Constructing Environment logbook
Week One Three forms of construction:
ESD (Environmental sustainable design)
Concrete
1. Mass construction (small module & large module) 2. Frame construction 3. Tensile construction
★Strategy: ①Thermal mass② Solar energy
1. Cement 2. water 3. aggregate → fine (sand) → course (rock,stone&marbe)
③ water harvesting
Joint roller joint
pin joint
Load Paths ★has direction & scale ---Is simply the direction in which each consecutive load will pass through connected member
fixed joint
④ night air purging
Material
PPE:personal protective
1. Strength: Steel is much stronger material ★in both compression
equipment
& tension
PPP:
2. Stiffness: some materials are flexible, stretchy, floppy ★
partnership
Concrete is a very stiff material
UB: universal beam
3. Shape: mono-dimensional (linear), bi-dimensional (planar) &
UC: universal column
tridimensional (volumetric, eg: brick, concrete)
PFC:
4. Material behaviors: isotropic & anisotropic ★ sometimes
channel
material are equally strong in compression or tension pulling apart,
MDF:
pushing together
fibreboard
★ Three ways to make the structure more stable 1. Fixed joint 2. Bracing 支柱 3. Shear panel 嵌板
Basic metal ↑ the apply load have reaction
Base → elemental → aluminum
So the all structure is stable
→ zinc
★The reaction has equal and opposite to the apply load in order to be stable
★ Iron + Carbon = steel
Bronze → alloy → copper
public
parallel
private
flange
medium-density
Week 1 studio session Aim: create a building as high as we can and with a door that is enough large to let a toy dinosaur get in. 1. We measured the height and width of the dinosaur and then made the substructure into a square with one side open as a door.
2. In order to reinforce the foundation, we made a wall base. At the two sides of the door ,we built two block of stone used as seats and put heavy bricks on the each side to make them steady
4.Then we built the door like a inverted ladder
3. We staggered the bricks to make
the
wall stable
5. Once we covered the top of the door, we built the other part of the building, and gradually made it high.
Reference: Constructing environments.(05/032014).W01 c1 Construction Overview. Retrieved from:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHqr-PyAphw&feature=youtu.be Introduction to construction materials.(05/03/2014).W01 m1 Introduction to Materials. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4CJ8o_lJbg&feature=youtu.be Dr Margaret Grose. Walking the constructed City(06/03/2014). Melbourne’s Bluestone. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGMA71_3H6o&feature=youtu.be Load Path(05/03/2014). W01 s1 Load Path Diagrams. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y__V15j3IX4&feature=youtu.be Ching 02 The Building (2.08~2.11)
Week Two Structure systems
Hybrid system---may have structure frame in particular way, new in the constructure industry use particular membrane called ETFE(es. swimming cube) Particle kinds of structure, mostly find in early building of Egypt or China. (stone, brick. Compression is the main structure action in this system)
Construction systems
Enclosure systems
Structure systems
Service systems
For structure system 1. Performance requirements Aesthetic qualities Economic efficiencies Environment impact 2. To do with clour, kind of surface qualities 3. Initial cost of the building&how well of the building in the future 4. Imbodied energy with the material that we use, whether the environment need to be aircondition
ESD: Environmental Sustainable Design Consideration One of the membrane structure used at school
Week 2 studio session Aim: to create a building as high as possible. 1. In order to make the foundation stable, we built a triangle shape as the base. We built the triangle by taping the joints together. Then we framed the model upward and vertical to the base. 2. Only built the structure by repeating first step was unstable when the structure getting higher and higher, so we added some battens followed the diagonal line cof the rectangle to prevent any movement. At the start, our lower was not stable, because there are few footings to transfer the loads and all joints are fixed joints. Bending and deflection occur. And also there is only a small surface area contacts with the ground, once the model go higher, the center of gravity will far away from the surface, then the model will become not stable. And the materials that we use to built up the model are balsa woods which are light and fragile.
Triangulation We made the base into triangle shape, because the triangular base can distribute compressive forces at the base and have equal strength on each side So we decided to add more footings connect them as the diagonal catercorner of the rectangle and became two triangles which are the most stability shape. And the further footings can help the structure to transfer the loads into different direction which made the structure more stable. And the joints are became pin joints which can hold the horizontal and vertical force on the same time.
