R&D World Spring 2022

SPRING 2022 W W W . R D W O R L D O N L I N E . CO M

2022 GLOBAL R&D

FUNDING FORECAST

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INSIDE SPRING 2022 • vol 3 no 1 • RDWORLDONLINE.COM

From the editor.............................................. 4 Ad index.......................................................... 24 2022 Global Funding Forecast R&D variants cover more than the pandemic 6 Strong R&D growth, with clouds on the horizon 10

CHECK US OUT ON ISSUU.COM!

Features Greener chemistry, better planet................. 14 A conversation with industry pioneer John Warner

How Barcelona became an R&D hub........... 20 Lessons learned from 20 years of District 22@Barcelona

It’s not a web page, it’s an industry information site So much happens between issues of R&D World that even another issue would not be enough to keep up. That’s why it makes sense to visit rdworldonline.com and stay on Twitter, Facebook and Linkedin.

It’s updated regularly with relevant technical information and other significant news for the design engineering community.

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FROM THE EDITOR

Ready for a banner year in 2022 This is the time of the year when submissions for our awards program, the R&D 100 Awards, begin to come in at a rapid clip. This year is a very special one for us, it being the 60th Anniversary of these esteemed awards, which are often referred to as the “Oscars of Innovation” or the “Nobel Prizes of Technology.”

If you’re not familiar with the program, it is the only science and technology awards competition that recognizes new commercial products, processes, technologies, software, and materials for their technological significance. Since 1963, this publication has identified and celebrated each year’s top 100 revolutionary technologies from across the globe. Our panel of expert judges have recognized an amazing group of finalists and winners over the last 60 years, so many of which have changed the world for the better.

Submission categories for 2022 are unchanged from last year, and are comprised of the following: • Analytical/Test • IT/Electrical • Mechanical/Materials • Process/Prototyping • Software/Services • Other • Special Recognition: Corporate Social Responsibility • Special Recognition: Green Tech • Special Recognition: Market Disruptor – Products • Special Recognition: Market Disruptor – Services • Special Recognition: Battling COVID-19

Kong, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, the U.K., and the United States.

Past R&D 100 Awards recipients include established Fortune 500 companies and federally funded research institutions, as well as academic and government labs and smaller companies.

Their leading products, technologies, and services will make a difference in a wide range of industries — and together represent a bright future for science and innovation in the years to come.

We’re also excited to (hopefully!) return to an in-person awards dinner this year. This gala black-tie event has always been an incredible networking opportunity for the brightest minds in research — and an unforgettable night of celebration.

We’re planning this year’s return for November 17th at the lovely Coronado Island Marriott Resort & Spa, just outside San Diego.

If you’re interested in more information about nominating your technology or product for the 2022 awards, please download the Call for Nominations, which includes frequently asked questions, specifics about the various categories, and details on the submission process at: https://www. rdworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/RD1002022CallforNominations.pdf.

And you can submit your entry directly at https://rd100. secure-platform.com/a. Our early bird deadline this year is Friday, May 6th, and our final deadline for 2022 is Friday, June 6th. &

In the past three years, entries have come from all over the world — Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hong

Paul J. Heney | VP, Editorial Director pheney@wtwhmedia.com On Twitter @wtwh_paulheney

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2022 R&D VARIANTS COVER MORE THAN THE PANDEMIC GLOBAL R&D FUNDING FORECAST

RESEARCHERS LIVE in a world of variants— coronaviral variants are taking center stage in the media right now. But in 2022, researchers will also have to deal with the challenges of accelerating economic inflation rates, global warming, electrification of everything, fifth- and sixth-generation broadband uncertainties, declining animal and plant diversities, declining global population rates, science and technology immigration limitations and wide political divisions to name just a few.

For 2022 and the 63rd consecutive year, the editors of R&D World are focusing on the annual global variants of R&D investments for the upcoming calendar year. In this annual report, we document the changing R&D

investments in academia, government and industrial organizations for the top 116 R&Dinvesting countries in the world. We look at the reasons for these changes, their effects on current and future spending, and the net technological results.

For 2022, R&D World’s editors forecast that $2.476 trillion will be invested globally in R&D efforts, an increase of 5.43% over the $2.348 trillion that was spent in calendar 2021. More than 80% (81.6% or $104 billion) of that 2022 R&D spending increase can be accounted for by the annual increases in the Top Ten R&D spending countries (U.S. to Brazil). The overall list of R&D spenders are comprised of 116 countries with a total 2022 forecast GDP of $118.6 trillion, according to the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF’s) October 2021 World Economic Outlook. The ratios of R&D to GDP vary from country to country with a high of 4.8% (Israel) to a low of 0.24% (Indonesia)—for the top 40 R&D spending countries.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Pandemic-affecting changes resulted in smaller-than-expected R&D spending changes over the past two years. The overall global economic growth figures slowed in 2021 from the rapid global growth seen in the years up to that date. But the overall R&D to GDP figures changed only slightly, so R&D growth slowed from what was expected due to slower overall economic growth, but the actual amount of R&D performed still grew as did the country rates.

Global production slowed in several areas, including automotive and ICT (information and communications technology), due to pandemic-related labor issues and supply limitations. But R&D work was less affected than production in these industries. If anything, R&D grew even faster than might have been expected.

And even as this report is being created, the automotive and ICT industries are still struggling to overcome the “chip shortages”

COURTESY OF ADOBE STOCK

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Section 1 - R&D World GFF 2-22.indd 6

