XIANG LI DDF MODULE 4 SKIN AND BONE by xiang li

DIGITAL DESIGN + FABRICATION SM1, 2017 SKIN AND BONE-WATER CUBE Xiang Li

Contents 0.0 INTRODUCTION 1.0 IDEATION 1.1 selected Object- measured drawings 1.2 Object+ System analysis 1.3 Volume 1.4 Sketch design proposals

3.4 final prototype development 3.5 Digital model 3.6 Assembly Drawing3.7 Fabrication processes- 3D printing 3.8 Final Model and completed 2nd Skin 3.9 Testing effects + Senarios

2.0 DESIGN+PROTYPES 2.1 Design developments 2.2 Digitization + Design ideas 2.3 Precedent researches 2.4 Desgn Proposal version 2 2.5 Protype + Testing effects

3.0 Fabrication 3.1 Fabrication proposal and introduction 3.2 Design Development 4

3.3 Design Development & Fabrication of Skin

0.0 Introduction 6

Skin and bone: we explored the system of skin and bone in this module, by studying the structure of an umbrella. By exploring its physical structure and the mechanisms, we found that the relationship between skin and bones should be strongly interacrional. The key word of our model is ‘protection’, the defined personal space volume is varied by different sensitive area of the wearer, this not only offers different degree of necessay protection but also maintaining the structure’s variation and aesthetic values.

1.0 IDEATION

Mechanism Analysis

1.1 Object Measured Drawings

During the measuring process, I have tried various methods. For measuring the depth of the arch of the opened umbrella, photograph is the most reliable method. (Using the ratio on the photograph. This would be very helpful in the isometric, elevation drawings

pressing the release/close button on the handle, the 8 ribs and their components close , and the skin will be stoping streched and will be folded withe the bone as well, shown in

TheThe handle handle is consisted is consisted by 3 hollow bytubes, 3

hollow tubes, which theand which means the handle couldmeans stretch out

handle could out be and draw back freely. Thestretch length could changed

1:5

draw back freely. The length from 550 milimeters to 200milimeters. This design could be changed makes umbrella portable. from 550 milimeters to 200milimeters. This design makes umbrella portable.

1.2 Object Digital model

details of the bone structure

1.2 Volume reconfigured system

1.3 Sketch design proposal

I used straws as the materials for doing the tiny model with paper as second skin, convenient and flexible, I made the joints by cutting knife. When the bone structure converge, the paper would be folded as well.

sketch design 2 Soft, peace, sea snail, encircling

The sea snails usually use their shells to insulate themselves with outside world, this one only hide the half face, but it is enough to express the sense of alienation. The shape is soft , but is also encircle towards the body, providing the sense of protection

I intended to use iron wires or electrial wires to make the curves of bone structure and the model would also have soft paper attached on the bone as the second skin to create blocking effects.

1.3 Sketch design proposal sketch design 1 agreesive structure, barrier, protection sketch design 3 helmet, confine, cage, hide This spinous shape is like a hedgehog use the thorns to protect themselves. It asplso creates an agressive barrier around shoulder and two upper arms----like the armour. Some area like arms would be covered by second skin

In my personal opinion the face is the major emotion area on our body .The mouth, nose, ears are all hide in side this cage, express the meaning of refusing any contact: I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t want to hear and I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t want to talk. The idea of the shape on shoulder is also drawn from armour.

2.0 DESIGN ( XinYue Wu, Xiang Li, Issac Young)

Personal Space Analysis

2.1 Design Development MAIN IDEA’S SKETCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT:

The first sketch shows the bubble-like structure in fully extended form to forming an thick protective shield for the user. The second and third show how the proposal could be folding so that this design could be portable for us. The model almost seems to “balloon” or puff up like a puffer fish when you need some personal space. These sketches illustrates the varying shape and size of the model by changing the tension from the skin.

