Maharashtra Indicators at a Glance
MAHARASHTRA
ALL INDIA
POPULATION 1991
2001
2011
2011
Total population (million)
79
97
112
1211
Urban share (%)
39
42
45
31
Share of adults (% age 15+)
66
71
75
70
Child sex ratio (age 0-6)
946
913
894
919
1994
2005
2012
2012
POVERTY & INEQUALITY Poor (million) Poverty rate (%)
Gini coefficient
41
40
20
270
All
48
39
17
22
Rural
59
48
24
25
Urban
30
26
9
14
0.32
0.35
0.35
0.32
1994
2005
2012
2012
26,937
40,415
68,004
42,647
Agriculture
19
11
8
14
Industry
33
30
29
28
Services
47
60
62
57
All
INCOME & GROWTH Real GSDP per capita (2005 rupees) By sector (%)
Annual growth rate of real GSDP per capita (%)
1994 to 2005
2005 to 2012
2005 to 2012
3.8
7.7
6.7
JOBS Labor force participation rate (%)
Workers by sector (%)
Workers by wage-type (%)
1
June 20, 2017
1994
2005
2012
2012
All
69
66
58
56
Male
83
82
78
80
Female
54
50
38
31
Agriculture
61
55
49
49
Industry
15
17
19
24
Services
24
27
32
27
Self-Employed
45
47
47
52
Salaried
20
21
27
18
Casual Wage
35
32
27
30
Maharashtra Indicators at a Glance
MAHARASHTRA
ALL INDIA
HEALTH 2001
2006
2013
2013
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)
169
130
68
167
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)
45
35
24
40
Stunting (% age 0-5)
—
46*
35~
39~
1994
2005
2012
2012
Literate (% adults)
63
73
80
70
Secondary education and above (% adults)
22
30
43
32
INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES Power
1994
2005
2012
2012
All
71
84
94
80
Rural
59
76
89
73
Urban
90
96
99
96
2008
2012
2012
All
57
64
56
Rural
39
47
46
Urban
78
87
77
All
36
34
44
Rural
61
55
60
Urban
6
7
9
Connectivity
2005
2012
2012
Road density - km. per million people
2,154
3,487
3,231
Road density - km. per 1,000 sq. km.
718
1,289
1,206
2012
2013
2014
2014
Debt to GSDP ratio (%)
22
20
19
51
Fiscal Deficit (% of GSDP)
1.7
1.0
1.8
4.4
Real GSDP growth rate (%)
4.5
7.8
7.3
6.9
EDUCATION
Electrification (% households)
Water and sanitation Drinking water on premises (% households)
Open defecation (% households)
RECENT GROWTH AND FISCAL PERFORMANCE
* NFHS III, ~ RSOC
2
June 20, 2017
Maharashtra
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Maharashtra is India’s second most populous state and home to 20 million poor. Poverty declined more rapidly in the state after 2005. As a result, today, poverty levels in Maharashtra are lower than the national average. Yet, districts in the state’s northern and eastern regions continue to display a high incidence of poverty. Since 2005, Maharashtra’s economic growth has been above the national average, supported mainly by services. During this period, consumption inequality in the state — which was already among the highest in the country - increased slightly, albeit mainly in urban areas.