Reference: Structural systems.(09/03/2014). W02 s1 Structural Systems. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l--JtPpI8uw&feature=youtu.be Construction systems.(09/0/2014). W02 c1 Construction Systems. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zTarEeGXOo&feature=youtu.be EVNS10003: CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS.(09/03/2014). ESD and Selecting Materials. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luxirHHxjIY&feature=youtu.be Structural joints.(09/03/2014). W02 s2 Structural Joints. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxRdY0jSoJo&feature=youtu.be Dr Alex Selenitsch.(09/03/2014). Framework for Analysing Form. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJ97Whk1kGU&feature=youtu.be
Week Three Structure element
Footing and Foundation The design of a structural element os based on the loads to be carried, the material used and the form and shape chosen for the element The element from which a structure is made or assembled have, in engineering or building terms, specific names which are used for convenience. Part of structure elements: column, wall and flowing slab
Foundation are found at the bottom of buildings where the building meet the ground. The foundation are the Substructure of the building and their function is to safely transfer all loads acting on the building structure to the ground Where parts of the substructure are located below the ground, the foundations must also resist the force of the soil pressing against the foundation (or retaining) walls.
Image by ConcreteNetWork.com (n.d) Retrieved from: http://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/foundations.htm
Strut: compression element; column Tie: tension element Beam: top -- compression Bottom -strut apart(tension) Slab: transfer load in a directions, spanning direction Panels: carry load, transfer through to
Settlement: over time, buildings compress the earth beneath them and the buildings tend to sink a little into the earth Footings and foundations should be designed to ensure that this settlement occurs evenly & that the Bearing capacity of the soil is not excessed
Panel: a deep vertical element designed to carry vertical or
Shallow and deep foundations Shallow footings: are used where soil conditions are stable and where the required soil bearing capacity is adequate close to the surface of the ground. Load is transferred vertically from the foundation to the ground
horizontal load
The roof is hold up with the steel I-Beams frame
Supporting steel column of frame structure (load bearing)
Peep foundations: are used where soil conditions are unstable or where the soil bearing capacity is inadequate. Load is transferred from the foundations, through the unsuitable soil and down to levels where bed rock, stiff clay, dense sand/graved is located.
Beam: generally a horizontal
Slab/plate: a wide horizontal element
element designed to carry vertical
designed to carry vertical load in
load using its bending resistance
bending usually supported by beams
Truss: type of triangulated stiff framework
Strut + Tie
Strut: a slender element design to carry load parallel to its long axis
The reception center uses a frame construction to hold up the roof
The load produces compression
Tie: a slender element design to carry load parallel to its long axis The load produces tension
The column has been used in two ways : 1. As a column to support the roof of the car park 2. The top of the column is used as a plant groove for tree stump save area
Concrete blocks
Others are some glass walls and material columns (aluminum)
Clay Bricks
Steel beams cantilevered off wall to hold up the roof
Deep foundations: deep foundation can generally
Retaining walls and foundation walls:
be divided into 2 types ď‚ End Bearing Piles: extend the foundations down or rock or soil that will provide support for the building loads
are used when sited are excavated to created basements or where changed in site levels need to be
Foundation
stabilized.
ď‚‚ Friction Piles: rely on the resistance of the surrounding
The pressured load of the earth behind the wall need
each to support the structure
to be considered to prevent the wall from overturning
Mass materials : stone + earth + clay + concrete
Masonry Materials
Bricks
Main properties: these materials are the
--- as a standard size masonry init mode
group which are strong in compression but weak in tension
slightly depending on types and
out of clay. Its proportions may vary countries but it will always be a hand sized unit
Mass construction
Mass construction can be *Modular -clay brick -mud brick (adobe) -concrete block -ashlar stone
*Non-Modular -concrete -rammed earth -monolithic stone (columns&beam)
Three main types 1.Extruded & wire-cut
Stone + clay + concrete Masonry definition Masonry refers to building with Units of various natural or manufactured products...usually with the use of mortar as a bonding agent Bond: the pattern or arrangement of the units Course: a horizontal row of masonry units Joints: the way units are connected to each other Mortar: mixture of cement or lime, sand and water used as a bonding agent * The units together act as a monolithic whole
2. Machine molded pressed
3. Hand made
*Clay is a natural material so there is a wide variation in the colour of bricks
Bond patterns
Clay bricks - considerations
Clay bricks - Joints Stretcher course Header course Brick-on-edge course
Mortar joints are usually 10mm (vertical joints are called perpends and horizontal joints are called bed joints) There are a range of joint finishing profiles which are selected depending on the type of brick, weather exposure and aesthetics
Soldier course
Concrete blocks
Bricks are permeable ( non - waterproof ) *Advantages
1. can be jointed with water based mortar
2. if adequately
ventilated so that any wetness can escape, they will not deteriorate *Disadvantages
1. Absorb moisture and expand overtime >> expansion joints required 2. Salts & lime from the soil can be drawn up through the bricks when in contact with the ground. This way cause serious athologies nd aesthetic probblems such as efflorescence
---is a standard size masonry unit made out of concrete. There is a large range of sizes and proportions available in order to suit different purpose Provenance --- are manufactured from cement, sand, gravel and water. The manufacture process involves mixing, moulding and curing.
