Maharashtra State Brief

Maharashtra Indicators at a Glance

MAHARASHTRA

ALL INDIA

POPULATION 1991

2001

2011

2011

Total population (million)

79

97

112

1211

Urban share (%)

39

42

45

31

Share of adults (% age 15+)

66

71

75

70

Child sex ratio (age 0-6)

946

913

894

919

1994

2005

2012

2012

POVERTY & INEQUALITY Poor (million) Poverty rate (%)

Gini coefficient

41

40

20

270

All

48

39

17

22

Rural

59

48

24

25

Urban

30

26

9

14

0.32

0.35

0.35

0.32

1994

2005

2012

2012

26,937

40,415

68,004

42,647

Agriculture

19

11

8

14

Industry

33

30

29

28

Services

47

60

62

57

All

INCOME & GROWTH Real GSDP per capita (2005 rupees) By sector (%)

Annual growth rate of real GSDP per capita (%)

1994 to 2005

2005 to 2012

2005 to 2012

3.8

7.7

6.7

JOBS Labor force participation rate (%)

Workers by sector (%)

Workers by wage-type (%)

1

June 20, 2017

1994

2005

2012

2012

All

69

66

58

56

Male

83

82

78

80

Female

54

50

38

31

Agriculture

61

55

49

49

Industry

15

17

19

24

Services

24

27

32

27

Self-Employed

45

47

47

52

Salaried

20

21

27

18

Casual Wage

35

32

27

30

Maharashtra Indicators at a Glance

MAHARASHTRA

ALL INDIA

HEALTH 2001

2006

2013

2013

Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)

169

130

68

167

Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)

45

35

24

40

Stunting (% age 0-5)

—

46*

35~

39~

1994

2005

2012

2012

Literate (% adults)

63

73

80

70

Secondary education and above (% adults)

22

30

43

32

INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES Power

1994

2005

2012

2012

All

71

84

94

80

Rural

59

76

89

73

Urban

90

96

99

96

2008

2012

2012

All

57

64

56

Rural

39

47

46

Urban

78

87

77

All

36

34

44

Rural

61

55

60

Urban

6

7

9

Connectivity

2005

2012

2012

Road density - km. per million people

2,154

3,487

3,231

Road density - km. per 1,000 sq. km.

718

1,289

1,206

2012

2013

2014

2014

Debt to GSDP ratio (%)

22

20

19

51

Fiscal Deficit (% of GSDP)

1.7

1.0

1.8

4.4

Real GSDP growth rate (%)

4.5

7.8

7.3

6.9

EDUCATION

Electrification (% households)

Water and sanitation Drinking water on premises (% households)

Open defecation (% households)

RECENT GROWTH AND FISCAL PERFORMANCE

* NFHS III, ~ RSOC

2

June 20, 2017

Maharashtra

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Maharashtra is India’s second most populous state and home to 20 million poor. Poverty declined more rapidly in the state after 2005. As a result, today, poverty levels in Maharashtra are lower than the national average. Yet, districts in the state’s northern and eastern regions continue to display a high incidence of poverty. Since 2005, Maharashtra’s economic growth has been above the national average, supported mainly by services. During this period, consumption inequality in the state — which was already among the highest in the country - increased slightly, albeit mainly in urban areas.

Poverty in Maharashtra is below the national average Population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 50

40

40 37

37

35

34

33

32

32 29

30

22

22

21

20

20

19

17

17

15

15 12

12

10

11

11

11

10

9

9

8

8

8 5

0 CG JH MN AR BH OD AS MP UP AI MZ KA WB NL MH GJ TR RJ MG TN UK HR JK DL AP SK

PJ

KL HP GA

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Districts in the north and east of Maharashtra have high poverty District level poverty, 2012 Patna

Population below the poverty line, 2012 (%)

