2012)

29

Box 3: Flagship Operations in IBRD Countries Safety net programs in middle-income countries have been tremendously effective, and the success of these programs is encouraging the creation of new projects in countries across the globe. In IBRD countries, a new generation of flagship projects has recently emerged, including in the Philippines (2008) and Peru (2012).

The Bank’s support to Mexico’s Oportunidades (US$1.5 billion in FY09, US$1.2 billion in FY11),a conditional cash transfer program, has benefitted 5.8 million families by increasing the coverage and improving the quality of health, nutritional, and education services and by promoting an increase in the number of children advancing from primary to secondary school and from secondary to high school.

In Brazil, the Bank-supported Bolsa Familia program provides monthly cash transfers to 12 million poor households (about 25 percent of the population) who agree to send their children to school, meet vaccination requirements, and make regular use of health services. This program has been instrumental in reducing poverty and inequality in the country.

Trust Fund Assistance in the Safety Nets Portfolio Between FY07 and FY13, trust funds provided US$97.7 million in total for safety net projects executed by recipient member countries. Trust funds were particularly instrumental in funding knowledge services during this time, and this is further explored in the next section.

Figures 4a and 4b represent the evolution of trust fund support for social safety net projects over the FY07-FY13 period. Trust fund expenditure rose steadily since FY08 at the onset of the food, fuel, and financial crisis and peaked in FY11. MNA is the region to which the largest amount of trust fund grants have been given because of the abundance of fragile and conflict-affected states in the region, particularly the West Bank and Gaza and Iraq, and because several countries in the region have sufficient national capacities to implement SSN projects.

30

During the time of the food, fuel, and financial crises, the Bank used trust funds to support lower-income countries, especially in Africa. The Rapid Social Response Multi-donor and Catalytic Trust Funds (RSR), Japanese Social Development Fund Emergency Window, and the Global Food Crisis Response Program were the trust funds that were mainly responsible for this expansion in safety net support at that time.

Figure 4a/b: Trend in TF espenditures (US$m and % by region)

The RSR in particular played an important role in the Bank’s increased support for IDA countries within the safety nets portfolio, comprising about one-third (35 percent) of total trust fund expenditure in the portfolio between FY07 and FY13.The rapid disbursements from the RSR were particularly helpful in setting a basis for safety net interventions and in turn encouraging larger amounts of safety net financing from IDA. By March 31, 2013, US$34.3 million worth of RSR projects had been followed by US$3.1 billion worth of IDA resources for 45 IDA projects in 34 countries.19 Trust funds were also able to leverage larger amounts of safety net spending from donors and governments, for example, in Ethiopia, Yemen, and Pakistan.

19

World Bank (2013a)

31

Types of Interventions Figure 5 highlights the main types of safety net activities financed by the World Bank between FY07 and FY12. One of the strongest trends in the portfolio has been the Bank’s growing investment in cash transfer programs. In FY07-08, the Bank supported a total of eight conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs and nine unconditional cash transfer (UCT) programs worldwide. However, during the period of the food, fuel, and financial crises, FY09-10, the number of CCTs more than doubled to 17, and the number of UCTs nearly tripled to 25. By FY10-FY12, the Bank supported 50 UCTs in 32 countries, and 24 CCTs in 16 countries. The use of UCTs has made it possible to create safety nets in countries with limited capacity and supply-side constraints. The increase in the amount of available evidence on the positive impact of UCT transfer payments has also bolstered investment in this area (see Section 4).

Figure 5: Number of Social Safety Net Activities by Type, FY07-13

Public works programs also received more Bank support during the crisis period, mainly in the SSA region. They were used as a short-term palliative to address the effects of macroeconomic shocks during the crises. Eighty-five percent of the financing activities containing public works in the portfolio were coded for helping the poor to manage

32

systemic shocks. Before the crises in FY07-08, there were only seven PW programs supported by the Bank, but that number more than tripled during the crisis period FY09-10 to reach a worldwide total of 22 World Bank lending operations that supported PW programs. In terms of regional concentration, 55 percent of all PWPs between FY09 and FY10 were in SSA, which accounted for nearly 50 percent of the total amount of resources allocated to SSN during the same time period. Over time, public works have evolved into a flexible instrument to: (i) support multi-sectoral priorities as in Cambodia (road rehabilitation) and Ethiopia (watershed management; (ii to address structural poverty and employment challenges; and (iii) complement skills training, financial inclusion, and links to intermediate services as in El Salvador, Yemen, and Liberia.

During review period, the Bank’s in-kind safety net support included food and nutrition programs, basic transfers, educational transfers (including school vouchers, scholarships, and vouchers), training for beneficiaries, health programs (provision of medical services), energy, and housing. Although less widely used than CCTs in recent years, in-kind transfers still are a significant part of the portfolio.

Technical assistance/ institutional improvement is the category of intervention that had the most dramatic growth in the recent years. Out of 152 projects containing a TA/institution improvement component during the review period, 100 provided technical assistance in combination with other types of intervention, such as a CCT or a public works component.

In these cases, the technical assistance was often the sub-component that supported the implementation or institutionalization of the main activity of the project. The remaining 52 projects provided technical assistance as the only safety net component in the project.

These projects often supported the strengthening of the institutional capacity of the client government, helping to improve the administration, coverage, and targeting of the social safety net and shaping new policies on which to build a harmonized and comprehensive social protection system. The importance of such activities was especially emphasized

33

during the time of crisis when there was an emphasis on increasing the efficiency of social spending to accommodate a tightened budget and increased need.

Lending by Region Figure 6 highlights the regional distribution of the Bank’s safety net portfolio, taking into account both financial allocations and the number of projects between FY07 and FY13. In terms of the absolute number of lending operations (and percentage change), there was an evident increase in Bank support for SSN programs in SSA, ECA, LAC, and EAP. From FY07 to FY13, the regional distribution was as follows: SSA (28 percent), LAC (22 percent), ECA (20 percent), MNA (13 percent), SAR (10 percent), and EAP (7 percent).

Figure 6: Amounts Allocated to Social Safety Net Activities and Number of Financing Activities by Region, FY07-13 (US$ billion)

34

Table 4: Amounts Allocated to Social Safety Net Activities and Number of Financing Activities by Region, FY07-13 (US$ billion) FY07 $ amt # a/

SSA EAP ECA LAC MN A SAR Total

0.09 3 0.00 8 0.01 0 0.12 1 0.01 9 0.19 3 0.44 4

7 1 3 6 5 7 2 9

FY08 $ amt 0.03 8 0.05 1 0.09 1 0.04 7 0.02 4 0.02 2 0.27 2

FY09 # 4 1 5 6 6 2 2 4

$ amt 0.22 4 0.18 2 0.27 4 2.35 6 0.01 2 0.30 0 3.34 8

FY10 # 1 1 4 3 9 5 6 3 8

$ amt 0.26 9 0.00 1 0.56 9 0.52 7 0.11 6 0.15 0 1.63 3

FY11 # 1 7 5 1 7 1 2 6 3 6 0

$ amt 0.10 2 0.01 3 1.06 6 2.08 3 0.03 1 0.21 2 3.50 8

FY12 # 1 3 4 1 3 1 3 5 6 5 4

$ amt 0.61 2 0.26 1 0.35 2 0.08 4 0.15 1 0.09 0 1.55 0

FY13 # 1 4 2 1 0 5 4 1 3 6

$ amt 0.41 2 0.12 0 0.06 6 0.28 4 0.07 1 0.35 3 1.30 6

Total # 1 1 2 4 8 5 2 3 2

$ amt 1.75 1 0.63 6 2.42 9 5.50 2 0.42 3 1.32 0 12.0 6

# 77 19 55 59 36 27 27 3

Note: a/ US$ amounts in billions, committed to Theme 54 Safety Nets (IBRD+IDA+Grant amounts)

In terms of the dollar amounts allocated to SSN activities, between FY07 and FY13 –as depicted in Figure 6, the Bank’s lending portfolio experienced two extreme peaks. In FY09, the three main recipients of the increase in financing were in the LAC region: Mexico (Oportunidades AF, US$1.5 billion), Argentina (the Basic Protection Project], $0.41 billion), and Colombia (the Second Social Safety Net, US$0.32 billion). In FY11, the three main recipients were in LAC and ECA (US$1.2 billion for Mexico’s Oportunidades A-F, US$0.48 billion for Romania’s Social Assistance System Modifications, and US$0.67 billion for Argentina’s Basic Protection Project, which amounted to US$2.35 billion or 67 percent of the total portfolio).

35

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) During FY07-13, the Sub-Saharan Africa region had the greatest increase in safety net financing and activities, with a total of 77 financing activities and an allocation of US$1.75 billion. In terms of the financing amounts allocated to SSN activities, the SSA region experienced a remarkable six-fold increase between FY08 and FY10 to reach US$270 million. During that time, there was a complementary rise in the number of activities, resulting in the peak of 17 operations in 12 countries in FY10. This support has been strongly sustained since the crisis. Between FY11 and FY12, there were 27 additional operations with an additional US$714 million being allocated to SSNs,74 percent of which was accounted for by two big projects, one in Ethiopia (the Product Safety Net Program, US$296 million) and one in Tanzania (Productive Social Safety Nets, US$154 million). In FY12 alone, the SSA region accounted for 40 percent of the total SSN financing portfolio ‒ a staggering increase from pre-crisis level of less than 5 percent.in AFR,-13 Figure 7a/b: Number of financing amounts allocated to SS

For FY07-13, four countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, and Tanzania) accounted for 45 percent of the Africa financing portfolio. During the same time period, the Bank provided the region with 12 grants averaging US$1.9 million, 33 percent of which involved PW

36

programs. Excluding projects with grant support, the average amount committed by the Bank to SSN activities in Sub-Saharan Africa was US$65 million.

From FY07 onwards, the Bank provided financing for an additional 16 countries that had had no prior support from the Bank on safety nets, 13 IDA countries, three IBRD, countries and 1 blend.20 The majority of these new financing operations occurred between FY10 and FY13. More importantly, many more countries, including several fragile states, received sustained support from the Bank during FY07-13, including the DRC, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Kenya, Malawi, and Ghana.

In terms of lending type, the Bank provided a total of 59 investment loans (or 76 percent of the SSN portfolio), and 18 policy/adjustment loans (all of which were DPLs). After FY09, the region experienced a surge in DPLs, covering eight countries, both IDA-eligible (Lesotho, Malawi, Ghana, Rwanda, Cape Verde, and Niger) and IBRD-eligible (the Seychelles and Mauritius). While investment loans remained the main type of lending support, the number of DPLs grew, largely driven by crisis response operations.21 As noted in the IEG’s review of the Bank’s safety net support between 2000 and 2010, the SSA region consumed a large share of operations providing in-kind transfers (mostly school feeding) and the majority of operations that supported PW programs.22 The portfolio composition has started to change in recent years, with greater emphasis on UCTs, PWPs, and TA/institutional improvement components. By 2013, the SSA portfolio included 11 CCT programs, 17 UCTs, and 38 TAs. PWPs dominated the portfolio, with the majority of the activities supporting them either partially or in full. CCTs became increasingly prevalent as well.23

20

The 13 IDA countries were Ghana, Kenya, Comoros, Nigeria, Guinea-Bissau, Central African Rrepublic, Guinea, Cote d’Ivoire, Lesotho, Liberia, Mali, and Cameroon. The three IBRD countries were Mauritius, the Seychelles, and Swaziland, and the one blend country was Zimbabwe.

21 IEG (2011) 22 Thirty-four PW programs or 54 percent of the total in all six regions.

23 IEG (2011)]

37

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) Overall, during FY07-13, the LAC region dominated the regional distribution of the Bank’s SSN activities in terms of financing amounts allocated, with a total of US$5.5 billion or 46 percent of the portfolio. The dominance was most apparent during the two major spikes in spending in FY09 and FY11. As the crises unfolded in FY09, Bank support was heavily concentrated in three countries ‒ Mexico’s Oportunidades Program (US$1.2 billion), Argentina’s Basic Protection Program (US$414 million), and Colombia’s Second Social Safety Net Program (US$318.2 million). Support for these three programs accounted for 94 percent of Bank financing for SSN activities in that year. The absence of equivalent allocations in FY10 was the main reason behind the 24 percent drop in Bank lending for SSNs in that year. The second hike in FY11 followed a similar trend in that Bank increased its support for Mexico’s Oportunidades by another US$1.2 billion (60 percent of total financing) and for Argentina’s Basic Protection by another US$480 million (see Figure 8b below).

During this period, the nature of the Bank’s support in LAC changed. For instance, its support for Brazil’s Bolsa Familia project is now in the form of technical assistance aimed at enabling recipients to graduate from SSN programs. The Bank increasingly became focused on strengthening the SSN systems that were already in place and on investing in human capital in order to enable families to break out of the intergenerational poverty trap.

Figure 8a/b: Number of financing activities and Total amounts allocated to SSN

38

During FY07-13, four countries (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico) absorbed 86 percent of the entire SSN portfolio. Eight countries (Panama, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Dominica, Nicaragua, St. Lucia, and Antigua and Barbuda) without previous SSN support from the Bank received IBRD, IDA or blended financing. This support was mainly provided during FY09-10. Countries that had received Bank SSN support prior to FY07 continued to do so at varying rates (for example, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Jamaica, and Honduras).

Investment lending accounted for 62 percent of the portfolio, with the remaining 38 percent being DPLs. Throughout the review period, investment loans followed a rising trend (mainly in FY07-10) while DPLs became more apparent from FY09 onwards. LAC continued to be the leading region for lending for CCTs. Twenty-eight SSN financing operations in LAC approved between FY07-13 supported CCT programs in part or in full. This represents 56 percent of all Bank projects supporting CCTs in all six regions around the world. In-kind transfers (health, education, or nutrition benefits) were present in 20 operations.

This rapid increase in financing in response to crises in LAC was possible because most countries already had effective SSN systems in place prior to the crisis. The majority of LAC

39

countries that received Bank support for SSN activities in the review period was IBRD eligible, and as such, has higher borrowing and spending capacity.

Europe and Central Asia (ECA) During the review period, ECA was second only to LAC in terms of the amount of financing allocated to SSN activities, with a total of US$2.4 billion for 55 operations in 19 countries.

Figure 9b below illustrates the impressive continuous (and almost linear) increase in the dollar amounts that the Bank spent on SSNs in ECA. In FY11 alone, ECA received US$1.06 billion in Bank support, with Romania’s Social Systems Modernization Project taking up 63 percent (or US$674 million) of that amount.

Figure 9a/b: Number of financing activities and Total amounts allocated to SSN in ECA, FY07-13

Even prior to FY07, the Bank was providing financial services to 16 ECA countries in support of their SSN activities, all of which continued after the crises (either in part or in full). This continued support was necessary because of the scale of the impact of the crises.

Unemployment increased by an average of 30 percent in 27 countries in the region.24 During this time period, the ECA region has explicitly focused on three strategic areas ‒ crisis response and readiness, employment activation, and aging. The Bank has also begun exploring reimbursable advisory services as a business line (see below).

24

Marzo and Mori (2012)

40

During the review period, Bank support was extended to three new countries, two of which were high-income and IBRD-eligible (Poland and Latvia) and were gravely hit by the crises.

In FY09, the Bank financed the Polish Employment, Entrepreneurship, and Human Capital Development Policy Program to the tune of US$221 million. The aims of this program were to mitigate the social costs of the economic crises while continuing to support structural reforms. Then in FY10 and FY11, the Bank supported the Latvian Safety Net and Social Sector Reform Program, which aimed to protect vulnerable groups with emergency safety net support.

In contrast to other regions, the main financing operations in ECA were DPLs, covering four countries (Romania, Poland, Turkey, and Latvia) and averaging US$177 million. This is not surprising given that historically SSN operations in ECA were undertaken to help to cushion the negative effects of reforms. The dialogue between the Bank and the majority of ECA countries has centered on increasing the efficiency of existing SSN programs and strengthening institutions. This had led to several long-standing relationships with countries such as Romania that have focused on improving targeted and reducing error and corruption. Overall, the Bank’s investment loans in ECA have tended to be small, averaging US$37 million in 13 countries.25 Many of these are Central Asian countries working to increase SSN coverage and to put in place basic administrative mechanisms to improve information management, payment systems, and targeting mechanisms.

With LAC taking the lead in CCTs and SSA with in-kind transfers, the ECA region has the most experience with UCTs. Thirty-seven percent of Bank-supported programs that included a UCT component were in ECA in the review period. Since FY10, there has been an increase in PW programs as an instrument for tackling short-term unemployment (for example, in

25

Romania, Belarus, Albania, Bulgaria, Moldova, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYRO Macedonia, BosniaHerzegovina, Azerbaijan, Serbia, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, and Armenia.

41

Latvia, Kosovo, and Armenia). Programs providing in-kind transfers in the form of education, health, and/or utility benefits have also been increasing.

As in LAC, the ECA region had well-functioning, well-established social safety net programs in place prior to 2008. The maturity and flexibility of these programs enabled a quick response to shocks when needed. Figure 9b above illustrates the continuing increase in Bank financing for SSNs in ECA from FY07 until the peak in FY11. This peak came when the Bank approved US$674.88 million in support for Romania’s Social Assistance Modernization Project, which accounted for 64 percent of total ECA financing and nearly 20 percent of total Bank support for SSNs in FY11.

East Asia and Pacific (EAP) The EAP region experienced the biggest percentage increase in the number of financing operations during the review period. As depicted in the figures below, the biggest jump in lending operations in EAP occurred in FY10, a four-fold increase over previous years.

Nevertheless, EAP remains one of the smallest SSN portfolios, accounting for only 5 percent of the total financing for FY07-13. Historically, safety nets have not been at the top of the agenda in the country dialogues in the region. However, large-scale systemic shocks (the Asian crisis and the recent crises) have made policymakers realize the benefits of SSNs for protecting people during situations beyond their control.

The portfolio was dominated by three countries, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam and was distributed equally between IBRD and blend countries. The total amount of financing was US$626.89 million (80 percent of which were DPLs).

Figure Figure 10a/b: Number of financing activities and Total amounts allocated to SSN in ECA, FY07-13

42

During FY07-13, Bank support was extended to six new countries through nine financing operations. This included support to both IDA and IBRD countries, including Mongolia, Vietnam, East Timor, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Tonga. The majority of these new activities occurred between FY09 and FY11. In terms of lending instruments, the most common ones in EAP were PWPs, CCTs and in-kind transfers.

The EAP financing portfolio was split almost equally between investment loans and DPLs. In FY09 and FY11, Mongolia received Bank support through two DPLs, which aimed to strengthen institutions in order to reform the existing social policies.

Middle East and North Africa (MNA) The MNA region constituted the smallest portfolio of all six regions, in terms of the overall amount of financing allocated to SSN activities; mainly due to prolonged political instability in the region. From FY07 to FY13, there was a total of 36 financing operations in ten countries, totaling $0.4229 billion (of which, more than 50 percent were grants –either as stand-alone or mixed with IDA/IBRD financing). The number of financing operations followed a relatively stable trend during the same time period; yet, the amount of financing allocated to SSNs increased over time (see Figure 11a and 11b below).

43

Figure 11a/b: Number of financing activities and Total amounts allocated to SSN in MNA

,

FY07-13

In the review period FY07-13 – in contrast to the other regions ‒ financing activities were spread evenly across a wide mix of countries including Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, Yemen Tunisia, Iraq, and Morocco. The majority of the countries are IBRD-eligible.