Poverty in Maharashtra is below the national average Population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 50
40
40 37
37
35
34
33
32
32 29
30
22
22
21
20
20
19
17
17
15
15 12
12
10
11
11
11
10
9
9
8
8
8 5
0 CG JH MN AR BH OD AS MP UP AI MZ KA WB NL MH GJ TR RJ MG TN UK HR JK DL AP SK
PJ
KL HP GA
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Districts in the north and east of Maharashtra have high poverty District level poverty, 2012 Patna
Population below the poverty line, 2012 (%)
N
1
June 20, 2017 1 − 10 10 − 18 18 − 24 24 − 35
0.6-5.2 0-10 5.3-13.2 10-18 13.3-17.2 18-24 17.3-22.6 24-35 22.7-62.8 35-51 No data
Maharashtra
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Like many states in India the pace of poverty reduction in Maharashtra was faster after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MN JH BH OD AR AS CG KA MH UP AI TN AP MP WB RJ
● 1994
● 2005
GJ MG HR HP UK TR SK KL JK
PJ
GA NL DL MZ
● 2012
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
After 2005, poverty declined more rapidly in both rural and urban areas of Maharashtra Population below poverty line, (%) 70
60
50
Rural
Total
59
48 48
40 39
30
Urban 24
30 26
20
17
10 9
0 1994
2
June 20, 2017
2005
2012
Maharashtra
Poverty, Growth & Inequality 0
10
20
30
Annual decline in poverty rate, 2005 - 2012 (%)
-1
40
50
60
70
80
High poverty, declining slowly
AS
Growth in Maharashtra was faster than in many other states after 2005 -3 JH
Annual growth 2005- 2012 - 2012 Annual growthrate, rate, 2005 (%) (%)
11
CG
-5
9 8 7 6
WB
-9
All India
GJ HR
-11 KL PJ RJ
BH -13
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in orange.
Low poverty, UP declining fast
GJ
AP MH RJ
MH
KL HP
TN
HR
Interpreting the graph
KA
OD CGHP MP
-17 Lagging
4
BH
Leading OD TN
-15
5
MP
KA
-7
Improving
10
UP
UK
UK
Improvement from 2005 to 2012
12
PJ
WB AP
JH AS
Weakening
3 2
0
Leading High income, high growth
Lagging Low income, low growth
Weakening High income, low growth
Standard of living, 2005
5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000
per capita, (2005 RealReal GSDPGSDP per capita, (2005 Rupees)
Improving Low income, high growth
Rupees) All India
Growth in Maharashtra is driven by services, industry adds to its volatility Annual growth rate, (%)
Components of GSDP growth rate, (%) 16 16
15 15
14 14 12 12 10 10
5
0
7.1
6.7
7.2
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
0
0
5
0 20052005 20062006 20072007 20082008 20092009 20102010 20112011 20122012
■ Maharashtra GSDP
■ All India GDP
-2 -2
5.5
6.1
10 10
7.1 5.6
4.9
5.1
3.7
1.0
1.5
4.1 4.6
1.4 -0.3 -1.7
2.1 0.1
1.7
4.7
0.1 -0.2
-3.5
-4 -4 2005200520062006200720072008200820092009201020102011201120122012
■ Services
3
June 20, 2017
■ Industry
■ Agriculture
Maharashtra
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Poverty reduction in Maharashtra was faster than the national average after 2005 Poverty rate, 2005
Annual decline in poverty rate, 2012 Annual decline in poverty rate,2005 2005 --2012 (%)(%)
0
10
20
30
-1
40
50
60
70
80
High poverty, declining slowly
AS
-3
JH CG UP
-5
MP
KA
-7
WB
-9
BH
All India
OD
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in orange.
GJ HR
-11
RJ KL PJ
-13
TN
HP
-15
Low poverty, declining fast
MH
UK AP
-17
A significant share of India’s poor live in Maharashtra bubble size: number of poor (millions)
UP
20
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low Income States are highlighted in yellow.
BH
15
What % of India’s poor lives in this state?
Stateshare share in poor, 20122012 (%) (%) State in India’s India’s poor,
25
MP
10
MH
JH
5
OD
HP
0
WB
RJ
CG GJ
AS
0
KA
HR KL UK PJ
5
TN
AP
10
15
20
State sharein inIndia’s India’s population, 20122012 (%) (%) State share population,
4
June 20, 2017
25
Interpreting the graph Share of poor > share of population
e ar Sh
or po of
e ar sh
of
n io at ul p po
=
Share of poor < share of population
What % of India’s population lives in this state?
