ARCHUTILITARIANISM BY XEYIING NG
ARCH-UTILITARIANISM A utilitarian theory of ethics which states that morally right architecture is the architecture that produces the most amount of good for the greatest number.
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A true incident presented by Peter Singer, an act-utilitarianism philosopher1.
A little girl, about 3 years old was walking down the street when a van driving in the opposite direction hit and ran over her. The van driver drove off without even stopping to check. A passerby walked past without even looking. A motorcyclist stared at her while he drove past. If you were there, would you have called for help?
If
YES, please proceed. NO
If , this manifesto is not for you, but I hope someone still saves your loved ones when they are in need.
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Sadly, this story does not end well. The little girl was later found by a cleaner and an ambulance was called but by the time they took her to the hospital, it was too late. The little girl was left bleeding for too long. She died.
Would it differ if the child was not in front of you? Would you still save the child, now faraway, if it was equally within your means to save, at no great cost to you?
If
YES again, please proceed. NO
If , this manifesto is not for you, but I hope someone still saves your loved ones when they are in need.
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10 WHO IS THIS FOR? 18 WHAT ABOUT IT? 26 WHY THIS? 38 ARCH-UT HOW TO 54 WHEN TO? 60 REFERENCES 9
WHO IS THIS FOR?
99% of the world population are suffering. They are without adequate facilities or means, and they struggle from day to day to survive. At this day and age, with the advancement of communication technology, we have no excuse or right to claim ignorance of the issue.
This manifesto is for architects and for all mankind.
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HELP!
HELP!
HELP!
HELP!
LOW INCOME LEVEL
LOWER MIDDLE
100 1,000 10,000 People per square mile
100 1,000 10,000 People per square mile
01 Map of the world’s 7 billion people and their respective population and income groups.
HELP!
HELP!
HELP!
HELP!
HELP! HELP!
UPPER MIDDLE 100 1,000 10,000 People per square mile
HIGH 100 1,000 10,000 People per square mile
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EDUCATED YEARS
LOW INCOME
7.9
LOWER MIDDLE
10.3
UPPER MIDDLE
13.8
HIGH INCOME
14.5
INTERNET USERS
0
URBAN DWELLER
SANITARY ACCESS
LITERATE
100%
02 Demographic statistics showing inequalities among our world’s population2.
11,222,522 6,571,010 297,195
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE DEATHS IN 2015 DEATH OF CHILDREN UNDER 5 DEATH OF MOTHERS DURING BIRTH IN 2015
37,637,044
HIV/AIDS INFECTED PEOPLE
785,613,845
UNDERNOURISHED PEOPLE
1,616,647,625 538,882,542 17,589 677,193,200 1,556,866
7,380,309,034
OVERWEIGHT PEOPLE OBESE PEOPLE PEOPLE DIED OF HUNGER TODAY
PEOPE WITHOUT SAFE DRINKING WATER DEATH CAUSED BY WATER RELATED DISEASE IN 2015
PEOPLE IN THE WORLD
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Dependency Relationship of Humans and Architects
AIR FOOD WATER SHELTER HEALTHCARE COMMUNITY SUPPORT
03 Dependency relationship diagram of humans and the architecture profession.
BUILDINGS & INFRASTRUCTURE
ARCHITECTS + CONSULTANTS
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WHAT ABOUT IT?
‘The twentieth century will be chiefly remembered by future generations not as an era of political conflicts or technical inventions, but as an age in which human society dared to think of the welfare of the whole human race as a practical objective.’ – Arnold J. Toynbee3
ARCH-Utilitarianism is the architect’s ethical oath.
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Toynbee an English historian argues that the well-being of our civilisation depends on our creative ability to respond to challenges. As our world faces greater challenges by the day, our efforts have to align around these challenges4. Together with other professionals of our society, architects, by moving away from mere form-givers, and applying architectural thinking to contemporary challenges, can produce significant changes and improvements, contributing to a revolution that will redesign our world5 6.