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2022

GLOBAL R&D FUNDING FORECAST GLOBAL GROSS EXPENDITURES ON R&D (GERD) 2020

Global Country rank

GDP BILLIONS US$, PPP

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

R&D SHARE GDP

2021 GERD BILLIONS US$, PPP

GDP BILLIONS US$, PPP

2022

R&D SHARE GDP

GERD BILLIONS US$, PPP

GDP BILLIONS US$, PPP

R&D SHARE GDP

GERD BILLIONS US$, PPP

1

United States

19,847

3.04%

603.3

21,038

3.06%

643.8

22,131

3.07%

679.4

2

China

23,010

2.00%

460.2

24,851

2.04%

507.0

26,243

2.10%

551.1 182.2

3

Japan

5,225

3.40%

177.6

5,350

3.30%

176.6

5,521

3.30%

4

Germany

4,239

3.10%

131.4

4,370

3.13%

136.8

4,571

3.13%

143.1

5

South Korea

2,188

4.35%

95.2

2,282

4.40%

100.4

2,357

4.50%

106.1

6

France

2,832

2.25%

63.7

3,011

2.22%

66.8

3,128

2.19%

68.5

7

India

8,443

0.80%

67.6

9,246

0.70%

64.7

10,031

0.65%

65.2

8

United Kingdom

2,798

1.73%

48.4

2,988

1.74%

52.0

3,138

1.75%

54.9

9

Russia

3,876

1.25%

48.5

4,058

1.25%

50.7

4,176

1.25%

52.2

10

Brazil

2,989

1.16%

34.7

3,145

1.16%

36.5

3,192

1.16%

37.0 35.6

11

Italy

2,322

1.26%

29.3

2,457

1.34%

32.9

2,560

1.39%

12

Taiwan

1,143

2.46%

28.1

1,211

2.50%

30.3

1,251

2.55%

31.9

13

Canada

1,743

1.80%

31.4

1,842

1.70%

31.3

1,932

1.60%

30.9

14

Australia

1,251

2.20%

27.5

1,348

2.20%

29.7

1,404

2.20%

30.9

15

Turkey

2,394

0.89%

21.3

2,610

0.93%

24.3

2,696

0.96%

25.9

16

Spain

1,715

1.25%

21.4

1,813

1.25%

22.7

1,929

1.25%

24.1

17

Netherlands

946

2.12%

20.0

981

2.14%

21.0

1,013

2.16%

21.9

18

Switzerland

591

3.37%

19.9

613

3.37%

20.6

631

3.37%

21.3

19

Israel

353

4.94%

17.5

379

4.90%

18.6

394

4.80%

18.9

20

Sweden

525

3.31%

17.4

546

3.31%

18.1

564

3.31%

18.7

21

Belgium

557

2.77%

15.4

588

2.80%

16.5

607

2.80%

17.0

22

Poland

1,224

1.21%

14.8

1,286

1.22%

15.7

1,352

1.22%

16.5

23

Austria

463

3.21%

14.9

481

3.20%

15.4

503

3.20%

16.1

24

Saudi Arabia

1,543

0.82%

12.7

1,586

0.83%

13.2

1,663

0.85%

14.1 12.7

25

Thailand

1,207

1.00%

12.1

1,219

1.00%

12.2

1,274

1.00%

26

Singapore

531

1.92%

10.2

563

1.92%

10.8

581

1.92%

11.2

27

Denmark

326

3.03%

9.9

339

3.04%

10.3

349

3.04%

10.6 10.1

28

Malaysia

856

1.04%

8.9

886

1.06%

9.4

939

1.08%

29

Iran

1,044

0.83%

8.7

1,070

0.83%

8.9

1,092

0.85%

9.3

30

UAE

656

1.28%

8.4

670

1.28%

8.6

690

1.30%

9.0

31

Egypt

1,223

0.72%

8.8

1,263

0.72%

9.1

1,230

0.72%

8.9

32

Czechia

410

1.93%

7.9

426

1.94%

8.3

445

1.94%

8.6

33

Mexico

2,306

0.31%

7.2

2,449

0.32%

7.8

2,547

0.33%

8.4

34

Indonesia

3,131

0.23%

7.2

3,231

0.24%

7.8

3,421

0.24%

8.2

35

Finland

261

2.76%

7.2

269

2.78%

7.5

277

2.80%

7.8

36

Norway

342

2.07%

7.1

352

2.08%

7.3

367

2.08%

7.6

37

Bangladesh

794

0.72%

5.7

807

0.72%

5.8

858

0.73%

6.3

38

South Africa

680

0.83%

5.6

714

0.84%

6.0

730

0.85%

6.2

39

Ireland

448

1.15%

5.2

506

1.15%

5.8

524

1.17%

6.1

40

Hungary

302

1.53%

4.6

325

1.54%

5.0

342

1.54%

5.3

2,146.7

113,168

2,275.9

118,650

Subtotal Rest of World Total

106,733 16,927 123,660

1.79%

68.5

17,692

2215.2

130,860

1.79%

72.3

18,439

2,348.2

137,089

2,399.7 76.0 1.81%

2,475.7

that caused their production rates (and revenues) to plummet.

Automotive firms were caught in a production squeeze due to both pandemic-related labor issues and the transition from internal combustion drive systems to battery power electric vehicles (EVs with their own increased chip demands).

But R&D efforts continued and likely even grew as the demands and strategies for dramatically new products increased.

REGIONAL DISPARITIES The variations and trends in R&D spending in different geographical areas seen in previous issues of this global R&D funding forecast continued and expanded in 2022. As seen in the attached tables, countries in North America and Europe continued to lose overall R&D spending shares, while emerging countries in Asia continued to account for more overall R&D spending.

Japan is an outlier in the Asian R&D region, and while it continues to be the third-largest global R&D spender, its overall economic malaise over the past decade may cause it to slide in the rankings within the next two to three years. Countries in the economically depressed South American and African regions continued to invest smaller amounts of monies and resources into their R&D programs (than were invested in the other global regions) and as a result they fell further into the R&D “share hole.”

THE U.S. AGAIN LEADS THE WORLD IN THE AMOUNT OF GERD (GROSS EXPENDITURES ON RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT) WITH AN INCREASING R&D/GDP RATIO OF 3.07%.

THE U.S. HAS LED ALL OTHER COUNTRIES FOR MORE THAN 50 YEARS. CHINA CONTINUES TO OUTPACE ALL OTHERS IN ANNUAL GERD GROWTH. THE TOP10 R&D SPENDERS HAVE NOT CHANGED IN MORE THAN THREE YEARS. THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC DID NOT SEEM TO HAVE A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON EITHER OVERALL GERD SPENDING OR COUNTRY R&D RANKINGS. THE RUSSIAN (#9) INVASION OF THE UKRAINE (#50, NOT SHOWN) IN EARLY 2022 AND ITS OVERALL 2022 GDP IS LIKELY TO HAVE A DEPRESSING EFFECT ON BOTH COUNTRY’S OVERALL R&D INVESTMENTS IN 2022.

ALL DATA IS PPP (PURCHASING POWER PARITY).

Source: R&D World, International Monetary Fund, National Science Foundation, World Bank

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2022

GLOBAL R&D FUNDING FORECAST

ASIA’S COMBINED GERD INVESTMENTS CONTINUE TO OUTPACE THOSE OF ALL OTHER REGIONS, LED PRIMARILY BY CHINA. AFRICA’S GERD IS MOVING IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION AND ONLY SEES MARGINAL ANNUAL IMPROVEMENTS THAT DON’T EVEN MATCH THE LOCAL INFLATION RATE. THE GLOBAL GERD GROWTH (5.4% IN 2022) IS ALSO OUTPACING THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC GROWTH (4.7%).

Countries in the Middle East and Russia/ Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) basically held to a status quo, neither gaining nor losing R&D market shares, except in a country-by-country basis (i.e., Israel continues to invest heavily in R&D efforts more so than any of its region’s neighbors.) Russia also historically has invested heavily in R&D, more so than any of its previous Communist CIS associates.

Russia also has massive resources and technological capabilities and continues to be consistently in the top 10 rankings of R&D spenders. Russia is not expected to move up or down in the R&D spending rankings over the next several years. Technologically, Russia might fall behind some countries in specific areas, but it also could move ahead of other countries in other areas.