Maharashtra
Poverty, Growth & Inequality Consumption inequality has increased marginally in Maharashtra, mainly in urban areas Gini coefficient 0.4
0.37 0.37
0.35 0.35
0.33
0.32
0.3
0.27
0.29 0.26
0.2
0.1
0.0 Total
Rural
■ 1994
■ 2005
Urban
■ 2012
Consumption inequality in Maharashtra is among the highest in the country Gini coefficient, 2012 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 KL DL KA MH AR TN AI HR WB MP CG UP
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
5
June 20, 2017
PJ
HP GA UK AP GJ MZ OD JK JH RJ AS TR NL BH SK MG MN
Maharashtra Jobs
People in Maharashtra are gradually moving off the farm and into other kinds of work. Since 2005, job growth in Maharashtra, led by services, has been higher than in many other states. This has resulted in more salaried employment. Today, one in every three workers in Maharashtra has a salaried job, which is among the highest in the country. Despite this, job creation in the state has failed to keep pace with the expansion of the working age population that is not in school, especially for women. While most rural women work, mainly in farming, they have withdrawn from the labor force in large numbers since 2005. Very few of the state’s urban women work.
Non-farm employment is increasing in Maharashtra, but half the workforce still on the farm Employment share by sector, (%) 100
39
45
51
80 60
61
■ Non-farm
55
40
49
■ Farm
20 0 1994
2005
2012
Maharashtra’s share of non-farm employment is equal to the national average Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100
80
100
96
74
73 65
60
64
61
61
58
57 51
51
40
51
51
50
50
50
48
47
45
44
44
43
42
41
40
38
38 32
27
20
0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
June 20, 2017
Maharashtra Jobs
Job creation in Maharashtra was higher than in many other states after 2005 Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn)
Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)
WB UP RJ MH CG BH OD AP DL MP GJ TN
WB
1.8
UP
0.8
RJ
1.1
MH
0.5
CG
1.6
BH
0.5
OD
0.7
AP
0.3
DL
2.2
MP
0.4
GJ
0.3
TN
0.2
PJ
PJ
0.5
TR HP SK MG GA MZ MN AR AS KL JH HR NL UK KA
TR
4.4
-1
0
1
2
3
4
HP
1.3
SK
3.9
MG
0.7
GA
1.3
MZ
1.1
MN
0.1
AR
-0.1
AS
0.0
KL
-0.1
JH
-0.2
HR
-0.3
NL
-3.6
UK
-1.0
KA
-0.5
5
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Services led job growth in Maharashtra since 2005 Number of jobs, (mn)
Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)
FARM
FARM
-1
MANU
MANU
1
THR
THR
1
PUB
PUB
3
CONS
CONS
4
TRAN
TRAN
5
FIRB
5
MINE+UTIL
-2
FIRB MINE+UTIL
0
2
5
10
■ 2005 June 20, 2017
15
20
■ 2012
25
30
Maharashtra Jobs
More salaried jobs in Maharashtra after 2005 Employment by wage type, (%) 100
32
27
80 Wage Labor
27
21
60
47
40
47
Self Employed
20
0 2005
■ Casual Wage
2012
■ Salaried
■ Self Employed
The share of workers with salaried jobs in Maharashtra is higher than in most other states Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63
60
60
50 40 30
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
22
22
22
20 10
21
19
18
18
18
18
17
17
14
14
13
13
11
11
11
10
10 6
0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
3
June 20, 2017
Maharashtra Jobs
The number of new jobs in Maharashtra is not enough for the size of working age population, particularly for females Million
Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%)
80 80
â&#x2013; 2005
70 70 +8.1
â&#x2013; 2012
Working age population not in school
1.7
60 60
+1.7
50 50
0.5
All Workers
40 40
+3.7
30 30
1.7
Male Workers -2.0
20 20
Female Workers
10 10
-1.7
0 0
Working age population not in school
All Workers
Male Workers
Female Workers
-4 -4
-3 -3
-2 -2
-1 -1
0 0
1 1
While more rural women work than urban in Maharashtra, their participation has dropped sharply after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 86
80
84 79
79 79 71
75
66
60
Urban Male 52
25
27 22
0 1993-94
4
June 20, 2017
Rural Female Urban Female
40
20
Rural Male
2004-05
2011-12
2 2
Maharashtra Gender
Women and girls in Maharashtra have experienced mixed progress. On the bright side, maternal mortality in the state is low and declining. Moreover, women in Maharashtra are better educated than in many other states, with more girls going to school today and staying on longer. However, the child sex ratio in the state is below the national average; whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s worse, it is falling. On the work front, while more of Maharashtraâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rural women work than in other states, they have been exiting the labor force in large numbers since 2005. By contrast, very few urban women work. But, when they do, they hold jobs that are similar to those held by urban men.