In terms of lending instruments, 83 percent were investment loans, with the remaining 17 percent as DPLs. Of the investment lending, five operations (or 23 percent) supported PW programs. Another four activities included UCT components, a few included in-kind benefits (school feeding), and almost all had institutional improvement components. The DPLs, though few in number, amounted for the big increase in Bank’s support in MENA from FY09-10 (Iraq’s Fiscal Sustainability DPL of $67.5million and Jordan’s Recovery Under Global Uncertainty DPL of $35 million).

From FY07-13, as portrayed in the graphs above, the demand for Bank support in MNA increased in the wake of political tensions following the Arab Spring. Efforts have focused mainly on employment generation for the youth (Public Works Programs), as well as income support and institutional improvement/reforms. In parallel, there has been an increase within the Gulf States for Reimbursable Advisory Services, which is discussed shortly.

44

West Bank and Gaza, alone, accounted for 40 percent of all lending operations during FY0713 (or 14 out of 36). During the same time period, WBG undertook ambitious reforms in the Social Protection sphere, with strong support from the World Bank, and experienced a clear shift in SSN policy away from in-kind and toward cash-based assistance. 26 Today, WBG –and it main cash transfer program –CTP, serves as a model for effectively putting in place the platform for delivering SSN programs in fragile and conflict settings, including the creation of a new of a new unified registry, sophisticated MIS system and utilization of PMT in effectively targeting the poor.

In MNA countries where subsidies were being phased out after 2008, the Bank played a role in strengthening SSN systems, as well as trying to cushion the effect of the subsidy reforms on the most vulnerable households. This continues to be a difficult and highly politicized agenda. With the continued rise in food prices and recent security concerns and volatility in the region, governments may feel pressure to reintroduce general subsidies or other widely targeted compensation, which is likely to put the introduction of any further targeted SSNs on hold.

South Asia Region (SAR) Bank support in the South Asia region has been volatile, largely as a result of natural disasters and/or economic crises. SAR was hit particularly hard by the food and fuel crises of 2008. As depicted in Figures 12a and 12b below, activities and financing both increased in FY09, with the majority of interventions being emergency food crisis response programs (for example, in Bangladesh and Nepal). More sustained support was given to Pakistan and Nepal.

Figure 12a/b: Number of financing activities and Total amounts allocated to SSN in SAR FY07-13

26

(Ovadiya, M., Kryeziu, A., Masood, S, and Zapatero, E (Forthcoming)).

45

The Bank’s SSN financing operations were spread over three countries ‒ Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan ‒ and equaled US$400 million (or 90 percent of Bank SSN funding to the region). All three countries are IDA or blend. During FY07-13, 77 percent of SAR financing operations were investment loans, the majority being sector investment loans (SILs), and the remaining six, or 23 percent, were DPLs.

In terms of the types of SSN instruments supported, the majority of activities (11) had a UCT component (mainly after FY09), followed by six PWPs, and four CCTs. Food transfers were also extensively used in several South Asian countries to cushion the impact of the food price spike in 2008.

Lending by Instrument Figures 13a and 13b below illustrate the annual distribution of SSN projects and their dollar value for both investment and policy-based loans. In terms of the type of SSN instrument used in Bank operations, during FY07-13, investment lending accounted for over 67 percent of the total number of projects, which represented 70 percent of the total spending on SSN activities. The remaining 33 percent of projects and 30 percent of dollar amounts were policy-based or adjustment operations. Nonetheless, despite the lower amounts allocated

46

to policy-based operations throughout the last decade, we noticed a progressive increase in the number of operations using development policy lending (DPL) instruments.

It is important to point out that from FY07 to FY13, all policy-based operations were DPLs. During the same time period, over 55 percent of all DPLs were in LAC and ECA (covering a total of 25 countries), totaling 65 percent in allocations to operations coded as Theme 54.

With respect to country eligibility, an equal number of IDA and IBRD countries received DPLs with SSN components, but IBRD countries accounted for over 70 percent of the dollar amounts.

A total of 32 countries that received funding through DPLs also received Bank support through investment loans. The majority of countries that received both policy and investment operations were IBRD-eligible (over 60 percent).

Figure 13 a/b: Allocation to Theme 54 by Type of Lending Instrument and Number of Operations by Lending Type FY07-13

47

Overall Project Outcomes On average, operations with an SSN objective performed better than the rest of the Bank’s portfolio. The IEG’s objectives-based evaluation methodology rates the performance of completed projects on three criteria: (i) relevance (of objectives and design); (ii) efficacy (the extent to which the objectives were achieved); and (ii) efficiency (in achieving the objectives). Between 2007 and 2013, the IEG rated the performance of 101 completed projects (it is important to note that this performance rating reflected the whole project’s performance rather than only that of the specific SSN objective).

The IEG rated the operations that contained safety net components consistently higher than the rest in countries of all income levels. The higher rating was particularly noticeable for operations in lower-income countries, with 80 percent of projects containing SSN components being rated moderately satisfactory or higher compared with 69 percent of IDA operations Bank-wide. In terms of individual interventions, CCT projects had the highest likelihood of having a satisfactory rating (Table 4).

Table 5: Percentage of Projects with Moderately Satisfactory or Higher Performance Rating Projects with SSN Components CCT UCT In-kind Public Works

Percentage of Projects Rated Moderately Satisfactory or Higher 93% 84% 78% 87%

The regional distribution of SSN-related projects rated as moderately satisfactory or better by the IEG was highly correlated with Bank-wide projects, though with notably higher performance ratings in SSA and LAC.

Figure 14: Percentage of Projects with a Performance Rating of Moderately Satisfactory or Higher, by Region

48

A breakdown by income level shows that, while SSN projects in IDA countries tended to have higher overall performance ratings than Bank-wide projects, their ratings for quality at entry (QAE) and supervision tend to be lower. The QAE ratings of SSN projects in IBRD countries were slightly higher than Bank-wide averages, with similar levels of supervision and performance standards.

Figure 15: Additional IEG ratings, percentage of projects with a performance rating of moderately satisfactory or higher by income level

49

Portfolio Performance The social protection and labor (SP&L) portfolio was one of the best performers in the Bank between 2007 and 2013. The average disbursement ratio was 49.8 percent (as opposed to 23.1 percent for the rest of the Bank) and peaked at 82.3 percent in FY10 when most crisisrelated projects were disbursed. This strong performance was led by the LAC region with an average disbursement ratio of 47 percent for both Latin American and Caribbean countries.

While the number of projects at risk increased, particularly after the beginning of the FFF crisis, the overall commitment at risk (16 percent) remained more stable, even during the crisis period, and was lower than the Bank average. This reflects the increased coverage of SP&L lending to traditionally risky countries. There has also been a noticeable dip in projects at risk as the world emerges from the crisis period, especially in lower capacity countries in Africa and Asia. For further information on portfolio performance refer to Table 5.

50

Table 6: Safety Nets portfolio performance FY07

FY08

FY09

FY10

FY11

FY12

FY13

Disbursement Ratio Safety Nets Bank-wide

41.5 22.8

34.0 22.2

80.1 26.5

82.3 27.0

49.5 22.4

19.4 20.8

42.1 20.6

AFR EAP SAR ECA MNA LAR

58.5 44.7 17.3 8.0 49.0 58.1

34.6 72.4 15.2 14.6 41.1 45.5

43.7 64.6 6.1 14.6 27.9 253.7

76.3 137.7 12.9 11.7 47.1 93.1

23.5 21.9 67.3 22.0 34.9 118.0

34.4 22.9 25.0 27.3 27.7 10.1

31.4 59.8 30.2 14.2 20.0 60.9

% Commitments At Risk Safety Nets Bank-wide

16.0 14.9

17.7 16.8

6.9 14.3

7.2 16.3

5.0 14.0

3.5 13.5

3.3 22.1

AFR EAP SAR ECA MNA LAC

13.1 0.0 37.6 19.3 4.7 3.9

22.0 1.3 48.6 0.0 19.6 12.3

15.2 0.6 5.4 10.9 15.4 5.8

11.3 0.0 28.2 5.6 9.9 4.6

14.3 0.3 25.1 0.1 11.6 1.8

3.7 1.3 25.7 1.1 8.8 0.7

5.8 0.3 4.6 11.1 7.3 0.6

% Projects At risk Safety Nets Bank-wide

13.1 16.3

20.9 16.8

18.7 19.4

17.9 20.0

17.7 18.1

19.1 19.3

16.9 20.7

AFR EAP SAR ECA MNA LAC

19.8 0.0 14.9 12.3 18.1 7.9

20.9 8.8 17.1 0.0 41.5 23.3

16.7 7.7 12.5 11.7 44.4 16.1

19.5 0.0 36.0 15.4 25.8 11.8

10.9 26.8 47.7 1.3 37.5 12.0

13.0 20.9 26.5 19.3 38.3 9.7

7.7 3.9 12.2 41.2 33.5 7.7

31.1 68.5

55.2 65.8

% Proactivity Safety Nets Bank-wide

39.6 78.6

100.0 80.8

74.8 71.8

100.0 69.8

51.0 60.8

AFR EAP SAR ECA MNA LAC

56.7

100.0

0.0 0.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

81.8

0.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 81.3

100.0

10.8 100.0 31.7 24.5

100.0 100.0 29.1 100.0 15.3 26.6

100.0 24.8 39.5 53.5

% Unsatisfactory P Safety Nets Bank-wide

10.5 11.7

11.1 10.8

7.5 12.5

12.6 13.0

8.6 11.9

13.6 12.4

10.9 14.5

AFR

16.7

3.3

11.9

12.9

0.0

10.3

1.8

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EAP SAR ECA MNA LAC

V.

0.0 7.5 12.3 18.1 4.7

8.8 17.1 0.0 7.9 23.3

7.7 12.5 11.7 0.0 4.0

0.0 25.0 15.4 17.5 6.6

10.6 20.5 1.3 23.2 8.9

0.0 19.2 18.1 27.1 6.2

3.9 0.0 41.2 15.5 6.7

Knowledge Services

During the review period, the World Bank provided a considerable amount of knowledge services to improve safety net design and implementation. This section examines the different types of knowledge services that the Bank provided, including: (i) economic and sector work; (ii) technical assistance; (ii) impact evaluation support; (iii) training and knowledge exchanges including South-South learning, communities of practice, and study tours; and (iii) contributions to the global knowledge base.

Economic Sector Work (ESW) and Non-lending Technical Assistance (TA) The largest share of the Bank’s knowledge activities is country-specific and aims to meet the needs and demands identified by its partner governments. The two main analytical services that the Bank uses to respond to demand from country clients are economic and sector work (ESW) and non-lending technical assistance (TA). The objectives of ESW are to inform lending, inform government policy, build client capacity, stimulate public debate, and influence the development community. The objectives of TA are to assist in policy implementation, strengthen institutions, and facilitate knowledge exchange. Between 2007 and 2013, the World Bank spent approximately US$118 million on 281 SSN studies, which covers both ESW and non-lending technical assistance, in 104 countries. A total of 133 ESW and 148 non-lending TA activities coded as Theme 54 were identified. These analytical studies have played a crucial role in informing country dialogues, in the planning of future safety net operations, and in promoting knowledge exchanges. See Figure 16 for the annual

52

distribution of these services by type, as well as the number of projects and the financial allocations during the period of this review.

Figure 16: Knowledge Services Theme 54, FY07-13 by output typee

Between FY07 and FY13, the knowledge services provided by the World Bank reflected the broader institutional movement towards more programmatic activities, often synchronized with ongoing country operations. From a portfolio dominated by ESW, after FY09 there was a clear swing towards non-lending TA (see Figure 16. This increase in the use of non-lending TA reflected a trend in the Bank towards customizing knowledge that is diverse in process and output and often focused more on implementation topics rather than big policy choices. Often this TA was provided in tandem with larger programmatic financing.

Nevertheless, the Bank still provided a significant amount of ESW, which constituted nearly 50 percent of all of the knowledge services provided by the Bank between FY07 and FY13.

The predominant source of funding for both SSN ESW and non-lending TA has been the Bank budget, but trust fund resources have become increasingly important in recent years in financing Bank-executed knowledge products, especially in low-capacity countries. The RSR, for example, has financed country assessments focused on safety nets in 11 IDA-

53

eligible countries.27 This work has tended to be useful in terms of triggering follow-up operations, for example, in Sierra Leone, Angola, and Burkina Faso.

Figure 17: ESW and TA by region, % of total

The regional breakdown of ESW/TA activities highlights the strategic role that knowledge services play in supporting the broader portfolio (see Figure 17). Table 6 highlights a number of these influential country and regional knowledge activities during the review period.

ECA: ECA accounted for the highest number and percentage of knowledge services (65 activities, 23 percent of the total). The emphasis on knowledge services/products comes as no surprise in a region that has well-established SP programs with high spending. The majority of knowledge services that the Bank provided in ECA (34) were ESW. Non-lending TA rapidly increased (to 31 activities) in FY11 and has surpassed ESW every year ever since.

SSA: Within the last few years, the SSA region has experienced a surge in knowledge services provided by the Bank (a doubling of ESW and a more than four-fold increase in TA), which has mirrored the growth in its financing. From FY11-13, TA gradually surpassed ESW and comprised 62 percent of the FY13 portfolio (with the majority of output types being 27

Angola, Cote d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, DRC, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Albania, and Pakistan.

54

how-to guidance notes, vulnerability assessments, public expenditure reviews, and country economic memoranda). Within ESW, the majority were policy notes (such as risk and vulnerability assessments or public expenditure reviews).

MNA: The bank provided a total of 28 non-lending TA services to the MNA region, the majority of which occurred after FY09. The objective of most of these TA activities was to manage the effects of subsidy reforms, including the Social Safety Nets for Subsidy Reforms project in Morocco, the Improving Social Welfare Fund and Cash Transfer Targeting project in Yemen, and the Electricity Pricing and Power Sector Reform in Iran.

EAP: Knowledge services have been especially critical in EAP as the region has been strengthening its social protection provision. The Bank’s TA and ESW activities were provided in a number of middle-income countries including Vietnam, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand as well as a number of smaller low-income economies including Timor Leste, Cambodia, Fiji, and Laos.

LAC: In LAC, the Bank has had multiple years of sustained and integrated engagement, both in terms of financing and knowledge services. In Brazil, for instance, the Bank provided eight knowledge services (both ESW and TA) over five fiscal years, including policy notes and risk/vulnerability assessments, to support the government in developing and improving the Bolsa Familia program.

55

Table 7: Influential Country and Regional Knowledge Activities, ESW and TA (2007-2013) Country / Region Brazil

Year

Activity

Description and Added Value

2007

This World Bank Discussion Paper presents on the experience of Brazil’s Bolsa Família Program, covering multiple facets of the program’s design and implementation.

It is notable for codifying diverse strands of tacit knowledge, especially on implementation features.

Peru

2010

The Nuts and Bolts of Brazil’s Bolsa Família Program: Implementing Conditional Cash Transfers in a Decentralized Context (TA) Juntos for Nutrition (TA)

Pakistan

2011

PK: Technical Assistance for Social Protection Reform (TA)

ECA Region

2011

Social Safety Nets in the Western Balkans: Design, Implementation, and Performance (ESW/TA)

Ethiopia

2011

Kenya

2012

Designing and Implementing a Rural Safety Net in a Lowincome Setting: Lessons Learned from Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program 2005–2009 (ESW) Kenya Social Protection Review (ESW)

Indonesia

2012

MENA

2012

Targeting Poor and Vulnerable Households in Indonesia (ESW) Inclusion and Resilience: The Way Forward for

This two-year program aimed to strengthen Peru’s technical capacity on nutrition, and to align it with the country’s conditional cash transfer program – Juntos. The main areas of Bank support for the non-lending technical assistance were: (i) knowledge sharing and TA to devise a plan of action for restructuring, re-launching, and consolidating Juntos; (ii) supporting a strategy to effectively articulate the demand and supply of health and nutrition services; (iii) promoting a multi-sectoral pilot in response to local demand in the Apurimac region.

This TA helped with launching a national targeting system using proxy means testing, setting up thesafety nets organizational structure and developing management systems, processes, and procedures to ensure the effective delivery of the safety net programs, and designing and testing a data verification and processing system, an MIS, and a grievance system.

This report provided a comparative perspective on the design, implementation, financing, and performance of the noncontributory cash transfer programs (social assistance) in six countries in the Western Balkan region and benchmarked their performance against similar programs in other countries in Central and Eastern Europe.

This report described the context for the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), one of Africa’s largest safety net programs. It was notable for codifying tacit knowledge on design and operational mechanisms, evidence of the program’s impact and efficiency, and a discussion of key themes.

This report presented a strategic view of 22 social programs and ongoing reforms from a sector-wide perspective focusing specifically on the interactions, links, and coordination among these programs. It was notable for data usage and international benchmark comparators and support of country reforms.

This was a public expenditure review examining the targeting of social protection programs and options for a common targeting system to increase program effectiveness.

This report was a diagnostic of vulnerability, the performance of social safety nets, and the political economy of reform. It

56

Social Safety Nets in the Middle East and North Africa (ESW) TimorLeste

2013

Timor-Leste Social Assistance Public Expenditure and Program Performance Report (TA)

was notable for pulling together diverse information as inputs to the reform during a time of instability. The data used included existing household data, newly collected administrative data on spending, and innovative behavioral surveys.

This report was an expenditure review and performance evaluation of a fragile economy to determine the effectiveness and vulnerabilities of existing programs and the adequacy and composition of financial resources. It also reviewed operational and administrative issues and made recommendations

A significant share of the Bank’s country-specific knowledge work – especially during the recent waves of crisis – has focused on social safety net assessments. Between 2009 and 2012, approximately 30 percent of ESW/TA products were safety net assessments. During this time period, the Bank carried out a total of 60 assessments in over 40 countries and four regions. The SSA region of the Bank has been particularly active in terms of producing safety net assessments during this period. Between 2009 and 2013, the Bank supported 22 country-level social safety net assessments for African countries,28 as well as other relevant reviews of specific types of safety net programs (such as cash transfers, public works, and school feeding) in the region. Assessments have played a critical role in laying the evidence base for follow-up operations, in helping to engage clients, and in identifying common weaknesses that can hinder the establishment of robust safety net programs (such as weak institutional capacity, limited monitoring, and financing constraints).

A further highlight of these country-specific knowledge activities has been the extent to which partner governments have chosen to use the Bank’s reimbursable advisory services (RAS), fee-based advisory services provided by the Bank and paid for by the governments.

They were introduced to extend the provision of the World Bank’s analytic and advisory services beyond those that could be funded by the Bank’s administrative budget and relevant trust funds. The RAS is an important instrument for the Bank’s middle- and high28

Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, and Zambia.

57

income country clients, and for non-borrowing member clients it may be the only instrument through which the World Bank’s knowledge services are provided. Between FY07 and FY13, the Bank carried out 13 RAS activities out of a total of 250 programs (see Table 7).

There was a moderate rise in demand for RAS services in recent years, with the number of RAS activities peaking between FY11 and FY12. Even though there were only a small number of RAS activities related to safety nets, The Bank provided a wide range of RAS support to client countries in the form of policy advice, ESW, capacity building, program support, and impact evaluation. In terms of regional distribution, the majority of RAS projects took place in MNA (seven) and ECA (five). In MNA, the Bank increased the services that it provided to members of the Gulf Corporation Council, with the GCC’s Country Department acting as the liaison between the World Bank and the member states. 29 The Bank has provided RAS on social safety net issues to four out of six GCC member countries (Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait) in addition to providing region-wide RAS support for building the capacity of the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (BADEA).