China continues to be the standout global R&D competitor challenging U.S. leadership in almost every technological, economic and sociomilitaristic area. China holds true consistently to most sections of its five year plans. U.S. industrial and governmental strategies continue to hold most of China’s R&D goals in abeyance, but may lose ground in some specific areas where China invests more of its vast resources.

The continued globalization of technology may also work against China’s efforts. For example, the electrification of automobiles and trucks is expanding globally far in excess of anything being done individually by the U.S. or China. Mega factories building millions of next- generation batteries are being developed and built on a global scale exceeding anything ever seen before. China and the U.S. are getting on this bandwagon, but neither are likely to become the leader anytime soon—there already are too many players.

The semiconductor chip shortage has been addressed by all of the major chipmakers including Intel, Samsung, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. (TSMC) and others with most investing billions of dollars to build multiple chip plants in North America, Europe and Asia. These chip “fabs” are long-lead projects and not expected to start production until 2023 to 2025. Some automakers (i.e., Ford Motor Co.) are even trying to shortcut these supplier issues by building their own CHINA CONTINUES TO NARROW ITS GERD SHARE ON AN ANNUAL BASIS TO THE U.S. AND INCREASE ITS LEAD OVER OTHER COMPETITORS (I.E., JAPAN). CHINA’S SHARE GAINS ARE MADE AT THE EXPENSE OF OTHER REGIONAL R&D DEVELOPERS.

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Section 1 - R&D World GFF 2-22.indd 8

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF GERD 2020 GDP 2020 GERD 2021 GDP 2021 GERD No. Trillions US$ Billions US$ Trillions US$ Billions US$

2022 GDP 2022 GERD Trillions US$ Billions US$

North America

12

24.8

644

26.3

685

27.6

721

South America

10

6.1

45

6.5

47

6.6

48

Asia

24

52.0

916

55.4

971

58.5

1,034

Europe

33

25.0

481

26.4

510

27.6

533

Middle East

11

4.8

50

4.9

52

5.1

54

Russia

6

5.3

52

5.6

55

5.8

56

Africa

20

5.6

27

5.8

28

5.9

29

Total

116

123.6

2,215

130.9

2,348

137.1

2,476

United States

19.8

603

21.0

644

22.1

679

China

22.0

460

24.8

507

26.2

551

Japan

5.2

178

5.4

177

5.5

182

Source: R&D World, IMF, NSF, World Bank, CIA Fact Book

REGIONAL GERD SHARES 2020 GDP Share

2020 GERD Share

2021 GDP Share

2021 GERD Share

2022 GDP Share

2022 GERD Share

North America

20.0%

29.1%

20.1%

29.2%

20.1%

29.2%

South America

4.9%

2.0%

5.0%

2.0%

4.8%

1.9%

Asia

42.0%

41.3%

42.3%

41.3%

42.7%

41.8%

Europe

20.2%

21.7%

20.2%

21.7%

20.1%

21.6%

Middle East

3.9%

2.3%

3.7%

2.2%

3.7%

2.2%

Russia

4.3%

2.3%

4.3%

2.3%

4.2%

2.3%

Africa

4.5%

1.2%

4.4%

1.2%

4.3%

1.1%

United States

16.0%

27.1%

16.0%

27.4%

16.1%

27.5%

China

17.8%

20.7%

18.9%

21.6%

19.1%

22.3%

Japan

4.2%

8.0%

4.1%

7.5%

4.0%

7.4%

Source: R&D World, IMF, NSF, World Bank, CIA Fact Book

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4/26/22 11:26 AM

2022

GLOBAL R&D FUNDING FORECAST GLOBAL REGIONS WITH SMALLER OVERALL ECONOMIES AND LOWER ANNUAL GDP GROWTH ALSO HAVE SMALLER ANNUAL GERD GROWTHS. AND THE BIGGER THE OVERALL ECONOMY, THE LARGER THEIR R&D INVESTMENTS.

2022 REGIONAL GERD CHANGES 2022 GDP 2022 GERD Trillions US$ Billions US$

2021 to 2022 GERD Change

North America

27.6

721

5.25%

South America

6.6

48

1.92%

Asia

58.5

1,034

6.42%

Europe

27.6

533

4.65%

Middle East

5.1

54

4.44%

Russia

5.8

56

2.90%

Africa

5.9

29

1.86%

137.1

2,476

5.43%

United States

22.1

679

5.43%

China

26.2

551

8.68%

Japan

5.5

182

2.82%

Total

semiconductor plants. Tesla got around the chip shortage issue by both minimizing the use of specialty high-performance chips in its vehicles and by making software changes that compensated for the chip shortages—i.e., a strong R&D-based solution.

PANDEMIC LESSONS The COVID-19 pandemic and its followon variants were great learning cases where global collaborative, technological and support mechanisms stood out to quickly solve a severe health problem. The pandemic is obviously still not completely over, but the successful efforts by a small number of people and companies controlled the problem and prevented it from becoming a complete failure that could have challenged the “Black Death” (bubonic plaque) of the 14th century.

Source: R&D World, IMF, NSF, World Bank, CIA Fact Book

WORLD OF R&D 2022 Finland

Each country’s ball size(diameter) is volume-normalized to the U.S.’s total R&D spending

Denmark Singapore

RESEARCHERS PER MILLION POPULATION

Norway

South Korea

Sweden Japan

Canada

France Russia Ireland Spain

Austria

Taiwan

United Kingdom

Hungary

United States

Australia

Germany Belgium

Switzerland

Netherlands

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Technology and R&D won out, even if politics sometimes got in the way. Its unlikely that the technologies and lessonslearned will be duplicated to erase cancer or cardiac problems, but they’re likely to inspire new avenues of attack. Those experiments have already been started, and more will begin in 2022, but their overall results won’t be seen for several years. And the initial results may only slightly mediate specific health concerns. But that’s still a win-win situation for many patients.

2022 will be a watershed year for R&D. Numerous EVs will come to market this year culminating several years of intense R&D. More announcements of EVs are expected throughout the year, touting technologies for faster charge cycles, less expensive and better performing EV battery systems, and enhanced electric grid and power systems to support the growing EV market.

Similarly, numerous space-based R&D programs are expected to see major technological milestones, including operation of NASA’s James Webb Telescope in July and SpaceX’s Starship initial launch this Spring. Severe droughts and expanded weather extremes are likely to continue and enhance the importance of technologically addressing aspects of global climate change. The COVID-19 pandemic will also very likely become endemic by no later than June, bringing back some semblance of social and work-related normality. R&D related to COVID-19 will continue, especially as the virus is expected to be with us for many years to come—the virus from the Spanish Flu of 1918 continues to be in the environment more than 100 years later.