N

1

June 20, 2017 1 − 10 10 − 18 18 − 24 24 − 35

0.6-5.2 0-10 5.3-13.2 10-18 13.3-17.2 18-24 17.3-22.6 24-35 22.7-62.8 35-51 No data

Maharashtra

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Like many states in India the pace of poverty reduction in Maharashtra was faster after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MN JH BH OD AR AS CG KA MH UP AI TN AP MP WB RJ

● 1994

● 2005

GJ MG HR HP UK TR SK KL JK

PJ

GA NL DL MZ

● 2012

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

After 2005, poverty declined more rapidly in both rural and urban areas of Maharashtra Population below poverty line, (%) 70

60

50

Rural

Total

59

48 48

40 39

30

Urban 24

30 26

20

17

10 9

0 1994

2

June 20, 2017

2005

2012

Maharashtra

Poverty, Growth & Inequality 0

10

20

30

Annual decline in poverty rate, 2005 - 2012 (%)

-1

40

50

60

70

80

High poverty, declining slowly

AS

Growth in Maharashtra was faster than in many other states after 2005 -3 JH

Annual growth 2005- 2012 - 2012 Annual growthrate, rate, 2005 (%) (%)

11

CG

-5

9 8 7 6

WB

-9

All India

GJ HR

-11 KL PJ RJ

BH -13

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in orange.

Low poverty, UP declining fast

GJ

AP MH RJ

MH

KL HP

TN

HR

Interpreting the graph

KA

OD CGHP MP

-17 Lagging

4

BH

Leading OD TN

-15

5

MP

KA

-7

Improving

10

UP

UK

UK

Improvement from 2005 to 2012

12

PJ

WB AP

JH AS

Weakening

3 2

0

Leading High income, high growth

Lagging Low income, low growth

Weakening High income, low growth

Standard of living, 2005

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000

per capita, (2005 RealReal GSDPGSDP per capita, (2005 Rupees)

Improving Low income, high growth

Rupees) All India

Growth in Maharashtra is driven by services, industry adds to its volatility Annual growth rate, (%)

Components of GSDP growth rate, (%) 16 16

15 15

14 14 12 12 10 10

5

0

7.1

6.7

7.2

8

8

6

6

4

4

2

2

0

0

5

0 20052005 20062006 20072007 20082008 20092009 20102010 20112011 20122012

■ Maharashtra GSDP

■ All India GDP

-2 -2

5.5

6.1

10 10

7.1 5.6

4.9

5.1

3.7

1.0

1.5

4.1 4.6

1.4 -0.3 -1.7

2.1 0.1

1.7

4.7

0.1 -0.2

-3.5

-4 -4 2005200520062006200720072008200820092009201020102011201120122012

■ Services

3

June 20, 2017

■ Industry

■ Agriculture

Maharashtra

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Poverty reduction in Maharashtra was faster than the national average after 2005 Poverty rate, 2005

Annual decline in poverty rate, 2012 Annual decline in poverty rate,2005 2005 --2012 (%)(%)

0

10

20

30

-1

40

50

60

70

80

High poverty, declining slowly

AS

-3

JH CG UP

-5

MP

KA

-7

WB

-9

BH

All India

OD

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in orange.

GJ HR

-11

RJ KL PJ

-13

TN

HP

-15

Low poverty, declining fast

MH

UK AP

-17

A significant share of India’s poor live in Maharashtra bubble size: number of poor (millions)

UP

20

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in yellow.

BH

15

What % of India’s poor lives in this state?

Stateshare share in poor, 20122012 (%) (%) State in India’s India’s poor,

25

MP

10

MH

JH

5

OD

HP

0

WB

RJ

CG GJ

AS

0

KA

HR KL UK PJ

5

TN

AP

10

15

20

State sharein inIndia’s India’s population, 20122012 (%) (%) State share population,

4

June 20, 2017

25

Interpreting the graph Share of poor > share of population

e ar Sh

or po of

e ar sh

of

n io at ul p po

=

Share of poor < share of population

What % of India’s population lives in this state?