The food, fuel, and financial crises exposed structural weaknesses in ECA countries. It resulted in an increased need for analytical and advisory work for policy analysis and capacity building, which may explain the rise in RAS support during FY11-FY12.30 The countries to which the Bank provided RAS support were Kazakhstan, the Czech Republic, and Albania. Kazakhstan in particular received three safety net-related RAS activities, all as a part of the Joint Economic Research Program (JERP), which is jointly funded by the Bank and the Kazak government. The JERP was launched in early 2000s as a tool to help the Kazak government to develop its economic and social development agenda. Most JERP analytical work has been focused on public resource management, education, health, agriculture, and 29

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/EXTANNREP/EXTANNREP2013/0,,contentMDK:23461530~p agePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:9304888,00.html 30 http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/eca/brief/reimbursable-advisory-services

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private sector development, but recently it has expanded its focus to poverty, social protection, and social sector expenditure.31 Table 8: RAS Activities in the Safety Net Knowledge Services Portfolio, FY07-13

FY09 FY11 FY12 FY13 Total

EAP

ECA

MNA

Total

1

1 2 2

1

5

1 3 2 1 7

2 5 5 1 13

Impact Evaluations This review identified 129 credible safety net impact evaluations covering 41 World Bank supported projects in 24 countries between 2007 and 2013. The LAC region had the most Figure 18a/b: Regional distribution of Impact Evaluations

and Types of SSN itnerventions studied in Impact Evaluations

World Bank SSN impact evaluations (11 countries), followed by SSA and EAP with four each.

The high volume of impact evaluations in LAC can be attributed to the abundance of CCT programs in the region, which is the type of intervention that was most frequently studied.

31

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2002/04/06/kazakhstan-joint-economic-research-program

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There were 93 impact evaluations of 21 World Bank-funded CCT programs worldwide (see Figure 19). There were also many impact evaluations of unconditional cash transfers (12 studies) and public works (14 studies).

Recent impact evaluations have focused less on the direct, short-term effects of the program than on a diverse range of behavioral outcomes, such as changes in dietary diversity, sexual behavior, and intra-household decisions. An increasing number of impact evaluations investigated the impact of program design by experimenting with different design features for the same program (such as different targeting approaches, size of transfer, or degrees of conditionality) In recent years there has also been a surge in credible evaluations of unconditional cash transfers, mainly in IDA countries in Africa.

These evaluations used a variety of methodologies with approximately 47 using experimental designs and the remainder using quasi-experimental approaches for estimating impact. The most common estimation strategy used (27 out of the 129 evaluations) was a double difference (or difference-in-difference) approach. 27 evaluations used a single-difference comparison of means using randomized experimental data. Other common approaches used were regression discontinuity design, propensity score matching (PSM), fixed effects, and multivariate regression with instrumental variables. Twenty-nine evaluations used more than one strategy to check for the robustness of their results, for example, using a PSM approach and comparing results with a difference-in-difference approach (DID). The types of data used for evaluations included program surveys, national censuses, and administrative data. The vast majority of evaluations used baseline data that had been collected before the program began to be implemented. Around 80 percent of evaluations used longitudinal panel data.

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South-South Learning and Knowledge Exchange and Other Training Services The World Bank has historically fostered South-South learning and knowledge exchange as a hallmark of its safety net and wider social protection and labor practices since the initiation of the concept 15 years ago.32 This has taken a range of forms, from large-scale conferences involving hundreds of participants from dozens of countries and numerous regions all the way down to one-on-one peer consultations and expert visits. All of these efforts aim to facilitate the sharing of knowledge, especially first-hand country experiences. This section looks at some of the most common learning activities used during 2007-2013: (i) SouthSouth learning forums; (ii) communities of practice; (iii) study tours, expert visits, and twinning arrangements (iv) training.33

South-South Learning Forums From FY07 to FY13, there were four annual large-scale learning forums in Cairo, Arusha, Addis Ababa and Hyderabad in 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 for country practitioners and global experts. They generally consisted of five days of plenary sessions in which country delegations and experts discussed measures they had implemented with particular reference to what worked and what did not as well as smaller parallel sessions geared toward interactive dialogue focusing on specific country case studies. Each forum has also included a field trip to look first-hand at safety net and social protection operations in the host country. Time was also devoted to informal networking and group interaction in the form of “global cafes,� marketplaces, and social events. The Rapid Social Response (RSR) multi-donor trust fund has been instrumental in promoting South-South Learning by sponsoring a major portion of expenses for each of the above events.

32

South-South Learning is the sharing of knowledge, experience and expertise between governments, organizations, and individuals in low- and middle-income countries. It recently has gained more momentum as governments have come to recognize that building social protection and labor systems is a prudent investment and are now looking for help and information on how to do so.

33 Much of this section draws on Bratwaithe et al, (2013)

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The evaluations of these events completed by the participants show that they were highly appreciated. They provide an opportunity to bring together hundreds of people from dozens of countries and multiple regions to learn about a specific topic and can be especially useful to countries that are in the formative stages of program development or are just thinking about reforms. The forums are a quick way to disseminate best practices in different areas of SP&L and have tended to facilitate the establishment of communities of practice (see below). They can also contribute to the global knowledge debate. For example, the Arusha Forum was followed up by a flagship publication synthesizing much of the data and country experiences explored during the event. There are some challenges inherent in these events including cultural and language barriers, the large amount of administrative planning needed to organize such flagship events, and availability of funding.

The events have been attended by a growing number of donors and high-level government counterparts.

Communities of Practice

Communities of practice (CoP) are online forums that grew out of South-South learning events as collaborative spaces where people can share and exchange knowledge on a particular subject. Professionals from a variety of disciplines and geographic areas now convene in online spaces such as video conferencing and blogs and also, though less frequently, in face-to-face meetings. Officials working to revise their SSN policy in one country can connect with their counterparts and experts on other countries who have carried out similar reforms. If an unexpected problem or issue arises, they can simply reach out to members of the community for feedback, advice, and suggestions.

Communities of practice tend to have a regional focus, formed by countries driven by similar political economy situations as well as a common language. The main model for communities of practice was the Latin American CCT Learning Circle. In late 2006, the client countries with the most developed CCT programs in LAC (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, El

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Salvador, and Mexico) asked the World Bank to act as a regional facilitator of knowledge, learning, and innovation for CCT programs. In response, the Bank’s LAC region created the CCT Learning Community, which client countries say has facilitated innovation and provided them with timely advice on CCT programs.34 By the end of the 2010 South-South forum in Arusha, a new community of practice (CoP) had emerged, building on this experience.

Today, there are SSN CoPs and peer-to-peer knowledge exchange forums in ECA, MENA, LAC, and SSA that connect practitioners from different countries and disseminate best practice. For example:

The SSA region community of practice was launched in 2011 and now has 11 member countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia) through five videoconferences (with topics such as: Targeting, Community Participation in Cash Transfers, Community-based Compliance and Monitoring, Payments, and Governance), two face-to-face meetings in Tanzania and Kenya, and numerous web-based interactions.

The MENA region has recently established a CoP on employment and social safety nets to facilitate South-South knowledge exchanges initially in eight countries (Morocco, Tunisia, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, Djibouti, and Yemen), creating a space where practitioners from the region can share their operational experience, knowledge, and best practices on issues related to the design and implementation of employment and social safety net programs.

The work of this community focuses on three main elements: (i) operational support; (ii) knowledge dissemination; and (iii) knowledge generation. The community’s events and learning outputs are being widely disseminated through social media, e-platforms, and corporate websites (such as the World Bank MENA Facebook page, the Jobs Knowledge Platform Facebook page, and various Bank corporate and private Twitter accounts, as well as blog forums).

34

IEG (2010) [this is not on the reference list]

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The ECA CoP on social safety nets was initiated in November 2011 and has had a series of video conference meetings since then with regular participation by senior-level counterparts (Deputy Ministers, Advisors, and Directors from Ministries of Labor and Social Protection) from 12 low-income and lower-middle-income countries. These meetings facilitated South-South knowledge sharing among countries in the region (Armenia, Georgia, and Turkey) and outside the region (Mexico, Jamaica, and Brazil). In addition, a face-to face meeting/ study tour for the ECA CoP on social safety nets took place in London in 2012 to provide practitioners with experience of how the UK welfare system works.

Study Tours, Expert Visits, and Twinning Arrangements. Study tours refer to visits by an individual or a group to one or more countries or areas to exchange knowledge. Study tours provide an opportunity for stakeholders to learn relevant and effective development practices from their peers. In a survey conducted by the Bank’s Social Protection and Labor department, several study tours were mentioned from 2007-2013. Study tours can play a vital role in mobilizing support for reform among policymakers as well as during the initial design stages, but tracking the impact of study tours is not simple.

Expert visits are when a country, city, or organization requests the Bank or another country to send an expert on a particular subject to impart knowledge on her/his (or its) area of expertise. The visits allow for in-depth consideration of an issue or problem and the application of practical knowledge and experience to the local context. Some examples of expert visits that occurred during the study period included: 

Argentine experts accompanied by a Bank task team leader (TTL) visited Tunisia to introduce the model of their public works program, Trabajar. Prior to the visit, a public works program was not included in the policy dialogue for Tunisia, but after receiving a grant from the Bank , the Tunisian government is currently designing a program based on the Argentine model.

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

After a delegation from Congo went to Madagascar, there was a reciprocal visit from Madagascar to the Congo.



An expert from Mexico went to Grenada to review and discuss the targeting system and the proxy means test for Grenada’s cash transfer program.



A monitoring and evaluation (M&E) expert from the Dominican Republic visited Honduras to advise the government on their M&E system.



Pakistan brought in an expert from Colombia to devise a product and give advice on SP&L systems.

Twinning Arrangements

Twinning arrangements involve pairing an organizational entity in one developing country with a similar, more mature one in another country. For example, Nicaragua and Colombia have shared learning on the design and use of management information systems in CCT programs, while St. Lucia and Grenada have done the same with regard to beneficiary registries.

Training

The Bank has offered Core Courses on Safety Nets since 2000. These are two-week long, formal, and highly structured training courses for policymakers and practitioners in the Bank’s client countries as well as for Bank staff working on safety nets. They provide 60–90 participants from developing countries per course with valuable information and training.

These events have typically received the best feedback of any training courses offered by the Bank. Overall, from FY07 toFY13, over 400 practitioners received training through the Core Course on Safety Nets. This total rises to 2,000 if the South-South Learning Forum series is included.

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To complement face to face learning, the Bank created an e-Learning course called Introduction to Social Safety Nets in 2011. This work was undertaken in collaboration with a technical unit within the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) that specializes in distance learning programs. The course aims to support capacity building and on-the-job training of policymakers, managers, and technical staff involved in safety nets and food security policy and implementation. Built upon two key knowledge products (“For Protection and Promotion” and “Safety Nets How To”), the course consists of six lessons containing interactive step-by-step instructions, case studies, exercises, and relevant reading material. A course certificate is awarded upon successful completion of the final assessment. Through the FAO alone, the course has been disseminated to over 2,400 users since 2011, with 1,219 having been accessed online, 857 downloaded onto computers, and 295 ordered by mail. The vast majority of users have been from IDA countries.

Global Knowledge Products

During the review period, the Bank produced a steady stream of global knowledge products, mainly in the form of publications but more recently in the form of open-access data platforms and benchmarking initiatives. A core component of global knowledge products has been the Social Protection Discussion Paper Series, which featured 30 discussion papers focused on safety nets between 2007 and 2013. In addition the World Bank commissioned a series of quarterly newsletters from 2010 to disseminate information on new publications, developments, and events in the sector. During the formulation of the World Bank’s Social Protection and Labor Strategy 2010, a series of influential background papers were also commissioned with a heavy emphasis on safety nets, looking at their productive impact, their role in crisis situations, and their relevance for low-income and fragile countries and environments.

Some of the most influential global knowledge products produced within the Bank during this time period are shown in Table 8.

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Table 9: Flagship Global Knowledge Products Activity For Protection and Promotion: The Design and Implementation of Effective Safety Nets

Year 2008

Rethinking School Feeding: Social Safety Nets, Child Development, and the Education Sector

2009

Conditional Cash Transfers: Reducing Present and Future Poverty: Policy Research Report

2009

ADePT SP – Software Platform for Economic Analysis

2010

Safety Nets How To

2011

The Cash Dividend: The Role of Cash Transfers in SubSaharan Africa

2012

Public Works as a Safety Net: Design,

2013

Description and Added Value This publication summarized several years of careful research and was launched with a vigorous dissemination strategy tailored to meet country demand for help with safety net implementation, particularly as the triple wave of financial, fuel, and food crises unfolded. Drawing on a wealth of research and the World Bank’s policy dialogue and lending from over 100 countries, For Protection and Promotion provided pragmatic and informative guidance on how to design and implement safety nets to promote growth and poverty reduction and to protect vulnerable groups in the wake of shocks.

This review was undertaken jointly by the World Food Programme (WFP) and the World Bank Group, building on the comparative advantages of both organizations. The overall objective was to provide guidance on how to develop and implement effective school feeding programs in the context of a productive safety net, both as part of the response to the social shocks of the current global crises and as a fiscally sustainable investment in human capital as part of long-term global efforts to achieve Education for All and provide social protection for the poor.

Based on thorough research, this report provided an assessment, of CCT programs as an instrument of social policy. The report paid particular attention to the following four themes: (i) the conceptual basis for understanding CCT programs and their role in social policy; (ii) evidence of their impact on consumption poverty, education, health, and nutrition outcomes; (iii) evidence of the effects of alternative design features such as choice of targeting methods, size of transfers, and types of conditions; and (iv) the role played by CCTs and similar programs in the context of social protection policies.

AdePT SP examines how the beneficiaries and/or benefits of social protection programs are distributed across quintiles, deciles, or other population groups.

The software performs sensitivity analysis with different consumption counterfactuals, generates estimates with correct standard errors, and produces statistics that make it possible to compare survey and administrative data. It can also be used to simulate the distributional impact of new/restructured programs.

Safety Nets How To is a resource guide for practitioners involved in the design and implementation of social protection systems. It pulls together summary information, country cases, and guidelines on key processes and cross-cutting issues, with lessons for everyday program implementation. The information is organized in a standardized, concise, and accessible format (hard copy publication and online toolkit) and draws on best practices across from a variety of contexts, including middle-income, low-income, and fragile states. The objective of Safety Nets How To is to provide practitioners with technical knowledge on key implementation issues.

In 2009, growing interest in the use of cash transfer programs in Sub-Saharan Africa led the World Bank to initiate a comprehensive desk review of the cash transfer programs that had been used recently in the region. This book presents the results of the review. A total of 1,231 cash transfer programs were identified in the review, although only a subset of these programs was described in detail. The programs were diverse, ranging from emergency onetime transfers, to unconditional non-contributory social pensions, to conditional cash transfer programs (CCTs) with human capital development objectives similar to those of the vanguard CCTs in Latin America.

The publication reviewed the conceptual underpinnings and operational elements of public works programs around the world. Drawing from a rich

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Evidence, and Implementation ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection

2013

evidence base including program documentation, policy papers, peerreviewed publications, and empirical data from over 40 countries, it provided an overview of the state of public works programs and how they function as part of wider social protection systems.

ASPIRE is an internet service that presents comprehensive and harmonized indicators on the elements of a SPL system (architecture, performance, and inputs and outputs) in order to help countries to develop and strengthen their SPL systems through benchmarking. This web portal is in the process of generating open, accessible and comparable performance indicators of social assistance, social insurance, and labor market programs based on various data sources (including administrative and survey data). Currently available are indicators of the performance and impact of social protection and labor programs, which are based on household survey data from 56 developing countries. Further indicators based on administrative records will later be added. All indicators will be regularly updated and more countries will be added as data become available.

Most flagship publications have been accompanied by vigorous dissemination strategies.

For example, the dissemination efforts during FY09 for “From Protection to Promotion” included: (i) a traditional launch event

led by Africa Region’s Chief Economist and

government representatives from Ethiopia and Colombia; (ii) desk-to-desk distribution to key policy makers and decision makers within and outside the World Bank; (iii) electronic distribution on the World Bank website and the creation of an e-learning module (jointly with the Food and Agricultural Organization) and an extensive Wikipedia page on social safety nets; (iv) the translation of overview into Spanish, French, Russian, and Arabic and of the whole report into Spanish, Russian, and Vietnamese; (v) two regional (ECA and MNA) and 26 country-specific workshops for Bank staff and government counterparts (vi) a presentation given on the report at a global South-South learning event, which provided the basis for improved materials for the World Bank’s Core Course on Safety Nets; and (vii) spinoff documents such as a Guidance Note for Human Development Reponses to the Food and Fuel Crisis, a paper for the Bank’s Development Committee at the 2008 Annual Meetings, and various briefing notes for the Bank’s senior management.

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VI.

Discussion

Based on the above findings, this section looks at key issues, lessons, and results concerning: (i) safety net operations; (ii) knowledge services; and (iii) impact evaluation studies.

World Bank Safety Net Operations This review highlights the Bank’s continued support for safety nets. Between FY07 and FY13 it had a safety net support portfolio of just over US$12 billion, which funded 273 financing activities in 93 countries. The total value of all financing activities that contained a safety net theme (in other words, were coded as Theme 54) was US$33 billion, of which 36 percent (US$12 billion) was dedicated to safety nets. The Bank’s average annual commitment to safety net support between FY07 and FY13 was US$1.72 billion, a threefold increase from the US$567 million per year that was spent between FY02 and FY07.

Of the 93 countries represented in the portfolio, 42 had little or no safety net-related support from the World Bank prior to FY07. During the review period, Sub-Saharan Africa was the region with most countries newly introduced to the portfolio (17), followed by EAP (6), ECA (3), LAC (7), and SAR (1). This reflected the expansion of the World Bank’s safety net support into low-income countries in Africa, largely in the form of crisis response programs.

For the first time in the history of the World Bank’s safety net portfolio, the gap between IDA and IBRD lending closed. In FY13, the Bank’s lending for SSN activities was higher to IDA-eligible countries than in IBRD-eligible countries at US$831 million and US$462 million respectively, thus reversing a longtime trend.

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Major Lessons Learned Underlying these trends was a range of different country experiences of safety net design and implementation. Our review of the project appraisal documents for the flagship country operations discussed in Section 1 points to the following lessons that can be learned from the main safety net projects that the Bank supported during the time period of the review:

Safety net programs, while traditionally designed to foster medium-term increases in human capital, have a role to play in responding to crises and protecting poor households’ investments in their human capital. This can be seen by the recent increase in demand for safety net programs in lower-income countries where risk, vulnerability, and transitory poverty are often more prevalent.

Governments should invest in safety nets during stable times to build programs that can help them to respond effectively when shocks occur. During the food and fuel crises (200708), the countries that already had effective safety net programs in place were able to use them to respond to the effects of the crises, whereas the countries with no such programs had to rely on ad hoc interventions. At the same time, the crises pointed out some weaknesses in existing programs. For example, many IBRD countries found that their poverty-targeted safety nets were not flexible enough to make it possible to increase coverage or benefits as needed, while many IDA countries lacked the necessary poverty data and systems to target and deliver benefits.35 These experiences have prompted the World Bank to move towards a pro-cyclical financing model, in which it is sustaining its support for safety nets after the crisis and is continuing to meet the needs of the bottom 40 percent during stable times.