2nd Skin proposed design V.1

In our exloration, the ‘personal space’ as ‘a private space that can protect ourselves from the uncomfortable space or atmospheres around’. Surrounded by soft things like bubbles can comfort us. Thus, the main agenda next is to explore how to create this kind of ‘bubbles’ by using skin and bone structure.

2nd Skin proposed design V.2

Design development - Version #2 ‘Sea Snail’ to encircling the body

Defining personal space In the case of designing a second skin, we must consider individual personal space. The illustration above, delineates the “invisible” surrounding space that an individual imagines is his or her social boundaries. Sommer’s Personal Space (1969) demonstrates the fact that personal space is more on emotional rather than physical, and defining a personal space should be based on that individual; everyone’s personal space is unique.

From our measurements it was clear to us that personal space seemed to be more pertinent to the upper body. The sensitivity area includes; face, neck, chest and arms, also the front side are more sensitive to the back. According to the sensitivity varies with different areas of the individual, we want our design to have a varying degree of both protection and variation to the wearer’s surroundings as well. Later the second skin aims to shield the individual from such vulnerabilities at the same time maintaining aesthetic appeal to the wearer and those around him/her.

red-intimate space

2nd Skin proposed design V.3 This design idea is drawn from sea snails, They usually use their shells to insulate themselves with outside world. This design is mainly about by using this shape to build the sense of alienation of emotion to create the personal space. Although the shape looks cury and soft , but is also encircle towards the upper body by which is the main part of human emotional expression , providing the sense of protection.

from yellow to blue=

personal space

right side

Front elevation

SECTION

the another function of skin is the emotion indicator for the user.

Precedent Research 2.3-Water Cube

Precedent Research-Honeycomb

Precedent Research-Membrane structure-Water Cube and Honeycomb Precedent applied to design-Water Cube -idea of defining the ‘personal space’ as ‘a private space which could providing the sense of security from the uncomfortable space or atmospheres around’. In order to emphasis this concept. Decision- designing a soft space on physical and psychological aspects. Thus the ‘bubbles’ look of Beijing National Aquatics Center inspired us.

This design idea mainly comes from the Beijing National Aquatics Centre, otherwise known colloquially as the Water Cube. The building was modeled after the Weaire Phelan foam and Plato’s geometry of soap bubbles. The “bone” structure of the building is to indicating the molecular geometry of water, H2O. What we liked about the water cube is that it has very complicated bone structure, but the skin looks visually “soft” like water and do well in softening the edges.

Bubbles, Molecular structure，Transparency, Soft

Beijing National Aquatics Center(water cube) Architects: Chris Bosse, Rob LeslieCarter

For the water cube design, we really wanted to show the harmonious interaction and interdependency between the skin and bone structure. The skin, being elastic, pulls upon the individual bones and distorts the regular shaped polygons into irregular shops. When one polygonal shape is “squeezed” and its shape made smaller, the neighboring shapes “expand” creating more space. There are a multitude of possibilities when it comes to the arrangement of the skin within the bone structure. The skin can stretch in three dimension and can twist if necessary. The skin and wrap around the outer portion of the bone structure, within the polygon, or within several polygons.

The geometric shapes link together and support one another and despite being surface planes, each one can be angled slightly to achieve a more curved and “flowing” finish. Structures made in the likeness of honeycombs are beneficial for our model in two ways; minimalizing materials needed for construction and minimalizing overall weight of the model. The latter may prove to be more important in our final model when a person has to don on our model.

the bone structure of Beijing National Aquatics Center is consisted by two kinds of cubes: 12-sided cubes and 14 sided cubes, this arrangement is stable and strong enough. decision---using this kind of structure to generate ‘protection for person’

By exploring the of umbrella in M1, we understoond that both of the skin and bone of it are significant, especially the connection between them. Therefore in our design, focusing on generating several structure shapes weaved by the membrane, while keeping the relationship with the bone structure of membrane , in order to prove the connection is essential and necessary. After gathering some information of the principles, we think that the tensegrity structure, a contraction of tensile and integrity, is the most appropriate method to combine them. While there still need to explore more to enhancing the idea.