Units can be hollow or solid styles can be classified as load - bearing or non-load. Bearing are used load-bearing block is known as a concrete masonry unit (CMU)
Uses mainly used in the construction of walls both bearing ( structural) and non-load bearing ( diving and decorative walls) To provide greater structural resistance to lateral loads, concrete masonry units are often strengthened with steel reinforcing bars and then filled with grount
Clay bricks VS Concrete blocks Concrete shrinks overtime while clay bricks will expand Concrete blocks shrink for several reasons. The cement paste reduces in volume as it hydrates and drying shrinkage occurs as water is lost to the atmosphere Clay bricks tend to absorb moisture from the atmosphere and gradually expand Movement joints are required for each material
Stone Types of stone: Igneous stone (eg. Granite basalt bluestone) ------is formed when molten rock (lava/ magma) cools 岩石冷却 Sedimentary stone
石灰岩，沙岩
(eg.limestone , sandstone) -----is formed when accumulated particles are subjected to moderate pressure
Metamorphic stone
(eg.marble slate) ----is formed when the structure of igneous or sedimentary stone changes when subjected to pressure high temperatures or chemical processes.
Reference: Building Materials, n.d, Building stones, images from: http://buildingmaterialslllw.blogspot.com.au/2012/02/building-stones.html
Structural elements.(17/03/2014). W01_s1 STRUCTURAL ELEMRNTS. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQIa1O6fp98&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS(17/03/2014). W03_c1 FOOTINGS&FOUNDATIONS. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be Mass Materials(16/03/2014). W03_m1 INTRODUCTION TO MASS CONSTRUCTION. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Au2upE9JN8&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS(16/03/2014). W03_m2 INTRODUCTION TO MASONRY. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC8Hv8AKQ8A&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS(16/03/2014). W03_m3 BRICKS. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lYlQhkMYmE&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS(16/03/2014). W03_m5 CONCRETE BLOCKS. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS(16/03/2014). W03_m4 STONE. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vn5_dk4RtQ&feature=youtu.be
Week Four
The
column
is
supported by each floor, so the column span is the distance between the top pf one floor and the underside floor above
of
the
Span is the distance measured between 2 strucctural supports
Floor and framing systems: concrete + steel + timber
Span can be measured between
Concrete systems: slabs of various types are used to span
vertical supports (for a horizontal member) or between horizontal supports (for a vertical member)
between structural supports. These can be one-way or two-way
Span is not necessarily the same as the length of a member
spans
Steel systems: steel framing systems take various forms, with some utilizing heavy gauge structure steel membwes and other using light gauge steel framing --------steel framing systems sometimes combine with
the spacing of the floor
concrete slab systems to where the particular benefits of steel
slabs supporting the column
framing and shallow depth floor slab systems are desired
is measured from center-line
Timber systems: traditional timber flooring framing systems use a combination of bearers (primary beams) and joints ( secondary beams)
to center-line of the slabs
Concrete : components When cement is mixed with water it binds the sand & gravel
Concrete ---provenance
Formwork
When the cement powder and water are mixed, a
Formwork is the term used for
chemical reaction takes place and heat is released. This process is called hydration. During this process 1. Part cement 2. Parts fine aggregate: 4 parts coarse aggregate crystals are formed that interlock and bind the sand, cement Fine aggregate 0.4~0.5 part water crushed rock and cement/water paste together. ---portland ---sand Water * if too much water is added to the concrete mix, the ---lime Coarse aggregates final concrete will not be strong enough (work) ---crushed rock * if too litter water is added, the concrete mixture Concrete process will be too stiff and it will be very difficult to work with One of the great advantages of concrete is that it is fluid and (unworkable)
thr temporary support or moulds used to hold the liquid concrete in place until it becomes hard
aggregates together to make the hard, solid material we call concrete.
