Hihiaua Masterplan Group1-3 by Xinxin Wang

Logan Autagavaia Georgina Dean Yaqing Guo Shanker Kumaracheliyan Kenneth Shum

HIHIAUA PROJECT

Group 1

Contents Page • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Stakeholders Brief 3 Mission Statement 4 Site Location And Context 6-7 Natural Heritage 8 - 9 Settlement 10 - 11 Cultural/Heritage Features 12 -13 Cultural Value 14 - 15 Statistics of Whangarei 16 - 17 Current Conditions 18 -19 Future Projects 20 - 21 Real Estate Expectations 22 - 23 Precinct and Services 24 - 25 Mangrove Coverage 26 - 27 Mapping 28 - 52 Case study one Shenzen 35 Case study two Coppenhagen 43 Case study three Spaulding 47 Case study four Brunei 51 Case study Five Rotterdam 55 Resilience and Weaknesses 56 - 57 Concepts 58 - 59

Stakeholders Brief The stakeholders want Hīhīaua Precinct to be a ‘welcoming place’, filled with culture and a sense of well-being. Incorporating values such as Tai Tokerau, Tapatoru and Tauiwi. Making it a place where the community can live, learn, earn and play. Being able to revitalise the river to its former glory is a main focus to the stakeholders as they crave to get the future generation back into utilising the water and wanting to re-establish the relationship with the awa, as the awa is an important element in Maori culture, acting as a source of transport and natural resources. This will also present an opportunity to restore cultural sports such as kopapa, a racing of canoes. They intend to making the site a safer place for all people by eliminating traffic and turning local roads into walkways and various public spaces, where people can interact with their surroundings and environment, and become a Waikainga (a community of people). Bringing back wood carving and other cultural practices are what the stakeholders also want to achieve. Providing a space where the future generations may learn the ancient arts of their ancestors. A space where anyone can enjoy and admire cultural practices and history. Momentum North’s Brief Our Mission: Mana Motuhake (a desire for the recrestoration, maintanace, development and advancementof the maori culture Our Goals: Wa Kainga (a modern maori precinct we can learn, earn and play while rebuilding our Maori cultural capacity and capability, in relation to our awa, whenua, nga toi, te reo me ona tikanga Tai tokerau (a place for development and advancement of maori in education and business) Tapatoru (a key coordination point in the pacific triangle where we take part in activities to restore the mauri and mana of the Pacific) Tauiwi no fences (the idea of ‘no fences) refers to the concept of manaaki towards tauiwi (to support and take care of european/non Maori), the openness of the precinct and/ or campus, the desire for higher levels of engagement which lead to the normalisation of our culture within New Zealand/ Aotearoa 3

Mission Statement The Vision Aotearoa/New Zealand > Te Tai Tokerau/Northland > Whangarei >Whangarei-te-rerenga-parāoa > Parihaka > Whangarei Town Basin > two rivers meet > reclaimed land The Hihiaua Cultural Centre will maintain an inclusive and embracing environment that demonstrates values and qualities central to Te Ao Maori. These values include (but are not limited to): Kaitiakitanga – Responsibility and Protection Rangatiratanga– Acknowledgement and Expression Matauranga – Knowledge and Learning Whanaungatanga – Participation and Inclusiveness Tikanga – Appropriateness and Protocol Whakapapa – Tradition and Belonging Mana – Dignity and Authority Mauri – Vitality and Wellbeing The Principles Fundamentally the Cultural Centre itself will confirm identity of place and culture by: •Respecting and celebrating Te Ao Maori and Te Tai Tokerau •Embracing the landscape (from Macro to Micro) •Embodying and presenting stories and allowing stories to be told •Fostering Community engagement and ownership where appropriate •Maximising the use and re-use of local materials and resources 4

The Considerations The key considerations for the Concept Design are: 1. Appropriate space will be provided for the suitable use / function /operation of the Cultural Centre. 2. The character of the approach to the entrance and the function of the main gathering space should be suitably welcoming and be open to the Public (i.e. not private). The major entrance to the building (or private space) should be orientated toward Parihaka. 3. The further orientation and relationship of the design will respect and respond to other significant elements within Hihiauaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s landscape (such as Ruarangi maunga, the Waka and Wave sculpture, the two rivers, Pohe Island open space, and water in general). 4. The designed landscape and the architectural elements are carefully integrated, and work together to inform the design vernacular. 5. Legible public access / connections will be provided for from the Town Basin along the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge and across the water to Pohe Island. 6. Vehicular access ways and parking will be carefully considered to avoid the visual dominance of vehicles on the site (and respect pedestrian flow, visual amenity and cultural character). 7. Private / Public boundaries will be clearly defined and incorporated into the concept design. 8. The build-ability and the possibly phasing / staging of the project will be factored into the design. 9. Provision for spaces and places where the local community can be involved will be considered. 10. Existing buildings are retained onsite if they contribute to the overarching Vision for Hihiaua.

Site Location & Context

Forum North

CBD Core

Town Basin

Waiarohia

2/14

8/14

2/14

0/14

Marina village- Hihiaua

Railside- Okara

Paid

Parking Facilities free

0/14

1/1

Recreational

Parks

2/7

1/7

0/7

1/7

Schools

1/9

Public Toilets

4/9

1/9

0/9

1/9

2/9

1/3

0/3

Playgrounds

3/9

0/9

1/9

4/9

The Hīhīaua Precinct is an inner city living and mixed use in the Whangarei, the size about 16.5 hectares, making up a triangular shape through Hatea River and Waiarohia Stream. Dent Street, Herein Street and Rayburn Road are the three main roads. Hihiaua already has 105 businesses, but is out of balance with the work and live scenarios.There is a loop walkway attract tourists, although the population of the whangarei district as an upward trend, but only a small part of at the CBD. The recreational facilities are improved, but the council also invest a lot of money on water’s edge, attract more visitors, to increase tourist numbers. The light industry and commerce are the two main use. The Hīhīaua Precinct has a long history influence in European and Maori settlement.

Natural Heritage Biodiversity City surrounded with areas of significant natural habitat: - Parihaka Forest and Pukeno Forest. - Protected natural areas - Parihaka: Habitat area within urban context - Pukenui Forest: Largest remaining contiguous area of forest left in Whangarei ecological district and catchment area of Whau valley dam - Environments provide habitat for threatened and regionally significant species - Provides biodiversity in urban areas : stepping stone/connection with habitats outside urban areas - Riparian areas restore and enhance these habitats â&#x20AC;&#x201C; restoring waterways and promoting riparian vegetation. Increases biodiversity values and assists restoring between habitats. - Riparian vegetation buffers stream from runoff and decreasing water temperatures allowing more oxygen into stream.

Blue/Green Network - City waterways act as blue/green corridors and assists transition to urban environment - Important in biodiversity protection and enhancement - Provides multi-use benefits including ecological benefits, storm water benefits and recreational benefits - Restoration and replanting along waterways: essential towards o flood retention and mitigation o storm water/wastewater/sediment filtration, o provide recreational opportunities o enhance sense of place o amenity values - Can be used to connect walkway / cycle way. Landscape - Pukenui and Parihaka form a dominant native bush back drop to the city. - Landscape holds strong cultural values and is of high natural character - Vegetation, trees, landscaping encourages on private and public land in Hihiaua to improve natural landscape and amenity values - Hatea river and Waiarohia stream and Harbour/Pohe Island views are important features surrounding Hihiaua peninsula. Features need to be protected and enhanced wherever possible. - Riparian edges, mangroves (appropriate) requires protection to enhance marine character and sense of place in Hihiaua precinct.

Whangarei Harbour - Popular destination for domestic and overseas sailors - Home to a number of international users - 354 moorings and 432 marine berths (Whangarei marina: 280 Berths) - Majority found in Hatea River. - Number of private jetties, most in Waiarohia Canal - Is a wildlife refuge of international importance which contains salt marsh, mangroves,v intertidal and sub tidal habits - Bordering Mangrove and coastal forest act as important buffers from land use activities. - Harbor in an important habitat and breeding site for wading birds including the nationally critical Fairy Tern and White heron.

Settlement Historic Heritage Hihiaua Precinct has a wealth of significance from both Maori and European settlement. Historic cultural heritage is special and unique to the town basin environment and Hihiaua precinct and contributes to Whangarei’s sense of place. Heritage Buildings, Sites and Objects - Heritage buildings, sites and objects are protected by (Whangarei Operative District Plan) o Objectives o Policies o Rules - 163 scheduled heritage buildings, sites or objects within the district o 5 are group I listings (Considered special and outstand) o Group II have heritage value (but to a lesser extent) o 1 Heritage building located within the Hihiaua Precinct (Reyburn House - Group I)  Oldest existing settler home in Whangarei (1865/1875)  On Hatea River  Small cottage refurbished into larger villa with verandas  Since 1966, Northland society of Arts used the building as a studio, workshop, gallery and museum - Six rules in Heritage buildings, sites and objects (In Operative District Plan) o Details the activity status of works affecting heritage buildings o Require resource consent o Rules in district plan allows for additions, alterations, repairs and maintenance provided they do not detract from the original style and character of the building. o For Group II buildings this applies to exterior work only o For Group I buildings both interior and exterior work is controlled o Rules also control the construction of buildings on the same site, on adjoining sites and relocation of heritage buildings and objects in the district.

Culture Cultural Features - - - - o o

Hihiaua Precinct includes the Heritage trail connecting the Art walk to the awarding winning Waka and Wave sculpture near the point of the Hihiaua Peninsula. Heritage Trail/Art Walk was part of the plan to help revitalize the Town Basin environment and form part of the Town basin heritage and cultural precinct. Trail was designed to increase public use of open space areas, increase awareness and celebrate local history and culture Waka and Wave Sculpture is a ‘signature’ public sculpture and taonga located on the Hihiaua Peninsula Allows for public interaction and encourages the continued performance and celebration of Maori heritage and culture. Location reflects the legendary Maori name for Whangarei (Te Renga paroa). A gathering place for whale (As the peninsula’s landform is reflective of a whale’s head.) Another interpretation is that the harbour was a gathering place for chiefs.

Heritage and Culture Features Heritage trail/ Art walk

Northland Art Soceity

Riverbank Theartre

Hihiaua Culture Centre

Wave & Waka Sculpture

Culture Values Tangata Whenua - Maori sites of significance are protected by Operative Whangarei District Plan from subdivision, land use activities and development - District plan lists 86 sites of significance to Maori (shown on operative planning maps) - Archaeological sites may also be protected under Historic Places Act 1993 - Cultural impact assessments and/or resource consent may be required for activities affecting Maori sites. - Waahi Tapu play an important role in determining the relationship of Maori to the environment. - Waahi Tapu are places that are sacred, significant or important base on tangible/intangible values - Possible Maori sites o Marae o Burial places o Battlefields o Pa and village sites o Springs o Waka landing sites o Travel routes o Food gathering sites - Each site has a level of tapu associated with it depending on its significance. - No Maori â&#x20AC;&#x153;sites of significanceâ&#x20AC;? identified o Whangarei Operative District Plan o NZ Archaeological database o Council rates date within the Precinct - Hihiaua Precinct Plan changes will require consultation by Maori and relevant Iwi/ Hapu groups. - New discoveries require permission from Historic Places Trust to alter or destroy the site.

Our Mission: Mana Motuhake (a desire for the recrestoration, maintanace, development and advancementof the maori culture Our Goals: Wa Kainga (a modern maori precinct we can learn, earn and play while rebuilding our Maori cultural capacity and capability, in relation to our awa, whenua, nga toi, te reo me ona tikanga) Tai tokerau (a place for development and advancement of maori in education and business) Tapatoru (a key coordination point in the pacific triangle where we take part in activities to restore the mauri and mana of the Pacific) Tauiwi no fences (the idea of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;no fences) refers to the concept of manaaki towards tauiwi (to support and take care of european/non Maori), the openness of the precinct and/ or campus, the desire for higher levels of engagement which lead to the normalisation of our culture within New Zealand/ Aotearoa

Statistics Of Whangarei General Population

Population of Whangarei

In 2013 the total population of the Whangarei District was 76,995. The population has increased by 2,532 people since the last census in 2006. It may be assumed that the population has increased since then, with the continued development of the district.