Details of these R&D programs are described in the following pages, along with additional R&D forecasts. &

Czechia UAE Poland Italy Malaysia Thailand Turkey Iran Egypt Bangladesh South Africa Mexico India Saudi Arabia Indonesia

Israel China Brazil

THIS GRAPHIC COMPARES THE R&D CHARACTERISTIC OF EACH COUNTRY TO EACH OTHER. THE SIZE OF THE BALL REPRESENTS THE GERD OF EACH COUNTRY WHILE THE BALL’S HORIZONTAL AXIS PLACEMENT REPRESENTS THE R&D AS A SHARE OF GDP AND IT’S VERTICAL AXIS PLACEMENT REPRESENTS THE COUNTRY’S NUMBER OF RESEARCHERS PER MILLION POPULATION. THE COLOR OF THE BALL IS AN INDICATION OF THE COUNTRY’S REGION.

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2022 STRONG R&D GROWTH, WITH CLOUDS ON THE HORIZON GLOBAL R&D FUNDING FORECAST

FOR 2022, U.S. industrial organizations are expected to collectively invest $447 billion in R&D efforts, or about 65.8% of the total R&D monies invested by the U.S. ($679.4 billion). That industrial investment is more than all other global countries except for China. The U.S. federal government is expected to invest $181.4 billion in R&D in 2022, which is more than all other countries except China and Japan. And U.S. academia will invest $23 billion which is more than all other countries, except the top 16 spending countries shown in this report.

U.S. R&D investments as a share of its gross domestic product (GDP) have been steadily increasing over the past several years, according to reports by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Most of the increase in R&D as a share of GDP over the past decade has been due to an increase of non-federal spending on R&D and particularly in the industrial sector. According to the NSF, this comes mostly from the increasing role of business R&D in the U.S. national R&D system.

This in turn reflects on the increase of R&D-based goods and services in the U.S. and global economies.

By contrast, the share of federally funded R&D expenditures declined in the late-20th century, mostly from cuts in defense-related R&D investments following the fall of the Soviet Union.

According to NSF data and adjusted for inflation, growth in

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

U.S. R&D investments averaged 6% to 12 % over the past five years.

U.S. also dominates in science and 3.3% in the 2010 to 2018 period The Global Innovation Index technology clusters in the GII report (following the 2009 great global 2021 (GII 2021), published by with 24 U.S. clusters noted out of recession). The ratio of R&D to GDP the World Intellectual Property 100 global areas. The top areas increased to more than 3% in 2018 Organization (WIPO) based in here were San Jose/San Francisco, and is forecast at 3.07% for 2022.

Switzerland ranks the U.S. third, Boston/Cambridge and New York According to NSF data, U.S. basic behind Switzerland and Sweden, City. The ranking of science and research accounts for approximately in its annual ranking of innovation technology intensity similarly was 17% of the U.S. total R&D leaders in 132 countries. In 2021, dominated by 23 U.S. areas out of expenditure, or $115.5 billion in the U.S. was considered the 100 global areas. The top U.S. S&T 2022. Applied research accounts for absolute leader in these rankings, intensity areas were Ann Arbor, about 19% or $129 billion in 2022. holding first place in 13 indicators Michigan, San Jose/San Francisco, The remaining 64% is invested in out of the 81 indicators used and Boston/Cambridge. experimental development areas, by the WIPO. These indicators The electrification of or $435 billion in 2022. include metrics such as global everything is more apparent In the early days of the corporate R&D investors, venture COVID-19 pandemic (late-2019 capital deals received, the quality R&D WORLD’S SOURCE-PERFORMER MATRIX PROVIDES and early 2020), R&D analysts were of universities, the quality and R&D FUNDING SOURCES ON THE LEFT COLUMN AND concerned that the pandemic would impact of the country’s scientific R&D PERFORMERS ON THE TOP ROW WITH PERCENTAGE slow R&D activity, especially in the publications, the number of patents CHANGES SHOWN BELOW EACH FUNDING VALUE. biopharmaceutical industry sector. by origin, and E-participation. The FFRDC (FEDERAL-FUNDED R&D CENTERS) And while confusion and chaos dominated those early times, drug and vaccine research Billions USD / Percent changes from 2020 saw a resurgence, especially in Federal govt. Industry Academia FFRDC Non-profit Total the U.S.-dominated biopharm arena. According to a recent Federal government $53.5 $52.2 $49.8 $18.0 $9.9 $181.4 report by healthcare data Change from 2021 2.0% 1.0% -1.0% -1.0% 4.0% 6.7% company IQVIA, the pandemic actually accelerated biopharm Industry $421.2 $18.0 $7.0 $4.5 $447.0 innovations. This resulted in two U.S. companies, Pfizer Change from 2021 3.6% 1.1% 2.0% 6.1% 6.3% and Moderna, introducing Academia $22.0 $1.0 $23.0 COVID-19 vaccines in late-2020, which received emergency use Change from 2021 2.1% 5.0% -0.4% authorization from the U.S. Food Other government $4.3 $4.3 and Drug Administration (FDA).

Subsequent research growth in Change from 2021 0.0% -4.4% the mRNA-developed vaccines for other diseases has been Non-profit $4.5 $0.8 $12.7 $18.0 driven by the COVID-19 vaccine Change from 2021 -1.5% 10.0% -2.0% -6.7% products. The U.S. accounts for about 45% of the total global Total $53.5 $473.4 $98.6 $26.8 $27.1 $679.4 research pipeline. The U.S. share Change from 2021 2.0% 3.5% 3.2% -3.0% -1.0% 5.5% has been relatively stable for the past 15 years. China’s share of Top row indicates R&D performers / Left column indicates R&D source this market has increased from Source: R&D World, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, CIA Fact Book, National Science Foundation

2021 U.S. SOURCE-PERFORMER MATRIX

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GLOBAL R&D FUNDING FORECAST

2021 R&D BUDGET CHANGES FROM 2020 RDW SURVEY RESPONDENTS R&D WORLD’S 2021 READER SURVEY REVEALS THAT ABOUT A THIRD OF THE RESPONDENTS SAY THEIR ORGANIZATIONS HAD NO FUNDING CHANGES FROM 2020 TO 2021, WHILE NEARLY 50% SAW THEIR R&D BUDGETS RISE. LESS THAN 20% HAD THEIR R&D BUDGETS CUT.

in the automotive industry than in most other technology areas. And all the global automakers are mostly playing catch-up with Tesla, headquartered in Palo Alto, California.

Tesla now has a global presence in cars, trucks, solar cells, batteries, and other areas where its CEO, Elon Musk, is investing.

Events are happening at such a rapid pace in the electric vehicle (EV) arena, that its difficult to keep track of them. Everyone is investing billions of dollars in new sophisticated EV manufacturing plants, battery plants, and supplier collaborations, all across the U.S. and internationally as well.

GM and Ford are both reviving old closed plants or building brand new ones. There is an absolute race to see who can transition faster from the old “dirty” internal combustion systems to the new “clean” EVs and all within the next five years, or less. The R&D lights here are burning very deep into the night, every night.