A common concrete mix is:
shapeless before it hardens. It can be formed into any shape we desire.
Formwork can be built at the building site --- IN SITU --- or in a factory --- PRECAST --- out of a range of different materials--timber, metal, plastic, form ply.
In Situ Concrete
In Situ Concrete----Use
In Situ Concrete----Joints
------is any concrete element that has been poured
In situ concrete in a great many applications. It’s generally used for structural purposes ( either self supporting or as primary structure) Widely used in footings, retaining walls
1. Construction joints ---used to divide the
into formwork and cured on the building site This process includes the fabrication and assembly of the formwork, placing any required
Reinforcement, the pouring, vibration and the curing of the concrete. * Once the concrete has been poured, there is a limited time before the concrete starts to harden and become unworkable to ensure that the concrete is placed in the proper position, the air bubbles removed (vibrated) and the desired finish applied
Precast concrete ----is any concrete element that has been fabricated 组装 in a controlled environment and then transported to site for installation This process ensures a much more standardized outcome that avoids many of the quality control issues associated with in situ concrete. Precast concrete elements also allow work on site to progress at a much faster rate
and all bespoke (non standard) structural
element Sometimes concrete is sprayed into place using a pressure (shotcrete) 喷浆混凝土 This is useful for landscapes, swimming pools, basement walls between piers or overhead surfaces.
construction into smaller and more manageable sections of work
2. Concrete joints ---required to absorb the expansions and construction that thermal variations cause and the longterm tendency of concrete to shrink over time. The elongation/shrinkage is proportional to the temperature differential, the material coefficient and the dimensions of the piece. Both construction and control joints are potential weak points and must ensure that be detailed appropriately, especially in terms of water & moisture control
Workshop Aim: to make a structure that is strong to support the pressure from the machine. We were given 2 pieces of pine wood with 2 pieces of plywood. After discussing the qualities and shape of each wood, we decided to build a Truss structure which we thought is the best structure to bear the force.
1. Sample of truss construction(beam) 2. There are some spacing of columns in the beam.
2 light plywoods were binding on the side with a lot of screws and nails
3. We decided to make the pine wood as the top to support the force
Lack of fixed joints on the span allows for pine beams to move independently from each other increasing flexibility. As a heavier load is places on it, the side braces (plywoods) were warp due to compressive loads conflicting with the role of the braces
The beam at a load of 495kg, we heard the sound that the beam was breaking.
The beam fails at the load of 546kg with a deflection of 60mm. The majority of the beam is still intact, only the bottom chord was broken.
Reference: Ching. Building Construction Illustrated p 4.06 ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(25/03/2014). W04_c1 FLOOR SYSTEMS. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otKffehOWaw&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(25/03/2014). W04_m1 CONCRETE. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1M19C25MLU&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(25/03/2014). W04_m2 IN SITU CONCRETE. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3zW_TBGjfE&feature=youtu.be Andrew Hutson.(25/03/2014). The Pantheon. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9aL6EJaLXFY&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(25/03/2014). W04_m3 PRE CAST CONCRETE. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scYY-MMezI0&feature=youtu.be
Week Five Structure frames ---Concrete frames ---Steel frames ---Timber frame( post &beam)
Load Bearing Walls
Stud Walls
---Concrete ---Masonry
---Light gauge steel framing ---Timber framing
Stud Framing
Structural Frames --Concrete frames typically
Load Bearing Walls Reinforced masonry
columns together
concrete blocks or grout filed cavity masonry.
Metal and Timber stud framed walls use smaller sections of framing timber or light gauge 规格 framing steel to meet the structural
---Steel frames typically use a GRID of steel columns connected to steel girders and beams
Solid Masonry 石工 load bearing walls can be
demands of the construction
use a GRID of columns with concrete beams connecting the
---Timber frame(post and beam)typically uses a grid of timber POST or POLES connected to timber beams
Bracing
of members between bays or at the corners of post/beam junction is required to stabilize the structure ---Concrete load bearing walls can be achieved using either in situ or precast elements. The load bearing panels may also provide support for spandrel panels, over and link into other structural elements(Floor slabs, roof structure)
load bearing walls can be constructed from CORE FILLED hollow
created with singles or multiple skins of concrete masonry units or clay bricks The skins of masonry are joined together using a brick(with HEADER showing in face of wall) or with metal WALL TIES placed within the mortar bed 灰泥
Brick veneer construction Combinations of 1 skin of non-structural masonry and 1skin of structural frame wall are widely used in the construction industry
The presence of a damp proof course and weep holes in a wall are indicators that the wall is a cavity rather than a solid wall.