Maharashtra

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Consumption inequality has increased marginally in Maharashtra, mainly in urban areas Gini coefficient 0.4

0.37 0.37

0.35 0.35

0.33

0.32

0.3

0.27

0.29 0.26

0.2

0.1

0.0 Total

Rural

■ 1994

■ 2005

Urban

■ 2012

Consumption inequality in Maharashtra is among the highest in the country Gini coefficient, 2012 0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1 KL DL KA MH AR TN AI HR WB MP CG UP

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

5

June 20, 2017

PJ

HP GA UK AP GJ MZ OD JK JH RJ AS TR NL BH SK MG MN

Maharashtra Jobs

People in Maharashtra are gradually moving off the farm and into other kinds of work. Since 2005, job growth in Maharashtra, led by services, has been higher than in many other states. This has resulted in more salaried employment. Today, one in every three workers in Maharashtra has a salaried job, which is among the highest in the country. Despite this, job creation in the state has failed to keep pace with the expansion of the working age population that is not in school, especially for women. While most rural women work, mainly in farming, they have withdrawn from the labor force in large numbers since 2005. Very few of the state’s urban women work.

Non-farm employment is increasing in Maharashtra, but half the workforce still on the farm Employment share by sector, (%) 100

39

45

51

80 60

61

■ Non-farm

55

40

49

■ Farm

20 0 1994

2005

2012

Maharashtra’s share of non-farm employment is equal to the national average Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100

80

100

96

74

73 65

60

64

61

61

58

57 51

51

40

51

51

50

50

50

48

47

45

44

44

43

42

41

40

38

38 32

27

20

0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

June 20, 2017

Maharashtra Jobs

Job creation in Maharashtra was higher than in many other states after 2005 Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn)

Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)

WB UP RJ MH CG BH OD AP DL MP GJ TN

WB

1.8

UP

0.8

RJ

1.1

MH

0.5

CG

1.6

BH

0.5

OD

0.7

AP

0.3

DL

2.2

MP

0.4

GJ

0.3

TN

0.2

PJ

PJ

0.5

TR HP SK MG GA MZ MN AR AS KL JH HR NL UK KA

TR

4.4

-1

0

1

2

3

4

HP

1.3

SK

3.9

MG

0.7

GA

1.3

MZ

1.1

MN

0.1

AR

-0.1

AS

0.0

KL

-0.1

JH

-0.2

HR

-0.3

NL

-3.6

UK

-1.0

KA

-0.5

5

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Services led job growth in Maharashtra since 2005 Number of jobs, (mn)

Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)

FARM

FARM

-1

MANU

MANU

1

THR

THR

1

PUB

PUB

3

CONS

CONS

4

TRAN

TRAN

5

FIRB

5

MINE+UTIL

-2

FIRB MINE+UTIL

0

2

5

10

■ 2005 June 20, 2017

15

20

■ 2012

25

30

Maharashtra Jobs

More salaried jobs in Maharashtra after 2005 Employment by wage type, (%) 100

32

27

80 Wage Labor

27

21

60

47

40

47

Self Employed

20

0 2005

■ Casual Wage

2012

■ Salaried

■ Self Employed

The share of workers with salaried jobs in Maharashtra is higher than in most other states Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63

60

60

50 40 30

28

27

26

25

24

24

23

22

22

22

20 10

21

19

18

18

18

18

17

17

14

14

13

13

11

11

11

10

10 6

0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

3

June 20, 2017

Maharashtra Jobs

The number of new jobs in Maharashtra is not enough for the size of working age population, particularly for females Million

Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%)

80 80

â&#x2013; 2005

70 70 +8.1

â&#x2013; 2012

Working age population not in school

1.7

60 60

+1.7

50 50

0.5

All Workers

40 40

+3.7

30 30

1.7

Male Workers -2.0

20 20

Female Workers

10 10

-1.7

0 0

Working age population not in school

All Workers

Male Workers

Female Workers

-4 -4

-3 -3

-2 -2

-1 -1

0 0

1 1

While more rural women work than urban in Maharashtra, their participation has dropped sharply after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 86