35

IEG (2011)

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Political commitment is critical to the sustainability of safety net interventions. The involvement and commitment of sector ministries also makes it possible to plan recurrent expenditure within medium-term planning frameworks. At the same time, the involvement of local governments is also crucial because of the decentralization of service delivery in many countries.

Before projects are implemented, policymakers should spend time upfront in developing a solid institutional design built on country systems as well as local community structures. This will help to define lines of authority and accountability, including for administration and service delivery. It will also help to align incentives and financing and to ensure that risks and remedies are identified up front. While using existing government channels and institutional structures is consistent with long-term public sector management objectives, relying solely on permanent civil service staff will not be sufficient in most countries in the short term to address capacity constraints. Making use of contracted staff ‒ which is permitted within the civil service structure of most countries can ease implementation capacity constraints and improve program performance, especially if combined with staff performance incentives and best practices from community-driven approaches.

Safety net programs need an accurate and credible system for identifying and selecting the target population. The available empirical evidence shows that the impact of cash transfer programs on poverty and inequality is significantly greater when effective and accurate targeting mechanisms are used. Designing and constructing such a mechanism requires using appropriate criteria to identify and select beneficiaries. A good targeting system is often complex to develop but can be used for many programs, not only for direct cash or inkind transfers but also for programs that provide health care insurance, school feeding, or training. Once effective targeting instruments and recertification procedures are in place in one program, they can gradually be expanded to other programs.

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Detailed monitoring, evaluation and accountability mechanisms need to be designed and implemented from the outset of a safety net program to provide transparent, timely, and adequate information to all stakeholders. A strong monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system makes it possible to assess whether existing programs are fulfilling their objectives and how their performance could be improved. Programs are monitored to evaluate their targeting, to assess beneficiary take-up rates, and measure selected program outcomes. For this purpose, the M&E system collects information on selected process and result indicators, tracks program caseloads and spending, and estimates inclusion and exclusion targeting errors. The information generated by management information systems (MIS) serves two critical functions: (i) it allows program managers to assess program operations and monitor program targets and (ii) it enables policymakers, financiers, and the general public to hold programs and their managers accountable for their performance. Consequently, setting up an integrated MIS is crucial for producing continuous updates throughout the program’s life. In addition monitoring should be complemented by rigorous impact, process, and beneficiary evaluations, the findings of which are crucial for fine-tuning and re-designing the program where necessary to ensure that it achieves its objectives. Furthermore, the dissemination of such findings has often helped to secure continued political and public support for safety net programs (as was the case in Mexico, Colombia, and Kenya).

Coordination between -donors – especially in low-income countries – is necessary to ensure a coherent approach to safety net support. The transaction costs involved in this coordination can be reduced by securing formal arrangements and dedicated staff. Care is necessary to ensure that development partners are not excessively involved in the daytoday implementation of the program so as not to erode government control over the program’s management.

Safety net programs should be designed to encourage beneficiaries to graduate from support and to access human development services and programs. International experience suggests that efforts to enable beneficiaries of transfer programs to access complementary

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services and help them to develop strategies for graduating from support can be an effective way to lift them out of poverty. Some successful examples of programs that have taken this on board] are Jamaica’s PATH (the Program for Advancement through Health and Education), Ecuador’s Bono de Desarrollo Humano, and Bulgaria and Romania’s incomegeneration programs. At the same time, the pace of program exit needs to be set against a realistic assessment of overall trends and conditions.

As safety net systems develop and programs expand in coverage, the role of effective communications has become increasingly important. More than merely providing information, communications facilitates public dialogue and social awareness, and provides a mechanism to enhance program implementation. A well-planned and -executed communications strategy can help identify program obstacles and opportunities for program success, and promote an enabling environment to broaden program understanding. Experiences in Pakistan, Brazil, and Indonesia highlight the role of strategic communications in introducing, sustaining and reforming safety net interventions respectively.

A large body of research has shown that policymakers must pay careful attention to gender issues because the outcomes of policies and programs can differ markedly for women and men. In particular, understanding local socio-cultural dynamics is crucial for ensuring that women benefit equally from SSN programs.

The Evolving Nature of Social Safety Net Provision During the review period, there was a considerable amount of experimentation and adaptation of core safety net interventions. The rise of UCTs has enabled the spread of safety nets even to countries with such limited capacity that would make it difficult for them to be able to deliver a CCT. The increasing amount of evidence about the effectiveness of UCT transfer payments in terms of reducing poverty and vulnerability has also bolstered

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demand and investment in this area (see discussion below on impact evaluation results).

During the period covered by this review, there has also been a blurring of lines between conditional and unconditional transfers, with some UCT programs (for example, in Kenya, Ghana, and Pakistan) introducing some co-responsibility arrangements with less stringent enforcement than in most CCTs. At the same time, the Bank’s lending for cash transfer programs is still heavily concentrated in IBRD-eligible countries and mostly on CCTs in LAC. CCT programs have proven to be particularly effective in Latin America, where health and education services are fairly widely available, and where there are fewer implementation constraints than in some other regions.

Although more than half of all CCT activities in the portfolio were in LAC countries, a substantial number of activities – 11 out of 49 ‒ were located in Africa. Unlike in LAC, CCTs in Africa are rarely a stand-alone activity. Instead, they usually come as a part of a package of safety net interventions that often also include a public works component. The three largest CCT financing activities in SSA region – Nigeria’s Youth Employment and Social Support, Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net, and Ghana’s Social Opportunities Project – all combine a CCT with a public works component, suggesting that combining investments in human capital with CCTs and with the building of community infrastructure through public works may be the trend for a new wave of CCTs in lower-income countries.

In recent years, there has been a large number of impact evaluations of CCT programs in lower-income countries in Africa. The evidence shows that these CCTs have had a positive short-term impact on the incomes and the health and nutrition indicators of their beneficiaries. Few of the programs in Africa have been around for long enough to generate any long-term effects, and the evaluations have tended to focus on observing outcomes related to the satisfaction of basic needs given the low-income nature of the countries involved. It should be noted that only 18 percent of CCT activities in the portfolio were located in regions other than LAC or SSA, suggesting that there is room for the expansion of CCTs in the future to these regions in the future. As impact evaluations have suggested that

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educational CCTs work particularly well in terms of promoting the attainment of marginalized students, policymakers in MNA and SAR might wish to consider introducing CCTs that contain conditions aimed at increasing schooling for girls.

Finally, during the review period, public works programs were introduced and scaled up on an unprecedented scale. Public works programs tend to garner strong public and political support because they are seen as contributing to a productive economy as well as reinforcing a community’s capacity to manage its own affairs. As has been seen in, for example, Ethiopia, Argentina, and India, such programs can be a flexible instrument. In lowincome countries particularly, public works programs have served several different functions. For example, they have been used as a short-term palliative for the negative effects of shocks with the World Bank approving 47 projects with public works components in the wake of the FFF crises in FY09/10. They have also been used to support multi-sectoral priorities as in Cambodia (road rehabilitation) and Ethiopia(watershed management), to address structural poverty and employment challenges, for example, by providing employment guarantees as in

India’s MGNREGS, and to complement skills training,

financial inclusion, or links to intermediate services as in El Salvador, Yemen, and Liberia.

Finally, they have often been introduced with the aim of supporting social stability and cohesion, for example, by targeting youths and marginal groups (in Sri Lanka, South Sudan, and Uganda).

Lessons from Knowledge Services The review underscores the critical role played by knowledge services in advancing the safety nets agenda, especially in countries where implementation capacity is weak such as South Sudan and East Timor. Aside from the wealth of technical reports and assessments that it has generated, the Bank has been especially strategic in promoting South-South exchanges and global knowledge sharing. During the period of the review, the Bank hosted

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four global South-South Learning Forums and oversaw the establishment of communities of practice in three regions, building on the initial success of the CCT Learning Circles in LAC.

Links between Financing and Knowledge Activities This review has found that knowledge activities seem to have fostered subsequent country demand for financing for safety nets. Among the 42 countries that were added to the World Bank’s safety nets financing portfolio after FY07, the majority (26) had also received some form of knowledge services during the period between FY07 and FY13. In a sizable number of countries, knowledge services either preceded or were provided concurrently with the first financing support, with 10 countries having received knowledge services prior to receiving financing36 and four countries receiving their first knowledge and financing activity in the same year.37 It is plausible that ESW can generate demand among governments for further support from the World Bank, at least in technical assistance. Among the 42 countries that had no World Bank safety net support prior to FY07, 17 had received ESW between FY07 and FY13. Twelve out of the 17 countries had received technical assistance in the years following the ESW, and one country received TA concurrently with the ESW. There were only four countries in which technical assistance did not follow the ESW.

Knowledge challenges at country and global level While the Bank has had a number of achievements in its provision of knowledge services (see Section 4), some challenges remain.

At country level: Despite the Bank’s efforts to expand country knowledge services, there is still a gap between IDA and IBRD countries, albeit one that has shrunk in the last several years. For the

36 37

Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Guinea, Mali, Mauritius, Togo, Timor, Jordan, Lebanon, and Nepal Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Vietnam, and El Salvador

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period FY07-13, only 29 percent of the Bank’s knowledge services (both ESW and TA) were provided to low-income countries.

Typically the Bank’s budget can only be used to fund knowledge services in countries where the Bank already has an operational presence. This restriction has been overcome to some extent in recent years with the advent of trust fund financing such as the Rapid Social Response Fund, which is applicable only to low-income countries. However, as these trust funds have increasingly scarce budgets and an increased number of countries to support, there is a risk of small and fragmented technical assistance work.

Increasing demand for customized technical assistance poses challenge, because of the many different forms and themes that may be requested. This can stretch the limits of available technical expertise.

The methodologies and approaches that the Bank uses to undertake country assessments vary and are dependent on what information is available at the country level. Additionally, country assessments are time-consuming and labor-intensive

Globally: The distillation of timely and relevant global knowledge requires broad input, including expertize from country level and global partners. This requires careful planning and investment, as well as mechanisms to capture best practice from outside of the World Bank.

There are challenges to ensure high quality and comparable data. Quality control and accountability are critically important, and require investment especially at country level.

There is a recognized need to enhance incentives, mechanisms, tools and processes to promote selecting and sharing of knowledge across countries, teams, functions and institutions.

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Evaluating and Measuring Results The World Bank has various options for measuring the results achieved by Bank-supported safety net projects. It is possible to get a general sense of overall trends and primary impact from the World Bank’s Aspire Database, its Corporate Score Indicators, and completed impact evaluations. The performance of individual projects and their key outcomes can be obtained by reviewing their implementation completion reports and project performance portfolio information.

The Bank’s tracking of safety net coverage and impact has not been consistent and is an area that is now being strengthened, especially in light of the World Bank’s Social Protection and Labor Strategy. The strategy’s results framework outlines a series of outputs and outcomes at both the World Bank and the country level that are being tracked in order to assess progress towards achieving the goals of the strategy over the next 10 years. The results framework follows a three-tier approach that reflects respectively the World Bank’s contribution to sectoral development outcomes (Tier 1), country outcomes and outputs attributable to Bank support (Tier 2), and the actions and activities for which the World Bank will be accountable (Tier 3). Each tier tracks the progress made by countries and the World Bank in the main focus areas of the strategy. The results framework indicators from the strategy are consistent with other institutional frameworks as well, including the World Bank’s Corporate Scorecard Indicator, a recent initiative that looks at the coverage of active safety net projects supported by the Bank and their breakdown by gender.

Information published in the latest version of the Corporate Scorecard Indicator suggests that the average annual number of beneficiaries receiving Bank-financed safety net support during FY09-11 was 141 million. When the baseline number collected in FY09 (141.6 million) and the number collected from program exit reviews in FY11 (141.1 million) are compared, it can be seen that coverage was stable over the three-year period. Data on the number of

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women and girls benefitting from Bank-financed social protection programs were collected in FY12, and the number came to 78 million.38

Table 10: Select Corporate Scorecard Indicators for Human Development and Gender

Indicators

Type

Number of beneficiaries covered by social safety net programs (millions)

Outcome

Baseline

Current

Value

Year

Value

Year

114.6

FY09

114.1

FY11

78

FY12

78

FY12

Number of women and girls benefitting from social protection programs and other Outcome targeted schemes (millions)

Evidence from the World Bank’s new ASPIRE database shows that, each year, safety nets in developing countries lift 50.3 million people out of absolute poverty (defined as living on less than US$1.25 a day). At the same time, 96.4 million people are lifted out of the bottom quintile (relative poverty). Overall, this represents a significant impact on the global fight against poverty.

38

World Bank Corporate Scorecard: Integrated Results and Performance Framework. April 2013. The World Bank.

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Results from Impact Evaluations Recent impact evaluations of established CCT projects have begun to find that these programs are having not only short-term effects but also a longer-term positive impact on the welfare of recipients. They have also found that both longstanding and newer CCT programs are affecting household decision-making in ways that have policy implications.

This evidence comes mainly from Latin America, specifically from programs in Mexico, Colombia, Nicaragua, and Brazil.

Evaluations have shown that, after five and a half years of providing program benefits, Mexico’s Oportunidades program has had a positive and sustained impact in terms of improving school enrollment, reducing child and youth labor, increasing employment for older girls, and facilitating a shift in employment in rural areas from agricultural to nonagricultural work.39 A government evaluation from 2008 found that former Oportunidades beneficiaries were more likely to enter middle-class occupations than non-beneficiaries, while their share of better paying jobs was on average 25 percentage points higher. 40 In contrast, a study from 2011 found that Colombia’s Familias en Accion had had no significant impact on the cognitive development of beneficiary children. 41 The study found that participating children were 4 to 8 percentage points more likely than non-participating children to finish high school (particularly girls and beneficiaries in rural areas), but recipients who graduated from high school seemed to perform at the same level as equally poor non-recipient graduates.

The findings of evaluations of Nicaragua’s Atención a Crisis underscored the long-term positive potential of health interventions focusing on early childhood intervention. It was found that households who received Atención a Crisis transfers had increased their 39

Behrman et al (2010) Government of Mexico (2008) 41 Baez and Camacho (2011) 40

80

expenditure on critical inputs into child development (such as more nutrient-rich foods, more early stimulation provided to children, and more use of preventative health care). This had led to improvements in the cognitive outcomes of children aged 36 months old from beneficiary households, and even two years after the program was ended and the transfers had been discontinued, these positive effects continued.42 Impact evaluations of both established and newer programs are helping policymakers to understand the causal pathways leading to positive outcomes. A 2012 evaluation of Brazil’s Bolsa Família program yielded evidence of how beneficiary women made decisions that resulted in better living conditions for both children and women.43 Also, a 2012 evaluation of Morocco’s Tayssir CCT found a significant difference in the amount of time children had available for learning when transfers were given to female heads of household as opposed to male heads of households. The study found that children in the female-headed households spent around five more hours a day in school‐related activities than children from male-headed households 44 In recent years, there has been a breakthrough in the evidence base documenting the impact of unconditional cash transfers. Evaluations have highlighted the growing interest from governments in so-called “social cash transfers” (or UCTs) as a way to improve human development and poverty outcomes and foster local economic development, particularly in low-capacity countries. Evaluations have shown that UCTs can help vulnerable households to manage risk by immediately increasing their income and consumption, although the magnitude of these effects depends on the initial conditions and implementation logistics.

For example, a one-time unconditional transfer provided in the West Bank region enabled recipient households to maintain their food consumption levels and even to significantly improve the quality and increase the variety of food that they consumed. 45 Ghana’s Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) program is reported to have led to a 42

Macours et al (2012) DeBrauw (2012) 44 Benhassine et al (2012) 45 EMCC (2010) 43

81

significant 14 percent increase in the likelihood of beneficiary households being able to save.46 An innovative simulation analysis of Lesotho’s Child Grants Program in 2012 suggested that cash transfers can have significant positive effects not only at the household level but also on the local economy, as it found that the program had generated US$2.23 in income within local communities for every dollar provided to the beneficiaries.47 Few evaluations have directly assessed human development outcomes, but some notable findings have emerged on the links between UCTs and education. A 2011 evaluation of LEAP in Ghana found that the program had increased school enrollment by an average of seven percentage points, though these results varied between male and female children. For females, the effect of LEAP was to increase the attendance of those already enrolled in school. For males, LEAP increased both access and progression between grades.48 Also, a 2013 evaluation of Uganda’s Youth Opportunities Program found that 75 percent of direct grant beneficiaries spend a portion of their transfer on technical and vocational training. 49 Public works interventions have been found to have a positive effect on income, consumption, and employment, particularly in agricultural economies and during covariate shocks. A 2011 evaluation of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) found that the program had led to consumption gains among beneficiary households. Receiving public works payments for five years yielded an increase of 1.05 months of food security compared to having received no transfers in all regions where the PSNP was being implemented.50 Another study found that PSNP beneficiaries had significantly increased their livestock holdings, while the combination of the PSNP together with another complementary program (OFSP/HABP) led to considerable increases in the use of fertilizer and enhanced investments that were likely to increase agricultural productivity among households receiving both benefits. However, only in some cases had this resulted in

46

Handa and Parker (2013) Taylor et al (2012) 48 Samson et al (2011) 49 Blattman et al (2013) 50 Berhane et al (2011) 47

82

observed increases in production yields. 51 A 2012 report tracked the success of Latvia’s Workplaces with Stipends (WWS) program, which had been introduced in response to the 2008 financial crisis.52 The evaluation found that the program had been successful in targeting poor and vulnerable people with minimal leakage to non-poor households. Almost 83 percent of WWS beneficiaries were in the bottom 20 percent of the income distribution, and the program was credited with raising the income of participating households by 37 percent in the short term.53 Yemen’s Labor-intensive Public Works Program was expected to protect beneficiaries from the negative effects of the economic crisis by providing them with additional days of work. The evaluation of this program coincided with incidents of armed conflict, economic paralysis due to fuel shortages and general instability during the widespread protests associated with the Arab Spring of 2011. During this period the program was found to have increased participants’ income by approximately US$23 per month in active projects, but this change was not statistically significant. However, the program led to a meaningful and significant increase in average consumption of between 320 and 435 calories per day, equivalent to an 11 to 13 percent increase in calorie consumption in participating communities compared to non-participating communities.54 In-kind transfers, particularly food-based programs, have had a significant positive impact in situations where cash has limited use or fluctuating value. In situations where purchasing power changes rapidly and food insecurity is a concern, for example, Ethiopia in 2007, a combination of food and cash transfers has proved to be the best way to protect beneficiary households. Comparing different groups of Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) beneficiaries, a 2010 report showed that between 2006 and 2008 receiving food and/or a combination of food and cash was more effective than cash payments in protecting households measured in terms of income changes, assets, and the food gap. 55 Specifically, the income of households that received in-kind food payments grew by 59 percent more

51

Hoddinott (2012) Azam et al (2012) 53 Azam et al (2012) 54 Christian (2013) 55 Sabates-Wheeler and Devereux (2010) 52

83

than the incomes of non-beneficiaries, while the incomes of households that received a combination of food and cash grew by 45 percent more than those of non-beneficiaries.

VII.

Conclusions

The review highlights the Bank’s strong support for the continued expansion of safety nets through diverse financing and knowledge activities. The World Bank’s support for safety net expansion is most visibly evidenced through financing activities amounting to just over $12 billion between FY07-13. During this time period the average annual commitment for safety nets during was US$1.72 billion, a threefold increase from US$567 million per year during FY02-07.