Child sex ratio in Maharashtra is lower than in many other states Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969
964 962
957 957 956
950
948 948
943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918
900
909
902
894 890 890 888 871
862 846
850
834
800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Child sex ratio has been deteriorating in Maharashtra Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 950
946 913 894
900 850 800 1991
1
June 20, 2017
2001
2011
PJ HR
Maharashtra Gender
Maternal health has been improving in Maharashtra Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 200
149
104
100 68
0 2003
2009
2013
Maharashtra has fewer maternal deaths than most other states in the country Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300
285 285
300
244 208 208
221 221 222
200 167
112 113
100 61
68
79
127 133
141
92
0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ
AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS
Data for 19 large states and All India. Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India.
2
June 20, 2017
Maharashtra Gender
Secondary school attainment among Maharashtra’s women in higher than the national average Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60
57 52
50
46
43
40
41
38
38
35
34
34
33
31
30
30
28
28
26
26
26
26 22
20
21
21
20
20
20 16
16
16
15
14
10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI
GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
There are gender disparities in schooling in Maharashtra, rural women lag behind urban Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 60 50
50
Rural Females
40
39
35
21
17
23
29
30 21
20
17
Urban Females 19
17 17
12
17
17
50
10 0
Males
■ Illiterate
3
Females
■ Literate or primary school completed
June 20, 2017
0
20
■ Middle school completed
40
60
80
100
■ Secondary school or higher completed
Maharashtra Gender
Gender gaps in schooling have narrowed for the young in Maharashtra Enrolled in education institutes, (%)
2005 16
9
21-23
7
Female
Male
15-17
11 68
Age
58
10
0
96
96
100
-2
89
91
6-8
4
88
84
12-14 9-11
34
23
18-20
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Enrolled in education institutes, (%)
2012
15-17
100
June 20, 2017
Male 55
11 4
84
95
96
99
1 -1
98 94
6-8
4
14
80
Age 9-11
30
44
18-20
12-14
16
Female
21-23
92
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
-2 100
Maharashtra Gender
Female labor force participation in Maharashtra is higher than the national average Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63
60
63 55
55 49
50
47 43
40
41
40
38
38
37
37
36
33
30
33
32
32
31
31
30
27
25
25
25
24 19
20
17
15 9
10 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ
PJ
JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
While more rural women work than urban in Maharashtra, their participation has dropped sharply after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 86
80
84 79
79 79 71
75
66
60
Urban Male 52
25
27 22
0 1993-94
5
June 20, 2017
Rural Female Urban Female
40
20
Rural Male
2004-05
2011-12
Maharashtra Gender
Rural women in Maharashtra work mostly on the farm, rural men have more non-farm jobs Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males
Rural Females
7
5
3 3
12 11 70
■ Farm - All
89
■ Non-farm Self Employed
■ Non-farm Salaried
■ Non-farm Casual Wage
When urban women work in Maharashtra, they have similar jobs as urban men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males
8
Urban Females
3
7
34 55
■ Farm - All
6
June 20, 2017
9
29 54
■ Non-farm Self Employed
■ Non-farm Salaried
■ Non-farm Casual Wage
Maharashtra Social Inclusion
Social groups in Maharashtra have shown uneven progress. For instance, poverty among Maharashtra’s Scheduled Tribes is among the highest in the country, and they have higher levels of illiteracy than others in the state. Both the state’s Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes also stand out for high levels of open defecation and poor access to drinking water. Moreover, they hold disproportionately more casual labor jobs than others.
