Newsletter: World Bank in India - February 2023

World Bank in India

A rural women-led enterprise in India that is bringing nutritious meals to the sick

It is still dark at 4 am as Leela Devi wakes up in her home in Baghmanjhua village, in the eastern Indian state of Bihar. As the sun rises, she busies herself with making breakfast and lunch for her family and readying her children for school. She has a busy day ahead as the mother of three leaves for the Koielwar Mental Asylum Hospital in Bhojpur district, seven kilometers away from her home, where she works in the kitchen of the Didi ki Rasoi.

Dressed in a traditional saree from home, at the hospital Leela Devi dons a white coat over the saree, a protective transparent cap on her head and adjusts her brown apron. Her day at the kitchen or rasoi starts at 6.30 am as she goes over the menu for the day and starts the prep work for making breakfast and lunch for the patients and staff at the hospital.

“My husband works in a grocery store, and it has not been easy to support our family just on his salary,” says Leela Devi. “In 2022, when someone from my village self-help group told me about the Didi ki Rasoi, I was hesitant at

first. I didn’t know anything about working in a canteen or restaurant or with customers. But with support from my family, I thought I will give it a try.”

Before I joined Didi ki Rasoi, I was just an ordinary woman. I had no real sense of identity or uniqueness. Didi ki Rasoi has given me a sense of self-respect as I don’t have to ask my husband for money any more.

Leela Devi Didi ki Rasoi staff Koielwar Mental Asylum Hospital, Bhojpur

Leela Devi takes turns working with the other women in the Didi ki Rasoi kitchen and canteen which serves over 250 people every day. This canteen is serviced by 26 women who work in two shifts as they prepare meals for the patients, their attendant, staff, and walk-in customers of the canteen.

“Before I joined Didi ki Rasoi, I was just an ordinary woman; I had no real sense of identity or uniqueness. Didi ki Rasoi has given me a sense of self-respect as I don’t have to ask my husband for money any more,” she smiles. Leela Devi, who has studied till eighth grade, now earns a salary of Rs 8,000-10,000 each month.

Setting up the enterprise

Inspired by Café Kudumbashree model from Kerala, Didi ki Rasoi was first started in 2018 as part of the World Banksupported Bihar Transformative Development Project (BTDP). This initiative is being implemented by the Bihar Rural Livelihoods Promotion Society (also known as JEEViKA) to establish and operate food service counters in all district and block hospitals in the state. The first enterprise was established in Vaishali district of Bihar, following which this was scaled up across all 38 districts

of Bihar. Currently, more than 83 such enterprises operate in Bihar across government hospitals, medical colleges, schools, banks, and other institutions. They involve more than 1,200 women entrepreneurs and 150 full-time employees, who are supported by 20 consultants who are experienced in hotel management and catering.

JEEViKA provides the seed capital to establish each enterprise, while the Cluster Level Federations (CLFs) are responsible for procuring equipment and utensils. The CLFs identify women from the local self-help groups, who undergo a seven-day training program on technical and managerial aspects like hygiene, bookkeeping, and customer service.

Customers in government hospitals, medical colleges, schools, banks, and other institutions get 'home-cooked' meals that are affordable, nutritious, and wholesome. A standard meal platter includes eggs, fruit, and milk for breakfast; rice, roti, dal, seasonal vegetables for lunch and dinner; and tea and biscuits for the evening snack. The menu for the walk-in canteens is more populist, with local snacks like litti and kachori. Most raw material is purchased from local farmers and producer groups promoted by Jeevika.

Dr Jitendera Nath, Civil Surgeon at the Buxar District Hospital, who oversaw the establishment of the Didi ki Rasoi in his hospital, is proud of this achievement. “We have ensured the timely construction of the Didi ki Rasoi here and are happy with the feedback that we receive from the patients and customers. The women or the didis are at the heart of this enterprise that provides a taste of home away from home.”

The Didi ki Rasois in district hospitals, where footfalls are around 350 per day, usually earn an average monthly revenue of Rs 2.5 lakh, with a net profit margin of about 15 percent.

Thirty-two-year-old Priyanka Devi lives in Pandit Pur village, about 10 kilometers from the Buxar District Hospital in Bihar. She has been working in the Didi ki Rasoi at the hospital since 2019 and is proud of the contribution her salary from the enterprise makes towards the education of her three children.

When I joined the Rasoi, I was nervous about working with large quantities of food. We are a small family of five, and I was not used to cooking such huge quantities. But with time, and with encouragement from other didis, I was able to learn quickly. Now, cooking and managing the canteen serving more than 250 people at a time, three times a day, is a breeze and I enjoy it greatly.

Priyanka Devi Didi ki Rasoi staff Buxar District Hospital

Looking forward

Working in Didi ki Rasoi has also taken Priyanka Devi out of her village to different towns and states. When she first travelled to the nearby state of Odisha to participate in the Saras mela or fete there, she remembers being terrified as she had never stepped out of her village before. “I kept imagining the worst that could happen. But then I realised that if you treat people as family, they also respond the same way. Working with the Didi ki Rasoi has given me the courage and confidence to step out of my comfort zone.”