In recent years the Bank has supported the consolidation of established programs and emergence of new ones, especially in low income settings. The portfolio continues to reflect the importance and consolidation of safety nets in middle income countries. Greater IBRD financing commitments – especially in LCR and ECA regions - reflect the mature nature of these programs, especially a handful of flagship operations which have required major investment to expand coverage and promote program reforms. These countries are also becoming increasingly important in sharing south-south knowledge. At the same time there is a new generation of promising IBRD interventions, including in the Philippines, as well as a pipeline operations for Vietnam.

The expansion of safety nets in lower income settings is a notable advancement of the portfolio. Among the 93 countries represented in the portfolio, 42 had no or limited exposure to the World Bank safety nets engagement prior to FY07. Africa was the region with the most number of countries newly introduced to the portfolio (17), reflecting the increase of World Bank support for safety nets in low-inome countries, aided also by the crisis response. For the first time in the World Bank’s Safety Net portfolio’s history, the

84

review reports a convergence of the gap between IDA and IBRD lending in support of SSN activities worldwide. In FY13, lending allocated towards SSN activities was higher in IDA eligible countries compared to IBRD eligible countries, at US$831 million and US$462 million, respectively, reversing a longtime trend.

Knowledge services now comprise a critical component of World Bank support to the safety nets agenda, especially in low capacity contexts where implementation capacity is weak.

During the time period of the review the World Bank spent approximately $118 million on 281 safety net studies - covering economic and sector work, and non-lending technical assistance and covering 104 countries and regions. Between 2009-2012 alone, the Bank conducted a total of 60 Safety Net assessments, covering 40 countries in 4 regions. Aside from the wealth of technical reports and assessments generated, the Bank has been especially strategic in promoting South-South exchange and global knowledge. In the course of the review the Bank hosted four global South-South Learning Forum Events, and saw the evolution of practitioner Communities of Practice in three regions, building on the initial success of the LAC CCT Learning Circles.

Some major observations emerging from the review are as follows:

World Bank supported safety net projects play a major role in addressing chronic poverty and inequality, and in turn meeting the needs of bottom population quintiles. Some 82% of projects reviewed had chronic poverty and reduction of inequality as their main function.

The World Bank’s Corporate Scorecard illustrates that in FY11, total beneficiary numbers of safety net beneficiaries reached at least 114 million. Even more impressive is the data provided by the Bank’s ASPIRE database, which shows that each year; safety nets in developing countries lift 50.3 million people from absolute poverty. At the same time, safety nets play a major role in responding to shocks and transitory needs. Some 51% of projects reviewed including mechanisms to manage risk from system shocks.

85

One of the major lessons emerging from the triple wave of food, fuel and finance crises was recognition of the need to invest continuously in safety nets during stable times so that programs can be scaled up effectively when shocks occur.

These experiences have

prompted the World Bank to move towards a pro-cyclical financing model where it is sustaining support for safety nets after a crisis and meeting basic needs of the bottom population quintiles during stable times.

Countries require customized support in order to effectively design and implement safety net programs. A hallmark of the World Bank’s support to safety nets concerns technical assistance and institutional improvement, which were factored into the vast majority of projects in the portfolio. These projects often support the strengthening of the institutional capacity of the client government and the social sector reform, making improvements in the administration, coverage and targeting of social safety net and shaping new social safety nets policies to provide the foundation for building a harmonized and comprehensive system of social protection. The importance of such activities was especially emphasized during the time of crisis when there was an emphasis on a more efficient social spending with a tightened budget and an increased need.

Robust evidence continues to mount on the impacts of social safety nets, although more research is needed. During the review time period approximately 129 credible safety net impact evaluations covering 41 World Bank supported projects in 24 countries were identified. Findings from these evaluations are providing a strong evidence base of social safety nets on a vast range of dimensions, such as poverty, inequality, food security and nutrition, human capital, local economic multipliers, investments in productive activities, risk resilience, social cohesion, and others. Yet more research might be needed on the performance of alternative design and implementation options, on linking social safety nets to the ‘graduation’ agenda, and on adapting social safety nets to different contexts, particularly urban areas and fragile states.

86

Safety net interventions are evolving to support broader social protection initiatives and multi-sectoral strategies. In recent years there has been an increase in Conditional Cash and Unconditional Cash transfers, as well as interventions that fall somewhat in between i.e., soft conditionalities. The use of public works instruments has also evolved considerably to meet complementary objectives such as temporary employment creation and environmental protection through asset accumulation as examples. The integration of these activities with broader interventions raises challenges to ensure continued quality of technical support, ability to assess impact and plan for long term sustainability.

The World Bank is investing heavily in knowledge services to advance the safety nets agenda at both global and country level.

A strength of knowledge support has been

investment towards cross country learning and technical knowledge exchange amongst country level practitioners. Knowledge activities have fostered subsequent country demand for safety net financings.

Finally, it is significant to note that the safety nets portfolio at the Bank has been one of the best performing during FY2007-2013. On average, the disbursement ratio was 49.8 percent (against 23.1 percent for the rest of the Bank) and peaked at 82.3 percent in FY10, when the crisis-related projects disbursed in earnest. Although, the bank extended safety net program coverage to riskier countries (i.e. fragile states), the overall commitment at risk (16 percent) remained more stable, even during the crisis period, and below the Bank average.

Going forward the future trends in the portfolio are projected as follows: 

A continued emphasis on integration and systems building, combining safety net interventions with broader social protection strategies.

87



Progressive scaling up of interventions in low income settings, including customization efforts to ensure programs are flexible in light of crisis situations and ongoing needs.



Greater attention to identify appropriate customization of interventions in low capacity and fragile situations, with much focus on institutional design and capacity services, including the role of third party delivery agents.



Sustained engagement in middle income countries, with a shift towards strengthening of SSN systems, within framework of broader social protection and labor programs and in context or decentralization and country reform agendas



Continued demand for to share operational experiences and knowledge, especially in the context of strengthening administrative mechanisms for identifying and selecting target populations e.g. single registry systems, targeting instruments.



More programmatic and strategic use of knowledge services, with greater selectivity of analytical work and sustained demand for learning and knowledge exchange opportunities. In this context a greater emphasis also on open data and information availability.



Strengthened monitoring and evaluation at the outset of a project in order to provide more timely information and to better understand the causal impacts through which safety nets are shaping outcomes. The impact evaluation agenda points to a series of empirical gaps including long term impacts, cost effectiveness and behavioral pathways of change.



Greater emphasis on managing risk in the portfolio, especially in the context of general governance and accountability challenges that face safety net operations.

88



A need for greater external engagement with the international community and donor agencies, especially to support efforts towards greater safety net and social protection systemization.



Continued reliance on donor and trust fund resources to create flexibility

89

Bibliography Alderman, H., and Yemtsov, R. 2012. Productive Role of Safety Nets. Background Paper for the World Bank 2012–2022 Social Protection and Labor Strategy. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Andrews, C., Das, M., Elder, J., Ovadiya, M., and Zampaglione, G. 2012. Social Protection in Low Income Countries and Fragile Situations: Challenges and Future Directions. Background Paper for the World Bank 2012–2022 Social Protection and Labor Strategy, NO. 1209.

Washington, DC: World Bank.

Azam, Mehtabul, Céline Ferré, and Mohamed Ajwad. 2012 "Did Latvia's public works program mitigate the impact of the 2008-2010 crisis?." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6144. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Baez, Javier, and Adriana Camacho. 2011. "Assessing the long-term effects of conditional cash transfers on human capital: evidence from Colombia." Policy Research Paper No. 5681.

Washington, DC: World Bank.

Behrman, Jere R., Susan W. Parker, and Petra E. Todd. 2011. "Do conditional cash transfers for schooling generate lasting benefits? A five-year followup of PROGRESA/Oportunidades."

Journal of Human Resources 46, (1): 93-122.

Benhassine, Najy, Florencia Devoto, Esther Duflo, Pascaline Dupas, and Victor Pouliquen.

"Unpacking the Effects of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: Experimental Evidence from Morocco." Unpublished manuscript (2012).

Berhane, Guush, et al. 2011. "The impact of Ethiopia’s productive safety nets and household asset building programme: 2006–2010." IFPRI, Washington DC. USA. Blattman, Christopher, Fiala, Nathan and Martinez, Sebastian. 2012 “Employment Generation in Rural Africa: Mid-Term Results from an Experimental Evaluation of the Youth Opportunities Program in Northern Uganda.” Discussion Paper No. 1201. Berlin: DIW. Christian, Sikandra, Alain de Janvry, Daniel Egel, and Elisabeth Sadoulet. 2013. “Quantitative Evaluation of Social Fund for Development Labor Intensive Works Program (LIWP)” LIWP Program Design.

De Brauw, Alan, Daniel Ol Gilligan, John Hoddinott, Shalini Roy. 2012. “The Impact of Colsa Familia on Child Maternal anc Household Welfare.”

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EMCC (Engineering & Management Consulting Center). 2010. Impact Evaluation for Additional Financing for Food Crisis Project: Social Safety Network Reform. Final Report.

Ministry of Social Affairs.

GoM (Government of Mexico). 2008. “External Evaluation of Oportunidades in Rural Areas (1997-2007).” Secretaria de Desarrollo Social, Mexico, D.F. Grosh, M., C. Andrews, R. Quintana, and C. Rodriguez. 2011. Global Food Price Increases and Grosh, M.E. and Milazzo, A., (2008). Social Safety Nets in World Bank Lending and Analytical Work: FY2002 – 2007. SP Discussion Paper No 0810. World Bank, Washington, DC. Grosh, Margaret E., del Ninno, Carlo., Tesliuc, Emil and Oeughi, Azedine, with Milazzo, Annamaria and Weigand, Christine (2008). For Protection and Promotion: The Design and Implementation of Effective Safety Nets. World Bank, Washington, DC. Handa, Sudhanshu, Michael Park, R. Darko Osei, and I. Osei-Akoto. 2013. “Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty Program Impact Evaluation.” Carolina Population Center.

North Carolina: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Hoddinott, John, Guush Berhane, Daniel O. Gilligan, Neha Kumar, and Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse. 2012. "The Impact of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme and Related Transfers on Agricultural Productivity." Journal of African Economies 21 (5): 761-786.

IEG (2011a). Social Safety Nets: An Evaluation of World Bank Support, 2000– 2010.Washington, DC: Independent Evaluation Group, the World Bank Group.

IEG (2011b). Evidence and Lessons Learned from Impact Evaluations on Social Safety Nets.

Washington DC: Independent Evaluations Group, World Bank.

Ovadiya, M., Kryeziu, A., Masood, S, and Zapatero, E (Forthcoming). Social Protection in Fragile and Conflict Affected States: Trends and Challenges Discussion Paper. World Bank: Human Development Network. 2014 Macours, Karen, Norbert Schady, and Renos Vakis. 2012. "Cash Transfers, Behavioral Changes, and cognitive development in early childhood: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 4, (2): 247-273.

Marzo, Federika and Mori, Hideki. 2012. Crisis Response in Social Protection. Background Paper for the World Bank 2012–2022 Social Protection and Labor Strategy, NO. 1205.

Washington, DC: World Bank.

Ribe, H., Robalino, D. A., and Walker, I. 2010. Achieving Effective Social Protection for All in Latin America and the Caribbean From Right to Reality. Washington, DC: World Bank 91

Sabates-Wheeler, Rachel, and Stephen Devereux. 2010. "Cash transfers and high food prices: explaining outcomes on Ethiopia’s productive safety net programme." Food Policy, 35(4), 274-285.

Safety Net Readiness. Internal Memo. Washington DC: World Bank.

Subbarao, K., del Ninno, C., Andrews, C., and Rodriguez, C. 2013. Public Works Programs: Design, Evidence and Implementation. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Taylor, J. Edward, Karen Thome, and Mateusz Filipski. 2013. “Evaluating Local General Equilibrium Impacts Lesotho’s Child Grants Program.” Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.

World Bank (2011). The State Of World Bank Knowledge Services: Knowledge For Development 2011. Washington, DC. World Bank (2012b). Resilience, Equity and Opportunity: The World Bank’s Social Protection and Labor Strategy: 2012–2022. Washington DC. World Bank (2013a). Rapid Social Response Progress Report 2013. Washington, DC. Draft.

World Bank (2013b). Closing the Gap: The State of Social Safety Nets 2013. Washington, DC World Bank (2013c). Social Safety Nets in Africa: A Review of the Experiences in 22 Countries. Washington, DC. World Bank (2013d). “Social Safety Nets in Africa: A Review of the Experiences in 22 Countries.” Human Development Department. World Bank, Africa Region. Report No. 76400.

World Bank. (2012a). Managing Risk, Promoting Growth: Developing Systems for Social Protection in Africa. Washington, DC.

92

Annex 1: Extract from Inventory of SSN Projects FY07-13

P098576

Emergency Reintegration Program

3 2007

AFR

Madagascar

P103606

4 2007

AFR

Niger

5 2007

AFR

6 2007

SIL

25.50

150.00

SDV IDA

P

Inv

ERL

5.61

17.00

Madagascar Sustainable Health System Development Project

HE

IDA

S

Inv

SIL

1.10

10.00

P098963

Second Rural and Social Policy Grant (RSRC-2)

SP

IDA

S

Pol

DPL

5.50

50.00

Rwanda

P104189

Multi-Sectoral HIV/AIDS Project Additional Financing

HE

IDA

S

Inv

SIL

2.50

10.00

AFR

Ethiopia

P098093

Productive Safety Nets (APL II)

SP

IDA

P

Inv

APL

50.75

175.00

7 2007

AFR

Madagascar

P096296

MG-Community Develop. Fund/ Additional Financing (FID IV) Supplemental

SP

IDA

S

Inv

SIL

2.34

18.00

8 2007

EAP

Vietnam

P104097

Program 135 Phase 2 Support Credit

RDV IDA

S

Pol

DPL

8.00

50.00

9 2007

ECA

Georgia

P099882

Third Poverty Reduction Support Operation

EP

IDA

P

Pol

DPL

5.00

20.00

10 2007

ECA

Moldova

P095250

Health Services and Social Assistance Project

HE

IDA

S

Inv

SIL

4.25

17.00

11 2007

ECA

Tajikistan

P096861

Public Sector Reform TA

PS

IDA

S

Inv

TAL

0.85

5.00

X X

5%

76%

X X

X

X

X

X

19%

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Inv

Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

Others

Congo, Democrat

S

Others Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

AFR

IDA

Training for benef.

Health

2 2007

ED

IBRD + IDA + Grant Amt.

Basic transfers Education

Education Sector Project

IBRD + IDA + Grant Commit Amt.

Non-cash

Food

P086294

Types of Safety Nets Intervention Cash

CCT

Congo, Democrat

Full Amount

SA / Income Support Family/Child Allow.

Non-contrib. pensions Disability benefits

AFR

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary Lending Instrument Type Lending Instrument

Country

1 2007

Project Title

Country Eligibility

Region

Project ID

#

Sector Board

FY

Allocation to SSN (54)

93

DPL

46.00

200.00

13 2007 LCR

Colombia

P104507

Additional Financing for Colombia Social Safety Net Project (Ln. 7337)

SP

IBR D

P

Inv

SIL

41.92

104.80

14 2007 LCR

Dominica

P094869

Growth and Social Protection Technical Assistance Project

PO

Ble nd

P

Inv

TAL

0.32

1.45

15 2007 LCR

Guatemala

P089898

Education Quality And Secondary Education Project

ED

IBR D

S

Inv

SIL

10.40

80.00

16 2007 LCR

Haiti

P099918

Education For All Adaptable Program Grant Phase 1

ED

IDA

P

Inv

APL

8.25

25.00

17 2007 LCR

Uruguay

P083927

First Programmatic Reform Implementation DPL

EP

IBR D

S

Pol

DPL

14.00

100.00

UD N/A

S

Inv

ERL

1.30

10.00

X X

X

X

2%

98% X

MN A

West Bank and Gaza

P074594

Emergency Municipal Services (Rehab. II)

19 2007

MN A

Iraq

P098979

Iraq: Strengthening Policy Making for Poverty Reduction, Employment Generation and Safety Net Development

PO

IBR D

S

Inv

ERL

0.92

6.60

20 2007

MN A

Iraq

P099295

Emergency Social Protection Project

SP

IBR D

P

Inv

ERL

2.64

8.00

21 2007

MN A

Morocco

P100026

National Initiative for Human Development Support Project (INDH)

SDV

IBR D

S

Inv

SIL

11.00

100.00

22 2007

MN A

West Bank and Gaza

P096777

Third Palestinian NGO Project

SDV N/A

P

Inv

SIL

2.90

10.00 X

X

X

X

X

18 2007

X

FY

Others Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

Others

Pol

Basic transfers Education

P

X

IBR D

Food

SP

CCT

Third Labor Reform and Social Development Policy Loan Project (LaRSDPL III)

Sector Board

P094097

Region

Colombia

Non-cash

X

Cash

Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

IBRD + IDA + Grant Amt.

12 2007 LCR

Project Title

Training for benef.

Health

IBRD + IDA + Grant Commit Amt.

Project ID

#

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

SA / Income Support Family/Child Allow.

Non-contrib. pensions Disability benefits

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary Lending Instrument Type Lending Instrument

Full Amount

Country

Country Eligibility

Allocation to SSN (54)

94

26 2007 SAR

Pakistan

27 2007 SAR

Sector Board

FY

FSP IDA

P

Inv

FIL

7.50

15.00

Second Higher Education Project

ED

IDA

S

Inv

SIL

12.00

60.00

P099110

Second Poverty Reduction Support Credit Project (PRSC II)

PO

Ble nd

P

Pol DPL

101.50

350.00

Pakistan

P099110

Sindh Education Sector Development Policy Credit (SEDPC)

ED

Ble nd

S

Pol DPL

16.00

100.00

28 2007 SAR

Pakistan

P104393

Additional Financing for Rehabilitating Earthquake Affected Communities II

RDV

Ble nd

S

Inv

SIL

34.50

138.00

29 2007 SAR

Sri Lanka

P100390

Puttalam Housing Project

UD IDA

S

Inv

SIL

4.16

32.00

30 2008 AFR

Burundi

P109964

Second Multisectoral HIV/AIDS

HE IDA

S

Inv

SIL

4.95

15.00

31 2008 AFR

Congo, Democratic Republic of

P105729

DRC: Emergency Demobilization & Reintegration - Additional Financing

SP

IDA

P

Inv

SIL

14.50

50.00

32 2008 AFR

Eritrea

P107254

Integrated Early Childhood Development Project II

ED

IDA

S

Inv

SIL

1.68

12.00

33 2008 AFR

Malawi

P110446

Malawi Third Social Action Fund (MASAF 3) APL II (LDF Mechanism)

SP

IDA

P

Inv APL

16.50

50.00

95

X X

X 20%

80%

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

100.00

Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

Others

P090967

17.00

Others Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

Nepal

Pol DPL

Training for benef.

Health

25 2007 SAR

S

Basic transfers Education

Additional Credit for Second Poverty Alleviation Microfinance Project

IDA

Non-cash

Food

P105742

Cash IBRD + IDA + IBRD + IDA Grant + Grant Commit Amt. Amt. CCT

Bangladesh

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Full Amount

SA / Income Support Family/Child Allow.