High poverty and slow poverty reduction among the Scheduled Tribes in Maharashtra Population below poverty line, (%) 80
Households by Social Group, 2012 (%) All India Maharashtra Scheduled Tribe
9
9
Scheduled Caste
19
15
Other Backward Caste
43
33
50
General
29
42
40
Pace of poverty reduction
68
70 60
54 -3% per year
53 39 28
30
20 -13% per year 15 -13% per year
20
11 -13% per year
10 0 2005
■ Scheduled Tribe
2012
■ Scheduled Caste
■ Other Backward Caste
■ General
Poverty among the Scheduled Tribes in Maharashtra is among the highest in the country ST population below the poverty line, 2012 (%) 70 60
63 56
54
53
50
51
50
49 43
40
43
40
39
36
30 20 10
33
32
31
26
26
25
23
20
19
15
13
13
9
9
8
0
0 OD BH MH MP CG JH WB AI MN RJ KL GJ AR AS KA TN UP TR AP MZ NL JK UK MG HP HR SK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
6
June 20, 2017
0
PJ GA DL
Maharashtra Social Inclusion
More illiterates among the Scheduled Tribes than any other group in Maharashtra Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 42
Scheduled Tribe
24
Scheduled Caste
19
19
Other Backward Caste
0
■ Illiterate
20
36
20
16
20
18
21
19
15
General
20
41
18
50
40
60
80
100
■ Literate or primary school completed
■ Middle school completed
■ Secondary school or higher completed
More casual wage jobs for the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in Maharashtra Share of employed, 2012 (%) Scheduled Tribe
Scheduled Caste
28
37 50
44 28
13
■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried
Other Backward Caste
General
16
25 51 24
2
June 20, 2017
■ Self-employed
53 31
Maharashtra Social Inclusion
Open defecation in Maharashtra is lower than the national average, with the exception of the Scheduled Tribes Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100
80 69
69 59
60
48
44
40
38
34
38
21
20
21
0 All
Scheduled Tribe
Scheduled Caste
■ Maharashtra
Other Backward Caste
General
■ All India
The Scheduled Tribes in Maharashtra have lower access to drinking water than other groups Households with drinking water on premises, 2012 (%) 100
76
80
69
64 58
56
60
63
58
44
40 29
27
20
0 All
Scheduled Tribe
Scheduled Caste
■ Maharashtra
3
June 20, 2017
Other Backward Caste
■ All India
General
Maharashtra Health and Education 45 40
Health and education outcomes in Maharashtra are improving. Nonetheless, progress is slow. On 35 the bright side, infant 30 mortality, already lower than in many other states, is declining. Moreover, a larger share of Maharashtra’s children are now in school, and more adults have completed secondary 25 school than in many 20other states. On a less positive note, malnutrition levels in Maharashtra are higher than in other 15 states, even among the rich, and open defecation among lower income 10 households is high. And while improvements in school enrollments for the younger generation are 5 a bright spot, better learning outcomes have not followed. Interestingly, private school enrollment 0 in Maharashtra is higher thanTotal in most otherRural states. Urban Infant mortality is declining in Maharashtra Infant mortality rate Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 45
42 35 29
30
26
24
16
15
■ 2006
0 Total
Rural
■ 2013
Urban
Infant mortality in Maharashtra is lower than in many other states Infant mortality rate, 2013 Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60
50
46
40 31
30
18
20
10
9
10
21
22
24
24
31
32
32
35
35
36
26
26
PJ
TR KA WB AR UK HP MZ GJ
37
37
39
40
41
47
47
50
51
54
54
42
12
0 GA MN KL NL TN SK MH DL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
1
June 20, 2017
JK JH AP AI HR BH CG MG RJ UP OD AS MP
Maharashtra Health and Education
Malnutrition in Maharashtra is close to the national average Stunting in children <5 years, 2014 (%) 50
47
40
30
20
27
19
21
28
28
29
29
33
32
34
34
34
35
35
35
36
37
38
39
41
42
42
43
49
50
43
31
31
PJ
TR JK MN UK HP KA WB AP MH RJ HR OD AI AS MP GJ MG CG JH BH UP
23
10
0 KL GA TN MZ SK AR DL NL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Malnutrition is high even among the non-poor households in Maharashtra Stunting in children <5 years, 2006 (%) 70
64
60 50
60 55
54
46
54 49
48
45 41
40 29
30
25
20 10 0
All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
â&#x2013; Maharashtra Latest stunting data by wealth class available for 2006.