Māori Population of Whangarei District

Māori Population About 18,720 Māori live in Whangarei from the census conducted in 2013. This is an increase in population of around 1,113 people since the 2006 census. It is ranked 7th in size of population out of the 67 districts in New Zealand.

Ethnic groups in the Whangarei District

The European ethnic group makes up approximately 80% of Whangarei’s Population. The Maori ethnic group make up about 26.2% of Whangarei’s District population. This includes all people of the Whangarei district, whether as their only ethnic group or as several other ethnic groups. If a person is identified as more hen one ethnic group, they have been counted in each applicable group. Thus, the percentages on the graph do not add up to 100.

Total personal income for people aged 15 years and over in the Whangarei District The European ethnic group makes up approximately 80% of Whangarei’s Population. The Maori ethnic group make up about 26.2% of Whangarei’s District population. This includes all people of the Whangarei district, whether as their only ethnic group or as several other ethnic groups. If a person is identified as more hen one ethnic group, they have been counted in each applicable group. Thus, the percentages on the graph do not add up to 100.

Current Condition Water Quality - Waterways are important in central Whangarei, connected to Harbour - Sub-catchments that drain to the Hatea or Waiarohia stream o Hatea o Waiarohia o Kirikiri o Raumanga o Limeburner Creek - These sub-catchments cover a range of substrates including o Pasture o Indigenous vegetation o Forestry o Urban residential o Industrial and commercial areas - Water quality in streams affected by (during heavy rain events) o Silt o Sediment o Contaminants o Polluted substances - Wastewater runoff from impervious surfaces o Roads o Roofs o Pavements - o o o

Riparian improvement supported to improve water quality of streams by Capturing silt Filtering pollution Flood protection assistance

- Upper harbour including Hatea River has reduced water quality and remains degraded possibly impacting adversely on a number of uses and values. - Over past several decades efforts have been spent on reducing discharges of contaminants to improve water quality of Harbour including o Whangarei wastewater treatment plant o Okara Park o Hatea wastewater pump stations - Recent research suggests risks may be lower than previously studied in Hatea River arm - Water quality monitoring results (1986-2012) found a reduction in bacteria level at several sites in Hatea River arm. - Improvement was linked to upgrade of Whangarei waste treatment plant. - No statistically significant reduction in bacteria levels since then. - Reduction is expected from continuous monitoring due to recent upgrades

Views - Parihaka provides a striking natural backdrop to the Hihiaua Precinct o Bush clad landscape is a valuable asset to the City and provides a natural and visual relief to the urban area. o Whangarei city defined by Parihaka which provides legibility in the City o Holds strong cultural and historical values o Location of the largest defensible Pa site in NZ o Parihaka is identified as a â&#x20AC;&#x153;site of significanceâ&#x20AC;? to Maori in the Operative District Plan

- View shafts established to key natural, cultural and built features. o View shafts from the Hihiaua Precinct between the built environment should be protected and enhanced o Achieved via building height restrictions and maintaining visual connections to Parihaka, Rivers, Harbour and Marine environment o Te Matau a Pohe helps define the character and sense of place of the peninsula o Views of the marinas, boatsheds, yachts and Pohe Island are all important. o Retaining, providing and enhancing visual links to opens spaces is important in terms of orientation and legibility by introducing glimpses of greenness into the urban environment.

Future Project General Development Principles

New development should: • Support existing urban areas and development nodes in preference to creating new ones, and occur in a manner that provides clear delineation between urban areas and rural areas. • Make use of opportunities for urban intensification and redevelopment to minimise the need for urban development in greenfield areas. • Not compromise the safe, efficient and effective operation and use of existing infrastructure, including transport infrastructure, and should allow for future infrastructure needs, including maintenance and upgrading, where these can be anticipated. • Connect well with existing development. • Be directed away from identified significant mineral resources and their access routes, natural hazard areas, energy transmission corridors, locations identified as likely renewable energy generation sites, and productive farmland. • Minimise energy and carbon use such as by compact urban form, and design and location which minimises the need for private motor vehicle use, encourage walking, cycling and use of public transport and maximise opportunities for people to live, work and play within their local area. • Maintain or enhance landscape values and provide for the protection of historic and cultural heritage from inappropriate subdivision, use and development. • Promote positive indigenous biodiversity outcomes and protect significant indigenous vegetation and significant habitats of indigenous fauna. Development which can enhance ecological integrity. 20

Principles Specific to Rural Residential Development

New rural-residential development should: • be more strongly controlled where demand is high. • be located on land already compromised for productive use by previous subdivision or on land less suited for productive use. • not conflict with foreseeable long-term needs for expansion of existing urban centres. • avoid open landscapes largely free of urban and rural-residential development. • avoid ribbon development and, where practicable, the need for additional access points, along state highways and other arterial routes. • recognise the advantages of locating near employment centres or near current or likely future public transport routes for reducing fuel consumption. • minimise visual effects and effects on rural character such as through locating development within appropriate topography and through landscaping. • be capable of being serviced by onsite water and wastewater services unless services are to be reticulated. • be recognised as a potential method for protecting sensitive areas such as small water bodies if the development is appropriately managed.

Regional Coastal Plan

This plan will cover the regions “coastal marine area”, which is the area from mean high water springs to the 22.2 km limit of New Zealand’s territorial sea. The purpose of the Regional Coastal Plan is to assist the Northland Regional Council (NRC), in conjunction with the Minister of Conservation, to promote the sustainable management of resources in the coastal marine area which includes the Hīhīaua Precinct. The Regional Coastal Plan for Northland manages the following activities: • Structures (e.g. wharves and boat ramps • Reclamation and impoundment • Discharges to water • Dredging • Moorings and Marinas • Aquaculture

Water and Soil Plan

This plan covers the impacts of land use activities on the water and soil in Northland above the line of mean high water springs. Using a range of tactics such as riparian planting and redirecting water from certain areas. The regional water and soil plan for Northland manages activities involving: • Discharges to land such as landfills, sewage, storm water etc. • Discharges to water • Vegetation clearance • Earthworks and activities within the Riparian Management Zone along rivers • Drainage and river control activities • Riparian planting

Whangarei District Growth Strategy: Sustainable Futures 30/50

This initiative is a long term growth plan to guide development in the district to grow in a 30-50year timeframe. The Growth Strategy is based upon sustainability and integrated planning principles and provides an over-arching framework for development of the suite of planning documents and asset management plans. 30 year timeframe The 30 year time frame enables us to plan ahead for major infrastructural developments. Focusing on land regional and national transport strategies which will tie in with plans formulated under the Land and Transport act. 50 year timeframe The 50 year time frame enables us to respond to, and plan for, longer term natural cycles such as climate change, biological change (forestry and fisheries), changes to hydrology and changing land use patterns.

Real Estate Expectations Whangarei Urban Growth Strategy

Is a strategy to manage urban growth in the district. It’s a strategic approach to better understand the factors that contribute to growth in and around Whangarei as a whole. The Urban Growth Strategy has a planning time frame of 20 years and will be implemented through a range of methods over time. Implementation of the strategy will require changes to council documents, both statutory (i.e. the District Plan), and non-statutory (i.e. asset management plans). It will also require the building of partnerships with various groups and organisations within the community, as well as council playing a role in education and advocacy. The Growth Strategy promotes strong sense of place and place-making in the district. This includes; • Historic and cultural heritage • Natural heritage and landscape • Land uses • Gathering places and focal points • Views and gateways • Built environments Focusing on the development of a strong sense of place, through an urban design best fitted to incorporate values that serve both a natural and cultural focus, and will complement the surrounding context as a place to work, play, live and learn.

Whangarei 20/20 Momentum

The Whangarei 20/20 Momentum Plan is a collection of projects from the current long term plan, private projects and possible future projects in the Whangarei Central area. Projects in the area of the Hīhīaua Precinct include: • Hīhīaua Cultural Centre • Loop Walkway • Waiarohia Walkway Bridge • Mixed Use and Residential urbanisation • Reyburn House Lane Projects in the wider context of Hīhīaua Precinct in close proximity include: • Hatea River Bridge • Victoria Canopy Windbreak • Parking • Potential redevelopment of the old Northland Regional Council Harbour Board building • Pohe Island Recreational Facility • Pohe Island Pop-up retail • Old Boys Large Format Retail Centre • Public Pools • Riverside Convention Centre

Surrounding Precincts and Services

- Hihiaua Precincts is owned by Northland Regional Council or Whangarei District Council - Majority owned and leased to commercial businesses - Council has obtain lease interest for strategic properties over time - Securing interests for the Precinct enables comprehensive development opportunities - Promoting and enabling possible development on the Hihiaua Peninsula requires a collaborative approach between o District and regional councils o Tangata Whenua o Key Stakeholders o Community o Whangarei District Council o Northland Regional Council

Property Ownership Yellow - Northland Regional Council Orange - Whangarei District Council Red A- Reyburn Whangarei Ltd B- Mangawhai Investments C- Yovich & Fletcher D- He Puna Marama Charitable Trust

Mangrove Coverage - Large areas of Mangroves around Hatea River were removed during reclamation process around CBD and old port area. - Mangroves are most visible and high profile habitat in margins of harbour. - Typically located in the intertidal margins of low-energy coastal and estuarine environments. - Mangroves provide various ecological benefits o Reducing sedimentation o Erosion control o Shoreline stability o Habitat for bird species o Important food source - While beneficial some people see them as a nuisance, seen to reduce amenity and recreation values in coastal areas. - Are protected in Northland, cannot be removed, pruned or trimmed without consent. - Whangarei district council obtained consent in March 2013 to remove mangroves along Hatea River to protect sea walls and open up vistas along waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge. - Although important some locations sense of place and views to the water can be valued more.

Geology Maps These are the soils that are present around the site. Around our site we have allophanic soils.

Erosion

Soil Drainage Soil type and soil drainage is very important to look if we are planting heavily on site we need to have an understanding of how good the drainage is along with the type of soil to allow the right plants that could help prevent soil erosion and also improve the sites general well being if it is contaminated. As our site has little information by looking in a larger scale gives us a general idea of the types of soils and the drainage.

Landcover

This map signifies the types of vegetation and land cover within the Whangarei region. The darker green highlights the indigenous native forest. High producing grassland surrounds the outskirts of Whangarei and low producing pastures this tends to mean that there is little ecological benefits. The inner city is highly built up settlements with the occasional open space also meaning that the ecological benefits are still small. Within our site, there is a lack of greenspace and ecological factors as this area is all industrial.

Landuse

Case Study Shenzhen Bay Park Shenzhen Bay Park is a leisure waterfront landscape area. It is approximately 108.07 hectares in size, and is divided into three districts, and there are 12 thematic parks. Not only Shenzhen Bay Park provides a set of entertainment infrastructures, fitness exercise, sightseeing tour, and other multi-functional activities of the region for the residents and tourists, but also become a popular scenic spot of the modern coastal city. And the coastal area has 13 km bike lane, is a good choice for hiking and cycling. We can also take advantage of the waterfront walkway, provide a relaxed and entertainment region for the local residents, let them really get in touch with nature, and attracting more tourists to travel and entertain. Let it to be a buffer zone between natural area and the business area, put the natural environment and ecological entertainment together. Let it not only be able to do tourism sightseeing landscape, but improving the local economic and social development, attracting more and more people come here, and let the waterfront become a landmark of the region.