Precedent applied to design-Honeycomb 1 The structure of honeycomb forming around body create a protected second skin. By offsetting the contour lines of body and the‘second skin’ is c reated.

2. Same as the water cube, the different densities of honeycomb in different areas show different levels of protections this area of the body need. Some parts we think protection may be unnecessary.

Bones are strong in compression but can not create much tension. Meanwhile, skins could have strong at tension because of its elasticity. Thus, membranes are stretched by the bones and bones are deformed by the tensile force of membrane. membrane structure on the vertexes of cubes in this way.

3. Bones are strong in compression but can not create much tension. Meanwhile, skins (membranes) could have strong at tension because of its elasticity. Thus, membranes are stretched by the bones and bones are deformed by the tensile force of membrane. We decide to add membrane structure on the vertexes of cubes in this way.

Precedent Research--

Precedent applied to design The feature of spiral bone structure fits in with the idea of a sea snail’s shell, which inspired us for developing our bone structure 由扫描全能王扫描创建

由扫描全能王扫描创建

in similar way, adding variety of the curvy of

Those clothing design all used transparent fabrics and have loosing sense of shape,

giving ideas of skin’s transperancy

Also, the inside green-

but they are actually firm in its structure, from this transparent structure and the This parametric

designed building are particularly interesting because

room giving us an 由扫描全能王扫描创建

unique patterns and textures, people could really feel the boundary it created.

the bone structure.

idea of putting skin beneath the bone, giving the model a sense of depth. If we

the bone struc-

put skin outside, the

ture appears on

skin may weaken the

the outside of the

existing of bones

building and the skin (glass panels) are attached on layers

the structure. The spiraling shape of the building also

caught our attention.

Mainly give us the idea of fabric, looks irregular/ loose shape. Since the project focuses on a wearable second skin, we thought it would be beneficial to browse photos of various fashion designs that closely resembled a second skin and also looked like a shell. In the photos above, the fabric is used as the skin. The fabric also has translucent qualities that helps mask or lose the general shape of the human body when viewed by others.

2.4 Design proposal- development

2.4 Design development - Version #1 ‘Water Cube’

of digital model - Version #1 Development of cubes arrangement--relating with defined personal space

The graph above shows design process of the overall structure, the Weaire–Phelan structure is a complex 3-dimensional structure representing in an idealised foam of equal-sized bubbles. Also, we want to do as the same that the structural support system is inherently strong and lightweight as the Beijing National Aquatics Centre where our inspiration comed from. Therefore, it is extremely pratical for us to choose the Weaire–Phelan structure as our inspiration to generate a personal space. In stage 1, it is obvious that we use thus structure prototye to build a shape around the human body, where some parts are multi-layer to keep a good protect status and some parts look thinner for some place doesn’t need to protect.However, as we can see, those green bubbles are too concentrated and crowded so that we are afraid that it could not express the concept of “bubble” which is a soft and comfortable geometry. As a result, by amplifing the basic shape and randomly reducing some bubbles on the body surface, we could gain the result of Phase 2. However, we are not satisfied with the second skin shape. Obviously, in stage 3, the change is emphasized on the shape of the second skin which gives the user the sense of soft, flexiable and cozy space. Finally, we made some adjustments, to make sure the proper scale and the shape of the bubble sturcture and to make people to feel lightness and comfortable, while at the same time, it also provides a pravate space at some essential place.

Version #2 Water Cube

right

top

left 24

perspectives

There are 4 kinds of length in the whole structure, so 4 kinds of arrangement initially comed up; 1.Connecting all the shortest sticks and twist them and this create eight pairs (four

pairs of grasshopper batteries) of membranes. Due to the short distance membranes are under high tensile force and cause severe deformation on bones. 2.Connecting all the long sticks and twist them and four pairs (two pairs of grasshopper batteries) of membranes could be created. Due to the short distance between vertexes, membranes are not under high tensile force, the deformation on bones are not very strong. 3.Different from the connecting method (horizontally) above, we consider connect sticks vertically and twist them. Thus, the cubes are twisted vertically.