Despite architects proudly proclaiming these facts, statistics show that only 2-5% of the world’s built environment has had the privilege of architectural services8. This is in stark contrast with the farreaching service that other professionals give to the public. Only approximately 400 million people globally do not have access to adequate healthcare services9. Moreover, healthcare professionals have long been known for their pro bono services through organisations such as Doctors Without Borders10 11. On the
... statistics show that only 2-5% of the world’s built environment has had the privilege of architectural services8. Architects, a social profession aim to design great spaces for the welfare and enrichment of the lives of its inhabitants. Good architecture seeks to embrace the functional needs of buildings and poetically expresses our cultural meanings through them. We often consider this balance between art and service to be a distinguishing characteristic of the architectural discipline. We understand the importance of good design and believe well-designed spaces can profoundly impact the lives they touch. Scientific studies have shown that patients in hospitals designed to encourage social interaction require shorter stays and wards with views of nature require less pain relievers7.
other hand, pro bono services are a fundamental component of the legal profession, reinforced by recruitment evaluation practices within the industry; professional bylaws; education curriculum; and dedicated divisions in law firms12. Comparatively, very little can be found on pro bono architecture. In the ARBV, pro bono service is included only as part of the Continuing Professional Development activities, among many others in the list13. The responsibilities of, and the total financial and human resources invested by the architectural industry towards the benefit of the global community fall far short of other professions. What is the cause for this distinction? This manifesto argues that the architectural profession as a whole lacks a unified code of practice.
04 Statistics comparing the efficiencies of healthcare and the architectural profession.
PEOPLE WITH HEALTHCARE ACCESS IN THE WORLD
BUILDINGS IN THE WORLD DESIGNED BY ARCHITECTS
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If we are however to make great strides towards change, we must row our ship in unison and in the same direction. It is common knowledge that physicians take an ethical oath at the start of their career to provide to the best of their abilities for the welfare of humanity and so do other professionals such as those of law and justice14. Architects on the other hand, while proclaiming the power of design and the aspiration for change, make no commitment to a moral code. Like uncoordinated and disunited crews on a ship, architects today paddle in countless directions of our own diverse interests with barely any intention to synchronize our efforts. If we are however to make great strides towards change, we must row our ship in unison and in the same direction. Without that, our efforts would be scattered and ineffective.
05 Diagrams showing current efforts of the architectural profession scattered and ineffective.
DISUNITED & UNCOORDINATED EFFORTS 23
This manifesto argues that architects should undertake ARCH-Utilitarianism. What commitment then should architects undertake? This manifesto argues that architects should undertake ARCHUtilitarianism. ARCH-utilitarianism states that morally right architecture is architecture that maximises the good and minimises the bad. The rightness and wrongness of an architecture is to be judged by the outcome of the design itself15. All architects should design based on rational and deliberate intentions for the greater good of humanity16.
06 Diagrams showing the potential of a united and synchronized profession.
UNITED & COORDINATED EFFORTS 25
The Architect’s Oath17 18 I, __________________________________________________________________, as an architect engaged within a greater architecture community, promise to observe and keep this oath to the best of my abilities and judgement. I will engage only in architectural designs that improve the lives of humans and the environment. I will go beyond doing no harm, understanding that architecture that does no improvement to lives is a waste of time, materials, and the valuable knowledge and training of those architects in whose steps I follow. I will gladly share my knowledge with all those who are to follow. I will remember that I do not merely design physical structures, but seek to solve problems with regards to the human’s built environment, whether or not the solution involves built physical structures. I will always use architectural designs to empower individuals with the abilities to help themselves. I will, within my honest, but generous limits, provide architectural services to underserved demographics such as the poor, the homeless, the incapacitated, the young and old, the sick and the ailing over the affluent. I will always move my architectural services up the scale whenever possible to allow a wider community to benefit from it. I will not stop until the entire human population no longer suffers from inadequate basic survival necessities. I will listen, learn and understand from every architectural project. I will listen and learn from clients, consultants, colleagues, and strangers. I will strive to understand historical, cultural, social, economic and geographical context, and precedents of every project upon undertaking it. I will not be ashamed to acknowledge the limits of my expertise, nor will I fail to seek advice from my colleagues or other professionals when needed. I will take responsibilities for all my failures in my architectural endeavour so that I may take measures to repair and understand my mistakes. I will always place human lives over economic gain.