Cavity masonry walls are typically formed 2 skins of masonry Advantages of this construction solution include: Better thermal performance & opportunities for insulation within the cavity, better waterproofing (ability to drain water for the cavity) and the opportunity to run services with the wall cavity.
From Wood to Timber
Timber---Specifying & Handling
Considerations:
Design detailing car and should minimize exposure to
Knots -- weak points//cause slope of grain
hazards. Always specify timber for particular use:
Size --depth X breath -- make sure size is available before specifying --length (0.3m increments)common max 0.6m,
Durability -- good practice
longer lengths in limited size)
Water related damage
Strength Grade-- F-grade & MGP grading are
Fungal attack often occurs when moisture
commonly used to identify the strength of particular
content of wood > 20%
timber elements
Swelling, shrinkage can cause creaks
Moisture
content--
seasoned<15%
any
Protection against water
Wood to timber---structural nature of wood
timber>15% is sold as unseasoned
Avoid exposure (when possible)
---direction, strength and stiffness
Species of wood-- different timber types provide
Seal against moisture movement --paint
Grain direction---determines the structural performance
variations in performance & appearance
Particular cane is needed with end grain--seal
of wood
Treatment--insect repellent treatment will be required
before assembly
Strong parallel to grain & stiff parallel to grain
Availability-- not all timber types or size are available
Isolate timber from insect attack
in al locations
Protect timber from sunlight and heat
Types ---different properties
---direct sunlight can cause excessive drying, shrinkage
Soft woods ---direct sunlight breaks down wood/ cellulose light --radiate pine -- cypress pine -- hoop pine -- Douglas color paints are base fir Other hazards: 1. Fire 2. Chemical exposure Hard woods --Victorian ash--brown box--spotted gum--jarrah--Tasmanian ock --balsa wood(not an eucalypt nor an Australian timber but a hardwood
Reference: Ching. Building Construction Illustrated p 2.13 ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(01/04/2014). W05_ c1 WALLS, GRIDS AND COLUMNS. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq41q6gUIjI&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(01/04/2014). W05_ m1 From Wood to Timber. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJL0vCwM0zg&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(01/04/2014). W05_ m2 Timber Properties and Considerations. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul0r9OGkA9c&feature=youtu.be Dr Hannah Lewi.(01/04/2014). Gehryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Own Home. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqn2bYoO8j4&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(01/04/2014). W05_ m3 Engineered Timber Products. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be
Week Six Spanning and Enclosing spaces FLAT ROOFS Pitch:1~3â&#x201E;&#x192;
PITCHED
&
SLOPING ROOFS Pitch: >3â&#x201E;&#x192;
Get the water away
Flat: structural steel roofs consist of
Truss roofs are frames roofs constructed from a
to strength system
a
series of OPEN WEB type steel or timber elements
For the waterproof
secondary ROOF BEAMS for heavier
Trusses are manufactured
rood
from
combination finishes,
of
primary
such
as
&
metal
steel
or
timber
deck/concrete; or ROOF BEAMS and
components, ficed together
PURLINS for lighter sheet metal
to form efficient elements
roofing
able to span long distances
Sloping:
structural steel roofs
The
consists
ROOF
material of the structural
of
BEAMS
and
shape
(slope)
and
PURLINS for lighter sheet metal
elements
roofing
determined by the roofing
is
often
May be constructed in
Portal Frames:
consist of a
material selected and the
timber, steel, rafters,
series of braces RIGID FRAMES (2
functional requirements of
beams, trusses
columns &a beam) with PURLINS for
the roof
the roof and GIRTS for the walls. The walls and roof are usually finished with steel metal
Space Frames: Space frames: are 3D PLATE type structures that are long spanning in 2 directions. Linear steel sections of various cross section types are welded, bolted or threaded together to form matrix-like structures.