80

84 79

79 79 71

75

66

60

Urban Male 52

25

27 22

0 1993-94

4

June 20, 2017

Rural Female Urban Female

40

20

Rural Male

2004-05

2011-12

2 2

Maharashtra Gender

Women and girls in Maharashtra have experienced mixed progress. On the bright side, maternal mortality in the state is low and declining. Moreover, women in Maharashtra are better educated than in many other states, with more girls going to school today and staying on longer. However, the child sex ratio in the state is below the national average; whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s worse, it is falling. On the work front, while more of Maharashtraâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rural women work than in other states, they have been exiting the labor force in large numbers since 2005. By contrast, very few urban women work. But, when they do, they hold jobs that are similar to those held by urban men.

Child sex ratio in Maharashtra is lower than in many other states Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969

964 962

957 957 956

950

948 948

943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918

900

909

902

894 890 890 888 871

862 846

850

834

800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Child sex ratio has been deteriorating in Maharashtra Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 950

946 913 894

900 850 800 1991

1

June 20, 2017

2001

2011

PJ HR

Maharashtra Gender

Maternal health has been improving in Maharashtra Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 200

149

104

100 68

0 2003

2009

2013

Maharashtra has fewer maternal deaths than most other states in the country Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300

285 285

300

244 208 208

221 221 222

200 167

112 113

100 61

68

79

127 133

141

92

0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ

AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India.

2

June 20, 2017

Maharashtra Gender

Secondary school attainment among Maharashtra’s women in higher than the national average Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60

57 52

50

46

43

40

41

38

38

35

34

34

33

31

30

30

28

28

26

26

26

26 22

20

21

21

20

20

20 16

16

16

15

14

10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI

GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

There are gender disparities in schooling in Maharashtra, rural women lag behind urban Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 60 50

50

Rural Females

40

39

35

21

17

23

29

30 21

20

17

Urban Females 19

17 17

12

17

17

50

10 0

Males

■ Illiterate

3

Females

■ Literate or primary school completed

June 20, 2017

0

20

■ Middle school completed

40

60

80

100

■ Secondary school or higher completed

Maharashtra Gender

Gender gaps in schooling have narrowed for the young in Maharashtra Enrolled in education institutes, (%)

2005 16

9

21-23

7

Female

Male

15-17

11 68

Age

58

10

0

96

96

100

-2

89

91

6-8

4

88

84

12-14 9-11

34

23

18-20

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Enrolled in education institutes, (%)

2012

15-17

100

June 20, 2017

Male 55

11 4

84

95

96

99

1 -1

98 94

6-8

4

14

80

Age 9-11

30

44

18-20

12-14

16

Female

21-23

92

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

-2 100

Maharashtra Gender

Female labor force participation in Maharashtra is higher than the national average Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63

60

63 55

55 49

50

47 43

40

41

40

38

38

37

37

36

33

30

33

32

32

31

31

30

27

25

25

25

24 19

20

17

15 9

10 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ

PJ

JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

While more rural women work than urban in Maharashtra, their participation has dropped sharply after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 86

80

84 79

79 79 71

75

66

60

Urban Male 52

25

27 22

0 1993-94

5

June 20, 2017

Rural Female Urban Female

40

20

Rural Male

2004-05

2011-12

Maharashtra Gender

Rural women in Maharashtra work mostly on the farm, rural men have more non-farm jobs Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males

Rural Females

7

5

3 3

12 11 70

■ Farm - All

89

■ Non-farm Self Employed

■ Non-farm Salaried

■ Non-farm Casual Wage

When urban women work in Maharashtra, they have similar jobs as urban men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males

8

Urban Females

3

7

34 55

■ Farm - All

6

June 20, 2017

9

29 54

■ Non-farm Self Employed

■ Non-farm Salaried

■ Non-farm Casual Wage

Maharashtra Social Inclusion

Social groups in Maharashtra have shown uneven progress. For instance, poverty among Maharashtra’s Scheduled Tribes is among the highest in the country, and they have higher levels of illiteracy than others in the state. Both the state’s Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes also stand out for high levels of open defecation and poor access to drinking water. Moreover, they hold disproportionately more casual labor jobs than others.