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WHY ARCH-UTLITARIANISM?
‘The future is in your hands, but for it to be peaceful and happy requires a sense of compassion and concern for others’ well-being.’ – Dalai Lama
ARCH-Utilitarianism is the architect’s ethical oath.
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The architectural profession has many interests and naturally placing ARCHUtilitarianism as the ultimate goal of architecture raises much debate. The following points aim to further substantiate the theory.
1. All Lives are Equal. Referring again to the thought-experiment at the start, you are presumably reading this because you answered YES. We find it in ourselves the obligation to save the child because we believe that all lives are equal. The global connections we have formed with instant communication and flying technologies have made us all globally responsible19. Moreover, as the top 1% of the population, we are, if not majorly then partly with our consumerist lifestyle responsible for most of the problems that the other 99% face. We are contributors to and hence part of the problem, it is only logical that we should be part of the solution20.
07 All lives are equal.
= YOU
= ME
= HIM
HER
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2. A Profitable Career. Architects, at the moment, have a very limiting business model. We place all of our focus on the 2% of the population21, the people who need us the least, and ignore the others who need us the most. Granted, the 2% are the richest of the population and services for the other 98% would have to be pro bono. But it is these kinds of projects that effectively demonstrate our core values and the health and maturity of our businesses22. Further, if we can provide a practical solution to an immediate and crucial problem, new business opportunities can arise. Architects can gain entry into new design markets, retain employees during financial downturns, and generate media and press interest in their altruistic intentions. Money has always been a main concern for pro bono projects because they are usually done for the underprivileged without, or at a great reduction of, architectural fees23. However, it cannot
be emphasised enough that architects are compensated, if not equally as much as for fee-generating work, then even more so - even if not in terms of money. Pro bono projects generally foster greater trust between clients and architects - a significant prerequisite for the realisation of good architecture24. They also bridge the knowledge gap between architects and the public25. By reaching out, the power of good design permeates a wider audiences, further reinforcing its benefits. Therefore, architecture for the public good is neither self-destructive nor impossible, but it requires good will and effort. There are many exemplar architecture firms and organisations such as Public Architecture, Architects Without Frontiers, and MASS Design Group, that have started working in this direction, we too can and should join them.
08 Designing for the 100% is how the profession will prosper.
DESIGN FOR THE 100%
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3. What Goes Around, Comes Around. As our world’s crises and dilemmas becomes increasingly challenging, we need all the help we can get. Our world has 7 billion people and at the moment, less than 1% of the world’s population has access to higher education. As we strive to provide and help the other 99% of the population, not only do we give them an opportunity to lead an adequate life, we also allow them to contribute to contemporary research and discourse. Imagine the impact of empowering these untapped minds and voices, if we have achieved so much with just 1%26. The change we make now will help shape a positive future, not just for today’s least fortunate, but for the entire global community27.
09 What goes around, comes around.
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4. “Crisis of Relevance�28 This is the solution to many architects’ worries. By expanding our services to the greater population, architects now not only have a wider range of challenges to tackle, architects also move from being reactive to proactive agents29. No longer should we be worried about being marginalised, under-valued and treated as mere stylistic decorators30; we now have a greater purpose to serve the people that truly values us.