Contents Page Wild Urbanism/City forests Couturier Forest is in the heart of New Orleans; it is a 60 Arce forest that is a haven of native trees and wildlife and waterways which flow through the park. The park was damaged by Hurricane Catrina and then regenerated giving birds and ecosystems a new lease on life in the centre of the city. Designed by Elizabeth Mossop, the project focused on revitalising the park after it had been destroyed in a hurricane. The idea was to create many different eco-systems throughout the park. By creating eco-systems, there was a vast amount of educational, recreational and cultural significants throughout the park after a natural disaster. Relating back to Whangarei, bring back that natural wild landscape of New Zealand in the heart of the city would benefit the site and the community. If we can create small eco-systems that bring back bird life this can encourage the idea of going back to nature. The cultural significant of going back to nature will allow the past generation to educate the future generation of going back to nature and living off the land encouraging local knowledge about plants and the land. It will also influence the community to be more aware of their surroundings and the importance of native planting and why we need to regenerate and shape revitalisation of wildlife.

Case Study

Aspects

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Slope

Catchments The catchments and waterways that are surrounding our site are the Hatea River and the Waiarohia Stream both of which have great cultural significance to the Maori and for the land itself.

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Sewer

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Stormwater This map shows where the connecting stormwater pipes link to our site. By looking at this map we are able to see the potential hazards that can be created with flooding around our site. Whilst being on the site visit the stormwater and drains flooded during a large rain fall.

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Case Study

COPENHAGEN CLOUDBURST MANAGEMENT PLAN As a result of floods in 2011, and an acute awareness of climate risk, Copenhagen and the neighbouring municipality of Frederiksberg are investing heavily in protecting the city against future extreme weather. They are also on the leading edge of urban innovation with a vision of transforming their city into a sustainable, C02 neutral city by 2025. The 2011 floods were a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;game-changerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; for Copenhagen, resulting in significant national attention, and fast implementation of new approaches, including financing. The city and its partners have since developed a comprehensive Cloudburst Management Plan based on detailed catchment modelling and planning. This approach recommends a new generation of blue-green infrastructure to enhance essential city services such as mobility, recreation, safety and biodiversity, creating a feasible strategy to ensure long-term resilience and economic buoyancy. Key features of the plan include: - A focus on overland flow, rather than bigger pipes. Overland flow designed down the centre of roads, rather than within a kerb and channel on the edges. - Focus on green streets, retention and low impact (water sensitive) design. - Integration of overland flow with parks, open space, streets and shared spaces. - Retaining as much water as possible in the highest elevation areas - Create robust and flexible drainage for the main depressions - Create value for the city by blue/green solutions on the surface - Added value through multifunctionality: improved recreational value and biodiversity, meeting places, improved microclimate, and synergy with traffic planning, accessibility.

Stormwater and Flooding

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By showing the stormwater and the sewer systems with the flooding will help demonstrate the seriousness of creating a beneficial way of dealing with the impacts that the flooding will have on the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s infrastructure if sediments get into their water supply and the damage that can happen to open space and settlement areas.

Buffer

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Case Study Spaulding hospital (Boston) Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital is in Boston, Massachusetts. After hurricane, sandy David S. Burson who is a senior project manager at Partners HealthCare and affiliate of the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network envisioned a hospital that addressed rising sea levels and the stress from floods. Key design enhancements included: The placement of all critical mechanical/electrical/communications infrastructure on the roof to minimize possibility of interruption. All other crucial programmes are placed above ground level Implementation of gas-fired onsite co-generation (CHP), to offer additional redundancy for power generation in the event of grid loss or diesel generator issues. CHP infrastructure is on the roof, as are emergency diesel generators. Onsite power generation is more efficient than utility power, as transmission losses are minimized. The building systems are energy efficient. With an Energy Use Intensity of approximately 150 kBtu/sf/yr, Spaulding is close to 50 percent below the industry average energy intensity of hospital buildings. This dramatically lower carbon emissions. The hospital utilises berms made of granite seawall blocks and old oak timber supplied from the wharf before the hospital was built. The idea of a berm is to raise the landscape closest to the water to act as a barrier then getting further away from water to the building is a trench that reserves water that passes over the barrier. After the trench is a granite blocks that act like a seabed that lets water penetrate and then absorbed into the earth. Extensive green roofs mitigate storm water discharge during heavy rainfalls. The green roofs also include a universally accessible vegetable garden (accessible to wheelchair residents) that provides some local food, a Boston tradition.

Flow accumulation

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Transport

10 Year Flooding

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Case Study

Brunei

Brunei is a nation located in Borneo which is in the pacific Asian islands. Bruneiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Sultan has envisioned economic diversity by emphasizing the preservation of the city while turning it into a garden. The master plan for Brunei is channelizing rivers and re-establish them as a green infrastructure, by building up 50 arces in some areas and extending and creating more rivers to lower sea level but also growing forests for river absorption. Brunei is one of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most biologically diverse ecosystems, the capital is Banclar Seri Begawan which sits in the rainforest near Kedayan and the Brunei river. This masterplan the Sultan as initiated was collaborated with biologist, environmental specialist and engineers but most importantly the people of Brunei to come up with a sustainable strategy. The eco-corridor along the river was planned as green infrastructure to manage frequent flooding in the city centre. By improving flow and function of the river this contributes to storm water absorption. Other techniques to address flooding were adding waterways and bioswales to promote rain infiltration and manage runoff. The local council has also enforced boundary policies to stop growth outside the current development area preventing future urban sprawl. This encourages redevelopment and land efficiency while unharming the forest and open spaces.

100 Year Flooding

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Residential Flooding

Coastal flooding and sealevel rise The effects of sea level rise and how it effects our site. Majority of the settlement waterfront area is under water when there is coastal and flooding.

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Case Study The rotterdam Seagates built in 1997 cost the Dutch at estimated 4 billion dollars to construct, Cities like New York looked at a megastructure such as this one after huricane sandy hit the cost damaging docks and buildings. Structure is 22 metres high, gates are 210 metres long. steel gates are made from 237 metre long trusses that were welded onto the gate. the arms itself weight 6800 tones. Main purpose of the arms are to transmit/ redirect the force from a storm surge, thus the shape. The Gates itself were inspired by the concept of ball socket joints, e.g hips and shoulders that absorb alot of shock First major storm that triggered the gates to close was in november 2008. this was watced on tv all over Rotterdam

Resilience Resilience Our world is faced with unknown and known hazards that are becoming increasingly frequent. After natural disasters, the number of deaths has decreased but the amount of money lost and spent from the government to repair the damage. To ensure future buildings are â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;resilientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and can withstand stress from daily use and occasional storms. Fewer buildings collapse, fewer power outages, fewer businesses are out at risk, and fewer deaths and injuries. There are many definitions of resilience, most cover the capability of a system to withstand and cope with disruption, disturbance or hazardous events. There are many principles commonly associated with resilience. Redundancy and Efficiency, Diversity and Interdependence, robustness and safe-to-fail, autonomy and collaboration, planning and adaptability. In relation to urban development, thinking during the design process to address flooding and other natural disaster other influences think integrity of a building. Resilient is always locally environmentally considered. This means day to day stress humidity during different seasons is crucial e.g power outage and heat waves. Some key factors addressing resilience is long term thinking, worst case scenario simulations and everyday wear. Resilience can also be the measure of the potential sustainability of a system. By creating a building that can live further than normal standard lifespan, you create a building that requires less attention to maintaining its structure from wear which means it requires less energy and materials over the years, thus a sustainable building. Soft engineering would fall under the category of planning and adaptability, some soft engineering would be trying to reduce erosion by achieving stability safety of shorelines and areas surrounding views while improving habitats and saving money. Vegetation and other organic material to soften the land (water interference), by improving the vegetation and ecological feature without compromising the engineering integrity of the shoreline this will be less expensive than hard engineering as soft engineering is usually living structures which tend to mature and stabilize over time. Along with green buildings and infrastructure these are very useful initiatives to address flooding. 4 Râ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s of Resilience Robustness- strength, ability of elements, level of stress it can withstand without suffering degradation or loss of function. Redundancy- is the extent to what elements, systems, or other infrastructure exist that are ale of addressing functional requirements in case of a disruption, degradation or loss of function. Resourcefulness- being able to identify problems are important incase of unfortunate events or hazards. To establish priorities and mobilize resources when the event is threatening the unit and/or systems. Rapidity- in relation to future disruption it is important that there is a capacity to meet priorities and achieve goals in a timely response to contain losses and avoid future disruption These principles were created initially to address earthquakes but can be applied effectively to other hazards such as flooding.

New York green infrastructure Small changes such implanting Bioswales around the city to absorb storm water puts less strain on storm water pipes and prevents overflowing, having many of these around a flooding prone city is a great initiative in terms of improving life in those spaces and decreases the strain on cities during a flood

Contents Page Whaka Inaka Project. The whaka inaka project is focused on increasing spawning areas so that whitebait are encouraged to spawn. After the Christchurch earthquakes the number of whitebait in Christchurch decrease. This project is growing the number of spawning throughout a 3km area of the Heathcote (Opawho) and the Avon (Otakaro) river. The project plans to increase the health of the waterways. Removing silt after the earthquakes was one of the first steps that they took in cleaning up the waterways. Relating back to Whangarei the silt that comes from the roads and the city is washed into the river surround the site, so this is also an issue for this project. Once the gravel was clean, they could create riffle habitats and create low flowing river areas which encouraged the growth of whitebait. Predator trapping was also needed and set up around the river to ensure that the whitebait spawn where protected. The use of straw bales alongside the river was to create temporary habitats. The sites are then monitored by ecologist and the community to see the constant change and to mointor the waterways. Since the prject has started people have been reluctant to eat any of the whitebait coming from the rivers due to the contamination of the waterways. Because of this it is only a benefit for the future generations as the small amount of whitebait that is left is only able to spawn more for the future generations.

Case Study

Weaknesses Weaknesses Identified

The existing buildings within the Hihiaua Precinct are mostly light industrial buildings, the appearances of these buildings and structure arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t particularly appealing as the function of these buildings were crucial over the aesthetics. Building Acts in place in Auckland restrict certain developments to take place Besides the existing buildings that are empty that can be utilised for renovating, to maximise the benefits of a new master plan for the hihiaua precinct, the occupied buildings need a suitable area for relocation, areas near Port Road where industrial and maintance retail are located could be a suitable canidate. Water in whangarei is not as clean as it was in the last two decades and as a result there has been a massive loss in the biology in the hatea river as well as the raumanga stream. Having creatures such as mussels and oyster in the area could act as living filters for the river, with careful design, integrating biology into your design can be the key to cleaning the water of the Hihiaua Precint, one of the elements the Hatea Loop thrives on and the walkways is the fact there close to water. The infustructure of the water mains in Whangarei has been past the life expectancy and is due for renewal to support demand for the growing community. Installment was in the 1970â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. The geography of whangarei is soft and new, there for building on a majority of the land needs proper foundation and in the past has required a lot of comcrete which is impenetrable for rain, thus aiding water levels to rise during heavey rainfall. The land across the hihiaua peninsular is also a old landfill that has been capped with soil, as an area with high flood risk and close proximity to the hatea river and whangarei habour, erosion into the land could cause the rubbish buried to contaminate the water of whangarei. Money and funding is a major factor that is holding back the prosperity of the community and pending developments have been on hold for longer than normal projects around New Zealand. Using sustainable cheap materials and methods of construction should aid the community in a design that attract certain investors to the masterplan we propose which could promote the crowd of arts and social hub entities that have been used to promote growth in other cases. Storm water within whangarei is not treat before releasing into the sea so thus chances of polluting during flooding and storms are high.

Concepts Seagate Giant steel barriers that activate when there is a storm surge to prevent flooding that could cause masssive damage to property and put lives at risk.

Water Reservoir Western Hills Quarry to be prepared to create a water reservoir providing control over water flow from and into catchments from heavy rainfall into Rivers

Water Channels Use of man-made water channels to redirect water to rainwater containments or directly to sea. (add more info)

Mangroves Focus on additional mangrove sites where appropriate to buffer rain flow and also enhance marine character. Additionally riparian edges restore and enhance these habitats, restore waterways, promoting riparian vegetation, increasing biodiversity values and assists in restoring between habitats.