The bone structure is classified into the group of eight which are formed by 6 fourteen sides cubes and 2 twelve sides cubes. By grasshoperâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s calculation, we could number the gluesticks and find the length that we need.

2.4 Design proposal- Grasshopper skin arrangements in water cube

Design development - Version #2 ‘Honeycomb’

2.4 Design development - Version #2 honey comb

lines for the shape

the progress of shaping the idea To define the shape of honey comb,several curves which keep different distance to the body surface due to distinct body parts were maded. And then, by using those closed curvesand by using the Rhino command “loft” to build a round surface around the human surface which is considered as the “second skin”. In order to ensure the second skin is flexible and comfortable enough, we splited the surface elaborately so that we could get a trimmed surface which could be used as the fundamental surface to generate the “honeycomb” shape. Although the trimmed surface seems complicated and the structure beyond it are twisted, those structure member bars still come from the same prototype. In the final step, we add some membrane connected to several points with some logic in grasshopper, which could enhance the equilibrium of the structure.

Loft--the major tool for buiding the shape Based on the hexagon geometry, several basic prototype for the second skin had been explored. By doing some analysis and comparisons , we finally decided that the hexagon could be extruded by three different level heights to provide different level of privacy and protection according to the human surface.

Design development - Version #3 ‘Sea Snail’

The first stage is only a series of rudimentary curve vertical bones to support the whole personal

2.4 Design development - Version #3

In the area corresponding to the sensitive area related to communication, the fabric in these

space structure, and for the skin is just the soft texture paper. By this way, the skin would fit the

‘Sea Snail’ Bonesdetails

places show cross shape, which means ‘ rejection’: no communication( saying, hearing), and

curvy structure and also won’t put too much burden to the whole structure and also giving

no touch

people the soft but also the insulating feeling.

By using panelling tools, the structure had been simplified and the horizontal bones could be also generated from the points grid.

FINAL STRUCTURE

test of materials

front

SECOND STRUCTURE

Skindetails

By extracting the contour line and loft to build other structure.And use extract isocurve And by using the pipe command toto build all the build the round bone structures. bones.

1.The paper stick A are slightly bendable, but still too stiffy to the soft structure

neck

ear

mouth front elevation

Mouth, ear, neck, mainly communication and sensitive area, so I decide covering the skin this way.

oxter isometric

2 of the black wires are suitable

back

2. The iron wires are very bendable, but it doesn’t look nice after several times bending it, and also the wire become stronger.

medium elastic but the nettings are too small to see the variation

stiky easy to attach but lack of elasticity pins used to attach the skin from inside the structure

requirements: 1. plasticity 2. smoothy shape 3.could afford the weight of shape.( the wite electrical wires are too heavy itself, it is bendable but couldn’t afford the weight of shape)

tools for bending cuting wires

silky socks, stretchable and elastic

2.5 protytopes + Testing Effects - Version #1 Water Cubeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

2.5 Prototype - Version #1 Water Cubeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; materials:

Bones- gluesticks Skin-latex gloves problems for water cube: - Hot glue gun left streaks of fine glue every where, and this is not neat. - Under high tension, some members of the bone structure would separate - Under high tension, some of the skin will snap of the bone structure, - The skin is too thin and relatively difficult to roll on and leaves the corners sticking out which affect the aes-

2.5 Testing Effects - Version #2

2.5 testing effects- 3d printing joints

2.5 Prototype - Version #3 ‘Sea snail’

2.5 prototypes- testing effects conclusions

Bone materials tried – Electrical wire, piano wire 0.9mm and 1.25mm thickness, glow sticks, straws metal brace, glue sticks, plastic card Skin materials tried– Netting, stockings, latex gloves, non-latex gloves, plastic, jointing tape, Whilst gluing some of the experimental bone material with a glue gun, it dawned on us that the long glue stick itself have very elastic qualities that allowed in to bend, but sturdy enough to be used to make geometric shapes. After trying one prototype with the glue stick as the bones, it was obvious that it was the best out of all the materials we have tried. Its translucency also lends to aesthetics values to the prototype. Through testings we found that gloves, specifically non-latex gloves, provided a amount of stretch yet was strong enough to hold the glue sticks. The latex gloves on the other hand tended to snap if the tension on the polygonal members were to high. The non-latex versions are translucent and so it is matched with the gluesticks