10 Capabilities and the potential of design to truly revolutionise our lives.
DESIGN
NATURE
CULTURE
BUSINESS
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5. A Meaningful Life. We live in a consumerist society where wealth accumulation is thought as the measure of success; the fulfilment of self-interest is above it all. However, scientific studies have shown that ‘once we have enough to satisfy our basic needs, gaining more wealth does not bring us more happiness.’31 Studies on volunteering data from the U.S. Census also show that people who volunteer in areas of their profession are more satisfied than general volunteers. These volunteers are also the ones that return year after year to continue their work32. It is hence clear that by identifying ourselves with larger goals such as to answer a dire need of the rest of our society, we inspire and give meaning to our lives33.
11 A truly meaningful and happy life.
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ARCH-UTLITARIANISM HOW TO
Like the health profession with a wide range of specialisations and a streamlined goal, we architects too can with our diverse architectural interests work towards a common goal.
The key is to scale up! Go big or go home.
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In context of the current state of the world, to achieve ARCH-Utilitarianism, architects need to not only strive to design spaces to shape and encourage a positive future but also design at scale to truly benefit the underprivileged. Using Koolhaas’ S, M, L, XL, ARCHUtilitarianism architecture can begin at various scales depending on one’s capability. Most importantly, architects should aim to move up the scale as soon as possible.
Most importantly, architects should aim to move up the scale as soon as possible. Nevertheless, to scale up does not mean: i) to construct bigger buildings; ii) to have more international projects; or iii) to merely increase the number of people involved in projects. To scale-up is to try and take on new and/or greater architectural initiatives that result in better outcomes for mankind. To further illustrate the scale system, the following examples are projects at different scales.
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12 & 13 Ad Hoc bookshelve and table designed by Rita Liao and Xeyiing Ng in the dorm 323 of Unilodge.
S - Ad Hoc Furniture Ad Hoc furniture aims to improve the lives of students living in tiny dorm rooms on a limited budget without creating more waste at the end of the life of the furniture. This project puts together waste materials obtained from construction skips to make ad hoc bookshelves and tables. At the end of the lease, materials can be simply disassemble to be returned to the skip or repurposed for other furniture.
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13 & 14 The Commons designed by Breathe Architects in Brunswick.
M – Commons by Breathe Architects34 This is a low-rise residential project aimed at making living in the city affordable, convenient and enjoyable. By rethinking the processes surrounding a built project, the community aspects of living, and the environmental impacts of production, construction and operation, the project successfully innovates new methods in the field of architectural practice. The project compounds its benefits by sharing the design strategies and details with other architectural firms to allow the benefits of the project to further propagate, as those of open-source architecture.
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15 Kesho Leo Children’s Village in Tanzania designed by Watson Architecture on a pro bono basis.
16 Kesho Leo Children’s Village’s Tilapia fish farm provides food for the community and generates income.
M – Kesho Leo Children’s Village by Watson Architecture36 The project initiated by Food Water Shelter, an organization aimed at providing eco and children friendly villages in developing countries, is for orphaned and vulnerable children and women in Tanzania. Watson Architecture, a Melbourne-based firm undertook the project on a pro bono basis in 2007. Today the village houses orphan, provides health, education and welfare services to the community, empowers women through training and support, and produces fresh food36.
17 Happy face at the Kesho Leo Children’s Village.
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18 Floating Gardens in Cambodia was designed with Cambodian Organisations to help villagers who dont own land to grow their on food.
19 The School of Life Pop Up Space in Collingwood which transformed a warehouse into a “bibliotherapy space�, cafe and bookshop.
L – Community Oriented Design by CoDesign studio37 This is a design studio that focuses on the design of “placemaking�. The studio strives to engage local communities and a wide range of stakeholders in the improvement of public spaces. This is a Melbourne-based studio and has influenced projects in India, Cambodia and Vietnam. Since then, CoDesign have developed open source materials that allow international development to occur in par with their cultural needs. Their influences have grown into numerous non-for-profit organisations and government agencies.