High poverty and slow poverty reduction among the Scheduled Tribes in Maharashtra Population below poverty line, (%) 80

Households by Social Group, 2012 (%) All India Maharashtra Scheduled Tribe

9

9

Scheduled Caste

19

15

Other Backward Caste

43

33

50

General

29

42

40

Pace of poverty reduction

68

70 60

54 -3% per year

53 39 28

30

20 -13% per year 15 -13% per year

20

11 -13% per year

10 0 2005

■ Scheduled Tribe

2012

■ Scheduled Caste

■ Other Backward Caste

■ General

Poverty among the Scheduled Tribes in Maharashtra is among the highest in the country ST population below the poverty line, 2012 (%) 70 60

63 56

54

53

50

51

50

49 43

40

43

40

39

36

30 20 10

33

32

31

26

26

25

23

20

19

15

13

13

9

9

8

0

0 OD BH MH MP CG JH WB AI MN RJ KL GJ AR AS KA TN UP TR AP MZ NL JK UK MG HP HR SK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

6

June 20, 2017

0

PJ GA DL

Maharashtra Social Inclusion

More illiterates among the Scheduled Tribes than any other group in Maharashtra Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 42

Scheduled Tribe

24

Scheduled Caste

19

19

Other Backward Caste

0

■ Illiterate

20

36

20

16

20

18

21

19

15

General

20

41

18

50

40

60

80

100

■ Literate or primary school completed

■ Middle school completed

■ Secondary school or higher completed

More casual wage jobs for the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in Maharashtra Share of employed, 2012 (%) Scheduled Tribe

Scheduled Caste

28

37 50

44 28

13

■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried

Other Backward Caste

General

16

25 51 24

2

June 20, 2017

■ Self-employed

53 31

Maharashtra Social Inclusion

Open defecation in Maharashtra is lower than the national average, with the exception of the Scheduled Tribes Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100

80 69

69 59

60

48

44

40

38

34

38

21

20

21

0 All

Scheduled Tribe

Scheduled Caste

■ Maharashtra

Other Backward Caste

General

■ All India

The Scheduled Tribes in Maharashtra have lower access to drinking water than other groups Households with drinking water on premises, 2012 (%) 100

76

80

69

64 58

56

60

63

58

44

40 29

27

20

0 All

Scheduled Tribe

Scheduled Caste

■ Maharashtra

3

June 20, 2017

Other Backward Caste

■ All India

General

Maharashtra Health and Education 45 40

Health and education outcomes in Maharashtra are improving. Nonetheless, progress is slow. On 35 the bright side, infant 30 mortality, already lower than in many other states, is declining. Moreover, a larger share of Maharashtra’s children are now in school, and more adults have completed secondary 25 school than in many 20other states. On a less positive note, malnutrition levels in Maharashtra are higher than in other 15 states, even among the rich, and open defecation among lower income 10 households is high. And while improvements in school enrollments for the younger generation are 5 a bright spot, better learning outcomes have not followed. Interestingly, private school enrollment 0 in Maharashtra is higher thanTotal in most otherRural states.