Based on the hexagon geometry, several basic prototypes for the second skin we had tried shown in pictures. The skin, under tension, provides sufficient friction for it it to hold itself in place. We noticed that the corners of the skin stuck out after being rolled. This led to cutting the corners of the the previously rectangle-shaped skin strips. The gloves came powered which made it difficult for it to stick. This meant34 we had to “de-powder” them before hand and salvage as much flat materials from a gloves shape every time.

Using the hot glue gun to join the gluesticks didn’t look good and neat and also would result in the incurate of the angles. To strengthen the structure and better apperence, we want to try 3d printing inthe next exploration.

2.5 Testing Effects - Version #3 ‘Sea snail’

3.0 FABRICATION (Xinyue Wu, Xiang Li, Issac Young

3.1 Introduction From M2, we found that the structure made by hot melting glue sticks are really flexible, elastic but strong, the translucence of glue sticks not only add aesthetic value to the structure but also help the skin to be clearly shown. In M3, the topic we explored is the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Water Cubeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; structure. Our initial idea is to produce a shielding effect to an individual, we defined the bone is the barrier which carried skin and the skin is a protective membrane around body as the indication of personal emotion to the personal space. We further developed our prototypes we all had in M2 and the final shape is consisted by 39 fourteen sides cubes and 6 twelve sides cubes eventually. During the developments, the skins and bones become in separable with each otherthe existing of skin need to rely on the bone and also the bone is shaped and maintained by the skin. The emphasized personal space part is mainly the part on the right shoulder and above, you could observe that the straightly standing intense bone structure and the skins nearly block the view into the body from the rightâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;just like a barrier of insulating communication. Other parts are all around our upper body to shows a way of protection; a firm protection whose strength is easily been underestimated. During the design process, we have tested a variety of materials for each component of our model including the joints, bones (structure) and skin (selected from the texture and features we needed). We also considered various ways of how to put and stretch the membrane, the different forms of connecting joints. The whole structure in Rhino is achieved by Grasshopper.

joints, cutting of the bones and the rest of the fabrication was done by hand.

3.3 Design development& Fabrication of final Prototype:

3.2 Design Development & Fabrication of Prototype. The assembly pictures of prototypes pink-6.3cm blue-4.8cm yellow-4.1cm orange 2.7cm

4 lengths 6.3cm, 4.8cm, 4.1cm and 2.7cm

3.2 Design Development & Fabrication of Prototype--skin

The glue sticks are a unique material which is not only strong enough to hold up the structure but is also capable of bending and have unique appearence and texture.Thetranslucent colour is the most important feature which does not completely block view of the inside structure and the colour of the skin, giving our design view of multiple layers from different perspectives. We felt that it was hard to build such a big structure at the start of our fabrication. We decided to divide the work so that we could increase the efficiency of our fabrication. Instead of building from start point to end point, we world on the shapes that were repetitive and made a few of those before ultimately combining all of them. In our proposed design, 39 of the cubes are 14-sided cubes and could be built from one pentagon with 4 of the 48mm sticks and 1 of the 63mm sticks. The 12 sided cube are always been used in connecting the 14-sideds. we had considered a lot of materials including birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s nesting fabric, silky socks, balloons, various plastics and so on. After we realized that our major precedent ideaâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;The Beijing National Aquatics (Water Cube), always utilized this translucent effect, giving people a soft visual feeling from every perspective, we then changed our focus of our skin to a soft, elastic, and translucent material to achieving the same effect. We bought 2 packs of different thin rubber gloves and compared them. we selected gloves with transparent colour and more stretchable texture rather than the other only option, with an opaque white colour. Though the latter is actually more elastic we prioritized translucency. Another advantage of the transparent glove is that it could be coloured by watercolour. The skins of prototypes are all cut from the palm area of the gloves, therefore the size for the skin is pretty much the same and there are only a few limited deformation methods that could be used because of the limited size.