Granite Bern Edges of precinct to be lined with granite berns as a means of controling overflow of lakes into flooding zones. The large rocks that create a pervious wall allows water to penetrate the soil decreasing the chances of flooding Green Roofs Introduce green roofs into new buildings as to slow down the rain to drain process. Stormwater management: reduces stormwater runoff so there is less water directed into storm drains Green roofs will intercept between 15 and 90% of rooftop runoff. Absorption of runoff into a green roof system will vary between 50-60% and is related to the type of growing medium and plant cover variability. \ variation in absorption rates can be as great as 50% based on differences in temperature, wind, evapotranspiration rates and plant uptake

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References References Auckland Council. (n.d.). Riparian Facts. Retrieved from Auckland Council: http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/environmentwaste/coastalmarine/Documents/stre amsideplantingguide.pdf Bai-du. (2015). Shenzhen Bay Park. Retrieved from Bai-du: http://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E6%B9%BE%E5%85%AC%E5%9B% AD/479632?fr=aladdin BBC News. (2007, Nov 9). North Sea Flood tide fears recede. Retrieved from BBC News: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7086175.stm Couturie Forest. (2014). Retrieved from City Park New Orleans: http://neworleanscitypark.com/inthe-park/couturie-forest Crow, S. (2012). The status of longfin eels in New Zealand - an overview. Christchurch: NIWA. envirohistory NZ. (2010, June 19). Eels and eeling in our environmental (and cultural) history. Retrieved from envirohistory NZ: https://envirohistorynz.com/2010/06/19/eels-and-eelingin-our-environmental-and-cultural-history/ EOS Ecology. (2017). RESTORATION DESIGN AND MONITORING. Retrieved from EOS Ecology: http://www.eosecology.co.nz/Our-Projects/Restoration-Design-and-Monitoring.asp Gasteiger, A. (n.d.). Coastal Wetlands saltmarshes & estuaries. Auckland: Auckland Council. Gerbeaux, G. (2006). Harakeke / New Zealand flax. Christchurch: Department of Conservation . HOK. (2016, Oct 21). HOKâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Chris Fannin Discusses Resiliency in the Southeast Asia Nation of Brunei. Retrieved from HOK: http://www.hok.com/about/news/2016/10/21/hoks-chris-fannindiscusses-resiliency-in-the-southeast-asia-nation-of-brunei/ James, A. (2012). Ecological Improvements from Naturalisation of No. 2 Drain. Christchurch: EOS Ecology. List of schools in the Northland Region. (2017, Feb 12). Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_Northland_Region New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. (2012, Nov 17). Vascular plants. Retrieved from New Zealand Plant Conservation Network: http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/page.aspx?flora_vascular Perkins, W. (2013, Nov 1). Spaulding Hospital / Perkins+Will. Retrieved from Arch daily: http://www.archdaily.com/443408/spaulding-hospita-perkins-wil Public Toilets. (2015, Sep 7). Retrieved from Whangarei District Council : http://www.wdc.govt.nz/FacilitiesandRecreation/PublicToilets/Pages/default.aspx The Resilient Design Principles. (2013). Retrieved from Resilient Design Institute: http://www.resilientdesign.org/the-resilient-design-principles/ The Seed of Knowledge. (2012, March 14). Harakeke Flax. Retrieved from The Seed Of Knowledge: https://phoebeshaw.wordpress.com/2012/03/14/harakeke-flax/

hihiaua peninsula | masterplan for momentum north community group

aleesha kumar /sharon eccleshall / shibing li / sianne smith / vignesh krish

Group 2

hīhīaua | contents 05 07 09 11 13 17 27 29 31 33 37 45 47 49 51 63

SITE WIDER CONTEXT MOMENTUM NORTH BRIEF TE ARANGA PRINCIPLES HISTORY BIO-PHYSICAL ANALYSIS ECOLOGY TRANSPORTATION CULTURAL FEATURES + VIEWSHAFTS CADASTRAL MAP + EXISTING BUILDINGS PROPOSED PRECINCT PLAN DIFFICULTIES COASTAL HAZARD RESILIENCE OUTCOMES FURTHER CASE STUDIES

prepared by sianne smith / vignesh krish / sharon eccleshall / aleesha kumar / shibing li

hīhīaua | site

hīhīaua peninsula, whangarei abbey caves >

[-35.727, 174.327]

Approximately 16.5 hec tares. Enclosed by Reyburn St ( W ), Hatea R iver (NE) and Waiarohia Stream (S) Te m p e r a t e , h u m i d c l i m a t e w i t h a n a v e r a g e a n n u a l t e m p e r a t u r e 1 5 . 7 oC .

mount parihaka

town basin + mariner

whangarei cbd

Average rainfall 1400 (coast)-1700mm (inland). Wettest months are June -August (33% of total rainfall expected), driest months are November to January (17% of total rainfall expected). P r e d o m i n a n t w i n d f r o m t h e S W, b u t o n e o f t h e l e a s t w i n d y a r e a s o f N o r t h l a n d .

farmers market hatea river

waiarohia stream

pohe island

n scale 1:10,000

te matau ā pohe

hīhīaua | wider context mount parihaka

pukenui forest

Located to the NE of Hīhīaua. A scenic reserve and volcanic cone, 241m high. War memorial and lookout point at the top that can be reached by car or multiple bush trails. Panoramic views of Whangarei and the site from the summit. Key viewshaft from Hīhīaua. Lo n g h i s t o r y o f m a o r i s e t t l e m e n t a n d w a r.

mount parihaka hīhīaua peninsula

whangarei harbour Stretches 23km NW from the end of the Hatea River to Whangarei Heads.

whangarei harbour

H o u s e s t w o m a r i n e r e s e r v e s . Heavily tidal, with a range of 2m. At low tide a large portion of the harbour becomes exposed mud flats and sand bars.

waikaraka marine reserve

mount manaia Located ~30km N / NE of the site, but not visible from Hīhīaua Peninsula.

mount manaia pukenui forest Located W of Hīhīaua and visible from many areas on the site. ‘ W h a n g a r e i ’s l u n g s ’ : S o u r c e o f 5 0 - 6 0 % o f r e s i d e n t ’s w a t e r. High conservation, historic and cultural value.

Dominant landmark of Northland, 420m tall with panoramic views in all directions from the summit. Dept. of Conservation reserve, covered in native bush. Area home to a rekindling kiwi population thanks to ongoing efforts by Backyard Kiwi.

motukaroro marine reserve

scale 1:24,000

marsden point

marsden point H o m e t o N Z ’s o n l y o i l r e f i n e r y l o c a t e d a t t h e e n t r a n c e t o W h a n g a re i H a r b o u r, o p e n e d 1 9 6 4 . Location of a significant deep-water cargo port, the c l o s e s t t o m o s t o f N Z ’s i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a r k e t s . Id e nt i f i e d a s a ‘g row t h n o d e’ w i t h a p o te nt i a l population of 40,000

hīhīaua | momentum north brief interested parties in hīhīaua precinct development Stakeholders | Momentum North group - Current residents - Local businesses - Surrounding district - Council - Maori reps

aims:

opportunities:

As Hīhīaua cultural centre will feature traditional Maori art + methods, Hīhīaua Precinct could also enhance the teaching of Tikanga Maori traditional arts and sharing of cultural traditions Us i n g t h e h i s to r y o f H ī h ī a u a Pe n i n s u l a to e s t a b l i s h t h e a re a a s t h e “g ate way to Wh a n g a re i ” Initiate engagement strategies to provide Hīhīaua Precinct links to Whangarei points of Interest E s t a b l i s h a d i s t r i c t t h a t c o m p l e m e n t s W h a n g a r e i C B D ; t h u s , c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e r e g i o n ’s e c o n o m i c g r o w t h Continue and expand foremost artificial wetlands and introduce reef filtration systems

T u r n H i h i a u a P r e c i n c t i n t o a n u c l e u s o f M ā o r i c u l t u r e b y u s i n g i t s s i g n i f i c a n t c u l t u r a l h i s t o r y a s t h e d r i v e r o f o u r p r o p o s a l C r e a t e a r h y t h m i c i n t e r - r e l a t i o n s h i p o f “ W o r k , P l a y , L i v e , L e a r n a n d V i s i t ” i n t h e m a s t e r p l a n f o r H ī h ī a u a E m p h a s i s o n w ā k ā i n g a ( h o m e b a s e + t r u e h o m e ) “ a r i s i n g f r o m a v i l l a g e ” I n t e g r a t e t h e e s s e n c e o f P a p a t ū ā n u k u ( E a r t h m o t h e r – o f w h i c h a l l l i v i n g t h i n g s o r i g i n a t e f r o m ) i n t o t h e d e s i g n I n c o r p o r a t e t r a d i t i o n a l M ā o r i m o t i f s o f a c o n c e p t u a l n a t u r e i n d e s i g n a n d i n t e n t U s e a “ n o f e n c e s ” a p p r o a c h t o u n i t e c o m m u n i t y C r e a t e d e v e l o p m e n t s w h i c h a r e b e n e f i c i a l t o t h e c u r r e n t r e s i d e n t s a n d c o m p l e m e n t a r y t o t h e i r v i s i o n M e r g e c h a r t e r s c h o o l s , l o c a l b u s i n e s s e s a n d r e s i d e n t s t o g e n e r a t e a c o m m u n i t y - o r i e n t a t e d p r e c i n c t E s t a b l i s h a d i s t r i c t t h a t c o m p l e m e n t s W h a n g a r e i C B D a n d t h u s c o n t r i b u t e s t o t h e r e g i o n ’ s e c o n o m i c g r o w t h I n i t i a t e e n g a g e m e n t s t r a t e g i e s t o l i n k H ī h ī a u a P e n i n s u l a t o W h a n g a r e i ’s p o i n t s o f i n t e r e s t Enhance teachings of Tikanga Maori traditional arts and sharing of cultural traditions

problems:

L a c k o f c u l t u r a l i d e n t i t y a n d s o c i a l d i v e r s i t y i n H i h i a u a P r e c i n c t A b s e n c e o f w a k a s a n d h i s t o r i c M a o r i r i v e r r a c i n g o n H a t e a R i v e r M i s c o n c e p t i o n s o f W h a n g a r e i b e i n g d i s r e p u t a b l e h i n d e r i n g e c o n o m i c g r o w t h A c c e s s a n d c o n n e c t i v i t y t o H i h i a u a P r e c i n c t u n d e r d e v e l o p e d C o u n c i l i n t e r v e n t i o n i n t o t h e s i t e m i g h t p r o v i d e h e d o n i s t i c s o l u t i o n s t h a t d o n o t b e n e f i t t h e i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s U n d e v e l o p e d s p r a w l o f f o r e m o s t a r t i f i c i a l w e t l a n d s / f i l t r a t i o n s y s t e m s Q u a l i t y o f w a t e r s t i l l s u b s t a n d a r d , b u t p r o g r e s s i v e l y i m p r o v i n g t o i t s p r e v i o u s s t a t e Ecological corridors and biodiversity not up to full potential Provide ecological corridors to expand the biodiversity of the area and increase interspecies inhabitants in the region.

hīhīaua | te aranga principles “ T h e k e y o b j e c t i v e o f t h e Te A r a n g a P r i n c i p l e s i s t o e n h a n c e t h e p r o t e c t i o n , r e i n s t a t e m e n t , d e v e l o p m e n t a n d a r t i c u l a t i o n o f m a n a w h e n u a c u l t u r a l l a n d s c a p e s e n a b l i n g a l l o f u s ( m a n a w h e n u a , m a t a a w a k a , t a u i w i a n d m a n u h i r i ) t o c o n n e c t t o a n d d e e p e n o u r ‘ s e n s e o f p l a c e ’. ” - A u c k l a n d D e s i g n M a n u a l , G u i d a n c e f o r T e A r a n g a P r i n c i p l e s , h t t p : / / w w w . a u c k l a n d d e s i g n m a n u a l . c o . n z / d e s i g n - t h i n k i n g / m a o r i - d e s i g n / t e _ a r a n g a _ p r i n c i p l e s # / d e s i g n - t h i n k i n g / m a o r i - d e s i g n / t e _ a r a n g a _ p r i n c i p l e s / g u i d a n c e / a b o u t / d e s c r i p t i o n

1 . mana S t a t u s o f I w i a s m a n a w h e n u a ( a u t h o r i t y o ve r l a n d a n d n a t u r a l re s o u rc e s ) i s re s p e c t e d - m a n a w h e n u a i n t e re s t s c o n s i d e re d + re s p e c t e d ( t o e m p o we r, e n a b l e a n d c o n n e c t t h e c o m m u n i t y ) . * T h e R e s o u r c e M a n a g e m e n t A c t 1 9 9 1 r e q u i r e s t h e C o u n c i l t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f Te T i r i t i O Wa i t a n g i w h e n e x e r c i s i n g i t ’s r e s o u r c e m a n a g e m e n t f u n c t i o n s a n d p o w e r s .