2
June 20, 2017
Quintile 3
â&#x2013; All India
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
Maharashtra Health and Education
Open defecation in Maharashtra is below the national average Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100
80 68 58
60
40
34
30
20
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
4
7
12
16
16
16
17
35
35
39
42
44
61
45
JK AP TN AI KA RJ MP UP BH CG OD JH
More open defecation among the lower income households than the rich in Maharashtra Households practicing open defecation, 2012(%) 31
46
59
81
96
80 69
60
54
40
41 34
20 19 4
0 All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
â&#x2013; Access and use of latrine
3
June 20, 2017
74
61
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
66
73
22
NL DL SK MZ MN TR KL MG GA AS AR PJ UK HR HP WB MH GJ
100
68
Quintile 3
Quintile 4
â&#x2013; Open defecation
Quintile 5
Maharashtra Health and Education
Secondary school attainment among Maharashtra’s adults is higher than in many other states Secondary education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 70 62 58
60 52
50
47 38
40 30 20
18
21
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
27
28
30
32
32
32
32
34
39
40
43
41
43
48
43
34
10 0 TR OD CG BH WB RJ SK MP AS UP JH MZ GJ AR MG AI AP JK UK TN KA PJ MH KL HR HP MN NL GA DL
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Significant progress in schooling for the young in Maharashtra after 2005 Education attainment, (% age 18-30)
Enrollment by age cohort, (%)
70 70 59
60 60
12
21-23 29
18-20
50 50
23
+11 50
+21
42
40 40
82
+18
Age
28
30 30
86
12-14
95
+9
21
20 20
16
13
10 10
64
15-17
9-11
13
6
98
96
6-8
90
93
+2 +3
00 Illiterate Illiterate
Literateoror Middle Literate Middle primaryschool school completed completed primary completed completed
Secondary Secondary andabove above and
■ 2005
4
June 20, 2017
100 100
■ 2012
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
00
20 20
40 40
60 60
80 80
100 100
Maharashtra Health and Education
Public school enrollment in Maharashtra is lower than the national average Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0% TR BH AR AS OD WB CG JH MZ SK HP MP GJ
■ All education levels
JK UK AI DL KA MG TN RJ MH HR AP UP NL
● Elementary
PJ MN KL GA
● Secondary and above
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
The lower income households go to public school in Maharashtra, the rich go to private school Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 80 71
75 65 60
60 51
57
50
53
40
40
35 24 18
20
0 All
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
■ 2005
5
June 20, 2017
Quintile 3
■ 2012
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
Maharashtra Health and Education
Learning outcomes in Maharashtra are higher than the national average Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%) 80
75
70
67
60 50 39
40 33
34
42
43
46
47
NL
SK AR UP TR
GJ
44
45
52
52
52
53
54
56
58
67
67
68
60
47
47
47
48
48
RJ
TN KA
AI
BH OD MZ CG WB MH AP MG UK KL MN PJ
34
30 20 10 0 AS MP JH
JK
Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.