20 Karawara Public Open Space Masterplan in Perth was organised by CoDesign which encouraged local residents to communicate ideas for the public open space. The project also brought local population together, forming greater community bonds. 51
XL – Institute without Boundaries38 These projects strive to improve life on earth as a whole by reaching out to the other 99% with basic survival needs and education. Their influences, stemming from the clear vision and collaborative effort of many professionals, are all over the globe, promising to not only provide solutions to symptoms but the cure of the cause.
21 The many publications and projects of the Institute Without Boundaries at a world wide scale.
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Based on the scale system, many architectural practices are contented with being size M, except for a fair few such as AMO, Shigeru Ban whom might be considered as size L. Although it can be argued that no matter what scale the architect chooses to practice in, it is still possible to make a significant impact on people and spaces. However, given the state of the world, if architects are to work towards the oath of ARCHUtilitarianism, we know that the other 99% needs architecture the most. Therefore architects, scale up! Go big or go home.
Therefore architects, scale up! Go big or go home.
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ARCH-UTLITARIANISM WHEN
‘We could do a competition or we could do this.’ – Make Architects on their pro bono Bird Hide project at Westgate39.
The key is to scale up! Go big or go home.
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The time for ARCH-Utilitarianism is now. We need to formalise our commitment for public good and holistically integrate these goals into our architectural practices. While we as architects move away from our comfort zone into unfamiliar territory, one that our education did not prepare us for, we must more than ever unify our efforts, cooperate and collaborate. It is the only way for us to survive as a population. Our goal is one of relevance and importance, we must strive today for the betterment of tomorrow.
Our goal is one of relevance and importance, we must strive today for the betterment of tomorrow.
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ENDNOTES Singer, Peter. 2013. “The why and how of effective altruism .” TED Talks. https:// www.ted.com/talks/peter_singer_the_why_and_how_of_effective_altruism#t-622218. 1
Dadax. 2015. World of Meters. http://www.worldometers.info/.
Mau, Bruce. 2004. Massive Change . New York: Phaidon Press Limited, 15.
Mau, Bruce. 2004. Massive Change . New York: Phaidon Press Limited, 15.
Simmons, Christopher. 2011. Just Design. Ohio: HOW Books,3.
De Graaf, Reini, and Laura Baird. 2012. “The Whole-Earth Project.” In Future Practice, by Rory Hyde, London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 58.
Cary, John. 2010. The Power of Pro Bono: 40 Stories about Design for the Public Good by Architects and their Clients. New York: Metropolis Book, xiii.
Fisher, Thomas. 2008. “Public-Interest Architecture: A Needed and Inevitable Change.” In Expanding Architecture: Design as Activism, by Bryan Bell and Katie Wakeford, New York: Metropolis Book, 9.
Worlds Health Organization. 2014 . “Universal health coverage (UHC).” Worlds Health Organization. September. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs395/en/.
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Doctors Without Borders. 2015. Medecins San Frontieres. http://www. doctorswithoutborders.org/. 10
These statistics show the remarkable progress of mankind towards greater equality but this manifesto do not attempt to claim that we have achieve enough in terms of healthcare or legal services. We have a long way to go, but this is nevertheless a good start. 11
12
Cary, John. 2010. The Power of Pro Bono, 20-21.
Architects Registration Board of Victoria. 2006. “Guidelines on Professional Conduct and Practice.” Architects Registration Board of Victoria. http://www.arbv.vic. gov.au/?page=CPD. 13
Sritharan, K., Russell, G., Fritz, Z., Wong, D., Rollin, M., Dunning, J., … Sheehan, C. 2001. “Medical oaths and declarations : A declaration marks an explicit commitment to ethical behaviour. .” BMJ : British Medical Journal 1440–1441.
Johar, Indy. 2012. “The Civic Entrepreneur.” In Future Practice, by Rory Hyde, London:
14
15
Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 46-48.
Driver, Julia. 2009. “The History of Utilitarianism.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Sep 27. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/.