Urban Infant mortality is declining in Maharashtra Infant mortality rate Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 45

42 35 29

30

26

24

16

15

■ 2006

0 Total

Rural

■ 2013

Urban

Infant mortality in Maharashtra is lower than in many other states Infant mortality rate, 2013 Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60

50

46

40 31

30

18

20

10

9

10

21

22

24

24

31

32

32

35

35

36

26

26

PJ

TR KA WB AR UK HP MZ GJ

37

37

39

40

41

47

47

50

51

54

54

42

12

0 GA MN KL NL TN SK MH DL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

June 20, 2017

JK JH AP AI HR BH CG MG RJ UP OD AS MP

Maharashtra Health and Education

Malnutrition in Maharashtra is close to the national average Stunting in children <5 years, 2014 (%) 50

47

40

30

20

27

19

21

28

28

29

29

33

32

34

34

34

35

35

35

36

37

38

39

41

42

42

43

49

50

43

31

31

PJ

TR JK MN UK HP KA WB AP MH RJ HR OD AI AS MP GJ MG CG JH BH UP

23

10

0 KL GA TN MZ SK AR DL NL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Malnutrition is high even among the non-poor households in Maharashtra Stunting in children <5 years, 2006 (%) 70

64

60 50

60 55

54

46

54 49

48

45 41

40 29

30

25

20 10 0

All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

â&#x2013; Maharashtra Latest stunting data by wealth class available for 2006.

2

June 20, 2017

Quintile 3

â&#x2013; All India

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

Maharashtra Health and Education

Open defecation in Maharashtra is below the national average Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100

80 68 58

60

40

34

30

20

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

2

4

7

12

16

16

16

17

35

35

39

42

44

61

45

JK AP TN AI KA RJ MP UP BH CG OD JH

More open defecation among the lower income households than the rich in Maharashtra Households practicing open defecation, 2012(%) 31

46

59

81

96

80 69

60

54

40

41 34

20 19 4

0 All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

â&#x2013; Access and use of latrine

3

June 20, 2017

74

61

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

66

73

22

NL DL SK MZ MN TR KL MG GA AS AR PJ UK HR HP WB MH GJ

100

68

Quintile 3

Quintile 4

â&#x2013; Open defecation

Quintile 5

Maharashtra Health and Education

Secondary school attainment among Maharashtra’s adults is higher than in many other states Secondary education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 70 62 58

60 52

50

47 38

40 30 20

18

21

24

24

25

25

25

26

26

27

28

30

32

32

32

32

34

39

40

43

41

43

48

43

34

10 0 TR OD CG BH WB RJ SK MP AS UP JH MZ GJ AR MG AI AP JK UK TN KA PJ MH KL HR HP MN NL GA DL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Significant progress in schooling for the young in Maharashtra after 2005 Education attainment, (% age 18-30)

Enrollment by age cohort, (%)

70 70 59

60 60

12

21-23 29

18-20

50 50

23

+11 50

+21

42

40 40

82

+18

Age

28

30 30

86

12-14

95

+9

21

20 20

16

13

10 10

64

15-17

9-11

13

6

98

96

6-8

90

93

+2 +3

00 Illiterate Illiterate

Literateoror Middle Literate Middle primaryschool school completed completed primary completed completed

Secondary Secondary andabove above and

■ 2005

4

June 20, 2017

100 100

■ 2012

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

00

20 20

40 40

60 60

80 80

100 100

Maharashtra Health and Education

Public school enrollment in Maharashtra is lower than the national average Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% TR BH AR AS OD WB CG JH MZ SK HP MP GJ

■ All education levels

JK UK AI DL KA MG TN RJ MH HR AP UP NL

● Elementary

PJ MN KL GA

● Secondary and above

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

The lower income households go to public school in Maharashtra, the rich go to private school Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 80 71

75 65 60

60 51

57

50

53

40

40

35 24 18

20

0 All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ 2005

5

June 20, 2017

Quintile 3

■ 2012

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

Maharashtra Health and Education

Learning outcomes in Maharashtra are higher than the national average Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%) 80

75

70

67

60 50 39

40 33

34

42

43

46

47

NL

SK AR UP TR

GJ

44

45

52

52

52

53

54

56

58

67

67

68

60

47

47

47

48

48

RJ

TN KA

AI

BH OD MZ CG WB MH AP MG UK KL MN PJ

34

30 20 10 0 AS MP JH

JK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Learning outcomes have been declining in Maharashtra Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, (%) 100

80

60

40

20

■ Maharashtra

■ All India

0 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

*Data on learning outcomes available for rural areas only.