Trussed Roofs:
Structural Steel Framed Roofs
Light Frames Roofs:
Light Framed Roofs: Gable
roofs
characterized vertical,
Hip roods are characterized by a vertical, triangular section of wall of one or both ends of the roof. The roof consists of COMMOON RAFTERS, Hip Rafters, Valley Rafters. Jack Rafters. Ridge beams and ceiling joists . Materials timber, cold-formed steel section
are by
a
triangular
section of wall at one or both ends of the roof. The roof consists of COMMON RAFTERS. RADGE BEAMS and CEILING Where
roof
Materials in here can be timber section, steel section
overhangs the gable end wall
Valley rafter Hip rafter
rafter
Jack
rafter
Celling joists
Metals ---types
JOISTS. the
Ridge beams
OUTRIGGERS
are used.
Ferrous (from Latin, ferr(um)=iron): IRON is the 4th most common element in the Earth (relatively cheap) 亚铁的
Materials timber, cold-formed steel sections(and also sometimes heavier steel(UB or PFC) for major beams)
Non-Ferrous: all other metals-Generally more expensive (less common). Less likely to react with Oxygen (to oxide) and superior working qualities. 非亚铁的 Alloys- Combinations of 2 or more metals(ferrous alloy if it contains iron, non-ferrous alloy if it does not) 合金
On metal:
Water related damage
Think of metal atoms as being like ball bearings
Metal---consideration
Oxidation and Corrosion-Metal ions can react with oxygen forming an
to understand why metals are malleable
Metals will react with other metals by giving
oxide which can sometimes protects the metal but in other instances it
and ductile and not brittle.
up/taking on another metal’s ions
can result in the corrosion of the metal. Aluminum oxidizes to form a
When subject to any stress the metal atoms slide
The Galvanic series(shown below )lists the metals in
protective layer. Rusty steel is an example of undesirable corrosion.
past each other and the mobile electrons
order of their tendency to give yp ions to other metals
Protect against water to reduce corrosion
rearrange(distortion)
and corrode
Avoid prolonged
The atoms in most metals are close packed
Iron transfer will happen when the metals are directly
surfaces)
together in layers and these layers stacked on
in contact with each other or they are in an
Seal against moisture( enamel or paint metal surfaces)
upon another.
environment (water/moisture) that facilitates the
Chemical treatment ( galvanized steel )
transmission of the ions(electrolysis)
exposure to moisture(crevices&flat
horizontal
Ferrous metals (containing iron)
and
Steel-- types and uses
Iron--types &uses
alloys
Iron- distinctive properties Significant and important MAGENTIC PROPERTIES Very reactive chemically easily corrodes through rusting) Good compressive strength
Wrought iron+Cast iron
1.structural steel
Iron---Steel stong and resistant to fracture
Framing--columns, beams,purlins 桁条，stud frames.
Transfers Heat and Electricity
Hot rolled steel-elements are shaped while metal is hot.
Steel is an alloy or iron with carbon being the primary additional alloy Other alloying elements include manganese, chromium, boron and titanium among others
Cold formed steel-elements are folded from sheet that have been previously produced and cooled down Reinforcing bars-due to its good tensile resistance, steel is used in conjunction with concrete to produce reinforced concrete
2.steel sheeting Cladding and Roofing---must be protected from weather
Structure model
exposure
The part of the building that we need to build: roof frame we put 5 pieces of timber together to made as a plywood column to support the roof
Then we measured different length of the timbers for the roof frame structure
The roof frame structure
This the structure that we need to build. The main structural beams of the canopy are spaced to distribute the load of te roof down to the ground.
Reference: ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(09/04/2014). W06_ c1 Roof Systems. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(09/04/2014). W06_ m1 Introduction to Metals. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RttS_wgXGbI&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(09/04/2014). W06_ m2 Ferrous Metals. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQy3IyJy-is&feature=youtu.be Prof. Miles Lewis.(09/04/2014). Spanning Spaces. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zx4tM-uSaO8&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(09/04/2014). W06_ m3 Non Ferrous Metals. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDtxb7Pgcrw&feature=youtu.be
Week Seven Detailing for Heat & Moisture
For water to penetrate into a building all of the following three conditions must occur: -An opening -Water present at the opening -A force to move water through the opening Remove any one of the condition and water will not enter
To prevent water penetrating into a building
Keeping water openings is a commonly used strategy construction detailing
Openings can be : Planned elements such as windows,doors, skylights etc. Or Unplanned openings in the building fabric created by: - poor construction of materials(over a period of time or through incorrect application of materials) Common techniques used to Remove Openings to prevent water penetration include seal the openings with: - Sealants (eg. Silicone) -Gaskets (eg. Preformed shapes made from artificial rubbers etc) Both sealants and gaskets rely heavily on correct installation and will deteriorate over time due to Weathering
Three different strategies are employed: -Remove openings,OR -Keep water away from openings,OR -Neutralize the forces that move water through opening One is sufficient but if 2 or more strategies are pursued then there is added securitu IN CASE ONE FAILS
The water is directed away from any potential openings in the building by: -Grading(sloping)roofs, the water is collected in Gutters which then discharge the water to Downpipes and Storm water systems. -Overlapping
cladding
and
roofing
elements(eg.