Learning outcomes have been declining in Maharashtra Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, (%) 100
80
60
40
20
■ Maharashtra
■ All India
0 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
*Data on learning outcomes available for rural areas only.
6
June 20, 2017
2012
2013
2014
HR HP
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS Demographics
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Population
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Urban Share
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Child Sex Ratio
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group.
Adults
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Individuals of age 15 years and above are classified as ‘adults’. • The NSSO conducts employment and unemployment surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.
Working age population not in school
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Individuals of age 15 years and above that are currently not attending any educational institutes
Poor
Poverty lines based on the ‘Tendulkar’ poverty lines published by the former Planning Commission of India
• Households whose monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below the poverty line are classified as ‘poor’. • Poverty rate is the proportion of population that is counted as poor. • The number of poor is calculated by applying poverty rates, estimated using NSS data, to population estimates. Population for 1994 has been estimated by interpolating the 1991 and 2001 census population to January 1st of 1994. Similarly, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to noncensus years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • The NSSO conducts consumption expenditure surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.
• The population census is conducted once every 10 years. The most recent population census data available is for the year 2011.
Poverty Poverty rate
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
Inequality Gini coefficient
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May 20, 2016
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of consumption expenditure among households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. • Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, 1 implies perfect inequality. • Gini coefficient is estimated using survey data on monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS Welfare distribution
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Consumption expenditure quintiles
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Survey data on household consumption is used to estimate consumption expenditure quintiles within each state in India. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.
Wealth Index quintiles
National Family Health Survey, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• Survey data on asset ownership is used to construct a ‘wealth index’ which forms the basis for estimating wealth quintiles within each state in India.
Real GDP/GSDP growth rate
Central Statistical Office (CSO)
Real GDP/GSDP per capita
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• 2014 All-India estimate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) corresponds to the 2011-12 base year (new series). All other All-India GDP and state GSDP estimates correspond to 2004-05 base year and 2004-05 prices (old series). • All estimates of GDP/GSDP are as of March 31st of the corresponding financial year. For e.g. the Real GSDP for the financial year 1993-94 is as on 31st March 1994. • Population for the years 1994 to 2011 has been estimated by interpolating census population to March 31st of the corresponding year. For example, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to March 31st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to March 31st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Growth rate of GSDP/ GDP across any two consecutive years is the simple growth rate. Growth rate over multiple years is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). • Composition of 3 main sectors of the economy (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Components of GSDP growth rate represent the contribution of a sector to overall GSDP growth rate. This is estimated by the ratio of increase in value added in a sector to increase in overall value added and multiplying the ratio with the GSDP growth rate.
Income & Growth
Components of GSDP growth rate
Fiscal
2
Debt
Controller General of Accounts (CGA)
Fiscal Deficit
Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
May 20, 2016
• Debt is the government’s outstanding liabilities. • Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of the government in the financial year. • Both are expressed as a ratio of the nominal GDP/ GSDP (market prices).
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Jobs Labor force participation rate
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Adult individuals are classified as part of the labor force if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) or if they have been seeking work or have been available for work for a minimum of 6 months during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the labor force.
Workers/Employed/Number of jobs
Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Members of the labor force are classified as ‘workers’ if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) for a minimum of 30 days during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the work force. • The number of jobs/workers is arrived at by applying worker participation rates to population estimates. The ‘number of jobs’ estimate corresponds to the ‘number of workers’. • Population for 1994 and 2005 has been estimated by interpolating census population to January 1st of the corresponding year. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Job growth over a certain period is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). • Classification of workers by sector (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned. • A further disaggregated classification of workers by sector FARM – Agriculture/ farming CONS – Construction THR – Trade, hotels and restaurants MANU – Manufacturing PUB - Community, social and personal services TRAN - Transport, storage and communication FIRB - Financing, insurance, real estate and business services MINE+UTIL – Mining & quarrying + Utilities • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.