And while those other automakers work hard to catch up to Tesla’s production levels, Tesla continues to invest in the technologies for autonomous driving systems for its EVs. However, Tesla is finding this technology is significantly more complex than its engineers initially envisioned. Accidents still occur in

some cases with stopped or parked emergency vehicles that software updates don’t seem to fix completely. Tesla says there are 60,000 of its cars on the road that use its “full selfdriving” beta software. Patching one issue in the software can create new complications for a nearly infinite array of real-life scenarios.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY these U.S. technology leaders to invest more in R&D and more production facilities. They also continue to upgrade their plans (almost monthly now) to build more, faster and more powerful chips. Intel recently announced that it’s going to build a brand new semiconductor manufacturing complex in mid-Ohio, far from Silicon Valley, the Pacific Northwest, the southwestern desert, and the Texas heartland where similar facilities currently reside.

Apple is the current production leader in 5G-capable smart phones. Nearly 70% of Apple’s entire cell phone shipments are 5G capable, while its nearest competitor, Samsung has only 26% of its products that are 5G and China’s lower volume supplier Xiaomi has about 30% of its shipments that are 5G. When more lower cost 5G cell phones are introduced into the marketplace, Apple will lose some of its marketshare. Apple predicts

2022 R&D BUDGET CHANGES FROM 2021 RDW SURVEY RESPONDENTS NEARLY 60% OF THE RESEARCHERS IN AN R&D WORLD READER SURVEY EXPECT THEIR R&D BUDGETS TO RISE IN 2022 FROM 2021 VALUES. ONLY ABOUT 11% EXPECT TO SEE R&D BUDGET CUTS IN 2022.

In the ICT (information and communications technology) area, U.S.-based firms with very deep R&D pockets continue to push the envelope for 5G and 6G applications.

U.S.-based Apple, Microsoft, Google, Intel, and Amazon drive the new technologies and the pace at which they’re developed. These companies continue to evolve and the chip shortages for automakers only incentivizes

that 5G networks will be available in 2022 from more than 200 carriers in 60 countries. Cell phone manufacturers are still waiting on the 5G “killer app” which will boost their overall sales. 5G use is expected to more than triple over the next four years, according to market researcher ABI. The huge volumes of 5G capable systems, with large global government support and incentives for all things 5G has

PANDEMIC EFFECTS ON R&D OPERATIONS SURVEY RESPONDENTS 2021

MOST RESEARCHERS SAW MAJOR CHANGES IN THEIR 2021 R&D OPERATIONS DUE TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. THE LARGEST EFFECT WAS AN INCREASE IN 2021 OPERATING COSTS. ABOUT HALF OF THOSE SURVEYED IN AN R&D WORLD READER SURVEY SAID THEIR R&D FACILITY TEMPORARILY CLOSED DUE TO THE PANDEMIC.

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2022

GLOBAL R&D FUNDING FORECAST

MOST (81%) RESEARCHERS EXPECT TO HAVE PANDEMIC-RELATED EFFECTS ON THEIR 2022 R&D OPERATIONS. A LARGE PORTION (41%) OF THOSE RESEARCHERS SURVEYED EXPECT THOSE CHANGES TO BE SIGNIFICANT.

laid the groundwork for the adoption of 5G applications. These next-generation technologies are designed to reap the benefits of superfast 5G connections.

The U.S. economy in 2021 and in several years earlier, effused strength and perseverance across a wide range of technologies, even in the face of a global pandemic. Toward the end of 2021 and into early 2022 that strength, low unemployment and production shortages resulted in strong inflationary pressures which hadn’t been seen in nearly 40 years.

The Federal Reserve system had not been

DISTRIBUTION OF R&D SPENDING SURVEY RESPONDENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PANDEMIC EFFECTS EXPECTED IN 2022 SURVEY RESPONDENTS

exposed to anything like these scenarios over that period of time. Throughout the second half of 2021, and as we enter 2022, the Fed has considered raising short-term interest rates from near zero to offset the inflationary threats and cool down an overheated economy.

How would higher interest rates affect the U.S. R&D community? First, it would make investment capital more expensive to obtain and would slow the overall economy and associated investments. Second, it would send a psychological message to U.S. industrialists that continued growth is no longer assured. The risks in new ventures might not be considered worth the costs of long-term investments (and higher financing concerns) they involve. Financial planning THE LARGEST R&D SPENDING AREA (30%) IN 2021 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH RESEARCHER SALARIES, SIMILAR TO THAT IN SURVEYS R&D WORLD EDITORS HAVE PERFORMED IN THE PAST. THIS IS LIKELY TO INCREASE IN 2022 DUE TO CURRENT INFLATIONARY AND WORKER SHORTAGE ISSUES.

in this new environment would take longer and certainly be more restrictive. The problem, of course, is that U.S. financial analysts don’t currently have any experience in planning during these inflationary and high costs times, especially since its been more than 40 years since a similar financial environment occurred, and today’s analysts weren’t in charge then. The net effect, then, is that it’s a relatively safe bet that U.S. R&D growth will be less aggressive until the U.S. economy stabilizes.

As strange as it may seem, climatechange factors may also start to become involved in the short-term R&D planning process. Record droughts and fires in the western U.S., rapidly rising sea levels in the eastern U.S. coastal areas, record weather systems transiting the U.S. and dramatic temperature swings will certainly affect the water, energy, and social resources available to the R&D community.

R&D managers have become (probably overly) secure in operating within a stable environment over the past fifty years. &

SOURCES OF R&D FUNDS SURVEY RESPONDENTS

THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF R&D FUNDS IS INTERNAL RESOURCES, ACCORDING TO RESPONDENTS TO AN R&D WORLD READER SURVEY. OTHER SOURCES, INCLUDING FEDERAL FUNDS AND INDUSTRIAL GRANTS, WERE NOT EVEN CLOSE IN RESPONSE LEVELS.

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2022 GLOBAL R&D FUNDING FORECAST RESOURCES The following organizations and their websites are good resources for information on the global R&D enterprise. Information contained in this report was derived from these sources to forecast R&D funding.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) www.aaas.org Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) www.most.gov.cn/eng/ Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) http://english.cas.cn Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) www.darpa.mil EU Industrial R&D Scoreboard https://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/scoreboard European Commission Research ec.europa.eu/info/research-andinnovation_en European Industrial Research Management Association (EIRMA) www.eirma.org European Union Community R&D Information Service (CORDIS) https://cordis.europa.eu/en

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GFF Resources - R&D World GFF 2-22.indd 13

Global Innovation Index (GII) www.globalinnovationindex.org

Schonfeld & Associates https://saibooks.com

Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF) https://itif.org

Strategy& (Global Innovation 1000) https://www.strategyand.pwc.com/gx/ en/insights/innovation1000.html

Innovation Research Interchange (IRI) www.iriweb.org

The World Bank www.worldbank.org

International Monetary Fund (IMF) www.imf.org

The World Factbook https://www.cia.gov/the-worldfactbook/

National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (Japan) www.nistep.go.jp/en Korean Industrial Technology Association (KOITA) eng.koita.or.kr Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) www.oecd.org

Times Higher Education (THE) Rankings timeshighereducation.com U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science (DOE OS) science.energy.gov U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) www.nsf.gov

R&D World www.rdworldonline.com Research!America www.researchamerica.org

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G R EE N C H E MI STRY

wa r n e r n h o j r e e n io p y r t s h in d u a c o n v e r s at io n w it rs he nn es sy , co nt ri bu ti ng w ri te r by be ck y ch am be

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IF

you didn't hear the recent drumbeat from the American

Chemical Society (ACS), April 17 was the start of 2022 Chemists Celebrate Earth Week, designed to promote “the positive role that chemistry plays in the world.” But as important as that role is, let’s face it: “Chemistry” has an image and education problem.