Pilloton, Emily. 2009. Design Revolution: 100 Products That Empower People. New York: Metropolis Book.
16
17
Lasagana. 2015. “Hippocratic Oath, Modern Version.” Johns Hopkins Sheridan Libraries & University Museums. Sept 24. http://guides.library.jhu.edu/c. php?g=202502&p=1335759. 18
Singer, Peter. 1997. “The Drowning Child and the Expanding Circle.” New Internationalists. April. Accessed Oct 2015. http://www.utilitarian.net/singer/ by/199704--.htm. 19
Hartley, Lucinda. n.d. “Redesigning Design.” CoDesign Studio. http://codesignstudio. com.au/about-2/. 20
Bell, Bryan. 2008. “Expanding Design Toward Greater Relevance.” In Expanding Architecture: Design as Activism, by Bryan Bell and Katie Wakeford, New York: Metropolis Books, 15.
Cary, John. 2010. The Power of Pro Bono, 260-264.
Cary, John. 2010. The Power of Pro Bono, 24.
Cary, John. 2010. The Power of Pro Bono, xii.
Cary, John. 2010. The Power of Pro Bono, 22.
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22
23
24
25
Mau, Bruce. 2011. “You Can Do Better.” Architect Magazine. January 3. http://www. architectmagazine.com/design/you-can-do-better_o. 26
Fisher, Thomas. 2008. “Public-Interest Architecture: A Needed and Inevitable Change.”, 9, 13.
Mau, Bruce. 2012. “The Massive Changer.” In Future Practice, by Rory Hyde, 27. London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Lepik, Andres. 2011. “Building on Society.” In Small Scale Big Change, by Andres Lepik, New York: MOMA,12.
27
28
29
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Hyde, Rory. 2013. “Introduction.” In Future Practice, by Rory Hyde, Oxon: Routledge, 17. 30
Singer, Peter. 1997. “The Drowning Child and the Expanding Circle.”
Cary, John. 2010. The Power of Pro Bono, 23.
Singer, Peter. 1997. “The Drowning Child and the Expanding Circle.”
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32
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National Architecture Awards Jury 2014. 2014. “2014 National Architecture Awards: David Oppenheim Award.” Architecture AU. November. http://architectureau.com/ articles/2014-national-architecture-awards-david-oppenheim-award/ 34
Watson Architecture. n.d. “Kesho Leo Childrens’ Village, Tanzania.” Watson Architecture. http://www.watsonarchitecture.com/projects/kesho-leo-childrens-village tanzania. 35
Food Water Shelter. n.d. “Kesho Leo Children’s Village.” Food Water Shelter. http:// www.foodwatershelter.org.au/kesho-leo. 36
Hartley, Lucinda. n.d. “Redesigning Design.” CoDesign Studio.
Mau, Bruce. 2004. Massive Change . New York: Phaidon Press Limited.