6

June 20, 2017

2012

2013

2014

HR HP

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS Demographics

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Population

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Urban Share

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Child Sex Ratio

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group.

Adults

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Individuals of age 15 years and above are classified as ‘adults’.

• The NSSO conducts employment and unemployment surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.

Working age population not in school

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Individuals of age 15 years and above that are currently not attending any educational institutes

Poor

Poverty lines based on the ‘Tendulkar’ poverty lines published by the former Planning Commission of India

• Households whose monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below the poverty line are classified as ‘poor’.

• Poverty rate is the proportion of population that is counted as poor.

• The number of poor is calculated by applying poverty rates, estimated using NSS data, to population estimates.

Population for 1994 has been estimated by interpolating the 1991 and 2001 census population to January 1st of 1994. Similarly, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012.

Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to noncensus years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• The NSSO conducts consumption expenditure surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.

• The population census is conducted once every 10 years.

The most recent population census data available is for the year 2011.

Poverty Poverty rate

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

Inequality Gini coefficient

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May 20, 2016

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of consumption expenditure among households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution.

• Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, 1 implies perfect inequality.

• Gini coefficient is estimated using survey data on monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS Welfare distribution

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Consumption expenditure quintiles

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Survey data on household consumption is used to estimate consumption expenditure quintiles within each state in India. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.

Wealth Index quintiles

National Family Health Survey, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• Survey data on asset ownership is used to construct a ‘wealth index’ which forms the basis for estimating wealth quintiles within each state in India.

Real GDP/GSDP growth rate

Central Statistical Office (CSO)

Real GDP/GSDP per capita

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• 2014 All-India estimate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) corresponds to the 2011-12 base year (new series). All other All-India GDP and state GSDP estimates correspond to 2004-05 base year and 2004-05 prices (old series).

• All estimates of GDP/GSDP are as of March 31st of the corresponding financial year. For e.g. the Real GSDP for the financial year 1993-94 is as on 31st March 1994.

• Population for the years 1994 to 2011 has been estimated by interpolating census population to March 31st of the corresponding year. For example, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to March 31st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to March 31st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Growth rate of GSDP/ GDP across any two consecutive years is the simple growth rate. Growth rate over multiple years is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR).

• Composition of 3 main sectors of the economy (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Components of GSDP growth rate represent the contribution of a sector to overall GSDP growth rate. This is estimated by the ratio of increase in value added in a sector to increase in overall value added and multiplying the ratio with the GSDP growth rate.

Income & Growth

Components of GSDP growth rate

Fiscal

2

Debt

Controller General of Accounts (CGA)

Fiscal Deficit

Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

May 20, 2016

• Debt is the government’s outstanding liabilities.

• Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of the government in the financial year.

• Both are expressed as a ratio of the nominal GDP/ GSDP (market prices).

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Jobs Labor force participation rate

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Adult individuals are classified as part of the labor force if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) or if they have been seeking work or have been available for work for a minimum of 6 months during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the labor force.

Workers/Employed/Number of jobs

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Members of the labor force are classified as ‘workers’ if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) for a minimum of 30 days during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the work force.

• The number of jobs/workers is arrived at by applying worker participation rates to population estimates. The ‘number of jobs’ estimate corresponds to the ‘number of workers’. • Population for 1994 and 2005 has been estimated by interpolating census population to January 1st of the corresponding year. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Job growth over a certain period is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR).

• Classification of workers by sector (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.

• A further disaggregated classification of workers by sector FARM – Agriculture/ farming CONS – Construction THR – Trade, hotels and restaurants MANU – Manufacturing PUB - Community, social and personal services TRAN - Transport, storage and communication FIRB - Financing, insurance, real estate and business services MINE+UTIL – Mining & quarrying + Utilities • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.