It’s no wonder. The chemical sector is the world’s biggest user of oil and gas, and with the third-largest carbon footprint behind the metals and cement industries, according to multiple experts such as the International Energy Agency and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Greenhouse gases are emitted at every lifecycle stage of industrial chemicals, from production to use to waste.

“There also are those who see chemistry as a cause of climate change and environmental damage, and the creator of insidious components in everyday products that may cause diseases,” awardwinning chemist, educator and inventor

John Warner said. For them, the word “chemical” stirs up negative connotations when, in fact, chemicals play a vital role in everything from vaccines that address global pandemics to computer chips that drive space exploration, added Warner, co-author of the defining text for the field of “green chemistry” (Sidebar 1), which includes the widely cited “12 Principles of Green Chemistry” (Sidebar 2).

Sustainability and industry Increasingly, R&D professionals are directing their efforts toward chemical solutions for climate protection. For example, a core belief at German multinational chemical company BASF SE is that “sustainability starts in research.”

At BASF, a key means of reaching sustainability goals such as CO2-free processes is through its global “Know-How Verbund,” a network of R&D collaborations with companies, universities and research institutions.

Through this, pipeline innovations are possible in areas such as mobility and agriculture, including new coolants for electric cars and precision application technologies for agriculture. In a letter to shareholders in February, BASF CEO

Martin Brudermüller reiterated the company’s dedication to such sustainability efforts.

“As the largest chemical company in the world … we are ambitious. This applies especially to the transformation to climate neutrality,” Brudermüller said. “We want to show that this transformation and competitiveness are not mutually exclusive.” As part of that commitment, the company wants to reduce its CO2 emissions worldwide by 25% by 2030. Its 2050 target is netzero emissions.

BASF is a multi-time recipient of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Green Chemistry Challenge Award, the only award given for chemical technologies that incorporate green chemistry principles into design, manufacture and use. Through 2021, 128 winning technologies in the program have made “billions of pounds of progress,” according to the EPA. This includes 830 million pounds of hazardous chemicals and solvents eliminated each year — enough to fill some 3,800 railroad tank cars, or a train 47 miles long.

| ado

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Green chemistry and education The EPA’s challenge is open to industry, trade groups, government agencies and academic institutions. John Warner, one of the founders of the EPA’s original program in 1996, said that while it has helped to raise overall awareness about smarter, greener chemistry, more needs to be done to bring academia into the fold.

“BASF and other big companies are places where more innovation is possible,” he said.

“Academia in particular has been slower to embrace green chemistry as part of their curriculum. Chemists still are not being taught its principles and tools.”

That’s where organizations such as the ACS and public-awareness campaigns like Chemists Celebrate Earth come in. The event is administered by the ACS Office of Science Outreach, which is part of the ACS Division of Chemical Education. The division also sponsors the Biennial Conference on Chemical Education, which this summer will focus on emerging methods for teaching and learning chemistry. And that’s where John Warner for decades has been focusing his efforts. In 2001, for example, he founded the doctoral program in green chemistry at the University of Massachusetts.

“Industry has been finding success in green chemistry; now we need academia to

do the same,” Warner said. “Universities — chemistry departments, in particular — need to do more to build it into their classes and labs so that future generations of chemists can do better at integrating health and environmental concerns into their work.” Toward that end, Warner co-founded Beyond Benign, a nonprofit whose mission is to provide K-12 and university educators with the tools needed to make green chemistry an integral part of chemistry education.

Q&A with John Warner John Warner spoke at the R&D 100 Virtual Conference in 2020 on the topic of “green chemistry, the missing elements.” R&D World caught up with him again to ask about the current state of green chemistry education and more: RD: How is Beyond Benign helping to bridge the current gaps in green chemistry education?

JW: Beyond Benign is helping the green chemistry education community create necessary change in chemistry education.

This is done by supporting educators with the training and resources needed to implement green chemistry in their teaching and practice — from K-12 through graduate school.

In K-12, the focus is on educators. Beyond Benign’s Lead Teacher Program provides professional development for teacher leaders who train peers, develop innovative curriculum and provide professional development. More than 200 K-12 lessons have been developed to date.

The Higher Education Program’s focus is on institutional approaches to green chemistry.

Through the Green Chemistry Commitment Program — which currently has 93 signers — college and universities adopt green chemistry student learning objectives, preparing students to address hazards and mitigate impacts at the design stage of a product’s life cycle.

RD: Are chemistry students, including future R&D chemists, being adequately taught to innovate?

JW: Chemistry programs worldwide are doing a great job teaching chemists to elucidate mechanisms and create novel and exciting materials that do amazing things. In no way would I suggest otherwise. But there is a big jump between lab-scale experimentation and large-scale manufacturing.

Sadly, many wonderful creations in academic laboratories never manifest in society. I would suggest that the tools of green chemistry are some of the missing elements

base se is the world’s largest chemical producer with headquarters at its Ludwigshafen, Germany, complex.

The site houses some 200 production plants that serve customers spanning virtually every industry. In February, base se announced plans to reduce absolute co2 emissions by 25% by 2030. The company’s 2050 target is net zero emissions. | base se

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that bridge this gap. The less green chemistry applied in early research, the less likely the invention will see the light of day and get into the hands of people who need it.

RD: What role does education play in dispelling misconceptions about both chemistry and green chemistry?

JW: I don’t think people outside of chemistry truly understand how ubiquitous chemistry and chemistry inventors are. That the toothpaste they use was invented by the someone standing beside them at their kid’s soccer game. That a component in their cellphone was invented by someone two rows in front of them at church. That the diabetes drug their father takes was invented by someone they saw at the shopping mall. Chemistry is everywhere. But it goes mostly unseen.

Sadly, society has come to view this invisibility of chemistry as something insidious, like a monster under our beds, lurking, waiting to hurt us. Education must play a role in providing students and society with a balance of the amazing benefits of chemistry, tempered with appropriate discussion of potential unintended consequences. Green chemistry, in my opinion, is a perfect vehicle to acknowledge past problems while providing a positive message illustrating a path to a sustainable future.