Non-contrib. pensions Disability benefits

24 2007 SAR

ED

Lending Instrument

Third Education Sector Development Support Credit Project

Lending Instrument Type

P102541

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary

Bangladesh

Project Title

Country Eligibility

Country

23 2007 SAR

Region

Project ID

#

Allocation to SSN (54)

231.19

35 2008 ECA

Azerbaijan

P105116

Social Protection Development

SP

Ble nd

P

Inv

SIL

8.81

26.70

36 2008 ECA

Kyrgyz Republic

P112142

Health & Social Protection Project

GFR Inv P

ERL

6.00

6.00

37 2008 ECA

Lebanon

P094288

Reform Implementation Development Policy Loan (RIDPL)

EMT

IBR D

S

Pol

DPL

14.00

100.00

38 2008 ECA

Serbia

P096823

Delivery of Improved Local Services Project

SP

IBR D

S

Inv

SIL

6.50

46.40

39 2008 ECA

Turkey

P088837

Second Programmatic Public Sector Development Policy Loan (PPDPL 2)

EP

IBR D

S

Pol

DPL

56.00

400.00

40 2008 LCR

Bolivia

P087925

BO Land for Agricultural Dev

ARD

Ble nd

P

Inv

SIL

4.20

15.00

41 2008 LCR

Bolivia

P101084

BO Investing in Children and Youth

SP

Ble nd

P

Inv

SIL

6.80

17.00

42 2008 LCR

Colombia

P052608

CO- Antioquia Secondary Education Projec

ED

IBR D

S

Inv

SIL

4.00

20.00

43 2008 LCR

Dominican Republic

P090010

DO Social Sectors Investment Program

SP

IBR D

P

Inv

SIL

4.85

19.40

44 2008 LCR

Jamaica

P105024

Social Protection Project

SP

IBR D

P

Inv

SIL

20.00

40.00

X 10%

90%

96

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

5.00

IDA

1

X

X

FY

Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

Others

50.86

Others Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

SIL

Training for benef.

Health

Inv

Food

P

Disability benefits

Ble nd

Non-cash Non-contrib. pensions

SDV

CCT

National Program for Community Empowerment in Rural Areas

Sector Board

P105002

Region

Indonesia

Family/Child Allow.

Cash

34 2008 EAP

Project Title

Basic transfers Education

IBRD + IDA + Grant Commit Amt.

IBRD + IDA + Grant Amt.

Project ID

#

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

SA / Income Support

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary Lending Instrument Type Lending Instrument

Full Amount

Country

Country Eligibility

Allocation to SSN (54)

MN A

Jordan

P100546

Jordan Social Protection Enhancement Project

SP

IBR D

P

Inv

SIL

2.68

4.00

47 2008

MN A

Lebanon

P106489

Lebanon Emergency Social Protection Implementation Support Grant

SP

IBR D

P

Inv ERL

0.67

1.00

48 2008

MN A

West Bank and Gaza

P108373

Third Emergency Services Support Project (ESSP III)

SP N/A

S

Inv ERL

2.00

10.00

49 2008

MN A

Yemen, Republic of

P108649

RY-PUBLIC WORKS III ADDITIONAL FINANCING

UD IDA

P

Inv

SIL

8.65

29.84

50 2008

MN A

West Bank and Gaza

P109304

GZ-Social Safety Net Reform Project Supplemental

SP N/A

P

Inv

SIL

3.30

10.00

51 2008

MN A

West Bank and Gaza

P111078

WBG Support for Fiscal Sustainability and Public Financial Management

PS N/A

S

Pol DPL

6.80

40.00

52 2008 SAR

Bangladesh

P110280

Social Investment Program Additional Financing ARD IDA for Floods 2007

S

Inv

SIL

5.00

25.00

53 2008 SAR

Nepal

P110762

Peace Support Project

SP

IDA

S

Inv ERL

16.50

50.00

54 2009 AFR

Cape Verde

P106502

POVERTY REDUCTION SUPPORT CREDIT IV

EP

IDA

S

Pol DPL

1.70

10.00

55 2009 AFR

Congo, Democratic Republic of

P116637

CG - HIV/AIDS & Health Additional fin

HE IDA

S

Inv

0.55

5.00

X 25% X

X

X

75%

X

X

X

X

X

FY

X

97

X

X

X SIL

Others

46 2008

Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

24.00

X

6.96

Others Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

SIL

Training for benef.

Health

Inv

Food

P

Disability benefits

IBR D

Non-cash Non-contrib. pensions

SP

CCT

Social Protection Project

Sector Board

P098328

Region

Panama

Family/Child Allow.

Cash

45 2008 LCR

Project Title

Basic transfers Education

IBRD + IDA + Grant Commit Amt.

IBRD + IDA + Grant Amt.

Project ID

#

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

SA / Income Support

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary Lending Instrument Type Lending Instrument

Full Amount

Country

Country Eligibility

Allocation to SSN (54)

SP

IDA

P

Inv

SIL

43.50

50.00

57 2009

AFR

Nigeria

P102119

Nigeria HIV/AIDS Program Development Project II

SP

IDA

S

Inv

SIL

56.25

225.00

58 2009

AFR

Rwanda

P106834

RW-First Community Living Standards Grant

SP

IDA

P

Pol DPL

1.20

6.00

59 2009

AFR

Senegal

P115938

Rapid Response Child-Focused Social Cash Transfer and Nutrition Security Project

HE IDA

S

Inv ERL

2.30

10.00

60 2009

AFR

Uganda

P109216

Uganda Emergency Demobilization and Reintegration Project

SDV IDA

S

Inv ERL

3.30

8.25

61 2009

AFR

Ethiopia

P114683

Productive Safety Nets II (FY09) Additional Financing

GFR Inv APL P

25.00

25.00

62 2009

AFR

Ghana

P113301

GH-EGPRC (fast-track)

Pol DPL

51.00

300.00

63 2009

AFR

Madagasca r

P113134

Emergency Food Security and Reconstruction Project

GFR Inv ERL P

19.30

40.00

64 2009

AFR

Uganda

P111633

Second Northern Uganda Social Action Fund Project (NUSAF2)

SP

IDA

S

Inv

SIL

20.00

100.00

65 2009

EAP

Indonesia

P110191

Fifth Development Policy Loan

EP

IBR D

S

Pol DPL

105.00

750.00

66 2009

EAP

Mongolia

P115737

Mongolia-Development Policy Credit

EP

IDA

S

Pol DPL

8.00

40.00

X

25%

Basic transfers Education

Food

Disability benefits

Non-contrib. pensions

Family/Child Allow.

CCT 75%

Sector Board

FY

X

90%

X

X

X

X

7

12.3

IDA

X

S

X

IDA

X

EP

10%

IDA

X

X

X

X

X

Kenya - Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Project

Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

Others

P111545

Others Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

Kenya

Non-cash Training for benef.

Health

AFR

Cash IBRD + IDA + IBRD + IDA Grant + Grant Commit Amt. Amt.

SA / Income Support

Lending Instrument

56 2009

Project Title

Country Eligibility

Country

Project ID

#

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Full Amount

Region

Lending Instrument Type

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary

Allocation to SSN (54)

98

Macedonia, former Yugoslav Republic of

P103974

71 2009 ECA

Poland

72 2009 LCR

FY

350.00

SP

IBR D

P

Inv

SIL

40.71

59.00

Conditional Cash Transfers

SP

IBR D

P

Inv

SIL

12.50

25.00

P116125

Poland Employment, Entrepreneurship & Human Capital Dev. Policy Program DPL

SP

IBR D

S

Pol DPL

221.04

1300.24

Argentina

P101171

Second Social and Fiscal National Identification System (SINTyS) Project

PS

IBR D

P

Inv APL

8.00

20.00

73 2009 LCR

Argentina

P115183

AR Basic Protection Project

SP

IBR D

P

Inv

SIL

414.00

450.00

74 2009 LCR

Colombia

P101211

CO Second Social Safety Net Project

SP

IBR D

P

Inv

SIL

318.25

636.50

75 2009 LCR

El Salvador

P114910

El Salvador Public Finance and Social Sector DPL

EP

IBR D

S

Pol DPL

63.00

450.00

76 2009 LCR

Grenada

P095681

OECS (Grenada) Skills for Inclusive Growth

ED

IDA

P

Inv APL

0.51

3.00

77 2009 LCR

Guatemala

P112312

GT Fiscal and Institutional DPL

EP

IBR D

S

Pol DPL

28.00

200.00

10% 2%

8%

X X

X

X

X

90%

X

X

90%

99

X

X

X 52.50

Others

70 2009 ECA

Pol DPL

Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

Social Inclusion Project

S

Others Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

P100657

IDA

Training for benef.

Health

Bulgaria

100.00

Basic transfers Education

69 2009 ECA

16.00

Food

PS

Pol DPL

Disability benefits

Vietnam Poverty Reduction Support Credit 8

S

Non-cash Non-contrib. pensions

P111164

Cash IBRD + IDA + IBRD + IDA Grant + Grant Commit Amt. Amt.

Family/Child Allow.

Vietnam

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

CCT

68 2009 EAP

Second Program for Communes Facing Extreme Hardship in Ethnic Minority and Mountainous ARD IDA Areas (Program 135)

Full Amount

SA / Income Support

P107062

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary Lending Instrument Type Lending Instrument

Vietnam

Country Eligibility

67 2009 EAP

Project Title

Sector Board

Project ID

#

Region

Country

Allocation to SSN (54)

1503.76

79 2009 LCR

Panama

P106445

Health Equity and Performance Improvement Project

HE

IBR D

S

Inv

SIL

4.80

40.00

80 2009 LCR

Panama

P115177

PA Protect Poor Under Glob Uncert DPL

EP

IBR D

S

Pol DPL

16.00

80.00

81 2009

MN A

Lebanon

P111849

Second Emergency Social Protection Implementation Support Project

SP

IBR D

P

Inv ERL

4.26

6.00

82 2009

MN A

West Bank and Gaza

P113621

WBG Support for Fiscal Sustainability and Public Financial Management

PS N/A

S

Pol DPL

5.20

40.00

83 2009

MN A

West Bank and Gaza

P116776

ESSP III Additional Financing

SP N/A

S

Inv

SIL

1.00

5.00

84 2009

MN A

West Bank and Gaza

P116777

Palestinian NGO III Additional Financing

UD N/A

P

Inv

SIL

0.87

3.00

85 2009

MN A

West Bank and Gaza

P116794

Emergency Municipal Services (Rehab. II) Additional Financing

UD N/A

S

Inv ERL

0.39

3.00

86 2009 SAR

Bangladesh

P112761

Bangladesh Food Crisis Development Support Credit

117.00

130.00

87 2009 SAR

Bangladesh

P106332

Bangladesh Disability and Children at Risk

SIL

31.50

35.00

88 2009 SAR

Nepal

P113002

Nepal Food Crisis Response Program-Social Safety Net Project

GFR Inv ERL P

16.70

16.70

CCT

FY

X X

X

X

X

X

X

2%

98%

Others

1503.76

Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

SIL

Others Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

Inv

Training for benef.

Health

P

Basic transfers Education

IBR D

Food

SP

IBRD + IDA + Grant Amt.

Non-cash Disability benefits

MX Support to Oportunidades Project

IBRD + IDA + Grant Commit Amt.

Non-contrib. pensions

P115067

Sector Board

Mexico

Region

78 2009 LCR

Project Title

Family/Child Allow.

Cash

Project ID

#

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

SA / Income Support

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary Lending Instrument Type Lending Instrument

Full Amount

Country

Country Eligibility

Allocation to SSN (54)

GFR Pol DPL P

IDA

P

Inv

IDA

X

X

SP

100

X

X

IDA

Pakistan

P099110

Pakistan Poverty Reduction and Economic Support Operation (PRESO)

EP

Ble nd

S

Pol DPL

50.00

500.00

91 2009 SAR

Pakistan

P105075

Ble nd

S

Inv

SIL

25.00

250.00

92 2010 AFR

Ethiopia

P113220

Productive Safety Nets III

SP

IDA

P

Inv APL

101.50

350.00

93 2010 AFR

Africa

P106063

3A-West Africa Fisheries - Phase 1

ARD

Not assi gne d

S

Inv APL

0.9

45.00

94 2010 AFR

Ghana

P115247

GH-Social Opportunities Project (FY10)

SP

IDA

P

Inv

SIL

62.02

88.60

95 2010 AFR

GuineaBissau

P117861

GW - Participatory Rural Development SPF

SP

IDA

P

Inv

SIL

1.5

0.00

96 2010 AFR

Kenya

P111546

KE-Youth Empowerment Project (FY10)

SP

IDA

P

Inv

SIL

26.4

60.00

97 2010 AFR

Comoros

P120631

KM-Emergency Crises Response Project

SP

IDA

S

Inv ERL

0.69

5.31

98 2010 AFR

Liberia

P121686

LR: Youth, Employment, Skills Project

SP

IDA

P

Inv

SIL

1.68

6.00

99 2010 AFR

Malawi

P117238

MW-PRSC 3

EP

IDA

S

Pol DPL

5.94

54.00

CCT

5% X

X X

X

X

X

100%

X

X

X

X

75%

X

X

FY

20%

Third Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund Project ARD

101

Others

90 2009 SAR

Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

60.00

X

60.00

Others Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

Inv TAL

Training for benef.

Health

P

Basic transfers Education

Ble nd

Food

SP

Non-cash Disability benefits

Social Safety Net Technical Assistance Project

IBRD + IDA + IBRD + IDA Grant + Grant Commit Amt. Amt.

Non-contrib. pensions

P103160

Sector Board

Pakistan

Region

89 2009 SAR

Project Title

Family/Child Allow.

Cash

Project ID

#

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

SA / Income Support

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary Lending Instrument Type Lending Instrument

Full Amount

Country

Country Eligibility

Allocation to SSN (54)

Rwanda

P117758

RW-Second Community Living Standards Gra

SP

IDA

P

Pol DPL

2.52

6.00

102

2010 AFR

Seychelles

P114822

SC DPL

PO

IBR D

S

Pol DPL

1.53

9.00

103

2010 AFR Sierra Leone

P113757

SL-Decentr. Serv. Del. Program (FY10)

SP

IDA

P

Inv APL

6.8

20.00

104

2010 AFR Sierra Leone

P121052

SL-Youth Employment Support (FY10)

SP

IDA

P

Inv ERL

10

20.00

105

2010 AFR

Tanzania

P120881

TZ:Second Add'l Financing for TASAF II

SP

IDA

P

Inv

SIL

35

35.00

106

2010 AFR

Congo, Democratic Republic of

P115318

DRC-Street Children Project (FY10)

SP

IDA

P

Inv

SIL

3.5

10.00

107

2010 AFR

Congo, Democratic Republic of

P117558

DRC: Gender Based Violence in South Kivu

SDV IDA

S

Inv

SIL

0.2

1.99

108

2010 AFR

Congo, Democratic Republic of

P118658

DRC: Emergency Social Action Project AF

IDA

P

Inv

SIL

4.55

35.00

109

2010 EAP

Mongolia

P119825

Mongolia Multi-Sector TA

FPD IDA

P

Inv TAL

0

12

110

2010 EAP

Philippines

P082144

PH-Social Welfare and Development Reform

IBR D

P

Inv

0

405

10%

16%

X

X 50%

38%

X

X X

42% 40% X

X

42%

X

X

51%

CCT

FY

X SIL

84%

SP

102

16%

100%

X

SP

Others

2010 AFR

62%

101

Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

14.00

X

4.62

49%

Inv APL

Others Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

P

Training for benef.

Health

IDA

Basic transfers Education

SP

Food

MW - MASAF AF (CRW)

Non-cash Disability benefits

P121065

IBRD + IDA + IBRD + IDA Grant + Grant Commit Amt. Amt.

Non-contrib. pensions

Malawi

Sector Board

2010 AFR

Region

100

Project Title

Family/Child Allow.

Cash

Project ID

#

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

SA / Income Support

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary Lending Instrument Type Lending Instrument

Full Amount

Country

Country Eligibility

Allocation to SSN (54)

IBR D

S

Pol DPL 0

250

Solomon Islands

P114987

SB - Rapid Employment Project

SDV IDA

P

0

3

Inv ERL

87%

2010 EAP

13%

112

X 113

2010 ECA

Armenia

P115626

First Development Policy Operation (DPO-1) Program (2009-2011)

X

EP Ble nd

S

Pol DPL

8.40

60.00 X

114

2010 ECA

Bosnia and Herzegovina

P116774

Social Safety Nets & Employment Support

X

SP Ble nd

P

Inv

SIL

10.00

10.00 X

SP

Ble nd

P

Inv

P

Inv

28.05

85.00

1.55

5.00

2.66

7.00

36.63

111.00

60.00

200.00

32.64

296.75

86.34

143.90

SIL

100%

Ble nd

Pol DPL

SIL

2010 ECA

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Belarus

P116951

P115700

Public Expenditure Crisis DPL

Belarus Development Policy Loan

EP

EP

Ble nd

IBR D

S

S

Inv DPL

Inv DPL

X

119

2010 ECA

100%

118

Croatia

P117665

Fiscal, Social and Financial Sector DPL

EP

IBR D

S

Pol DPL

P115732

Safety Net & Soc. Sector Reform Program

SP

Not assi gne d

P

Pol DPL

103

X

Latvia

X

2010 ECA

X

121

X

2010 ECA

X

120

X

SIF3 ADD'L FIN 2

SP

P

X

P118158

Social Protection Add'l Financing

Ble nd

X

Armenia

P118157

EP

X

2010 ECA

Armenia

P112700

X

117

2010 ECA

Georgia

X

116

2010 ECA

X

X

115

Georgia: First Development Policy Operation (DPO-1)

Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

Others

Others Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

Training for benef.

Health

Basic transfers Education

Food

Disability benefits

Non-contrib. pensions

CCT

Non-cash

X

SP

Cash IBRD + IDA IBRD + IDA + Grant + Grant Commit Amt. Amt.

SA / Income Support Family/Child Allow.

Philippines DPO Supplemental

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary Lending Instrument Type Lending Instrument

P120564

Country Eligibility

Philippines

Sector Board

Project Title

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

X

2010 EAP

Project ID

Full Amount

X

111

Country

FY

#

Region

Allocation to SSN (54)

5.00

25.00

Moldova

P117301

SIF 2 ADD'L FIN 2

SP

ID A

P

Inv

10.00

20.00

3.75

12.50

5.10

30.00

84.60

422.99

0.09

0.85

169.00

1300.00

25.00

100.00

250.00

500.00

19.50

150.00

2.50

10.00

124 2010

ECA

Moldova

P118405

Macedonia, former Yugoslav Republic of

P116984

Romania

P102018

MOLDOVA REG DEVT

Macedonia DPL 1

WA ID T A

EP

IB RD

P

S

Inv

SIL

Pol DPL

X

125 2010

ECA

Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

Others

SIL

X

ECA

X

Pol DPL

X

123 2010

Others Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

Basic transfers Education X

Training for benef.

Health

Food

Disability benefits

Non-cash Non-contrib. pensions

S

CCT

ID A

Cash IBRD + IDA IBRD + IDA + Grant + Grant Commit Amt. Amt.

X

EP

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

SA / Income Support Family/Child Allow.