the pictures of only the bone structure is made, the shape is still loose

with the tensions of skin, the shape is more converged

3.4 Final Prototype development + optimisation-Bone structure fabrication- 3d printing joints Using the hot glue

gun to join the gluesticks didn’t look good and neat and also would result in the incurate of the angles.

reading applied in design

To strengthen the structure and better apperence, we decide to use 630of 3d pringting joints.

Architectural and Material Techniques (2009) – Iwamoto: Digital modelling, like traditional drawing has its restraints but digital production has the potential to close the gap between design and construction. For now, however, the transition from digital models to physical construction is still far from seamless as there are various issues that arise. In our model making for example, the 3D printed joints are not perfectly made and some small allowances had to be made due to left over material residue that hardens in the joint spaces where our member are meant to slide into perfectly. 2D computer-aided-modelling only served to ease the process of hand-drawn design but had no real impact on the designs themselves. It is only when 3D computer modelling was introduced that architects to rethink their designs.

In the whole structure, there are 9 kinds of different joint; 1. 2 kinds of joints could connect with 4 sticks 2.The rest 7 kinds could only connect with 3 some of them only have 5 or 10 degrees different in one angle. For avoiding mix those joints up, we named them and put them into different bags

3.4 optimisation--skinstructure, new material

Contrast:

Proposed 3 kinds of joins: round, triangular and tube like. -It is true that the first two options are interesting in their shape, but they have the same fatal problem, the angle between glue sticks are all covered--hard for us to assembling the gluesticks.A clear view of each angle are really important, this could avoid the wrong ways of placing the joints. -One else thing is that this structure is actually made by 14 or 12 sided cubes, the tube like joints will give full play to the complexity of structure. - the shape would become more defined with the tube joints

From the feedback from the prototype, we searched for other better material rather than the gloves which were to flimsy and we were limited by the area of material we could salvage from each glove. We managed to find a thin 0.5mm X1m X1m sheet of silicone rubber that we could cut to length and stretch on our model. Silicone rubber, a material has very strong chemical structure (hard to break), has features of elasticity, absorption, waterproof, stretchable and durable. But its waterproof quality makes it hard to be colored, this kind of we initially wanted to paint the skin by water color like how we had done so in our prototype. Then the acrylic paint which paint would crack if stretched. Instead of paint, we colored the skin using marker pens, because the marker pen is oily. The colors we opted for were red, green and blue. The colors are more pastel-like compared to our prototype which were very saturated colors. We think that the lighter color really compliments our white joints well. We also, by coloring multiple colors on a single strip of silicon, show the transition between the safety levels.

When we used the non-latex gloves as our skin membrane, the connection between bone to bone were relatively short spanned and with limited twisting. This made the skin look to simple and just covered the surface. Although the gloves did offer some deformation, it was not enough to really illustrate our system. The flimsiness of the gloves also resulted in jagged cuts along the edges which did not looks particularly good. Being as thin as it was, and minor cut on the edge or tiny puncture would cause the skin to snap or rip at these mentioned “weak spots”. With the longer lengths of silicone strips, we could easily connect to more bone members at a single time and also display twisting and tension under abnormal angles. The thickness was ideal as well, it was thin enough for stretching under high tension and thick enough so that it would not snap. The silicone came in a 1m by 1m flat sheet which made the cutting of it into strips extremely easy. The elasticity of the material also meant that it retained it original length easily unlike the gloves which when stretched too much would remain slightly elongated demonstrating that its elastic properties and retention of elasticity were limited. When the silicon is stretched, it turns slightly more opaque compared to its translucent self when at rest. We found this quality interesting and that it could be applied to our model. The higher the tension and the stretch, the more protection is offers because it reduces the visibility through it meaning visibility of the user is also reduced.