Weatherboards and roof tiles) -Sloping window and door sills and roof/wall Flashings -Sloping the ground surface away from the walls at the base of buildings(to allovw any water to run awat from the building)
1. Top plate 2. Bracing 4. Lintel 过梁 5.Head trimmer 托梁 6. Bottom plate 7. Stub 8&9.Jamb stub 10.Sill trimmer 11. Stub 12.nogging
Neutralizing the forces The most secure strategies for keeping water out of buildings are those based on neutralizing the forces which move water The forces to be considered include: - Gravity -Surface tension and capillary action - Momentum - Air pressure differential
Drips tiny little
Neutralizing the forcesGravity strategies:
glue
Typically
use
SLOPES
and
OVERLAPS to carry water away
Capillary break
from the building using the force of gravity.
Neutralizing the forces- surface tension and capillary action strategies:
Box gutter
Typically use a DRIP or a BREAK between surfaces to prevent water clinging to the under side of surfaces( such as Window sill or Parapet capping) There gaps and breaks prevent water reaching and entering openings because the surface tension of the water is broken at the drip/gap location. Instead, the capillary action movement of the
Neutralizing Momentum
the
forces-
Windblown rain , moisture and snow can through simple gaps To inhibit this movement, the gaps are often
constructed in
more complex
labyrinth shapes The complex shape shows the momentum of the moisture and helps to deflect the water away from the gap entry
water stops and the water is released in drop form. Neutralizing the forces-air pressure differential strategies:
Put the cill 基 石 (air
Rain screen assemblies:
barrier) on the inside.
if an Air Barrier is introduced on the internal
These became PEC
side of the labyrinth, a ventilated & drained
and
Pressure equalization chamber(PEC) is created
pressure
and the water is no longer “pumped” to the inside
=outside, not same
of the assembly
tendence
because
the inside
Detailing for Heat
RUBBER-Types&Uses
Controlling heat-conduction
NATURAL RUBBER-Some of most common uses are:
-Thermal insulation
- Seals
-Thermal breaks like rubbers and
-Gaskets & control joints
plastics to reduce the heat transfer from
-Flooring (for use in adverse conditions such as
outside to inside
laboratories)
-Double Glazing or triple glazing so
-Insulation (eg around electrical wiring)
that the air spaces between glass panes
-Hosing &piping
Rubberâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;consideration
reduces the flow of heat through the
Synthetic--MAIN TYPES:
Weather related Damage
glazed element
EPDM--mainly used in Gaskets and Control joints
Rubbers can lose properties when exposed to
Neoprene--mainly used in Control joints
weather (especially sunlight)
Silicone-- Seals
Protection:Avoid or minimize sun exposure
Controlling heat- Radiation -Reflective surfaces -Shading systems Thermal mass- materials -masonry -concrete -water bodies
Strategies to stop air leakage: -eliminating any one of the causes -wrapping the building in polyethylene or reflective foil Sarking to provide an Air Barrier -Weather stripping around doors and windows and other openings
(when possible)
Reference: ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(16/04/2014). W07_ c1 Detailing for Heat and Moisture. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(15/04/2014). W07_ m1 Rubber. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPhjDijdf6I&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(15/04/2014). W07_ m2 Plastics. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pfnCtUOfy4&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(15/04/2014). W07_ m3 Paints. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrydR4LA5e0&feature=youtu.be
Week Eight Openings: Doors & Windows
head Timber door frame Metal door frame
Sill-allow water to run away
FC-- fibre cement(sheet) CFC-- compressed Fibre cement Two basic framing system: -timber - steel Primary: Timber floor --bearer Roof -- bearer Steel -- beam Secondary: Joist rafter purlins
Hot rolled:
Cool rolled: 1~3mile:
UB: UC: PFC:
compression
Top chord
jamb struts
Glass: components: Formers:(silica) are the basic ingredient used to produce glass. Fluxes:(soda Ash/ potash/ lithium carbonate) help formers to melt at lower and more practical temperatures Stabilizers:(limestone/ alumina/ magnesia combine with former&fluxes to keep the finished glass from dissolving or crumbling
Bottom chord
tention
Two main types of glass: Flat Glass(typically sheets of clear or tinted float, laminated, tempered wires, etc) Shaped Glass: (curved, blocks, channels, tubes, fibres) Float Glass: most common
glass production process.