ECONOMIC RECOVERY DPO

Full Amount

X

P112625

Lending Instrument Type Lending Instrument

Moldova

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary

ECA

Project Title

Sector Board

Project ID

Country Eligibility

122 2010

Country

FY

#

Region

Allocation to SSN (54)

127 2010

ECA

Tajikistan

Turkey

P120628

P112495

COMM. DEVT ACCES TO QUALITY SEED PROG

REGE DPL

AR ID D A

EP

IB RD

S

S

Inv TAL

Pol DPL

X

128 2010

ECA

X

Pol DPL

Serbia

P108759

Public Expenditure DPL

EP

IB RD

S

Pol DPL

Colombia

P106708

CO Social DPL

SP

IB RD

P

Pol DPL

Dominican Republic

P115145

DO Prog.PubFinance & Social Sector DPL

EP

IB RD

S

Pol DPL

LCR

Dominican Republic

P116369

DO (AF) Social Sectors Investment Progr

SP

IB RD

P

Inv

SIL

X

132 2010

104

X

LCR

X

131 2010

X

LCR

X

130 2010

X

ECA

X

129 2010

X

P

X

IB RD

X

EP

X

DPL 1

X

ECA

X

126 2010

134 2010

LCR

Grenada

P117000

GD Economic and Social DPL

EP

Ble nd

S

Pol DPL

1.76

8.00

135 2010

LCR

Guatemala

P107416

GT Expanding Opport. Vulnerable Groups

SP

IBR D

P

Inv

SIL

45.80

114.50

136 2010

LCR

Honduras

P115592

HN- Social Protection

SP

IDA

P

Inv

SIL

40.00

40.00

137 2010

LCR

Jamaica

P121563

JM Conditional Cash Transfer Program

SP

IBR D

P

Inv TAL

2.50

2.50

138 2010

LCR

St. Lucia

P117016

LC Economic and Social DPL

EP

Ble nd

S

Pol DPL

3.00

12.00

139 2010

LCR

Mexico

P116226

MX Social Protection in Health

HE

IBR D

S

Inv

SIL

125.00

1250.00

140 2010

LCR

El Salvador

P117440

SV-Income Support and Employability

SP

IBR D

S

Inv

SIL

5.50

50.00

141 2010

LCR

El Salvador

P118036

SV Sustaining Social Gains

EP

IBR D

S

Pol DPL

10.00

100.00

142 2010 MNA

Djibouti

P120588

EMPLOYMENT AND HUMAN CAPITAL SSN

SP

IDA

P

Inv ERL

3.64

3.64

143 2010 MNA

West Bank and Gaza

P118560

Not assi gne d

S

Inv TAL

0.74

3.70

105

X 32% X

76%

24% X

GZ:Econ/Regulatory Institution-Building FPD

X

19%

X

64%

X

X

67%

22%

42%

42%

33%

78%

17%

X

X

FY

X

X

150.00

Others Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works Microcr / income TA, instit. gen. improv.

Others

21.00

Training for benef.

Health

Pol DPL

X

S

X

IBR D

Basic transfers Education

SP

X

DO-1st Perform.&Accbilty SocSctrs DPL

X

P116972

Food

Dominican Republic

Disability benefits

LCR

IBRD + IDA + + IDA + Grant Commit IBRD Grant Amt. Amt.

Non-cash

Non-contrib. pensions

133 2010

Project Title

Sector Board

Project ID

#

CCT SA / Income Support Allow.

Family/Child

Cash

Country

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary Lending Instrument Type Lending Instrument

Types of Safety Nets Intervention Full Amount

Region

Country Eligibility

Allocation to SSN (54)

145

2010

MNA

Iraq

P121739

IQ Household Survey/Policies Poverty Red

PO

IBR D

S

Inv ERL

0.14

1.00

146

2010

MNA

Jordan

P117023

JO-Recovery Under Global Uncertainty DPL EP

IBR D

S

Pol DPL

36.00

300.00

147

2010

Yemen, MNA Republic of

IDA

P

Inv

8.00

10.00

2010

Afghanist an

X SIL

4.00

SP

Ble nd

P

Pol DPL

134.00

200.00

X

X

X

15.50

X 2010

SAR

Pakistan

P099110

150

2010

SAR

Nepal

P120538

NP: Social Safety Nets Project Add Fin

ARD IDA

S

Inv ERL

12.42

47.77

151

2011

AFR

Benin

P121104

BJ-Community Dev't Add. Financing

SP IDA

P

Inv

SIL

2.40

12.00

152

2011

AFR

Central African Republic

P122099

CF: Community Reintegration Program

SDV IDA

S

Inv ERL

0.69

8.60

153

2011

AFR

Ghana

P117924

Poverty Reduction Support Credit (PRSC-7) PO IDA

S

Pol DPL

27.95

215.00

154

2011

AFR

Kenya

P121504

P

Inv TAL

1.50

1.50

X

KE Support Social Prot Prog

SP IDA

X 91%

X X

X

1%

5%

149

Social Safety Nets Development Policy Credit

106

93%

Inv

7%

S

12%

IDA

6%

SP

9%

SAR

76%

148

X

X

SIL

X

X P113421

Afghanistan Pension Administration and Safety Net Project

SP

X

FY

X RY SWF Institutional Support Project

X

P117608

Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

Others

250.00

X

67.50

X

Pol DPL

X

P

X

IBR D

Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

EP

Training for benef.

Health

IQ - Fiscal Sustainability DPL

Others

X

P119214

Basic transfers Education

Iraq

Food

MNA

Disability benefits

2010

IBRD + IDA + + IDA + Grant Commit IBRD Grant Amt. Amt.

Non-cash Non-contrib. pensions

144

Project Title

Sector Board

Project ID

#

CCT SA / Income Support Allow.

Family/Child

Lending Instrument

Cash

Country

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary Lending Instrument Type

Types of Safety Nets Intervention Full Amount

Region

Country Eligibility

Allocation to SSN (54)

P121550

KM:FOOD-SECURITY & UNEMPLOYMENT SUPPORT

SP

ID A

P

Inv ERL

2.37

2.37

156 2011

AFR

Lesotho

P122783

LS-PRSC III

EP

ID A

S

Pol DPL

2.88

18.00

157 2011

AFR

Malawi

P121496

MW:Protecting Early Childhood Developmen SP

ID A

P

Inv TAL

2.00

2.00

158 2011

AFR

Niger

P117286

NIGER- Growth Policy Reform Operation II

EP

ID A

S

Pol DPL

5.72

52.00

159 2011

AFR

Niger

P123399

Niger Safety Net Project

SP

ID A

P

Inv SIL

49.00

70.00

160 2011

AFR

Rwanda

P121596

RW:TA&CB V2020 Umurenge Program (FY11)

SP

ID A

P

Inv TAL

2.00

2.00

161 2011

AFR

Rwanda

P122157

RW-3rd Community Living Standards Grant

SP

ID A

P

Pol DPL

1.98

6.00

162 2011

AFR

Swaziland

P110156

SZ-Health, HIV/AIDS & TB Project (FY11)

IB HE R D

S

Inv SIL

3.80

20.00

163 2011

Congo, AFR Democratic Republic of

P126683

DRC: Emergency Social Action Project AF2

SP

ID A

S

Inv SIL

0.14

6.80

164 2011

EAP

Mongolia

P117421

Mongolia - Development Policy Credit 2

EP

ID A

S

Pol DPL

6.53

29.70

165 2011

EAP

Papua New Guinea

P114042

PNG - Urban Youth Employment Project

Bl SDV en d

S

Inv SIL

3.79

15.80

107

5% X

X

X

X

82% X X

X

X

18%

X

17%

X

X

X X

X

X

78%

X

X

X

X

100%

Food

Disability benefits

Non-contrib. pensions

CCT SA / Income Support Allow.

Family/Child

FY

Others Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

Others

Comoros

IBRD + IDA + + IDA + Grant Commit IBRD Grant Amt. Amt.

Non-cash Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary

AFR

Cash

Training for benef.

Health

Country Eligibility

155 2011

Project Title

Basic transfers Education

Project ID

#

Sector Board

Country

Lending Instrument

Types of Safety Nets Intervention Full Amount

Region

Lending Instrument Type

Allocation to SSN (54)

P

Inv SIL 1.05

3.00

2.00

2.00

14.25

25.00

7.50

25.00

5.00

50.00

71.04

142.08

37.00

37.00

76.10

380.50

674.88

710.40

0.30

10.02

3.20

3.20

X

SDV

167 2011 EAP Timor-Leste P125784

RSRF-MDTF Social Protection Adm Project

IDA

P

Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

Others

Others Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

Training for benef.

Health

Basic transfers Education

Food

Disability benefits

Non-cash Non-contrib. pensions

IBRD + IDA + + IDA + Grant Commit IBRD Grant Amt. Amt.

CCT SA / Income Support Allow.

Family/Child

Cash

X

IBR D

Lending Instrument

Improving Urban Livelihood Opportunities

Lending Instrument Type

P122565

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary

Philippines

Country Eligibility

Project Title

Sector Board

Project ID

Types of Safety Nets Intervention Full Amount

X

166 2011 EAP

Country

Region

FY

#

Allocation to SSN (54)

Inv SIL

X

SP

X

SP

X

EP

170 2011 ECA

Georgia

P117698

Ble nd

Georgia: DPO-2

S

Pol DPL

X

EP

171 2011 ECA

Latvia

P121796

Not assi gne d

2nd Safety Net and Social Sector Reform

P

Pol DPL

X

SP

172 2011 ECA

Moldova

P120913

Strengthen SSN - Results

IDA

P

X

Pol DPL

X

P

X

Ble nd

Armenia DPO 2

X

P116451

X

Armenia

X

169 2011 ECA

X

Pol DPL

X

P

X

IBR D

Social Sector Reform DPL

Inv SIL

84%

SP

Romania

P117667

IBR D

DPL 2

S

Pol DPL

X

EP

Romania

P121673

IBR D

SOC ASST SYST MOD-Results

P

Inv SIL

X

SP

175 2011 ECA

Tajikistan

P119690

PUB. EMPLMNT FOR SUST. AGR. & WATER MGT

IDA

S

X

174 2011 ECA

X

173 2011 ECA

16%

P116937

Inv ERL

94%

ARD

Tajikistan

P122039

SOCIAL SAFETY NETS

IDA

P

Inv SIL

SP

X

176 2011 ECA

6%

Albania

X

168 2011 ECA

108

S

Pol

D PL

154.00

700.00

SEDPO

SP

ID A

S

Pol

D PL

0.88

6.30

P120399

PEDPL 2

EP

IB RD

S

Pol

D PL

20

100.00

Argentina

P120622

AR (AF) Basic Protection

SP

IB RD

P

Inv

SI L

480

480

LCR

Brazil

P101504

BR Bolsa Familia 2nd APL

SP

IB RD

P

Inv

A PL

190

200.00

183 2011

LCR

Brazil

P106768

BR Rio de Janeiro PSM/Fiscal MST

PS

IB RD

S

Inv

T AL

2.61

18.67

184 2011

LCR

Dominican Republic

P121778

DO-2nd Perform.&Accbilty SocSctrs DPL SP

IB RD

P

Pol

D PL

75

150.00

185 2011

LCR

Ecuador

P125602

EC Growing with our GUAGUAS (JSDF)

SP

IB RD

S

Inv

T AL

0.89

2.12

186 2011

LCR

Honduras

P124157

HN Employment Generation in Poor Urban N

UD

ID A

P

Inv

SI L

2.5

2.54

187 2011

LCR

Honduras

P126158

HN-(AF-C) Nutrition & Social Protection

SP

ID A

P

Inv

SI L

2.02

3.60

REGE DPL 2

179 2011

ECA

Kosovo

P112227

180 2011

ECA

Serbia

181 2011

LCR

182 2011

FY

X

6%

78%

109

X 50%

50%

100%

X

100%

6%

93%

16%

100%

X

100%

X

Food

P123073

Disability benefits

Turkey

Non-contrib. pensions

ECA

Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

Others

IB RD

178 2011

Targeting & payment of social assistance SP

Others Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

EP

P123704

Training for benef.

Health

2.20

Tajikistan

IBRD + IDA + Grant IBRD + IDA + Commit Grant Amt. Amt.

Non-cash

Basic transfers Education

1.65

ECA

Cash CCT SA / Income Support Allow.

Family/Child

Lending Instrument

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary

Lending Instrument Type

Country Eligibility

T AL

177 2011

Project Title

Sector Board

Inv

Country

P

Region

ID A

Project ID

#

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Allocation to SSN (54) Full Amount

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Lending Instrument

P122349

MX (AF) Support to Oportunidades

SP

IB RD

P

Inv

SI L

1237.5

1250.00

189 2011

LCR

Nicaragua

P121779

NI Social Protection

SP

ID A

P

Inv

SI L

16.19

19.50

190 2011

LCR

Panama

P123255

PA DPL

EP

IB RD

S

Pol

D P L

31

100.00

191 2011

LCR

Peru

P116264

PE-3R Results & Accnt.(REACT)DPL

SP

IB RD

P

Pol

D P L

16.5

50.00

192 2011

LCR

Peru

P117310

PE Results Nutrition for Juntos SWAp

SP

IB RD

P

Inv

SI L

15

25.00

193 2011

LCR

Uruguay

P116215

UY 1st Prog PubSect Comptitiv&Soc I DPL

EP

IB RD

S

Pol

D P L

14

100.00

GZ-Palestinian PNGOIV

No t as SDV sig ne d

P

Inv

SI L

0.58

2.00

WBG:PRDP Support III

No t as PS sig ne d

S

Pol

D P L

4

40.00

West Bank and Gaza Cash Transfer Project

No t as SP sig ne d

P

Inv

SI L

10

10.00

No t as SP sig ne d

S

Inv

SI L

0.6

3.00

ID A

S

Pol

D P L

15.4

70.00

Food

Non-contrib. pensions Disability benefits

CCT SA / Income Support Allow.

Family/Child

X

X

X

P118593

West Bank and Gaza

P119307

West Bank and Gaza

P122272

ESSP III Additional Financing II

198 2011 MNA

Yemen, Republic of

P122414

RY Private Sector Growth & Social Protec

EP

110

27%

37%

100%

197 2011 MNA

100%

90%

196 2011 MNA

x

West Bank and Gaza

P117444

x

195 2011 MNA

West Bank and Gaza

10%

194 2011 MNA

100%

X

37%

100%

X

X

X

2%

98%

FY

Others Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

Others

Lending Instrument Type

Mexico

Non-cash Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary

LCR

Cash IBRD + IDA + Grant IBRD + IDA + Commit Grant Amt. Amt.

Training for benef.

Health

Country Eligibility

188 2011

Project Title

Basic transfers Education

Country

Project ID

#

Sector Board

Region

Allocation to SSN (54) Full Amount

SP

ID A

S

Inv

SI L

105

150.00

200 2011

SAR

Bangladesh

P123629

BD: SP Pilot with Local Govt - RE

SP

ID A

P

Inv

T A L

2.10

2.10

201 2011

SAR

Bangladesh

P126263

BD:Repatriation & Livelihood Restoration

UD

ID A

P

Inv

E R L

20

40.00

202 2011

SAR

Nepal

P125331

NP: HD Pilot Project

SP

ID A

P

Inv

SI L

1.4

2.00

203 2011

SAR

Pakistan

P118177

PK: Skills Development Project

Bl ED en d

P

Inv

SI L

6.3

21.00

204 2011

SAR

Pakistan

P099110

PK: KP and FATA Emerg Recovery Project

Bl SP en d

P

Inv

E R L

77.5

250.00

205 2012

AFR

Benin

P117764

BJ-Decentralized Community Driven Servic

SP

ID A

S

Inv

A P L

5.06

46.00

206 2012

AFR

Cote d'Ivoire

P122546

CI - Emerg. Youth Empl & Skills Dev. Pro

ED

ID A

S

Inv

E R L

18

50.00

207 2012

AFR

Ethiopia

P126430

ET:PSNP (APL III) Additional Financing SP

ID A

P

Inv

A P L

296.0

370.00

208 2012

AFR

Ghana

P127314

GH-PRSG 8

PO

ID A

S

Pol

D P L

13

100.00

209 2012

AFR

Guinea

P123900

GN Productive Social Safety Net Project

SP

ID A

P

Inv

SI L

17

25.00

111

57% 50% 50% 75%

25%

100%

50%

100%

50%

60% 40%

x

43%

100%

X

90%

Food

Disability benefits

Non-contrib. pensions

CCT SA / Income Support Allow.

Family/Child

FY

Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

Others

BD: Employment Generation Program

10%

P118701

Others Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

Bangladesh

IBRD + IDA + Grant IBRD + IDA + Commit Grant Amt. Amt.

Non-cash Training for benef.

Health

SAR

Cash

Basic transfers Education

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary

Lending Instrument

Country Eligibility

Lending Instrument Type

Country

199 2011

Project Title

Sector Board

Region

Project ID

#

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Allocation to SSN (54) Full Amount

MU-First Public Sector Performance DPL

SP

IB RD

P

Pol

D PL

5

20.00

211 2012

AFR

Mozambique

P124216

MZ-Pilot Public Works Program

SP

ID A

P

Inv

T A L

1.8

1.80

212 2012

AFR

Niger

P129793

NIGER - GPRC-2 Supplemental Financing

EP

ID A

S

Pol

D PL

1.65

15.00

213 2012

AFR

Nigeria

P121455

NG-State Employment and Expenditure

PS

ID A

S

Inv

SI L

50

200.00

214 2012

AFR

Rwanda

P126877

RW-Support to Social Protection System 1

SP

ID A

P

Pol

D PL

34.4

40.00

215 2012

AFR

Sierra Leone

P119355

SL:Decentralized Service Delivery Prog 2

SP

ID A

P

Inv

A PL

8.84

26.00

216 2012

AFR

Togo

P127200

TG Community Development and Safety Nets

SP

ID A

P

Inv

SI L

6.44

14.00

217 2012

AFR

Tanzania

P124045

TZ: Productive Social Safety Net

SP

ID A

P

Inv

A PL

154

220.00

218 2012

AFR

Zimbabwe

P125857

ZW Productive Safety Net

Bl SP en d

P

Inv

T A L

0.6

0.60

219 2012

EAP

Indonesia

P130048

Progr for Econ Resilience, Inv & Soc Ass

EP

IB RD

S

Pol

D PL

260.0

2,000

220 2012

EAP

Tonga

P126453

Economic Recovery Operation

EP

ID A

S

Pol

D PL

1.26

9.00

2%

16%

50% 38% 100%

100%

100%

35% 35%

34%

X

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

Food

Disability benefits

Non-contrib. pensions

CCT SA / Income Support Allow.

Family/Child

FY

Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

Others

P125694

Others Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

Mauritius

IBRD + IDA + Grant IBRD + IDA + Commit Grant Amt. Amt.

Non-cash Training for benef.

Health

AFR

Cash

Basic transfers Education

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary

Lending Instrument

Country Eligibility

Lending Instrument Type

Country

210 2012

Project Title

Sector Board

Region

Project ID

#

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Allocation to SSN (54) Full Amount

112

Pol

D P L

10.4

80.00

GEORGIA DPO-3

Bl EP en d

S

Pol

D P L

13.2

40.00

Economic Recovery Support Operation EP

ID A

S

Pol

D P L

4.2

30.00

HEALTH AF

HE

ID A

S

Inv

SI L

0.51

10.20

P125837

FYR Macedonia Policy Based Guarantee

EP

IB RD

S

Guara # ntee

29.68

134.39

Poland

P127433

DPL 1

EP

IB RD

S

Pol

D P L

99.14

991.40

ECA

Romania

P122222

DPL 3

EP

IB RD

S

Pol

D P L

140.15

560.60

229 2012

ECA

Romania

P128150

PHRD Disability Trust Fund

SP

IB RD

P

Inv

SI L

1.72

1.72

230 2012

ECA

Kosovo

P129327

SEDPO 2

SP

ID A

S

Pol

D P L

3.22

23.00

231 2012

LCR

Dominican Republic

P125806

DO-3rd Perform.&Accbilty of SocSctrs DPL

SP

IB RD

P

Pol

D P L

35

70.00

ECA

Georgia

P122202

224 2012

ECA

Kyrgyz Republic

P125425

225 2012

ECA

Moldova

P125719

226 2012

ECA

Macedonia, former Yugoslav Republic of

227 2012

ECA

228 2012

FY

113

33% 20%

80%

100%

100%

33%

33%

33%

x

100%

100%

33%

33%

100%

100%

45%

Food

223 2012

Disability benefits

P122195

Non-contrib. pensions

Armenia

45%

ECA

Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

Others

S

222 2012

SP

10%

Bl EP en d

Social Assistance Modernization Project

Others Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

AM-DPO 3

P122233

Training for benef.