Glow in the dark stronger silicone rubber

gloves

After the whole structure was buit, we found a kind of glue sticks called glow in the dark in Daiso, then we replaced the longest length components and a few other gluesticks to indicating the flow of the skin. The glow in the dark glue sticks need lights to recharge but it really looks good in the dark with its blue light. 43

3.5- Final digital model and rendering --details

3.5- Final digital model and rendering

With gradually increasing pulling force provided by membrance, the structure will be de-

3.6-Assembly drawings

The emphasized personal space part is mainly the part on the right shoulder and above, you could observe that the straightly standing intense bone structure and the skins nearly block the view into the body from the rightâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;just like a barrier of insulat-ing communication. Other parts are all around our upper body to shows a way of protection; a firm protection whose strength is easily been underestimated.

3.7-Fabrication Sequence

2nd Skin

Fabrication process: In our model there are 1174 sticks in total The sticks that we ordered came in 100mm lengths so we ordered 1200 sticks that we could cut to length. There are a total of 4 different lengths used in our model to make 39 of 14 sided cubs and 6 of the 12 sided cubes. The lengths we used are 27mm, 41mm, 48mm and 63mm. We figured that we could get two sticks for every one stick that we bought. This allowed us to build both our final model and a full prototype. After we had broken the 9 types of joints from their bas and hollowed the inside, we start sliding the stick in the joints while using our rhino model as a guide. We had hoped that the glue sticks would fit in snuggly into the joints however that was not the case and we had to glue them in place which was very time consuming. We split the model into three parts so that we could work on the model separately and then joined our parts together to make up the overall bone structure. The glow in the dark sticks were slightly larger in diameter than the regular sticks so we had to chamfer the edges slightly in order for them to fit. After that, we cut the skin into the 3 various widths and colored them by hand with the marker. We noticed that there were noticeable marker strokes on the silicone so we wore rubber gloves and smeared the ink to get a uniform color. Once it had dried, we started stretching the skin on and in between the bone structure to deform the shape. When stretching the skin, we also had to keep in mind two things which was to emphasize the density of skin in a particular region and also to hoist up the heavier left and right section of our model. Once we completed the model we placed the model on our user to check for fitting and size and readjusted the skin as needed so that the model would sit on the wearer comfortably

2nd Skin final design

3.9 Testing effect+ senarios

1.0 In a crowded elevator where it is inevitable that the people surrounding would be closer to you and may invade your personal space. For the simulation, the figurants will push our user who is wearing the Water Cube intentionally in the elevator. The changes of the Water Cube is that the bone structure would have a higher density when the figurants push further and further. The higher density of the Water Cube indicates the stronger protection it provides because a denser and rigid structure would also produce stronger retaliating force back when others pushing you. In conclusion, the subject could not really reach our user because the Water Cube is protecting her by keeping the invaders within a buffer range.

2.0 When some radical invaders are trying to attack our testee, the pulling force produced from the watercube is very strong as well, as the same as the principle in the Elevator experiment.

3.0 The user sitting or walking alone with â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;water cube â&#x20AC;&#x2DC; on can be well protected by others and they can enjoy their personal space even having mediation at the same time.

4.0 When our user is sitting on the bench, the hori zontal shape of water cube would form a buffering zone to her left and right hand side in order to protect her personal space. If someone near her were to fall asleep and may touch her, they would only do so on the water cube instead of her shoulder

5.0 Under the situation of walking up and down the stairs, almost all the pedestrians would subconsciously keep their distance from our user because the shape not only signals a feeling of the user wanting personal space but also physically does so.

