A short introduction of Germany

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A short introduction of Germany

Geography Location: Central Europe, bordering the North Sea and the Baltic Sea between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark

Area: Total area: 356,910 km^2 ༣༥༦༩༡༠ Land area: 349,520 km^2 ༣༤༩༥༢༠ Includes the formerly separate Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, and Berlin following formal unification on 3 October 1990. ༡༩༩༠

Land boundaries: Total 3,621 km ༣༦༢༡

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Austria 784 km ༧༤༨ Belgium 167 km ༡༦༧ Czech Republic 646 km ༦༤༦ Denmark 68 km ༦༨ France 451 km ༤༥༡ Luxembourg 138 km ༡༣༨ Netherlands 577 km ༥༧༧ Poland 456 km ༤༥༦ Switzerland 334 km ༣༣༤ Coastline: 2,389 km ༢༣༨༩ Climate:

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Temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm, tropical foehn wind; high relative humidity

Terrain: Lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south

Natural resources: Iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel

Land use: Arable land: 34% ༣༠ Permanent crops: 1% ༡ Meadows and pastures: 16% ༡༦ Forest and woodland: 30% ༣༠ Other: 19% ༡༩

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Irrigated land: 4,800 km2 (1989 est.) ༡༩༨༩

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Environment:

Current issues: Emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries and lead emissions from vehicle exhausts (the result of continued use of leaded fuels) contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; heavy pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany

International agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air PollutionSulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, AntarcticEnvironmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes

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People

Population: 81,471,834 (July 2011 est.) ༢༠༡༡

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Age structure: 0-14 years:

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0-14 years: 13.3% (male 5,569,390/female 5,282,245) ༡༣.༣ 15-64 years:

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15-64 years: 66.1% (male 27,227,487/female 26,617,915) ༦༦.༡ 65 years and over:

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༢༧༢༢༧༤༨༧

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65 years and over: 20.6% (male 7,217,163/female 9,557,634) (2011 est.) ༢༠༡༡ ༧༢༡༧༡༦༣

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༩༥༥༧༦༣༤

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Population growth rate: -0.208% (2011 est.) ༢༠༡༡

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Birth rate: 8.3 births/1,000 population (2011 est.) ༢༠༡༡

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Death rate: 10.92 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.) ༢༠༡༡

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Net migration rate: 0.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.) ༢༠༡༡

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Urbanization Urban population: 74% of total population (2010) ༢༠༡༡

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Rate of urbanization: 0% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.) ༢༠༡༡

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0%

Infant mortality rate: Total: 3.54 deaths/1,000 live births Male: 3.84 deaths/1,000 live births Female: 3.21 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.) ༢༠༡༡ ༣.༨༤

༡༠༠༠ ༣.༢༡

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Life expectancy at birth:

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Total population: 80.07 years ༨༠.༠༧ Male: 77.82 years ༧༧.༨༢ Female: 82.44years ༨༢.༤༤ Total fertility rate: 1.41 children born/woman (2011 est.) ༢༠༡༡

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HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate 0.1% (2009 est.) ༢༠༠༩

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HIV/AIDS -People living with HIV/AIDS 67,000 (2009 est.) ༢༠༠༩

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HIV/AIDS –Deaths Fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.) ༢༠༡༡

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Nationality: German(s) (Deutscher, Deutsche) German (deutsch)

Ethnic divisions:

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German 91.5% ༩༡

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Turkish 2.4% ༢

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Italians 0.7% ༧ Greeks 0.4% ༤ Poles 0.4% ༤ Other 1.1% ༡

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Religions: Protestant 34% ༣༤ Roman Catholic 34% ༣༤ Muslim 3.7% ༣

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Unaffiliated or other 28.3% ༢༨ Languages: German (Deutsch)

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Literacy: Age 15 and over can read and write (2003 est.) total population: 99% Male: 99%, Female: 99% ༢༠༠༣ ༩༩

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People – note Second most populous country in Europe after Russia

Labor force: 36.75 million ༣༦.༧༥

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By occupation: industry 41%, agriculture 6%, other 53% ༤༡

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༥༣ Government

Names: Conventional long form: Federal Republic of Germany

Conventional short form: Germany

Local long form: Bundesrepublik Deutschland

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Local short form: Deutschland

Digraph: GM

Type: Federal republic

Capital: Berlin

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Administrative divisions: 16 states: Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, NordrheinWestfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, SchleswigHolstein, Thüringen. ༡༦ ༥ ༡༠

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Independence:

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18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945 following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone; unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October 1990; all four power rights formally relinquished 15 March 1991. ༡༨༧༡

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Constitution: 23 May 1949, known as Basic Law (Grundgesetz); became constitution of the united German people 3 October 1990

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Legal system: Civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday: German Unity Day, 3 October (1990) ༡༩༩༠

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Political parties and leaders: 

Christian Democratic Union (CDU),

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Christian Social Union (CSU),

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Free Democratic Party (FDP),

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Social Democratic Party (SPD),

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Alliance '90/Greens,

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 

Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS),

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Republikaner,

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National Democratic Party (NPD),

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Communist Party (DKP)

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(

Other political or pressure groups: Expellee, refugee, and veterans groups

Suffrage: Universal at 18 years of age ༡༨ Executive branch: Chief of state: President

Head of government: Chancellor

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Cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president upon the proposal of the chancellor

Legislative branch: Bicameral parliament (no official name for the two chambers as a whole) consists of an upper chamber or Federal Council (Bundesrat) and a lower chamber or Federal Assembly (Bundestag).