Job growth Workers by sector/wage-type
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May 20, 2016
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Education Literacy Education attainment
Enrollment Public educational institutes
Learning: Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%)
4
May 20, 2016
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• ‘Literate’ – includes those who have received both formal and informal schooling. • Education levels explained (i) ‘Illiterate’ – individuals who are not literate. (ii) ‘Literate or primary school completed’ – includes individuals who have completed primary school as well as those are literate but have not completed primary school. (iii) ‘Middle completed’ – individuals who have completed middle school. (iv) ‘Secondary and above’ – individuals who have completed secondary schooling or any level higher. Includes individuals who have completed higher secondary, diploma or certificate course or a graduate, postgraduate or higher degree.
Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• Includes all those currently attending formal primary schooling and above. • Public educational institutes include those that are run by the state/ central governments or by local bodies. This excludes any kind of privately owned and run institutes including private aided institutes.
Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Trends over time 2006-2014, ASER Centre/ Pratham
• Data available for rural areas only
Technical Appendix
INDICATORS
DATA SOURCE
REMARKS
Health Maternal mortality ratio
Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Maternal mortality ratio is derived as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births reported. • Data for 3 years is pooled to enhance sample size and yield more reliable estimates. • For states split after the year 2000, i.e. Bihar and Jharkhand; Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, MMR is estimated jointly.
Infant mortality rate
Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (children aged 1 year or less) per 1,000 live births.
Malnutrition: Stunting
National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• ‘Stunting’ defined as percentage of children below age 5 who are short for their age. • Data for 2006 is from the NFHS and for 2014 is from the RSOC. Though both provide stunting estimates for children below age 5 the numbers for 2006 and 2014 may not be strictly comparable due to differences in survey methodology.
Rapid Survey on Children (RSOC), Ministry of Women and Child Development
Infrastructure & Amenities Electrification
Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• ‘Electrification’ defined as the proportion of households using electricity as primary source of energy for lighting.
Road density
Basic Roads Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
• Road density has been defined as road length per million people and road length per 1,000 sq. km. • Road length estimates correspond to ‘total road length’ data published in the Basic Roads Statistics report. • Population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). • Land area estimates have been taken from the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
Drinking water on premises
Survey of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
• The most recent survey data is available for the year 2012.
Open defecation Access to latrine
5
May 20, 2016
Technical Appendix
LABEL Data labels
29 STATES AND ALL INDIA
LABEL
SOCIAL GROUP
ST SC OBC General
‘scheduled tribe’ ‘scheduled caste’ ‘other backward class’ ‘others’
(7 ‘low income states’ highlighted)
AI AP AR AS BH CG DL GA GJ HP HR JH JK KA KL MG MH MN MP MZ NL OD PJ RJ SK TN TR UK UP WB
All India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Meghalaya Maharashtra Manipur Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal
Adjustments for split states In the year 2000, 3 large states namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were each split to form two states each. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were the 3 new states created. The NSSO survey data allows us to separately estimate variables for ‘split’ states, enabling us to construct a consistent and comparable series of variables for the pre-split and post-split period. A consistent and comparable series for population and growth data is not available. Specifically - 1991 population census data for ‘split’ states is not available and GSDP series for ‘split’ states is only available for years after 2000. In order to create a consistent population series, the 1991 population estimates for the parent state have been divided in a way that mirrors the relative shares of the new states’ population in the parent state population in 2001. In order to create a consistent GSDP series, pre-2000 GSDP figures for the parent state have been divided in a way that preserves the relative shares of the new ‘ GSDP in the parent state GSDP for a ten year period after the year 2000. In the year 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh (AP), with the remaining portion of AP retaining the name of the parent state. Separate estimates for Telangana have not been published in the States Briefs. All state-level estimates for Andhra Pradesh correspond to AP and Telangana combined.
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May 20, 2016