2 . whakapapa Māori names are celebrated – recognises the significance of mana whenua ancestral names – by design process informed by tradition (to increase sense of place and wai kanga)

3 . taiao Natural environment is protected, restored / enhanced by resilient design and embracing the natural environment to restablish local biodiversity

4 . mauri tu Environmental health is protected / maintained by utilising resilient design and green structures

5 . mahi toi Iwi narratives and creatively rein scribed into design environment by working with mana whenua to ensure professionals and artists are appropriately engaged

6 . tohu Mana whenua significant sites and cultural landmarks are acknowledged by visual connections

7 . ahi kĀ Iwi have a living and enduring presence and are valued within their rohe - joint developments which enhance relationships within the fabric of the communit y.

hīhīaua | history of whangarei area mount parihaka Location of a historic pa site Named for the fearsome haka performed on the pari (battlements) before a Maori war that ended in many lives being lost.

northland M a u i ’s F i s h . M a u i u s e d h i s g r a n d m o t h e r s magical jawbone, catching an enormous fishhauling it to surface. As he went to fetch the village, his greedy brothers hacked the fish up for themselves, hewing off great chunks. This is how the North Island got its terrain.

hīhīaua peninsula

whangarei harbour Whangarei-te-rerenga-parāoa, “the place w h e r e w h a l e s g a t h e r ”. Literal gathering place of whales, where w h a l e s g a t h e r t o f e e d d u r i n g s u m m e r. Paraoa – Maori name for sperm whale, symbolically representative of persons of chiefly status. Gathering place of chiefs; often chiefs of Ngpahui met in Whangarei to mobilise their war parties.

pohe island I n 1 9 0 7 P o h e ’s I s l a n d ( o r a n g e ) w a s a s m a l l i s l a n d , 2ft above sealevel, surrounded by mangroves + sandy mudflats that would be covered at high tide C o r r e c t n a m e i s Te M a t a u ā Po h e ( t h e H o o k o f Po h e ) Crucial kai moana gathering area Believed the ancestors of the present day Pohe whānau made fishing hooks on the island From 1964 site used for refuse disposal (as a landfill). This was considered a means to raise the ground level above flood height

mount manaia M a n a i a i s a m y t h i c a l m o n s t e r, h a l f b i rd + f i s h a n d also a local maori chief. The five rock formations represent five people who are running across the mountain top; Chief Manaia, his wife, two children and Hautatu. All were turned to stone, struck by lightning by the god of we a t h e r ; Ta w h i r i m a t e a .

matariki Used by crews of voyaging wakas to g u i d e a c r o s s t h e p a c i f i c ( To h u n g a Kokoranga- expert astronomers).

taranga + marotiri islands Sighted in 1769 by Captain James Cook, the European name (Hen + Chicks) is thought to have been inspired by the star cluster know as the Pleiades (Matariki).

scale 1:24,000

hīhīaua | historical timeline 1846 Ngapuhi fought against the British crown after the dissatisfaction about the treaty and increase of British control in their affairs

1000

1700

Migration of Ngapuhi Iwi into Whangarei

Whangarei occupied by several subtribes of Ngapuhi

c.950ad Kupe is the first to see Whangarei on his way back to Hawaiiki

1820 Attacked by Waikato during the Musket Wars

1200

1800

Archaeological research suggests first settlers

Whaling base + most urbanised area of Northland

1875 Tr a d i n g p o s t re - e m e g e re d o n the southern bank of Hatea River (town basin)

5% of land in Maori hands

1860

1925

4 2 % o f Tr i b a l L a n d l o s t

Shipping main transport link until North Auckland railway line reached the town

1840 Whangarei timber milling site

1864 1855 1842

1929

Nucleus of present city established

Whangarei becomes small town driven by K a u r i G u m Tr a d e

1900 Whangarei becomes bicultural settlement mainly from Great Britain

1934 Auckland road suitable for travel from Whangarei

All settlers farms plundered in revenge f o r t r a n s g re s s i o n s o f Ta p u

1839 F i r s t e u r o p e a n s e t t l e r – Wi l l i a m C a r r u t h s e t t l e d i n t o Te A h i p u p u r a n g i (town basin) Early settlers and local Maori were friendly ( Tre a t y o f Wa i t a n g i s i g n e d t o c o n f i r m p a r t n e r s h i p b e t we e n M a o r i and Non- Maori)

hīhīaua | bio-physical analysis

scale 1:24,000

aspect + slope

hīhīaua peninsula

This map shows the severity of the surrounding slopes of the mountain ranges contributing to the movement of water and soil through the landscape. Hues of blue indicates the southern side of the ranges, where the northern slopes are hues of green and yellow and red is the western slopse. The orange overlay indicates high slope %. The aspect helps determine the Northern positions for building and crops, whilst the slope % helps determine whether the land is succeptable to erosional or slips.

hīhīaua | bio-physical analysis

scale 1:24,000

land cover

hīhīaua peninsula

This map of land cover for the Whangarei district shows the various types of land cover which help create habitat diversit y, promoting a high level of biodiversit y. Grasslands (which includes open space and pasture) and the town footprint are the p re d o m i n a n t l a n d c o ve r. These land cover types are the leading causes of erosion, sediment movement and habitat fragmentation which threaten the biodiversity of the area. The Whangarei Growth Strategy states that 25% of land use consents were granted within the North Island brown kiwi habitat (1996-2009). SOURCE: http://w w w.epa.govt.nz/resource -management/NSP000033/NSP000033_NSP000033_B oD_Volume_2_10_Whangarei_D istric t_ Growth_Strategy_Implementation_Plan.pdf

hīhīaua | bio-physical analysis hatea sub-catchment

scale 1:24,000

water catchments

hīhīaua peninsula

4,470 hectares 15% of greater harbour catchment Most of the floodplains area (delta) of the Hatea River have been reclaimed for development. Sediment that would have been deposited in these areas follwing rain are now channelled straight i n t o t h e h a r b o u r.

waiarohia sub-catchment 1,890 hectares 6.4% of the greater harbour catchment. Indigenous landcover 54% The lowest reaches have been extensively redirected.

aquifer | groundwater Aquifers under pressure from extraction D a m ’s h a v e b e e n c r e a t e d t o a s s i s t in water manangement. Coastal aquifers are at risk of salt water intrusion.

hīhīaua Hīhīaua sits within the Upper area of the Whangarei Harbour catchment. The Upper Harbour catchment recieves 70% of the catchment runoff. Whangarei harbour has a diverse range of habitats including; saltmarsh, mangroves, seagrass, intertidal mudflats, subtidal beds and sandy reefs. The average rainfall for the area is 1400mm per ye a r.

Hīhīaua Peninsular is bordered by two waterways, the Hatea RIver and the Waiarohia Stream. An overland flow path runs along the northern side of the peninsula. Due to the topography of the landscape, rainfall accumulates quickly into the various streams which feed into these waterways. The location of the site lies low and is therefore susceptible to flooding, e s p e c i a l l y w h e n v a r i o u s e l e m e n t s c o i n s i d e , e . g. s t o r m w a t e r, k i n g t i d e s a n d surface precipitation. Historic images show this area as intertidal mudflats. Reclamation of the l a n d a l o n g t h e H a t e a R i ve r w i l l h a ve d i s p l a c e d w a t e r, a l s o c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e issue of flooding,

hīhīaua | bio-physical analysis

scale 1:24,000

soil capabilities

hīhīaua peninsula The soils of the landscape surrounding Hīhīaua are predominately NON-arable, which has limited useability due to limitations or hazards such as: poor drainage / salinit y / slope / low fer tilit y. The land beneath Hīhīaua has been reclaimed to create more commercial space. Although the sediment loads are not considered high, current land uses such as farming and forestr y are creating a sediment runoff. Sediment run-off negatively impacts water quality and reduces clarity of the w a t e r, a d ve r s l y a f f e c t i n g t h e e c o l o g y o f t h e r i ve r, p a r t i c u l a r l y p h y t o p l a n k t o n and seagrass.

hīhīaua | bio-physical analysis patch analysis Meurk and Hall suggest a formula which analyses the vegetation cover of landscapes and provides a framework to create landscapes that suppor t biodiversit y. The formula measures patch size and vegetation type as well as the distances between them, then provides a landscape model pattern which best supports biodiveristy and habitat connec tivit y. Applied to the context of our site we can measure the importance for vegetation on Hīhīaua peninsular and how the site fits into the landscape pattern.

scale 1:48,000

native vegetation

hīhīaua peninsula

rivers + streams

SOURCE: Meurk C.D. and Hall, G.M.J., 2006. O ptions for enhancing forest biodiversit y across N e w Z e a l a n d ’s m a n a g e d l a n d s c a p e s b a s e d o n e c o s y s t e m m o d e l l i n g a n d s p a t i a l d e s i g n . N e w Zealand Journal of Ecology 30(1)

20m riparian buffer

Overlaying these elements shows how implementing a 20 meter buffer on streams can assist in connecting these fragmented patches. The vegetation buffers serve not only to fascilitate migration of species and habitats, but also func tion as filters for sur face runoff, helping to keep streams and rivers clean. Using the riparian buffer zone of streams for green corridors is also a good use of land which is not suitable for other uses (e.g. cropping or development). The Hīhīaua peninsular was historically intertidal mudflats; a natural filter and surge b a r r i e r o f W h a n g a re i H a r b o u r.

hīhīaua | ecology mount tiger

scale 1:24,000

ecological diversity

pukenui forest

Pekapeka (long-tailed bat) North Island brown kiwi Kererū/kūkupa North Island kaka Miromiro (North Island tomtit) Weta Banded kokopu Auckland green geko Long-finned eel Koura

Old-growth kauri, kahikatea, taraire, puriri and totara Hard beech Kawakawa

hīhīaua peninsula

mount parihaka

abbey cave + karst

North Island brown kiwi Kererū/kūkupa Miromiro Auckland green geko Forest ringlet butterfly Inanga Banded kokopu Long-finned eel Koura

North Island tomtit Red-crowned kakariki

To t a r a Long-finned eel Koura (freshwater crayfish) Kahikatea Cave weta Punctidae (threatened snail species) Glow worms

estuaries

Puriri Adders tongue (fern)

Mature kauri-rimu forest King fern

saltmarsh whangarei harbour NZ fairy tern + whitefronted tern NZ + banded dotterel Wrybill Reef + white heron

Mangrove forests To t a r a Kahikatea Manuka/kanuka

Saltmarsh describes an estuarine zone that is periodically flooded by salt w a t e r. Saltmarshes are important buffers to mangrove forest in Northland. Ty p i c a l l y o i o i , B a u m e a j u n c e a , sea rush and saltmarsh ribbonwood. SOURCE: http://nzfri.scionresearch.com/Content/ projects/nzfri/Resources/Booth_2005_report.pdf

Provide habitat and feeding grounds for fish, birds, shellfish, mammals and other wildlife, including the threatened fernbird/matata, white heron/kōtuku and inanga. Migratory birds, such as godwit, use estuaries to rest and find food during their journeys. A large variety of native birds, including waders and ducks, also live here. Mangroves provide important habitat for spawning fish and allow juveniles to grow. Many native fish, including eels and whitebait, require freshwater and saltwater during their lifecycles. Estuaries maintain water quality in the sea by filtering out sediment and nutrients. Microorganisms break down organic matter and sediments bind pollutants. SOURCE: http://w w w.doc.govt.nz/nature/habitats/estuaries/aboutestuaries/

hīhīaua | transportation

hīhīaua | cultural features + viewshafts

clapham’s clock museum

reyburn house

heritage sculpture trail

reyburn art gallery boat sheds

parks

whangarei mariner

artistic significance

mount parihaka

riverside theatre

community significance heritage buildings

whangarei cbd

points of interest town basin 1 2 1 3 5 4

pohe island 3

proposed cultural centre

te matau ā pohe 5

scale 1:10,000

wave + waka sculpture

viewshafts

hīhīaua | cadastral map + existing buildings Low building height important to connect and relate to context.