RD: What are the key differences between green chemistry and sustainable chemistry?

JW: For green chemistry to be successful, it must create a product with superior performance and appropriate cost. If the technology doesn’t really work, or is too expensive, no one is going to use it.

If you want to make a technology more sustainable, you use green chemistry to do so. If you want to make a product more circular, you use green chemistry to do so. If you want to make a product less toxic, you use green chemistry to do so. If you want to make a product contribute less to climate change, you use green chemistry to do so. If you want to make a product less persistent in the environment, you use green chemistry to do so.

Whatever sustainability protocol you choose, circular economy, UN SDGs, Safe and Sustainable by design, the process of inventing the new technology that achieves better performance against that protocol is green chemistry. If a scientist doesn’t have the skills of green chemistry, it is difficult to efficiently address these things. Green chemistry is the mechanistic science underpinning sustainability. While you can measure and describe sustainability in many different ways, the only way to improve the sustainability of a product is through green chemistry.

RD: Are green chemistry and business growth compatible — and, if so, how?

JW: Absolutely. Companies are constantly paying large sums of money to comply with various local, national, and international regulations. The cost of storage, containment, liabilities, training, disposal, treatment, emissions, etc., can be quite significant. All of these costs are directed to mitigating exposure of the potentially harmful material. If one applies the principles of green chemistry to invent a new technology that is intrinsically less harmful, all of these costs are reduced.

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The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry In 1998, John Warner and Paul Anastas published the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry to address a variety of ways to reduce the environmental and health impacts of chemical production, and also indicate research priorities for the development of green chemistry technologies: Prevention. Preventing waste is better than treating or cleaning up waste after it is created.

2. Atom economy. Synthetic methods should try to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product. This means that less waste will be generated as a result.

3. Less hazardous chemical syntheses. Synthetic methods should avoid using or generating substances toxic to humans and the environment.

4. Designing safer chemicals. Chemical products should be designed to achieve their desired function while being as nontoxic as possible.

5. Safer solvents and auxiliaries. Auxiliary substances should be avoided wherever possible, and as non-hazardous as possible when they must be used.

6. Design for energy efficiency. Energy requirements should be minimized, and processes should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure whenever possible.

7. Use of renewable feedstocks. Whenever it is practical to do so, renewable feedstocks or raw materials are preferable to nonrenewable ones.

8. Reduce derivatives. Unnecessary generation of derivatives — such as the use of protecting groups — should be minimized or avoided if possible. Such steps require additional reagents and may generate additional waste.

9. Catalysis. Catalytic reagents that can be used in small quantities to repeat a reaction are superior to stoichiometric reagents (ones that are consumed in a reaction).

10. Design for degradation. Chemical products should be designed so that they do not pollute the environment. When their function is complete, they should break down into nonharmful products.

11. Real-time analysis for pollution prevention. Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to permit realtime, in-process monitoring and control before hazardous substances form.

12. Inherently safer chemistry for accident prevention.

Whenever possible, the substances in a process, and the forms of those substances, should be chosen to minimize risks such as explosions, fires and accidental releases.

1.

From Anastas, P. T.; Warner, J. C. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press: New York, 1998.

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Also, there are new and emerging regulations and NGO pressures that will continue to increase in the future. If an organization wants to remain competitive, they have no choice but to adapt 21st-century chemistry — green chemistry.

RD: How can the green chemistry principle about waste prevention be better taken into consideration in R&D? JW: When chemists learn chemistry, they have textbooks and classes called “organic chemistry,” “inorganic chemistry,” “analytical chemistry,” “physical chemistry,” “quantum chemistry” and so on. We certainly have a full curriculum. But do we have a place where we put concepts of safety, toxicity, environmental harm and sustainability? If a chemist wants to make a dye that is red, they can point to different classes that gave them the basic principles of color, resonance, and synthesis. If they want it to be in a coating that will stick to a surface, they can point to classes that taught them about hydrogen-bonding, van der Waals interactions, and polymers.

But if a chemist is asked to make a molecule that is nontoxic, environmentally benign, or sustainable, if they can’t refer to parts of their education that prepared them to address these issues, how can they succeed? If they understand

green chemistry principles, they can add them to their toolbox and can make better products.

RD: What advice do you have for both chemistry students and professional R&D chemists when it comes to green chemistry?

JW: Please think carefully about what you do. When you first write out a chemical reaction you plan to run, when you reach for the reagent that you are about to use, as you design the purification sequence, when you design your analytical processes, please realize that the decisions you make can have profound impact on the future.

If what you do goes into a journal that is only read a couple times, maybe it doesn’t matter so much what reagents and processes you use. But imagine if what you do is really useful. Imagine if other people build from what you do to design products, manufacture them and put them in the hands of hundreds of thousands of people. Their safety, and the safety of their homes, their family and their communities might be touched by your choices.

Take time to learn a little more about green chemistry. You will never look back and regret doing green chemistry, but you might regret not having done green chemistry. The world needs the field of chemistry to take green chemistry seriously. &

John Warner, www.johnwarner.org, is an American chemist. He is co-founder with Amy Cannon of Beyond Benign, where he is helping to design and disseminate green chemistry and sustainable science educational resources. In 1998, Warner and Paul Anastas co-authored the defining book on green chemistry, which includes the widely cited practice guide, the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry. Warner is a SVP of chemistry and distinguished research fellow at Zymergen Inc., where he helps create commercial technologies inspired by nature consistent with green chemistry principles. With more than 300 patents, he has invented solutions that have served as the basis for several new companies. He is co-founder with Jim Babcock of the Warner Babcock Institute for Green Chemistry, and is the recipient of the 2014 Perkin Medal, the highest honor in American industrial chemistry. | zymergen inc.

What is Green Chemistry?

In 1998, John Warner and Paul Anastas published the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry to address a variety of ways to reduce the environmental and health impacts of chemical production, and also indicate research priorities for the development of green chemistry.

• Be functionally equivalent to or outperform existing alternatives.

Green chemistry presents industries with opportunities for growth and competitive advantage. This is because currently there is a significant shortage of green technologies: We estimate that only 10% of current technologies are environmentally benign; another 25% could be made benign relatively easily.

The remaining 65% have yet to be invented.

Green chemistry takes a revolutionary approach to reducing or eliminating the use and generation of hazardous substances in the design phase of materials development. It requires an inventive and interdisciplinary view of material and product design. It follows the principle that it is better to consider waste prevention options during the design and development phase than to dispose or treat waste after a process or material has been developed.

Green chemistry also creates cost savings. When hazardous materials are removed from materials and processes, all hazard-related costs also are removed, such as those associated with handling, transportation, disposal and compliance.

For a technology to be considered green chemistry, it must: • Be more environmentally benign than existing alternatives.

• Be more economically viable than existing alternatives.