Apart from the Saras mela where she and other women from the Rasoi put up food stalls to sell food to customers attending the mela, Priyanka Devi and her team also cater lunch at the District Magistrate’s collectorate during important meetings. They have also prepared and served food for hundreds of people during local elections, and during the COVID-19 lockdowns when people were quarantined.

JEEViKA has also set up high-end food enterprises in the Patna branch of the State Bank of India and Reserve Bank of India and is now piloting other marketing models such as kiosks at high footfall areas. Several older enterprises have also ventured into catering for government and private institutions like CARE and UNICEF and exploring tie-ups with food delivery apps. Inspired by the success of these Rasois, many other states too have adopted the model, which are being financed by the National Rural Economic Transformation Project, the World Bank’s flagship rural livelihoods program with the Ministry of Rural Development.

Didi ki Rasoi is one of the many enterprise promotion initiatives undertaken by JEEViKA under the $290 million Bihar Transformative Development Project. Besides a plethora of farm-based and nutrition-related interventions, the project is supporting women-owned enterprises across other growth sectors like ‘Grameen Bazaar’ in the retail sector, ‘Shilpgram’ in the arts and crafts sector, and ‘Madhugram’ in the beekeeping sector.

REGIONAL DIALOGUE

Effective Regional Responses for Transboundary Air Pollution

Countries, states or provinces, and cities cannot achieve air quality targets on their own given the spatial interdependence of air quality

When it comes to statistics on air pollution, South Asia’s regional picture is covered in thick smog. The region is home to 9 out of world’s 10 most polluted cities and over 60 % of the population here lives in areas where the deathly soot particles, also called PM 2.5 levels, are higher than the least stringent World Health Organization (WHO) Interim Target. The polluted air is causing a public health and a developmental crisis, with an estimated two million premature deaths per year and staggering economic costs.

As the dusty soot rises, no physical or national boundaries can contain it— it travels hundreds of miles across municipal, state, and even national borders. Take the example of the “two Punjabs” between India and Pakistan— about 30% of the air pollution in the Indian

state of Punjab comes from neighboring Pakistan, and similarly, more than 18% of air pollution in Pakistan’s Punjab state comes from neighboring India. Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, receives an estimated 30% of the pollution that has origins in India, given the predominant wind direction from the northwest to the southeast.

With the spatial interdependency of the air quality, cities, states or provinces, and countries are dependent on the “spillovers” from the neighbors. This makes cooperation and joint action imperative to air quality management efforts in the region. The latest World Bank report, Striving for Clean Air: Air Pollution and Public Health in South Asia, estimates that cooperative approaches to air quality management can be around 45 % less expensive in comparison with approaches that have no regional component. The cooperative approaches are also more effective and deliver better and faster results.

To layout collaborative policy actions and build on the recommendations of the report, the 14th OneSouthAsia Conversation, Striving for Clean Air: Effective Regional Responses, was held in January 2023. The panel brought together senior government representatives from the four countries of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP)—Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan that share an “airshed” or similar air quality, given the common climate and geographical factors. The online conversation was held in partnership with the Centre of Excellence for Research in Climate Change and Air Pollution, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi. Here are some key messages from the event:

Mainstreaming Air Quality Management in National Policies

Air quality management is steadily making its way up as a priority for national and state policy actions. For instance, in India, the government is implementing the National Action Clean Air Program since 2019 to improve air quality across 131 cities most polluted cities. A dynamic Portal for Regulation of Air Quality in Non-Attainment Cities or PRANA is tracking the air pollution data, money-spent, and effectiveness of city and state-based pollution abatement measures. Roshni Sen, Principal Secretary, Department of Environment in India’s West Bengal state said that the states and cities are aligning efforts with national priorities, generating data, and taking policy decisions accordingly.

Adjacent to West Bengal, Bangladesh is revamping efforts with new Air Pollution Control Rules of 2022. Abdul Hamid, Director General, Department of Environment in Bangladesh said that earlier natural disasters, diseases, and pandemics were taking precedence as major risks to health and lives of the people. This is changing now. “We are fast recognizing that air pollution is a silent killer,” he said, adding that the new air pollution rules in his country have unique features that allow the directorate to declare an area as “a degraded airshed” and prioritize targeted action.