Relevant typology from surrounding context: b o a t s h e d s a t h a t e a r i ve r.

reyburn house |community | heritage

hīhīaua cultural centre privately owned

Te KĀpehu Whetū a

leased from whangarei district council

te Rūnanga o NgĀti WhĀtua

leased from northland regional council

whangarei theatre company | community

c d

Current light industrial typology: set backs for private/public divide.

Existing residential typology at reyburn house lane : apartments/townhouses over commercialprivate/public divide

he puna marama charitable trust mangawhai investments ltd yovich + fletcher reyburn whangarei ltd

scale 1:5,000

Existing industrial typology: current axis/orientation to peninsula (currently obstructed) with central courtyard possibility Pro of single/mezzanine storey typology for reuse: floor height can be raised to respond to flooding issue.

hīhīaua | proposed precinct plan scale 1:24,000

T h e H ī h ī a u a P r e c i n c t h a s b e e n i d e n t i f i e d a s a potential area of inner city living and mixed-use development T h e c o u n c i l p r o p o s e s m e d i u m t o h i g h - l e v e l d e n s i t y via a range of housing typologies: medium rise apartments, low-rise apartment, terraced housing or town house development E x i s t i n g c o m m e r c i a l a c t i v i t i e s w i l l r e m a i n w i t h t h e introduction of complementary mixed-use activities to contribute to the vitality of the Precinct T h e p r o p o s a l d i v i d e s t h e P r e c i n c t i n t o 4 S u b P re c i n c t s : H a t e a R i ve r, Wa i a ro h i a R i ve r, R e y b u r n Street and Central Hīhīaua

T h e c a p a c i t y a n a l y s i s a s s u m e s a ‘ b r o w n f i e l d ’ s i t e where comprehensive opportunities are available and with no constraints. This analysis illustrates the minimum and maximum potential of residential development plausible within the Hīhīaua Precinct T h e i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e l e f t s u m m a r i z e s t h e g r e a t e s t possible dph (dwellings per hectare) within the various Sub-Precincts in different building typologies T h e c o u n c i l ’ s p r o p o s a l i s a m e d i u m / h i g h - d e n s i t y residential development (15–30+ dph). S u b - P r e c i n c t s w i l l h a v e v a r i e d r e s i d e n t i a l development due to their location and function within the larger precinct. A c c o r d i n g t o 2 0 0 6 c e n s u s , a v e r a g e h o u s e h o l d s i z e i n Whangarei was 2.6 people. The Plan predicts a drop to 2.4. C e n s u s 2 0 1 3 h a d t h e a v e r a g e h o u s e h o l d s i z e f o r Whangarei at 2.5 (0.1 difference over 7 years).

hīhīaua | proposed precinct plan option 1:

no action Existing provisions would be kept in their current form, which would avoid preparing a plan change. C u r r e n t l y t h e To w n B a s i n e n c o u r a g e s residential development, and the Business 2 environment allows development under respective provisions. However these provisions do not allow for comprehensive high-density residential development, which renders this option ineffective. The cons of this option outweigh the pros. While there would be no cost in preparing and administering a plan change, doing nothing does not achieve community and council o u t c o m e s s i g n a l e d i n W h a n g a r e i ’s 2 0 / 2 0 plan, nor does it satisfy other stakeholders’ expectations for the future development of the Hīhīaua Precinct.

option 2:

option 3:

rezone hatea river sub-precinct to mixeduse development, by way of plan change

rezone the hīhīaua precinct to mixed-use, by way of plan change

To w n B a s i n e n v i r o n m e n t ( H a t e a R i v e r s u b - p r e c i n c t ) i s utilised as mixed-use development while the remainder of the Hīhīaua Precinct remains under the Business 2 categor y, with commercial and light industrial activities continuuing as usual.

Rezoning the entire Hīhīaua Precinct provides the largest yield as it facilitates coordinated development and encourages high quality urban design.

The Hatea River sub-precinct, which already has a number of residential dwellings, is considered the most attractive location and therefore will attract the greatest development interest.

Benefits of this option include a large ‘brownfield’ area for urban redevelopment that provides landowners with an opportunity to intensify and develop their land. Also provides high levels of certainty for landowners, sub-dividers and the community about the outcome and vision of the precinct.

The location of the sub-precinct allows easy use of natural and physical resources, which characterise the Hatea River waterfront.

Provisions will ensure population growth can be accommodated with higher densities close to Whanagarei CBD, amenities and employment opportunities.

It is predicted rezoning the single sub-precinct will enable comprehensive residential development opportunities, however this option does not fully recognize the potential of the entire Precinct (Hīhīaua).

Disadvantages of this option include: High cost and risks implications associated with advancing a plan change to re-zone land and less flexibility in design and layout of individual properties.

U n l i k e O p t i o n 1 , t h i s o p t i o n a l i g n s w i t h W h a n g a r e i ’s 20/20 plan and somewhat provides development prospects for not only the Hīhīaua Precinct, but also Whangrei City as a whole.

This option seems the most effective and efficient to achieve the objectives of all stakeholders involved as it e s s e n t i a l l y p r o v i d e s a ‘c l e a n s l a t e’ f o r d e v e l o p m e n t . This option integrates the idea of creating a ‘village’ where living, working, playing and learning can all be i n c l o s e v i c i n i t y t o e a c h o t h e r, w h i c h i s a n i m p o r t a n t aspect for community group stakeholders (Momentum North) and also adheres to the Whangarei 20/20 plan.

Disadvantages of this option include: Potential land use conflict and reverse sensitivity issues with permitted activities, which will lead to inabilit y of integration and coordination holistically. Introduction of difference in land use within the Hatea sub-precinct would hinder and limit existing dwellings’ development.

scale 1:5,000

This option has the least legal restriction and allows opportunities for a flourishing district of Whangarei.

scale 1:5,000

hīhīaua | proposed precinct plan: reyburn st Reyburn Street Sub-Precinct is largely owned by Northland Regional Council. This Sub-Precinct has a range of uses as there are cafes, a printing store, wholesaling activities, a gymnasium and sail manufacturing ac tivit y.Existing commercial ac tivities are serviced with internal parking spaces. Businesses situated on Reyburn Street, are served by 2 service lanes.

this image was taken from one of the intersections of FinlaysoN Street.

The proposed Plan for the Hihiaua Precinct shows Reyburn Street to be an Arterial Road which demands active commercial frontage, therefore it is propsed the row of buildings parallel to Reyburn Street will be medium rise commercial and mixed use buildings. The image to the right shows an altered and artistic representation what the Reyburn Precinct could look like. As per all Precincts, the main objective will be to use exisitng structures rst and foremost. The image shows an adaptation of the Copenhagen ‘‘ood retaliation scheme, where in an event of a ood, the roads and boulevards will ood up and there will be elevated walkways and evacuation spaces for the public.

hÄŤhÄŤaua | proposed precinct plan: central precinct Currently the Central Hihiaua Sub-Precinct offeres a range of activities including light retail and industrial. The Plan suggests this space over time will transition into a high amenities. It is shown in the plan that 2-4 storey buildings will occupy the Central area of the Hihiaua Precinct.

this image was taken looking toward the coverging end of the carpark (nose).

Maximum of 6 stories are feasibile and permitted due to poor soil condition uncompressed soil types. The Proposed land will allow a range of dwelling types, attracting a mixed residential demographic. This along with a mixture of building typologies will work well among the diverse population. Commerical usage on ground oor is encouraged as it will create street frontage. Exisiting streets within the Precinct was historically conngured for commercial activites prioritizing large vehicles. Upon development, street widths can be resduced to creat more s p a c e a s we l l a s d i s c o u r a g e t h e u s e o f a c a r. The image of the idea of retaining them.Again, just image shows the being ooded.

left roughly illustrates the exisitng structures abover like Reyburn Street, the large existing carpark asre

hÄŤhÄŤaua | difficulties hydrological systems

patch size and distance

Climate change will increase the frequency of storms increasing surface run off from precipitation. Natural aeas of accumulation were modified with human settlement.

The removal and fragmentation of ecological landscapes has endangered the survival of many species due to a decrease in the ability to migrate and travel between habitats safely.

environmental edges

heat island effect

Edges between environments protect habitats from pests and diseases. These edges are being misused, weakening natural defense systems.

Population growth, increase in hard surfaces and the removal of green spaces will also increase surface temperatures within the Urban environment.

low diversity The diversity of species within the Whangarei Ecological District has been reduced severely since human settlement and the introduction of invasive pests e.g. rats and noxious weeds

urban environment The Urban environment is a static resistence barrier which has fragmented natural ecosystems and their functions. A growing population will put more pressure on resources.

green + blue corridoors contaminated land The major issue of sea level rise and the additional impact on our environment of landfills being submerged.

resources: air | land | water Water is a valuable resource. Freshwater aquifiers are at risk of degradation caused by draining, sea water intrusion and pollution from surrounding land use.

sea level rise Unpredicted sea level rise will compromise building foundations by modifying the water table. Sea water can affect our access to productive landscapes and resources.

Free flowing corridors between environments allows systems and species to adapt or adjust to changing conditions. Obstructions include, pipes, culverts, roads and dams.

carbon sequestration Natural carbon sinks are plants, ocean and soil. Tidal Wetlands amongst others such as old forest trees, are a valuable carbon sinks helping to mitigate the carbon emissions from human settlement.

sea level rise Deposits from wetlands is how they stay above w a t e r. A d r a m a t i c r i s e i n s e a l e ve l c o u l d p o tentially release carbon stored in these deposits. Areas for wetland systems to grow is important to maintain the carbon sequestrans.

hīhīaua | difficulties: contaminated land

contaminated land - pohe island

scale 1:24,000

land susceptible to flooding R ivers move, and over time due to changes in velocit y and capacit y, erosion and sediment accumulation, water displacement causes the river path to shift. H i h i a u a s i t e w a s p a r t o f t h e i n t e r t i d a l f l o o d p l a i n o f t h e H a t e a R I ve r. Th e reclaimation of the flood plains land and the topography of the land as a valley does not give much option for flood water dispersal to other areas. The Upper harbour of the Hatea River Resilient strategies in place now are removing barriers and surrendering to t h e b a t t l e o f w a t e r, c a n a l s, i n f l a t a b l e we i r s a n d we t l a n d s a re n o w b e c o m i n g common solutions to flooding problems.