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Owen, Ceridwen. 2012. “Pro Bono Publico.” Architecture AU. Jul 17. http:// architectureau.com/articles/the-service-of-architecture-for-the-public-good-can-be-a gift-without-expectation-of-reward/ 39
REFERENCES Architects Registration Board of Victoria. 2006. “Guidelines on Professional Conduct and Practice.” Architects Registration Board of Victoria. Accessed Nov 12, 2015. http://www.arbv. vic.gov.au/?page=CPD. Architects Without Frontiers. 2015. Architects Without Frontiers - Australia. Accessed Oct 7, 2015. http://www.architectswithoutfrontiers.com.au/site/. Architecture for Humanity. 2012. Design Like You Give a Damn [2] Building Change from the Ground Up. New York: Abrams. Bell, Bryan. 2008. “Expanding Design Toward Greater Relevance.” In Expanding Architecture: Design as Activism, by Bryan Bell and Katie Wakeford, 14-17. New York: Metropolis Books. Cary, John. 2010. The Power of Pro Bono: 40 Stories about Design for the Public Good by Architects and their Clients. New York: Metropolis Book. Dadax. 2015. World of Meters. Oct. Accessed Oct 2015. http://www.worldometers.info/. De Graaf, Reini, and Laura Baird. 2012. “The Whole-Earth Project.” In Future Practice, by Rory Hyde, 57-71. London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. Doctors Without Borders. 2015. Medecins San Frontieres. Accessed November 11, 2015. http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/. Driver, Julia. 2009. “The History of Utilitarianism.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Sep 27. Accessed Oct 7, 2015. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/. Fisher, Thomas. 2008. “Public-Interest Architecture: A Needed and Inevitable Change.” In Expanding Architecture: Design as Activism, by Bryan Bell and Katie Wakeford, 9-13. New York: Metropolis Book. Food Water Shelter. n.d. “Kesho Leo Children’s Village.” Food Water Shelter. Accessed Nov 12, 2015. http://www.foodwatershelter.org.au/kesho-leo. Gamez, Joel LS, and Roger Suan. 2008. “An Architecture of Change.” In Expanding Architecture: Design as Activism, by Bryan Bell and Katie Wakeford, 18-25. New York: Metropolis Books. Hartley, Lucinda. n.d. “Redesigning Design.” CoDesign Studio. Accessed Oct 7, 2015. http:// codesignstudio.com.au/about-2/. Hyde, Rory. 2013. “Introduction.” In Future Practice, by Rory Hyde, 17-26. Oxon: Routledge.
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Johar, Indy. 2012. “The Civic Entrepreneur.” In Future Practice, by Rory Hyde, 43-55. London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. Lasagana. 2015. “Hippocratic Oath, Modern Version.” Johns Hopkins Sheridan Libraries & University Museums. Sept 24. Accessed Oct 15, 2015. http://guides.library.jhu.edu/c. php?g=202502&p=1335759. Lepik, Andres. 2011. “Building on Society.” In Small Scale Big Change, by Andres Lepik, 1222. New York: MOMA. MASS. 2015. New Model of Practice. Accessed Oct 6, 2015. http://www.massdesigngroup. org/approach/. Mau, Bruce. 2004. Massive Change . New York: Phaidon Press Limited. Mau, Bruce. 2012. “The Massive Changer.” In Future Practice, by Rory Hyde, 26-41. London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. Mau, Bruce. 2011. “You Can Do Better.” Architect Magazine. January 3. Accessed September 17, 2015. http://www.architectmagazine.com/design/you-can-do-better_o. National Architecture Awards Jury 2014. 2014. “2014 National Architecture Awards: David Oppenheim Award.” Architecture AU. November. Accessed September 17, 2015. http:// architectureau.com/articles/2014-national-architecture-awards-david-oppenheim-award/. National Geographic. 2011. “The World of Seven Billion.” National Geographic. Accessed Nov 12, 2015. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/03/age-of-man/map-interactive. Owen, Ceridwen. 2012. “Pro Bono Publico.” Architecture AU. Jul 17. Accessed Nov 12, 2015. http://architectureau.com/articles/the-service-of-architecture-for-the-public-good-can-be-agift-without-expectation-of-reward/. Pilloton, Emily. 2009. Design Revolution: 100 Products That Empower People. New York: Metropolis Book. Simmons, Christopher. 2011. Just Design. Ohio: HOW Books. Singer, Peter. 1997. “The Drowning Child and the Expanding Circle.” New Internationalists. April. Accessed Oct 2015. http://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/199704--.htm. Singer, Peter. 2013. “The why and how of effective altruism .” TED Talks. Mar. Accessed Oct 08, 2015. https://www.ted.com/talks/peter_singer_the_why_and_how_of_effective_ altruism#t-622218.