Health

50.00

Albania

IBRD + IDA + Grant IBRD + IDA + Commit Grant Amt. Amt.

Non-cash

Basic transfers Education

50

ECA

Cash CCT SA / Income Support Allow.

Family/Child

Lending Instrument

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary

Lending Instrument Type

Country Eligibility

SI L

221 2012

Project Title

Sector Board

Inv

Country

P

Region

IB RD

Project ID

#

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Allocation to SSN (54) Full Amount

Pol

D P L

6.02

86.00

EP

IB RD

S

Pol

D P L

36.4

260.00

UY (AF) Institutions Building TAL

PS

IB RD

S

Inv

T A L

1.8

10.00

P130328

DJ Crisis Response-SSN project

SP

ID A

P

Inv

E R L

3.5

5.00

Egypt, Arab Republic of

P126339

EG Emergency Labor Intensive Investment

SP

IB RD

P

Inv

E R L

120

200.00

238 2012 MNA

Yemen, Republic of

P122594

RY-Labor Intensive Public Works Project

SDV

ID A

S

Inv

SI L

24.4

61.00

239 2012 MNA

Tunisia

P128427

TN-Community Works/ Local Participation

SP

IB RD

P

Inv

SI L

3.0

3.00

240 2012

SAR

Pakistan

P125793

Bl PK: Social Safety Net Technical Asst.

SP en AF d

P

Inv

SI L

90

150.00

241 2013

AFR

Malawi

P131648

MW 2nd Additional Financing for MASAF3

SP

ID A

P

Inv

A P L

50

50.00

242 2013

EAP

Philippines

P122702

PH-SWDRP Additional Financing

SP

IB RD

P

Inv

SI L

84

100.00

LCR

Uruguay

P123242

UY 2nd Prog PubSct, Comp&Soc DPL/DDO

235 2012

LCR

Uruguay

P123461

236 2012 MNA

Djibouti

237 2012 MNA

FY

114

57%

11% 14% 2%

98%

86%

44% 45%

100%

100%

100%

43%

100%

100%

100%

90%

10%

234 2012

Food

P127331

Disability benefits

Honduras

Non-contrib. pensions

LCR

Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

Others

S

233 2012

GD Safety Net Advancement

Others Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

ID HN 1st Progr. Reduc. Vulner. Growth EP DPC A

P123128

Training for benef.

Health

5.00

Grenada

IBRD + IDA + Grant IBRD + IDA + Commit Grant Amt. Amt.

Non-cash

Basic transfers Education

5

LCR

Cash CCT SA / Income Support Allow.

Family/Child

Lending Instrument

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary

Lending Instrument Type

Country Eligibility

SI L

232 2012

Project Title

Sector Board

Inv

Country

P

Region

Bl SP en d

Project ID

#

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Allocation to SSN (54) Full Amount

SP

246 2013

LCR

Peru

247 2013

LCR

Peru

Inv

SI L

0.54

18.00

P

Pol

D P L

18

45.00

IB RD

S

Inv

T A L

5

10.00

No t as SDV sig ne d

S

Inv

T A L

0.6

2.40

ID A

S

Inv

E R L

0.82

2.73

Bl LK: Transfers and Training for PWD SP en RE d

P

Inv

T A L

2.59

2.59

FY

P132097

5M: Displaced People in Jordan / Lebanon

249 2013 MNA

Yemen, Republic of

P131236

RY Emrg Targeted Nutrition Intervention

HE

Cameroon

P128534

CM Social Safety Nets

SP

ID A

P

Inv

S I L

40

50.00

252 2013

AFR

Nigeria

P126964

NG:Youth Employment & Soc Support Operat

SP

ID A

P

Inv

S I L

180

300.00

253 2013

AFR

Rwanda

P131666

RW-Support to Social Protection System 2

SP

ID A

P

Pol

D P L

25

50.00

100%

10%

72% 17%

16%

AFR

7%

251 2013

12%

P123632

67%

Sri Lanka

9%

SAR

82%

250 2013

9%

100%

248 2013 MNA

Middle East and North Africa

100%

X

X

100%

100%

Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

Others

PE Social Inclusion TAL

P133327

Others Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

P131029

Tajikistan

201.50

Training for benef.

Health

IB RD

ECA

60.45

Basic transfers Education

SP

245 2013

Guara # ntee

Food

PE Social Inclusion DPL

Macedonia Public Expenditure PBG

2.60

Disability benefits

P131028

P133791

0.53

Non-contrib. pensions

S

ECA

SI L

Inv

X

ID A

244 2013

Macedonia, former Yugoslav Republic of

IBRD + IDA + Grant IBRD + IDA + Commit Grant Amt. Amt.

Non-cash

CCT SA / Income Support Allow.

Family/Child

ARD

JSDF Strengthening Livelihoods

Cash

X

PAMP II

P125791

Lending Instrument

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary S

Armenia

Lending Instrument Type

Country Eligibility IB RD

ECA

243 2013

Project Title

Sector Board EP

Country

S

Region

Bl SP en d

Project ID

#

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Allocation to SSN (54) Full Amount

115

1.4

7.00

255 2013 MNA

Yemen, Republic of

P133811

Emergency Crisis Recovery Project

SP IDA

P

Inv

ER L

50

100.00

FY

Panama

P127332

PA 2nd Programmatic DPL

EP IBRD

S

Pol

DP L

20

100.00

257 2013

AFR

Comoros

P133755

KM-Emergency Crises Resp Proj Add Fin

SP IDA

S

Inv

ERL

0.39

3.00

258 2013

AFR Mozambique

P129524

MZ-Social Safety Net project

SP IDA

P

Inv

SIL

40

80.00

Yemen, Republic of

P133699

Additional Financing for SFD IV

SP IDA

P

Inv

SIL

12.5

25.00

260 2013 AFR

Mali

P127328

ML Emergency Safety Nets project

SP IDA

P

Inv

ER L

52.50

70.00

261 2013 AFR

Malawi

P126155

Malawi - Rapid Response DPG

EP IDA

S

Pol

DP L

11.00

50.00

262 2013 AFR

South Sudan

P143915

Safety Net and Skills Development

Not assi gne d

S

Inv

IPF

10.50

21.00

263 2013 AFR

Togo

P144484

TG- Pilot Cash Transfer Program

SP IDA

P

Inv

SIL

1.28

2.55

264 2013 EAP

Indonesia

P126162

INSTANSI (Institutional, Tax Adm ..DLP)

EP

IBR D

S

Pol

DP L

36.00

300.00

33%

11% 28%

33%

100%

18%

SP

55%

33%

6%

83%

100%

259 2013 MNA

26%

74%

50%

50% [basic infrastructure for community, community development

LCR

X

256 2013

X

100%

100%

Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

Others

DP L

Others Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

Pol

Training for benef.

Health

S

Basic transfers Education

EP IBRD

Food

SC-Sustainability&Competitivenes (FY13)

Disability benefits

P125202

IBRD + IDA + Grant Amt.

Non-cash Non-contrib. pensions

Seychelles

IBRD + IDA + Grant Commit Amt.

CCT SA / Income Support Allow.

Family/Child

Lending Instrument

Lending Instrument Type

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary

Country Eligibility

Country

AFR

254 2013

Project Title

Sector Board

Region

Cash

Project ID

#

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Allocation to SSN Full Amount (54)

116

Inv

IPF

350.00

500.00

266 2013 ECA

Moldova

P143202

EMERGENCY AG SUPPORT

AR ID D A

S

Inv

ER L

4.80

10.00

267 2013 MNA

Lebanon

P124761

LB-Social Promotion & Protection Project

IB SP R D

S

Inv

SIL

6.90

30.00

268 2013 LCR

Antigua and Barbuda

P126791

AG - Pub&Soc Sctr Transformation

IB SP R D

S

Inv

SIL

2.50

10.00

269 2013 LCR

Brazil

P132768

BR-Pernambuco Equity & Inclus.Growth DPL

IB SP R D

P

Pol

DP L

137.50

550.00

270 2013 LCR

Brazil

P121590

BR 3rd Minas Gerais Partnership DPL

IB PS R D

S

Pol

DP L

90.00

450.00

271 2013 LCR

Haiti

P123706

HT Improving Maternal and Child Health

HE

ID A

S

Inv

SIL

9.80

70.00

272 2013 LCR

Jamaica

P144263

Social and Economic Inclusion of Persons

IB SP R D

P

Inv

SIL

1.50

3.00

117

22%

56% 23% X X

X

100%

X

X

X

77%

22%

4%

96%

100%

Food

Disability benefits

Non-contrib. pensions

CCT SA / Income Support Allow.

Family/Child

FY

Others Microcr / income gen.

TA, instit. improv.

Others

P

IBRD + IDA + Grant Amt.

Non-cash Energy / utilities Housing (inc assist.)

Public Works

ID A

Cash

Training for benef.

Health

Lending Instrument

SP

Project Title

Basic transfers Education

Code 54 : Primary/Secondary

Lending Instrument Type

Country Eligibility

BD: Safety Net Systems for the Poorest

Project ID

Sector Board

P132634

Country

265 2013 SAR Bangladesh

Region

IBRD + IDA + Grant Commit Amt.

#

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Allocation to SSN Full Amount (54)

Social Protection & Labor Discussion Paper Series Titles 2012-2014 No.

Title

1423

Any Guarantees? An Analysis of China’s Rural Minimum Living Standard Guarantee Program

by Jennifer Golan, Terry Sicular and Nithin Umapathi, August 2014

1422

World Bank Support for Social Safety Nets 2007-2013: A Review of Financing, Knowledge Services and Results

by Colin Andrews, Adea Kryeziu and Dahye Seo, June 2014

1421

STEP Skills Measurement Surveys: Innovative Tools for Assessing Skills

by Gaëlle Pierre, Maria Laura Sanchez Puerta, Alexandria Valerio and Tania Rajadel, July 2014

1420

Our Daily Bread: What is the Evidence on Comparing Cash versus Food Transfers?

by Ugo Gentilini, July 2014

1417

Benin: Les Filets Sociaux au Bénin Outil de Réduction de la Pauvreté par Andrea Borgarello et Damien Mededji, Mai 2011

1416

Madagascar Three Years into the Crisis: An Assessment of Vulnerability and Social Policies and Prospects for the Future

by Philippe Auffret, May 2012

1415

Sudan Social Safety Net Assessment

by Annika Kjellgren, Christina Jones-Pauly, Hadyiat El-Tayeb Alyn, Endashaw Tadesse and Andrea Vermehren, May 2014

1414

Tanzania Poverty, Growth, and Public Transfers: Options for a National Productive Safety Net Program

by W. James Smith, September 2011

1413

Zambia: Using Social Safety Nets to Accelerate Poverty Reduction and Share Prosperity

by Cornelia Tesliuc, W. James Smith and Musonda Rosemary Sunkutu, March 2013

1412

Mali Social Safety Nets

by Cécile Cherrier, Carlo del Ninno and Setareh Razmara, January 2011

1411

Swaziland: Using Public Transfers to Reduce Extreme Poverty

by Lorraine Blank, Emma Mistiaen and Jeanine Braithwaite, November 2012

1410

Togo: Towards a National Social Protection Policy and Strategy

by Julie van Domelen, June 2012

1409

Lesotho: A Safety Net to End Extreme Poverty

by W. James Smith, Emma Mistiaen, Melis Guven and Morabo Morojele, June 2013

1408

Mozambique Social Protection Assessment: Review of Social Assistance Programs and Social Protection Expenditures

by Jose Silveiro Marques, October 2012

1407

Liberia: A Diagnostic of Social Protection

by Andrea Borgarello, Laura Figazzolo and Emily Weedon, December 2011

1406

Sierra Leone Social Protection Assessment

by José Silvério Marques, John Van Dyck, Suleiman Namara, Rita Costa and Sybil Bailor, June 2013

1405

Botswana Social Protection

by Cornelia Tesliuc, José Silvério Marques, Lillian Mookodi, Jeanine Braithwaite, Siddarth Sharma and Dolly Ntseane, December 2013

1404

Cameroon Social Safety Nets

by Carlo del Ninno and Kaleb Tamiru, June 2012

1403

Burkina Faso Social Safety Nets

by Cécile Cherrier, Carlo del Ninno and Setareh Razmara, January 2011

1402

Social Insurance Reform in Jordan: Awareness and Perceptions of Employment Opportunities for Women

by Stefanie Brodmann, Irene Jillson and Nahla Hassan, June 2014

1401

Social Assistance and Labor Market Programs in Latin America: Methodology and Key Findings from the Social Protection Database

by Paula Cerutti, Anna Fruttero, Margaret Grosh, Silvana Kostenbaum, Maria Laura Oliveri, Claudia Rodriguez-Alas, Victoria Strokova, June 2014

1308

Youth Employment: A Human Development Agenda for the Next Decade

by David Robalino, David Margolis, Friederike Rother, David Newhouse and Mattias Lundberg, June 2013

1307

Eligibility Thresholds for Minimum Living Guarantee Programs: International Practices and Implications for China

by Nithin Umapathi, Dewen Wang and Philip O’Keefe, November 2013

1306

Tailoring Social Protection to Small Island Developing States: Lessons Learned from the Caribbean

by Asha Williams, Timothy Cheston, Aline Coudouela and Ludovic Subran, August 2013

1305

Improving Payment Mechanisms in Cash-Based Safety Net Programs

by Carlo del Ninno, Kalanidhi Subbarao, Annika Kjellgren and Rodrigo Quintana, August 2013

1304

The Nuts and Bolts of Designing and Implementing Training Programs in Developing Countries

by Maddalena Honorati and Thomas P. McArdle, June 2013

1303

Designing and Implementing Unemployment Benefit Systems in Middle and Low Income Countries: Key Choices between Insurance and Savings Accounts

by David A. Robalino and Michael Weber, May 2013

1302

Entrepreneurship Programs in Developing Countries: A Meta Regression Analysis

by Yoonyoung Cho and Maddalena Honorati, April 2013

1301

Skilled Labor Flows: Lessons from the European Union

by Martin Kahanec, February 2013

1220

Evaluating the Efficacy of Mass Media and Social Marketing Campaigns in Changing Consumer Financial Behavior

by Florentina Mulaj and William Jack, November 2012

1219

Do Social Benefits Respond to Crises? Evidence from Europe & Central Asia During the Global Crisis

by Aylin Isik-Dikmelik, November 2012

1218

Building Results Frameworks for Safety Nets Projects

by Gloria M. Rubio, October 2012

1217

Pension Coverage in Latin America: Trends and Determinants

by Rafael Rofman and Maria Laura Oliveri, June 2012

1216

Cash for Work in Sierra Leone: A Case Study on the Design and Implementation of a Safety Net in Response to a Crisis

by Colin Andrews, Mirey Ovadiya, Christophe Ribes Ros and Quentin Wodon, November 2012

1215

Public Employment Services, and Activation Policies

by Arvo Kuddo, May 2012

1214

Private Pension Systems: Cross-Country Investment Performance

by Alberto R. Musalem and Ricardo Pasquini, May 2012

1213

Global Pension Systems and Their Reform: Worldwide Drivers, Trends, and Challenges

by Robert Holzmann, May 2012

1212

Towards Smarter Worker Protection Systems: Improving Labor Regulations and Social Insurance Systems while Creating (Good) Jobs

by David A. Robalino, Michael Weber, Arvo Kuddo, Friederike Rother, Aleksandra Posarac and Kwabena Otoo

1211

International Patterns of Pension Provision II: A Worldwide Overview of Facts and Figures

by Montserrat Pallares-Miralles, Carolina Romero and Edward Whitehouse, June 2012

1210

Climate-Responsive Social Protection

by Anne T. Kuriakose, Rasmus Heltberg, William Wiseman, Cecilia Costella, Rachel Cipryk and Sabine Cornelius, March 2012

1209

Social Protection in Low Income Countries and Fragile Situations: Challenges and Future Directions

by Colin Andrews, Maitreyi Das, John Elder, Mirey Ovadiya and Giuseppe Zampaglione, March 2012

1208

World Bank Support for Pensions and Social Security

by Mark Dorfman and Robert Palacios, March 2012

1207

Labor Markets in Middle and Low Income Countries: Trends and Implications for Social Protection and Labor Policies

by Yoonyoung Cho, David Margolis, David Newhouse and David Robalino, March 2012

1206

Rules, Roles and Controls: Governance in Social Protection with an Application to Social Assistance

by Lucy Bassett, Sara Giannozzi, Lucian Pop and Dena Ringold, March 2012

1205

Crisis Response in Social Protection

by Federica Marzo and Hideki Mori, March 2012

1204

Improving Access to Jobs and Earnings Opportunities: The Role of Activation and Graduation Policies in Developing Countries

by Rita Almeida, Juliana Arbelaez, Maddalena Honorati, Arvo Kuddo, Tanja Lohmann, Mirey Ovadiya, Lucian Pop, Maria Laura Sanchez Puerta and Michael Weber, March 2012

1203

Productive Role of Safety Nets

by Harold Alderman and Ruslan Yemtsov, March 2012

1202

Building Social Protection and Labor Systems: Concepts and Operational Implications

by David A. Robalino, Laura Rawlings and Ian Walker, March 2012

1201

MicroDeterminants of Informal Employment in the Middle East and North Africa Region

by Diego F. Angel-Urdinola and Kimie Tanabe, January 2012

To view Social Protection & Labor Discussion papers published prior to 2012, please visit www.worldbank.org/spl

DISCUSSION PAPER

Abstract This review examines World Bank support to social safety nets between FY07–FY13, including both financing and knowledge services. During this time period World Bank financing for safety nets totaled just over US$12 billion, 273 financing activities in 93 countries, the World Bank spent approximately US$118 million on 281 safety net studies and supported approximately 129 credible safety net impact evaluations covering in 24 countries. Among the 93 countries represented in the portfolio, 42 received little or no safety net support from the World Bank prior to fiscal year 2007. The growth in Bank support is especially notable during the period of the food, fuel, and financial crises. The analysis delves into these trends by region, type of intervention and instruments involved. Finally, it delineates implications and outlook for the future based on lessons learned, results measured and evaluative evidence.

NO. 1422

World Bank Support for Social Safety Nets 2007–2013

A Review of Financing, Knowledge Services and Results Colin Andrews, Adea Kryeziu and Dahye Seo

About this series...

Social Protection & Labor Discussion Papers are published to communicate the results of The World Bank’s work to the development community with the least possible delay. This paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate for formally edited texts.

The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

For more information, please contact the Social Protection Advisory Service, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Room G7-803, Washington, DC 20433 USA. Telephone: (202) 458-5267, Fax: (202) 614-0471, E-mail: socialprotection@worldbank.org or visit us on-line at www.worldbank.org/spl.

© 2013 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank

June 2014