Landfills were predominatly placed in areas regarded as unusable for development or food production. New Zealand a major problem with most old capped landfills as most of our town landfills were in wetlands or along stream & river banks. L a n d f i l l c o n t a m i n a n t s a re s p re a d t h ro u g h g ro u n d w a t e r. Th e p l a c e m e n t o f Po h e I s l a n d. Sealevel rise could submerge landfills and increase the spread of contamination. Once an aquifer is contaminated it may be unusable for decades Salt water can enter aquifers if the fresh water level falls too far Landfills release Gases & Leachate. The Post Closure Plan for Pohe Island notes that methane gas concentrates in the landfill have the potential to ignite. The Leachate seepage from Pohe Island is pumped under the Hatea River to a Wastewater Tre a t m e n t P l a n t, h o we ve r i t i s n o t e d t h a t i t s t i l l h a s a s l o w s e e p a g e , b u t d o e s n o t a p p e a r to be causing an environmental damage. Further research is required to clarify whether the effects of the landfill could potential increase with climate change.

hīhīaua | proposed precinct plan: hatea river + waiarohia stream Hatea River Sub-Precinct currently has a variety of activities. There are 9 residential dwellings all mostly located on the second oor above commercial activities. This particular Sub-Precinct has a unique character fronting onto open space a n d t h e H ate a R i ve r. Th e a re a h a s h i g h a m e n i t y, a c c e s s to t h e c i t y a n d To w n B a s i n a n d l i t t l e t r a ﬃ c . T h e l o o p w a l k w a y e n h a n c e s connectivity and allows occupiers to experience the cultural and a r t s a c t i v i t i e s l o c a t e d o n t h e r i v e r f r o n t f r o m t h e To w n B a s i n t o the tip of the peninsula. The plan envisions this Sub-Precinct to be the most attractive area for residential living and will likely be the rst to develop/transform. 2 storey mixed use buildings are proposed on the waterfront, and 3-4 storey buildings behind, with amenity space in between. ‘Boat house and Loft’ aesthetic feel reeecting existing use of vicinity will be encouraged including adaptive re-use of the industrial buildings. Currently the Waiarohaia Stream Sub -Precinc t has a range of commercial, industrial and professional service buildings and no residential dwellings. It is expected over time this space will transition into mixed use and residential activities. Predominant commercial activities are to take place to on the corner of Reyburn Street and Herekino Street to provide a noise buﬀer from the Arterial Road. There is opportunity to provide private access to the stream via piers for boat anchorage. Adjacent stream location provides possibility for an esplanade or easement through a Blue/Green network. The network is planned to become an icon of charac ter for Whangarei Cit y, a safe and attrac tive feature for pedestrians and cyclists to use. 2-3 storey buildings are envisioned to occupy this Sub-Precinct to complement the surrounding buildings.

hīhīaua | coastal hazard Whangarei city is situated on low lying reclamed land subject to the fluctuations of sea level rise and storm surges. Based on the reports issued by The ministry of the environment, it is suggested to plan for a 0.8m mean sea leel rise up to 2090-2099. B e yo n d t h a t a n a l l o w a n c e i s t o b e m a d e f o r 1 0 m m p e r ye a r. Th e s e m a p s s h o w t h e e f f e c t o f a 1 - 2 m s e a l e v e l r i s e o n W h a n g a r e i To w n c i t y, C B D a n d H i h i a u a p e n i n s u l a r. T h e e f f e c t of climate change is increased significantly with greenhouse gases. Although we can not stop rising seas we might at least be able to slow it down. Capturing and recycling stormwater reduces the pressure we are putting on fresh water resources which are under threat if sea levels rise. The below Rational method calculation estimates how much water could be intercepted and collected during a 15 minute rainfall.

Erosion along edges. Rising water table. Fresh water aquifers becoming saline. Unpredicable weather patterns. Changes in temperatures. Reversal of stormwater pipes.

SOURCE: http://www.pce.parliament.nz/media/1390/preparing-nz-for-rising-seas-web-small.pdf

present

Rational method of calculating Peak flow rate to determine the size of wetland retention pond:

+ 1-2 METER SEA RISE

Q = C * I * A

+ 2-3 METER SEA RISE

Q C I A

+ 1 M rise

= = = =

peak flow (m3/s) runoff coefficent average rainfall coefficient (mm/hr) drainage area (ha)

“The rational method is only applicable to small catchments because of its inability to account for the effects of catchment storage in attenuating the flood h y d r o g r a p h .” ( s t a n d a r d i s a t i o n o f d e s i g n f l o w s f o r c o a s t a l catchments in NZ) For the calculation we have used light industrial 0.5 - 0.8 for the drainage are.

+ 3-4 METER SEA RISE

existing tidal surge

HIHIAUA RETENTION POND SIZE C = 0.8 (highly impermeable) I = 0.15mm per hour A = 16.5 hectares Q = 1.98 m3/sec [peak flow rate] + 2 M rise

Over 15 minutes this equates to 1’782’000 litres

hīhīaua | resilience

new orleans case study 100 Resilient Cities initiative

“Resiliency describes the capacity to respond to stress and change of climatic conditions. It adopts lessons from nature to protect, restore and enhance the ecosystem services of the natural environment. “

Multiple different flood protection features Welcomes in the flood rather than barricading against it by diverting water into the landscape

“Resilient design for flooding is a proactive and precautionary approach to increase water r e s o u r c e s u s t a i n a b i l i t y w h i l e r e d u c i n g c l i m a t e c h a n g e r i s k s .”

Design looked to historical conditions of site

donald watson & michele adams, design for flooding: architecture, landscape, and urban design for resilience to climate change, hoboken, n.j.: john wiley & sons, 2011).

typical landscape

recommended strategies for resilient design 1

Stabilise and protect shoreline against storm surge by reflection, reduction or diffusion

Avoid or prevent increased flood impacts (such as erosion) to adjacent properties, waterways and water-edge structures

U s e n a t u r a l f e a t u re s t o a b s o r b, f i l t e r, a n d d i f f u s e s e ve re s t o r m a n d r i s i n g s e a l e ve l impacts

Construct and maintain floodplain landscape features that are replaceable and maintainable in post-storm recover y.

Provide areas for diffusion and absorption of flooding that divert water away from people and infrastructure

Secure emergency routes for egress and access for first responders

S e c u re u t i l i t y, w a t e r, a n d s e we r a g e c o n n e c t i o n s t h a t c a n b e d i s a b l e d p re - s t o r m

Establish a community emergency communication system and management procedures for storm preparation, evacuation, and emergency response.

in times of flood

proposed resilient design initiatives for hīhīaua precinct The models proposed below will be based on future climatic conditions, providing benefits to the community and the conservation of land/species. Strengthening ecosystems’ resilience helps to create greener cities, with less pollutants, more ecological corridors and improved landscape permeabilit y. Elevate service facilities along a re-designed water way system Adapt and reuse demolition waste creatively, such as using rec ycled aggregate to raise ground levels in low lying regions Design an area of refugee for residents in different districts Include regulated setbacks at water edge, with large natural buffer areas and walkways built to withstand flooding Tre a t t h e l a n d t o h o l d a s m u c h r a i n a s p o s s i b l e s o i t c a n i n f i l t r a t e s o i l r a t h e r t h a n r u n o f f Incorporate green structures such as green roofs, permeable pavements, rain water harvesting systems, artificial wetlands, green canopies, curbless streets + swales Tre a t t h e e d g e u s i n g s o f t e n g i n e e r i n g a s a f o r m o f c o s t a l m a n a g e m e n t t o re d u c e e ro s i o n , i m p ro ve t h e stabilisation of shorelines and enhance the habitat for fish / wildlife in the precinct

hīhīaua | outcomes tactical urbanism

Implementing tactical urbanism at Hīhīaua would allow the community to form their own environment as they would like to see it while also encouraging a sense of place and connection to Hīhīaua. S m a l l , q u i c k , l o w - c o s t i n t e r v e n t i o n s a n d m e t h o d s o f d e l i v e r y c o u l d b e u s e d t o t r a n s f o r m t h e a r e a q u i c k l y. Te m p o r a r y, t r i a l i n t e r v e n t i o n s c o u l d lead to long-term or permanent solutions depending on success and suitabilit y. We p ro p o s e u s i n g c o l o u r, m u r a l s, c a r v i n g a n d s c u l p t u r a l i n s t a l l a t i o n s, p l a n t i n g, f l e x i b l e / a d a p t a b l e a rc h i t e c t u re ( s u c h a s p o p - u p, t e m p o r a r y structures), and re-use of buildings and materials where possible.

Low-cost, temporary interventions that improve local neighbourhoodS D e l i ve r y o f ‘ l i g h t e r, q u i c ke r, c h e a p e r ’ p h y s i c a l i n t e r ve n t i o n s. Physical, of ten shor t term, place -based inter ventions that strategically align with the wider vision for the cit y, such as safe, liveable streets and pedestrian friendly public spaces.

tactical urbanism has five characteristics:

Ta c t i c a l u r b a n i s m c a n a l s o g i ve p o we r t o t h e c o m m u n i t y t o a c h i e ve l o n g - t e r m , g re a t e r g o a l s, e . g. t h ro u g h c ro wd s o u rc i n g, p u b l i c / p r i v a t e partnerships and small-scale, temporary interventions to test viability of proposals and gauge an indication of what the community actually wants.

Ta c t i c a l u r b a n i s m i s a n a p p ro a c h t h a t g i ve s p o we r o ve r s h a p i n g t h e s u r ro u n d i n g e n v i ro n m e n t t o t h e c o m m u n i t y. Th e re a re n o l i m i t s o r set parameters to what can be created and achieved by the communit y.

A deliberate, phased approach to instigating change. An offering of local ideas for local planning challenges. Short-term commitment and realistic expectations. Low-risks, with possibly a high reward. The development of social capital between citizens, and the building of organizational capacity between public/private institutions, non-profit/ NGOs, and their constituents.

S O U R C E : A u c k l a n d d e i g n m a n u a l. ( 2 0 1 7 ) . R e t r i e ve d f ro m h t t p : / / w w w. a u c k l a n d d e s i g n m a n u a l. c o. n z / d e s i g n - t h i n k i n g / a c t i vate A K L / a c t i vat i o n g u i d a n c e / g u i d a n c e / Ta c t i c a l _ U r b a n i s m

hīhīaua | outcomes adaptive re-use Adaptive re-use: “reusing an old site or building for a purpose other than w h i c h i t w a s b u i l t o r d e s i g n e d f o r ”. Salvaging materials from existing structures which are to be removed and reinventing them for new structures and features. Re-using existing buildings on site where possible will have the following benefits: Reduce waste material that would be generated from demolishing all buildings on site Cheaper cost for developers Keep building heights low or similar to current will keep existing viewshafts and ensure new development suits context Keep identity and character of the area Enable progressive, staged development of the area where new builds can occur over time

hīhīaua | outcomes

co-housing typology Co-housing is an intentional community of private homes clustered around a shared space. Each attached or single family home has traditional amenities, including a private kitchen.

the village Momentum Nor th have indicated that the concept of ‘the village’ is impor tant to them. We interpret this to mean that the design of the area should foster a communit y, a place not just to g o h o m e t o a t n i g h t b u t w h e r e p e o p l e c a n “ l i v e , w o r k , p l a y , v i s i t a n d l e a r n ”. T h e d e s i g n s h o u l d e n c o u r a g e a s t r o n g s e n s e o f p l a c e , c o r r e s p o n d i n g a l s o t o t h e Te A r a n g a p r i n c i p l e s . Relevant design techniques that could be incorporated at Hīhīaua to encourage the village concept: Designate a site/sites for a co-housing proposal. as the concept encourages mutual co-habitation and shared public space (while still keeping individual ownership and privacy when desired) - see further details to right. Shared public space and utilities for the residents of Hīhīaua, such as shared outdoor dining/ entertaining/BBQ/hangi fascilities/pizza oven etc. would encourage interaction, provide a more lively and enjoyable environment and improve the real estate potential for residents of the area. Design shared areas that can be used by the community to enable ‘live culture’ - where the general public are able to interact with modern Maori cultural practices. Mixed-use zoning and building design with commercial, residential and retail all in one area to encourage lively community at all times of the day with more personable interactio can be easily incorporated, no divide between residential and commercial zones.