Judicial branch: Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht).

Diplomatic representation in US: Chief of mission: Ambassador

(

) chancery: 4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC

20007, USA telephone: +1 (202) 298-4000 Consulates general:

Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco, Seattle

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US diplomatic representation: Chief of mission: Ambassador

Embassy: Berlin Consulates general:

Frankfurt, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich, and Stuttgart

Flag:

1813. At this time a liberation war exist against Napoleon.

Who fight against Napoleon in Germany at that time use a flag black-redgold. That means: Black for slavery or suppression. Red for the blood in the battles. Gold for the light of freedom.

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Economy Five years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, progress towards economic integration between eastern and western Germany is clearly visible, yet the eastern region almost certainly will remain dependent on subsidies funded by western Germany until well into the next century. The staggering $390 billion in western German assistance that the eastern states have received since 1990 - 40 times the amount in real terms of US Marshall Fund aid sent to West Germany after World War II - is just beginning to have an impact on the eastern German standard of living, Which plummeted after unification. Assistance to the east continues to run at roughly $100 billion annually. Although the growth rate in the east was much greater than in the west in 1993-94, Eastern GDP per capita nonetheless remains well below preunification levels; it will take 10-15 years for the eastern states to match western Germany's living standards. The economic recovery in the east is led by the construction industries which account for one-third of industrial output, with growth increasingly supported by the service sectors and light manufacturing industries. Eastern Germany's economy is changing from one anchored on manufacturing to a more service-oriented economy.

Western Germany, with three times the per capita output of the eastern states, has an advanced market economy and is a world leader in exports.

The strong recovery in 1994 from recession began in the export sector and

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spread to the investment and consumption sectors in response to falling interest rates.

Western Germany has a highly urbanized and skilled population that enjoys excellent living standards, abundant leisure time, and comprehensive social welfare benefits. It is relatively poor in natural resources, coal being the most important mineral. Western Germany's world-class companies manufacture technologically advanced goods. The region's economy is mature: services and manufacturing account for the dominant share of economic activities, and raw materials and semimanufactured goods constitute a large portion of imports.

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National product: Germany: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.3446 trillion (1994 est.) ༡༩༩༤ ༡.༣༤༤༦ Western: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.2363 trillion (1994 est.) ༡༩༩༤ ༡.༢༣༦༣ Eastern: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $108.3 billion (1994 est.) ༡༩༩༤ ༡༠༨.༣ Exports: $437.0 billion (f.o.b., 1994) ༡༩༩༤

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commodities: manufactures 89.3% (including machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural products 5.5%, raw materials 2.7%, fuels 1.3% (1993) ༡༩༩༣

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༣ Partners: EC 46.4% (France 11.3%, Netherlands 7.4%, Italy 7.5%, UK 7.7%, Belgium and Luxembourg 6.6%), EFTA 15.5%, US 7.7%, Eastern Europe 5.2%, OPEC 3.0% (1993) ༤༦ ༡༡ ༧

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Imports: $362 billion (f.o.b., 1994) ༡༩༩༤

༣༦༢ commodities:

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manufactures 89.3% (including machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural products 5.5%, raw materials 2.7%, fuels 1.3% (1993) ༡༩༩༣

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༣ Partners:

EC 46.4 (France 11.3%, Netherlands 8.4%, Italy 8.1%, UK 6.0%, Belgium and Luxembourg 5.7%), EFTA 14.3%, US 7.3%, Eastern Europe 5.2%, OPEC 2.6% (1993) ༤༦ ༡༡ ༨

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Industries: Western:

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Among world's largest and technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics; food and beverages

Eastern: Metal fabrication, chemicals, brown coal, shipbuilding, machine building, food and beverages, textiles, petroleum refining

Agriculture: Western: Accounts for about 1% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); diversified crop and livestock farming; principal crops and livestock include potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbage, cattle, pigs, poultry; net importer of food ༡ )

Eastern:

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Accounts for about 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); principal crops - wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, fruit; livestock products include pork, beef, chicken, milk, hides and skins; net importer of food ༡༠

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Illicit drugs: Source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors; transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and Latin American cocaine for West European markets

Transportation

Railroads: Total: 43,457 km ༤༣༤༥༧ Standard gauge: 43,190 km (electrified 16,694 km) ༤༣༡༩༠ Sarrow gauge: 267 km ༢༦༧ Highways:

(

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Total: 636,282 km ༦༣༦༢༨༢ Paved: 501,282 km (10,955 km of autobahn) ༥༠༡༢༨༢

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Unpaved: 135,000 km ༡༣༥༠༠༠ Ports: Berlin, Bonn, Brake, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Brunsbüttel, Cologne, Dresden, Duisburg, Emden, Hamburg, Karlsruhe, Kiel, Lübeck, Magdeburg, Mannheim, Rostock, Saßnitz, Stralsund, Stuttgart, Wilhelmshaven, Wismar །

Airport : Total 660 ༦༦༠ (

༡༩༩༤ ) ༢༠༡༡

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