-clear float glass: simplest & cheapest production. break into sharp and dangerous shards -laminated glass: though plastic interlayer (PVB)is bonded together between 2 glass panes. -tempered glass(toughened glass) pellet shape pieces.
Reference: ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(30/04/2014). W08_ c1 OPENINGS: DOORS&WINDOWS. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(30/04/2014). W08_ m1 GLASS. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be John Sadar. (30/04/2014). GLASS SKINS. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NW_GibnyBZc&feature=youtu.be
Week Nine Construction detailing: Movement joints Compressed:
As installed: Elongated: have expansion joints + construction joints + movement joints Have a little be structuring and compression Timber composites: benefits --minimum amount of material is used for maximum efficiency, cost effective, easy to install Truss timber top and bottom chord Fibre reinforced polymers--high strength FRB materials with glass or carbon fibre reinforcements provide a strength to weight ratio greater than steel
Construction detailing: heath and safety: fire, stairs safe. Construction detailing: aging gracefully. Seaside:glass paint retried to move timber grew Construction detailing:repairable surfaces & resistance to damage Construction detailing:cleanable surfaces, Construction detailing: construct ability +other considerations
Composite materials: Monolithic materials are: -a single material, or -materials combined so that components are indistinguishable(e.g. Metal alloys) Composite materials are created when: -two or more materials are combined in such a way that the individual materials remain easily distinguishable Types: fibrous + laminar + particulate + hybrid Fibre reinforced cement ( FRC): benefits-- Fibre cement building materials will not burn, are resistant to permanent water and termite damage, and resistant to rotting and warping. It is a reasonably inexpensive material. Fibreglass: benefits-- fibreglass materials are fire resistant, weatherproof, relatively light weight and strong Aluminium sheet composites: light weight+ less expensive sheets to be produced +weather resistant +unbreakable
Roof (steel + timber frame The building on the site use structure) column-slab construction A lot of wires on the roof system to support the wall or floor plate
Truss: stiff framework, transfer the load from the roof to the wall
Lining plastic board
Precast wall + Fire wall
Fire cover Metal frame structure + load bearing wall
Steel & steel connection Timer fixed on the steel
Lift: Metal frame structure
Top plate+jamb stub+nagging +head trimmer +stub
Stub wall + smocking speaker
Reference: ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(08/05/2014). W09_ c1 Construction Detailing. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(07/05/2014). W09_ m1 Composite Materials. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uem1_fBpjVQ&feature=youtu.be
Week Ten lateral Force:(earthquake&wind force) Billboard (earthquake&wind effect)
Water Tower:
A tale of corrosion - The state of library Copper oxidisation: when copper is exposed to the atmosphere, it reacts with oxygen. The copper starts to dull, first becoming a darken brown color and then forming a green copper oxide patina Solution:the 2 materials were separated at their junctions by a layer of shellac- impregnated cloth
Corrosion ( oxidation) - metals (+potential difference between these) - electrical different - Medium (water) to transfer electrons - oxygen Better timber to use: Soft wood----plantation Why not hard wood?--old growth
KDHW: Kiln Dried Hard woods
0.5mm steel
capping 2mm steel
Cold form steel beam (Z bean)
Gutter box Loose insulation Hot
form
steel
beam
timber
Gutter board
plate
Reference: Interactive Structures.(13/05/2014). W10_s2 Lateral Support. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BodoWgcQapA Peter Ashford.(13/05/2414). W10_c1 Collapses and Failures. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNEl-fYRi_I&feature=youtu.be Dr Dominique Hes.(13/05/2414).W10_m1 Heroes and culprits. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhdfwGNp_6g&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003:CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS(13/05/2014). W10_m2 A Tale of Corrosion. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IqhvAeDjlg&feature=youtu.be