Job growth Workers by sector/wage-type

3

May 20, 2016

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Education Literacy Education attainment

Enrollment Public educational institutes

Learning: Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%)

4

May 20, 2016

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• ‘Literate’ – includes those who have received both formal and informal schooling.

• Education levels explained (i) ‘Illiterate’ – individuals who are not literate. (ii) ‘Literate or primary school completed’ – includes individuals who have completed primary school as well as those are literate but have not completed primary school. (iii) ‘Middle completed’ – individuals who have completed middle school. (iv) ‘Secondary and above’ – individuals who have completed secondary schooling or any level higher. Includes individuals who have completed higher secondary, diploma or certificate course or a graduate, postgraduate or higher degree.

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Includes all those currently attending formal primary schooling and above.

• Public educational institutes include those that are run by the state/ central governments or by local bodies. This excludes any kind of privately owned and run institutes including private aided institutes.

Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Trends over time 2006-2014, ASER Centre/ Pratham

• Data available for rural areas only

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Health Maternal mortality ratio

Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Maternal mortality ratio is derived as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births reported.

• Data for 3 years is pooled to enhance sample size and yield more reliable estimates.

• For states split after the year 2000, i.e. Bihar and Jharkhand; Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, MMR is estimated jointly.

Infant mortality rate

Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (children aged 1 year or less) per 1,000 live births.

Malnutrition: Stunting

National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• ‘Stunting’ defined as percentage of children below age 5 who are short for their age.

• Data for 2006 is from the NFHS and for 2014 is from the RSOC. Though both provide stunting estimates for children below age 5 the numbers for 2006 and 2014 may not be strictly comparable due to differences in survey methodology.

Rapid Survey on Children (RSOC), Ministry of Women and Child Development

Infrastructure & Amenities Electrification

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• ‘Electrification’ defined as the proportion of households using electricity as primary source of energy for lighting.

Road density

Basic Roads Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways

• Road density has been defined as road length per million people and road length per 1,000 sq. km.

• Road length estimates correspond to ‘total road length’ data published in the Basic Roads Statistics report.

• Population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005.

Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Land area estimates have been taken from the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.

Drinking water on premises

Survey of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• The most recent survey data is available for the year 2012.

Open defecation Access to latrine

5

May 20, 2016

Technical Appendix

LABEL Data labels

29 STATES AND ALL INDIA

LABEL

SOCIAL GROUP

ST SC OBC General

‘scheduled tribe’ ‘scheduled caste’ ‘other backward class’ ‘others’

(7 ‘low income states’ highlighted)

AI AP AR AS BH CG DL GA GJ HP HR JH JK KA KL MG MH MN MP MZ NL OD PJ RJ SK TN TR UK UP WB

All India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Meghalaya Maharashtra Manipur Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal

Adjustments for split states In the year 2000, 3 large states namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were each split to form two states each.

Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were the 3 new states created. The NSSO survey data allows us to separately estimate variables for ‘split’ states, enabling us to construct a consistent and comparable series of variables for the pre-split and post-split period.

A consistent and comparable series for population and growth data is not available. Specifically - 1991 population census data for ‘split’ states is not available and GSDP series for ‘split’ states is only available for years after 2000. In order to create a consistent population series, the 1991 population estimates for the parent state have been divided in a way that mirrors the relative shares of the new states’ population in the parent state population in 2001.

In order to create a consistent GSDP series, pre-2000 GSDP figures for the parent state have been divided in a way that preserves the relative shares of the new ‘ GSDP in the parent state GSDP for a ten year period after the year 2000.

In the year 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh (AP), with the remaining portion of AP retaining the name of the parent state. Separate estimates for Telangana have not been published in the States Briefs. All state-level estimates for Andhra Pradesh correspond to AP and Telangana combined.

6

May 20, 2016