From Warner Babcock Institute for Green Chemistry, co-founded by John Warner and Jim Babcock. theory and Practice, Oxford University Press: New York, 1998.

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Through green chemistry, environmentally benign alternatives to current materials and technologies can be systematically introduced across all types of manufacturing to promote a more environmentally and economically sustainable future.

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R & D I N F RAST RUCTU R E

Barcelona HOW

BECAME AN R&D HUB LESSONS LEARNED FROM 20 YEARS OF DISTRICT 22@BARCELONA

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BY GORDON FELLER

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In

a report charting, “The Rise of Innovation Districts,” the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C., lists Barcelona alongside seven other cities that contain

such districts, the others being Berlin, London, Medellin, Montreal, Seoul, Stockholm, and Toronto. How exactly did an ancient Catalonian city, situated on the coast of Spain, manage to pull this off?

The modern-day R&D district now known as 22@Barcelona was propelled by unique opportunity: to transform the section of Barcelona that had long been known as Poblenou.

The Ajuntament de Barcelona, a section of the Barcelona City Council, recognized one of the key facts of the city’s long history: As Barcelona’s old textile and chemicals district, Poblenou had long been dedicated to industrial production. Before any shift occurred in this urban neighborhood, Poblenou’s leaders and residents longed to achieve one goal over 20 years of concerted effort — to create a district that serves as an ‘innovation platform,’ situated within the global knowledge economy.

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R & D I N F RAST RUCTU R E

A vigorous debate began amongst Barcelona residents in the late 1990s. It was a political tussle about an untapped asset: regenerating Poblenou’s 200 hectares of obsolete industrial zone. Two opposing objectives were being pushed by a broad spectrum of activists, city planners, government executives, investors and lenders, plus numerous other parties.

Either a regeneration which preserves the area’s productive industrial heritage or a transformation of the residential area, in response to the rising scarcity of social housing in Barcelona.

Despite this confrontation, or perhaps because of it, a mixed solution was adopted in 1998. The decision was made to create a ‘compact city district,’ and for it to be one where knowledge-based firms would work side-by-side with residences. The year 2000 saw the approval of the plan: “Modification of the General Metropolitan Plan for Transforming Poblenou Industrial Areas, District of Activities 22@.” With this move, Barcelona bet decisively to preserve the older profile of this area, but also to combining residential uses.

To better understand how and why 22@ Barcelona has succeeded, we interviewed one of the districts most important leaders, Dr. Josep M. Pique, president of The Triple Helix Association. As Pique recalls it, his city’s “elected and appointed executives made a special effort to look ahead, and to do so in a way that stretched their minds much more

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than a few years into the future.” With concrete plans in hand, they looked ahead, “towards an urban transformation which, over time, has progressively regenerated the industrial area. The choice was made to avoid the conventional approach, which uses demolition to completely change the urban environment.

A different process was developed, with the aim of establishing a balance that allowed for re-defining the new urban form in continuity with earlier forms.”

With this idea at the center of a massive program, Barcelona started neighborhood transformation projects. They knew that it was not going to be easy, especially since for more than a hundred years Poblenou’s main economic engine was heavy industry. But over two decades, Poblenou has been turned into an award-winning model for science-technology R&D and design. It continues to succeed today by encouraging collaboration and synergies between all the key actors: universities, government agencies, private companies, nonprofits and associations. The result is a high-level of company formation and entrepreneurship which is linked to the creation of a decent quality of life for residents and commuters.

History offered some lessons to the activists and the officials (elected/appointed) who spear-headed the project. During the second half of the 19th century, and on into the first half of the 20th century, textiles reigned supreme, with later moves into mechanical, chemical and food industries. In the 1960s, the decay of the area began. This process

intensified during the economic crisis of the 1970s and 1980s. As the history was described

by Pique, “the 1992 Olympic Games saw the construction of the Olympic Village, with ring roads around Barcelona. The recovery of the Mediterranean city beaches coincided with the opening of The Diagonal — Barcelona’s broadest and most important avenue. The capstone was the construction of the highspeed train station at Sagrera.”

The process kicked into high gear in 2000 with an initial phase of urban renovation and high-quality infrastructures. In 2004, 22@ Barcelona several strategies were developed and deployed. According to Dr. Pique, “these aimed to create, within the district, a set of ‘Urban Clusters of Innovation.’ These were focused on various emerging sectors which Barcelona prioritized for the city‘s next economy.” There were four sectors: media, medical technologies, energy, and information/ communication technologies. In some cases, these sectors were already present, while in some others, such as medical technologies and energy; they were making a bet that it was possible to attract them into the city. In 2009, design was added to the list of four categories.

Approximately 70% of the Poblenou industrial area has been renovated over the past decade. 22@Barcelona has approved 150 “urban transformation” plans, of which 141 have been executed by investors from the private sector. The approved plans account for a total of 3,029,106 m² of floor space. This

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is more than 140,000 m² of land for facilities plus nearly 1,600 housing units with some sort of public subsidy.

The district’s regeneration has led to the establishment of 10 university campuses. They host a total of more than 25,000 students, plus 12 R&D and technology transfer centers. The most recent census of businesses in 22@Barcelona demonstrated that, despite the pandemic’s forced building closures, there is still continued growth.

According to the most recent 22@Barcelona Business Census, more than 8,223 companies are located inside 22@Barcelona, directly employing 93,000 workers. The total turnover of the companies inside the district

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is 10,300 million Euros, of which 32.3% are knowledge-based companies. An additional 27.4% are export-focused companies. A total of 40.4% of the companies are related to the district’s various clusters.

Among the lessons learned in Barcelona, several stand out as relevant for similar projects located anywhere else in the world: A vibrant city offers a superb foundation for developing a knowledge-based economy.

Cities are the premier platform for any knowledge-based economy because they are, in essence, talent platforms. Humans are the raw material for the new economy.

If a district wants to attract, retain and create talent, their host cities must provide a great place for

learning, working, playing and living. The cities are a place for learning new applications, which means that urban environment can be used as a living lab in ways that enable someone to “learn locally to compete globally.”

Both greenfield and brownfield developments create ‘innovation ecologies’ linking each of the various ‘agents of change’ — universities, industries, governments. Their starting points may be quite different, but the vision emphasizes the knowledge-based economy.

To succeed with their district projects, cities have learned that they must take full advantage of each agent’s capabilities.

Larger-scale urban revitalization needs an integrated

approach, one that includes a pivot toward urban infrastructure renewal, a smart business and economic strategy, a laserfocus on talent and the human dimension and a solid foundation provided by smart governance.

Clear leadership by the government is necessary, especially to create a successful innovation district. In some cases, it may be the city’s mayor, and in others it may be at the regional or national level. The involvement of universities and associations will help to generate the vision — and create trust in the project. Without clear rules about land-use, and without clear vision about the type of district, it will be difficult to advance the transformation process. &

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