Sritharan, K., Russell, G., Fritz, Z., Wong, D., Rollin, M., Dunning, J., … Sheehan, C. 2001. “Medical oaths and declarations : A declaration marks an explicit commitment to ethical behaviour. .” BMJ : British Medical Journal 1440–1441. Watson Architecture. n.d. “Kesho Leo Childrens’ Village, Tanzania.” Watson Architecture. Accessed Nov 12, 2015. http://www.watsonarchitecture.com/projects/kesho-leo-childrensvillage-tanzania. Worlds Health Organization. 2015. “Tracking Universal Health Coverage.” Worlds Health Organization. Accessed Nov 11, 2015. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/universal_health_ coverage/report/2015/en/.
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IMAGE CREDITS 01 Xeyiing Ng - World’s Income and Population Map, Base image from National Geograhic - The World of Seven Billion 2009 http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/03/age-of-man/map-interactive. 02 Xeyiing Ng - Demographic Statistics, Data from http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/03/age-of-man/map-interactive. http://www.worldometers.info/. 03
Xeyiing Ng - Dependency Relationship between Humans and Architects
04 Xeyiing Ng - Statistics of Architect vs. Healthcare Professionals’ Efficiency, Data from http://www.who.int/healthinfo/universal_health_coverage/report/2015/en/. Fisher, Thomas. 2008. “Public-Interest Architecture: A Needed and Inevitable Change.” 05
Xeyiing Ng - Architectural Efforts Comparison Diagram
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Xeyiing Ng - All Lives are Equal
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Xeyiing Ng - Design for the 100%
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Xeyiing Ng - What Goes Around, Comes Around.
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Xeyiing Ng - Design Venn Diagram, Inspired by Mau, Bruce. 2012. “The Massive Changer.” In Future Practice, by Rory Hyde.
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Xeyiing Ng - A Meaningful and Happy Life.
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Xeyiing Ng - Furniture designed by Xeyiing Ng
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Xeyiing Ng - Furniture designed by Rita Liao
13 Xeyiing Ng - Good Design for People, Base photo from Breathe Architects - The Commons http://www.breathe.com.au/the-commons-1/ 14 Breathe Architects - The Commons http://www.breathe.com.au/the-commons-1/ 15
Permaculture Research Institute - FoodWaterShelter Fast Fact http://permaculturenews.org/2014/05/16/foodwatershelter-fast-fact-tilapia-fishfarming-kesho-leo-childrens-village-tanzania/
16 Xeyiing Ng - Good Design for Communities, Base photo from www.watsonarchitecture.com/projects/kesho-leo-childrens-village-tanzania 17 Food Water Shelter - Kesho Leo Children’s Village http://www.foodwatershelter.org.au/ 18
codesignstudio - Floating Gardens, Cambodia http://codesignstudio.com.au/portfolio-type/floating-gardens-phnom-phen/
19 codesignstudio - The School of Life Pop Up Space, Collingwood http://codesignstudio.com.au/portfolio-type/the-school-of-life-pop-up-space/ 20 codesignstudio - Karawara Public Open Space Masterplan, Perth http://codesignstudio.com.au/portfolio-type/karawara-public-open-space-masterplan/ 21 Institute Without Boundaries - Projects and Publications http://institutewithoutboundaries.ca/publications/publications/
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Author: Xeyiing Ng Student ID: 596296 Assignment Title: ARCH - Utilitarianism Subject Title: ABPL 90117 21st Century Architecture Lecturer: Dr. AnnMarie Brennan Tutor: Joshua Haddad Tutorial Time: Friday 5.15pm - 6.15pm
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my tutor, Joshua Haddad for his kind support and constant encouragement throughout the semester, my subject lecturer, Dr AnnMarie Brennan, for her guidance in my learning of the 21st Century Architecture’s coursework and my fellow colleagues who have helped, strive and struggle with me along the way. I am also thankful of my dinosaur for his endless support in proof reading and image editing. Lastly, I am grateful for the opportunity to produce this manifesto, it was a truly amazing experience.
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KEEP TRYING And in the meantime, go volunteer at your local soup kitchen.