Other countries of the IGP including Pakistan and Nepal are formulating policies as well. Pakistan Clean Action Plan is to guide policy actions, both at national and provincial levels. This will include efforts at establishing and expanding air quality monitoring networks, setting up environment endowment fund, enforcing environment protection standards including those specific to high pollutant industries, said Samia Saleem, Additional Secretary, Environment Protection Department, Pakistan, Punjab

In Nepal, the right to “clean and healthy environment” is a constitutional provision, making access to clear air a fundamental right for the citizens, said Namaraj Ghimire, Director General, Department of Environment in Nepal. Air quality management is embedded in the country’s ambitious plan to reach zero emission targets by 2045. The country’s response ranges from institutional action including environment protection council and

The Struggle for Clean Air in South Asia

• South Asia is home to 9 of the world’s 10 cities with the worst air pollution.

• Air pollution causes an estimated 2 million premature deaths across the region each year and incurs significant economic costs.

• Concentrations of fine particulate matter such as soot and small dust (PM2.5) in some of the region’s most densely populated and impoverished areas are up to 20 times higher than what WHO considers healthy (5 µg/ m3)

• More than 50% of the air pollution in major cities is not local but travels from outside.

environment protection fund to abatement measures like emphasizing use of electric vehicles and using less polluting bio-pellets and zigzag technology for brick kilns.

Other low-cost measures that the countries are implementing include mitigating road dust, using smokeless cooking stoves, using concrete blocks instead of bricks for construction, and proper waste burning. These measures will yield effective results if applied in tandem and in close coordination with neighboring states and countries.

Air pollution is transboundary, interconnected, and knows no national boundaries. Governments across the regions and states are adopting a range of policies, but the efforts will fall short of reaching the required air quality targets if there is no regional coordination.

Cooperative Approaches are Better, More Effective, and Less Costly

Air pollution is transboundary, interconnected, and knows no national boundaries—a fact that was echoed by all panelists during the webinar. Even as governments across the regions and states are adopting a range of policies, the efforts will fall short of reaching the required air quality targets if there is no regional coordination.

For example, if the National Capital Territory in Delhi, which is among the most polluted capitals in the world, was to fully implement all technically feasible air pollution

control measures by 2030, it would still not meet the WHO Interim Target if other neighboring states and countries do not scale up efforts. This is because the inflow of pollution from these states and bordering countries accounts for more than 50% percent of air particulate matter in Delhi.

The modelling in the new report lays it clearly that working together would be more effective, and less costly—almost 45 % less expensive. For example, if the regions in South Asia were to implement all technically

feasible solutions to reduce air pollution separately, the average exposure would fall to just 17 μg/m³ by 2030. But the cost would be enormous at USD 2.6 billion per μg/m³. However, if there is full coordination, and governments in pollution hotspots aim to reduce pollution under a common strategy that leverages more cost-effective abatement measures, the average exposure of PM2.5 in South Asia could be cut to 30 µg/m³ at a much-reduced cost of USD 278 million per µg/m3

“Air pollution is not restricted by boundaries. More than 50% of air pollution in major cities in South Asia travels from neighboring states and countries. Cities, states, provinces, and countries of the Indo Gangetic Plain cannot reach air quality targets by themselves and are fully dependent on the 'positive spillovers' from the neighbors. Evidence is clear that by working together, countries will get better results, quicker and cheaper. Cooperative approaches can also save more than 750,000 lives annually. "

Cecile Fruman Director, Regional Integration and Engagement, South Asia, World Bank

Next Steps to Collaborate and Clean the Air

Collaborations for air pollution management start with knowing that isolated measures cannot win the battle. Dr Rangan Banerjee, Director, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, pointed to the mutual benefit in understanding the airsheds, sources of pollution, and the measures needed to fix the problem. He also emphasized the significant role of science, evidence, and technical models in designing solutions and evidencebased policies. A few suggestions from the panelists to strengthen cooperation include:

• Gathering evidence and conducting source apportionment studies across the countries, provinces, and cities using the same standards. This will help identify sources of air pollution and design policies jointly for effective results.

• Sharing technical knowledge, local best practices, and pooling resources on air quality management.

• Organizing joint missions to neighboring countries for learning and understanding common measures that can be implemented.

• Developing a framework for regional cooperation which will set air quality targets and goals, based on the baseline indicators in each country, state or province.

• Establishing a regional scientific platform, which will build a community of scientists and technical experts for collaboration.

World Bank Report’s Three-Phased Roadmap for Clean Air

Phase 1: Better Monitoring and Improved Institutions: Expand air pollution monitoring beyond the big cities; share data with the public, create and strengthen credible scientific institutes that analyze airsheds, and take a whole-of-government approach.

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3: Mainstream Air Quality in the Economy: Provide incentives for greener solutions and technologies in the privatesector, explore emission-trading schemes within air-sheds, and tap on the synergies with climate change policies.

Phase 3

Video - 14th OneSouthAsia Conversation

Phase 2: Additional and Joint Targets for Costeffective Abatement: Broaden abatement measures beyond the traditional pollutant sources of powerplants, large factories and transportation and target cost-effective solutions like air pollution from agriculture, solid waste management, cookstoves, brick kilns, and other small firms. At the same time, introduce airshed-wide standards can be introduced.

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