4.0 REFLECTION

The semester to me is a really worthwhile but really long journey; I have learned and understood a lot of things that I even don't have any idea before; the im-portance of working as a team, the depth of the design concepts, developing the skills of using digital modelling plug-in tools like Panelling tool, understanding the convenience and seems ultimate capabilities of grasshopper as well as the Kangaroo uses in making the tensions between skin and bone. In addition, the fabrication is more challenging to us: how to build our ideas close to physically perfect form, the helpful new technologies and the seeking for suitable materials, lastly, our model structure is too complicated with 1170 glue sticks needed and 600 of 3d printing joints, so building both the model and the prototype are actual-ly really time-consuming and needing some intelligent---because we have to un-derstand the form of 12&14 sided cubes and one mistake could result in the in-consistent in other parts. We also had encountered numerous kinds of problems in finishing the physical model, but eventually, we found the new ways out as well as grasping the new possibilities and finally we get through those together. To our group, the digital technologies, including grasshopper and V-ray are really helpful for us to exactly express the ideas or concept of the design while for making the physical model to solve the problems we made some trade-off as well by making different examples and comparing their practicality and visual effects. As a Landscape Architecture student, I really appreciate the chance of exploring the structural, space and fabricating ideas even they may cost me a lot. But I hope in my major I could have more studio about software us-ing design in depth, for example, the parametric space exploring. The parametric design usually has both the structure and surface visual interests (Kolarevic 2003)and it is amaz-ing, such as one creative form are actually based on developments of an algo-rithm and the combination form by joining different kinds of algorithm together to make the design. The reason why I prefer this kind of design is that it is indeed creative and could easily achieve some extraordinary shape while it is also very logical instead of random forming, incorporating the charm of mathematics. I personally believe that this kind of design would be more and more prevalent because it is flexible so that the multifunctional shape is achievable and also un-der different environments, the suitable algorithm shape could be applied for de-sign, and some of the algorithm-defined structure is strong enough so we could focus on more eco-friendly material selections. It is the product of aesthetic de-sign values and the scientific logic, a new design style which is out of the rigidity of traditional styles ( Scheurer and Stehling 2011). To be honest, in M1 I even donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know what I am and I will be doing and I didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t quite understand how to make the relationship between skin and bone matters. In the exploration in M2 and M3, the way we define the 2 systems affected our material selection; we want strong interaction between skin and bone and the final form of the shape must have both of the 2 componentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; reactions. Therefore, the tensions between the skin and bone must be strong and the skin is not just a surface attached to the bone. We had tried a lot of materials, finally, we choose the flexible but strong glue sticks as bone and also the elastic but super strong thin silicone rubber which my friend sent me from China as the skin, surprisingly, they worked perfectly with each other. For better visual appearance and stronger structure, we decided to use the 3D printing joints to help the model with more defined shape and neat junctions be-tween glue sticks. 3D printing is convenient but many inconvenient problems are still existing; - The speed might not be quick enough, 60 joints may need to take 37 hours for printing, because PLA is printed by adding small layers on. - By layer printing, it is easy to consume extra materials, not for uses, and also cleaning those un-useful materials inside the joints is hard and time-consuming - The whole structure could be easily collapsed by the moving printing head and the whole template needs to start over, therefore, another 37 hours round coming!

Before finishing, I really want to thank my groupmates, especially Ann. And this is a unique experience to me and although the assignments might be hard to many students, they really helped the students to think more in depth and in an overall skill in their future 55 design.

5.0 APPENDIX

CREDITS Page Cover

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Bibliography

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Iwamoto, L., 2009, Digital fabrications: architectural and material techniques, Princeton Architectral Press, New York Kolarevic, B 2003, Architecture in the Digital Age - Design and Manufacturing /Branko Kolarevic. Sommer, Scheurer,

Spon Press, London

R. 1969. Personal space : the behavioral basis of design / Robert Sommer. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice‐Hall, c1969.A F. and Stehling, H. 2011 : Lost in Parameter Space? IAD: Architectural Design, Wiley, 81-4 , July, pp. 70‐79

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Xinyue Wu Xiang Li Issac Young

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Charny,D., 2012, ‘ Thinking through making’ in Design & Making, Danish Crafts.

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