www.mandyevebarnett.com/2016/02/03/alternative-living-cohousing/

Shared spaces include common rooms, which Cohousing is an intentional community of private house a large gathering area, kitchen, dining space. Each attached or single family home has tra a nmt os .n r o o par ri ev aa t ae n kd i tr cehc er en a. t Si oh na ra el ds ps ap ca ec ef so ri nacl ll u od cec uc op m

aMr eoas ,t koiut tc dh oe on r, sd pi na ic ne gs a r e as ha an rde dr e ac sr ewa et il ol naas l s p a c e f s tpoaoc les s aanrde hs oh ua sr e dh oal sd we eq lul i pa m s et no ot .l s a n d h o u s e h o l d e

Each separate household has their own Esaecpha sr ae tpea ri an tceo mh oe us saenhdo lpdr ihvaast et hl ei vi er so, wbnu ts e p a r a t e i n neighbours communally manage activities and shar neighbours communally manage activities and shared spaces. Common cohousing characteristics include semi-in nCeoi hg oh ub so iunrgs dt hi raetc tml ya kceo rt rheel ma t ec os mwmi ti ht t M e do mt oe nt thuemc o m m N o r t h ’ s i d e o l o g y o f w a n t i n g t o c r e a c r e a e d e s i g n o p p r t u n i t i e s t o f o s t e tr e f rae q u e n t i n t e a‘rvei l sl ua pg pe ’o re tnevdi r ao nn dm eg nr et etnh aa tp pf or os ta ec rhse sa oc fo ml i mv iunnga la r e a form of living. h i Mt ho imn e n t u m N o r t CBo yh op ur os imn og t idni gr e ac t cl yo hcoour sr ienl ag t ne si c w h ei t w ‘ tv hi lel aHgi eh’i ae un av i Pr or en cmi ne cn tt , tthhaet cf oo m s tme rusn iat yc ocmo uml ud n a l f o r m Hf iohrima uu al a Pt er e ac i snectt oc fu rv rael nu telsy .t hL aa tc kw oi lf l eednuhcaant ci eo n a n d c cuul lt tuur rea bl ea iwn ag r er en ae ds is l. y a v a i l a b l e a n d d i s t r i b u t e d t o concern mentioned by Momentum North. By promot Hihiaua Precinct, the community can formulate set cultural awareness.

Use spatial layers, with intimacy and visceral connection. Progression through the site could be used to generate interesting spaces and encourage the public to move through and interact with the ‘village’ .

Slightly tweaking the ideologies underlying the co the parameters to including more stakeholders and as the primary typology could assist in creating a

I m p l e m e n t t h e c o m m u n i t y ’s ‘ n o f e n c e s ’ p o l i c y a n d u t i l i s e o t h e r n o n - b a r r i e r m e a n s o f p r o v i d i n g s e p a r a t i o n w h e re n e c e s s a r y, s u c h a s u s i n g w a t e r, l a n d s c a p e o r s p a t i a l l a yo u t.

http://w w w.cohousing.org/

www.mandyevebarnett.com/2016/02/03/ alternative-living-cohousing/

hīhīaua | outcomes

water connection Access to water important. Bring back the original flow path of Waiarohia Stream. Could propose public transpor t via the water to connec t to the town basin + CBD. Adaptable architecture, such as the floating pontoon walkways that already exist on site for moored dingys adapt with the rise and fall of the tide.

connection

Dual function walkways could be moveable to be used as viewing platforms for water sports (e.g. waka kopapa). Consider strategic placement of viewing platforms to enable public interaction with waka races. Important to consider how sea level rise will affect fresh water ecology.

hatea river

waiarohia stream

whangarei connection Viewshafts and axis through the site important to connect the cultural centre with the village and the rest of Whangarei. mangroves

mangroves

mud flats

Keep buildings low to keep viewshafts unobstructed and connect to the landscape. Current building heights continue the skyline of Mt Parihaka and Pukenui forrest - consider accentuating this with green roofs and building height limitations.

pedestrian connection Propose pedestrian connec tions to the CBD, other par ts of Whangarei and key site features via walk + cycle paths (separate these if possible to cater for future growth). Public transport connection to the city - could be by water or alternative (boat, tram etc - make tourist attraction in itself to encourage visitors to both the CBD and Hihiaua). C o n s i d e r a n d i n c o r p o r a t e c o u n c i l ’s f u t u r e p l a n s f o r E m e r a l d N e c k l a c e c o n n e c t i o n t o Fa r m e r ’s M a r k e t v i a Wa i a r o h i a S t r e a m .

hīhīaua | outcomes It is inevitable that Hihiaua and Whangarei is going to flood the question is how do we design for it.

embrace the flood The design strategy for Hihiaua is to embrace the flood waters and to begin the restoration of f l o o d p l a i n s a n d l o s t h a b i t a t s . T h e o b j e c t i v e i s t o w o r k w i t h w a t e r, r a t h e r t h a n a g a i n s t i t . To g i f t water back its flexibility and provide spaces where it can accumulate and inflitrate we can begin to predict and decide where water will travel helping us build resilient commnities and decrease the incidence of unexpected floods.

depave | i n c r e a s e p e r m e a b i l i t y Depaving is a bottom up community driven initative to remove concrete, pavement and asphalt and to replace it with impervious land cover and vegetation. Five cities across Canada are running pilot p r o j e c t s t o “d e p a v e p a r a d i s e” t o i n c r e a s e permeability to help mitigate floods by allowing land to absorb the influx of w a t e r.

hidden catchments | w a t e r r e t e n t i o n

petreux river banks by base

The Hatea River and adjacent Waiarohia Stream have been graded with poor water quality and therefore they are not available for recreation or engagement w i t h w a t e r.

When it rains, stormwater is diverted and held onsite to reduce the load on the stormwater drains. Water is slowly released through wetlands and swales b a c k t o t h e a d j a c e n t R i ve r.

renaturation of the river aire,geneva

Hihiaua was once mangroves and mudflats, and is now predominately covered in impermeable land c o ve r w h i c h d o e s n o t a l l o w w a t e r t o p e n e t r a t e a n d u s e t h e s o i l t o a b s o r b t h e i n f l u x o f w a t e r. O u r proposed design is to increase the amount of permeable land cover which will increase the ability for land to absorb water to assist with flood mitigation. oyster shell cages for erosion control

playground | w a t e r i n t e r a c t i o n

Harvesting rainwater onsite and channelling it through rills and accumulating it in areas could be utilised as a temporary playground for the community while the river is under restoration.

store | w a t e r r e t e n t i o n Brooklyn park bridge park is designed to collect, filter and stores gallons of fresh water under piers to recycle one of our most important resources.

recreating habitats | r e s t o r e d i v e r s i t y river islands | s u r g e b a r r i e r s

chicago riverwalk expansion by sasaki

The water is treated and can be used for irrigation and other grey water functions.

elevation | a v o i d i n g h a z a r d s

erosion + filtration control | a n a t u r a l d e f e n s e Many coastal areas are installing artifical reefs using gabion baskets filled with used oyster shells. The aim is to restore the oyster population whilst creating a reef to which filters w a t e r, p ro v i d e s h a b i t a t s t o o t h e r m a r i n e l i f e a n d t o p re ve n t s e d i m e n t a n d l a n d erosion. An opportunity exists here for community project collaborating with local oyster farms & distributors.

hobble creek delta | richard bart

Hatea River and Whangarei Harbour contain vital ecosystems for vegetation, birds and marine life. A rise in sea level will change the location of these ecosystems, requiring flora and fauna to migrate to different areas or adapt to the change in conditions.

Changes in topography [raised land forms/ bunds], roof gardens and high pathways provide escape above flash floods for people, fauna and flora. Elevated pathway provides escape during hazards, whilst providing views across the city during fine days. Structures designed for elevation provide security for the future.

ample hills, brooklyn bridge park

hīhīaua | outcomes birdseye impression From the surrounding mountains, as well as from aircraft flying in and out of Onerahi airpor t, the site stands out. We propose utilising this aspect in our design to add an interesting aspect to the overall masterplan, as well as to tie it into the Hundertvasser projects R o b e r t o M a r x a n d x x ’s w o r k a r e e x a m p l e s o f h o w t h e l a n d s c a p e c o u l d b e m a n i p u l a t e d Use planting and topography to create imagery in the landscape, e.g. by ‘painting’ the landscape in colours of the plants. Control flooding by directing water to certain area through the landscape to create different imagery again - in times of f l o o d o n l y c e r t a i n a re a s f i l l w i t h w a t e r, a n d a n e w l a n d s c a p e i m p re s s i o n i s g e n e r a t e d The view of the site at night could also be interesting to explore, by being selective about placement of residential buildings, lit windows at night could be indicative of key celestial map historically used for navigation

jupiter artland

matariki constellation

james rose

dp architects

Hundertwasser was an Austrian born New Zealand artist and architect who stood out as an opponent of the ‘straight line ’ and any form of standardization, a concept that he expressed in the field of building design. Roberto Marx was a Brazilian landscape architect. He was interested in the sensation of mobility and movement through a landscape. He also made clever use of enormous scale, lighting and reflection particularly in his use of w a t e r.

friedensreich hundertwasser

B o t h M a r x ’s a n d H u n d e r t w a s s e r ’s w o r k s h a v e d i f f e r e n t experiences when the observer is directly within the space and when the observer is experiencing the space from afar (above). roberto marx

hÄŤhÄŤaua | relevant case studies navigator paths

light path, auckland

high line, new york

kopupaka reserve, west auckland

gabion eco-store tanks

hÄŤhÄŤaua |

sianne smith / vignesh krish / sharon eccleshall / aleesha kumar / shibing li

scale 1:2,500 @ A3

masterplan

matariki ecology baskets Planted islands are located in the landscape, each representing a star in the Matariki constellation. Matariki is situated at the central viewing deck from where yo u c a n l o o k o u t a n d l o c a t e e a c h s t a r. Th i s s t a t i o n a c t s a s a living museum to encourage cultural education. By isolating and encouraging a different habitat to support d i f f e r i n g e c o l o g y w i t h i n e a c h s t a r ’ s r e t a i n i n g ‘ b a s k e t ’, t h e Matariki star islands would serve to aid in diversifying and drawing fauna to Hihiaua over time.

waipuna-a-rangi

uru-a-rangi

waiti waita

matariki

tupu-a-rangi tupu-a-nuku

[not to scale]

matariki ecology baskets

The modified landscape provides opportunity to create a variety of plant and habitat zones which will increase diversity of species and protect & enhance natural resources. The plant zones help us to mimic the natural processes of a water catchment area; absorption of water increase of evapotraspiration of water to the atmosphere and the ability to hold water during storms The design reduces the impervious land cover and increases vegetated land and b u i l d n g c o ve r. G re y w a t e r i s c o l l e c t e d o n s i t e a n d re c yc l e d. L a n d i s c u t d o w n t o share with incoming tide & create habitat zones.

scale 1:2,500 @ A3

stormwater

The modified landscape provides opportunity to create a variety of plant and habitat zones which will increase diversity of species and protect & enhance natural resources. The plant zones help us to mimic the natural processes of a water catchment area; a b s o r p t i o n o f w a t e r i n c r e a s e o f e v a p o t r a s p i r a t i o n o f w a t e r t o t h e a t m o s p h e r e a n d t h e a b i l i t y t o h o l d w a t e r d u r i n g s t o r m s The design reduces the impervious land cover and increases vegetated land and b u i l d n g c o ve r. G re y w a t e r i s c o l l e c t e d o n s i t e a n d re c yc l e d. L a n d i s c u t d o w n t o share with incoming tide & create habitat zones.

scale 1:2,500 @ A3

environmental solutions: emergent landscapes | depaved buildings

scale 1:2,500 @ A3

ecology

| low building height connects and relates to context |

| relevant typology from surrounding context: boat sheds at hatea river |

| relevant light industrial typology: set backs for private / public separation |

existing buildings

| existing residential typology at reyburn house lane: apartments above offices + commercial |

| re-development proposed for almost all hail sites and only a select few others |

non-hail site buildings A select number of existing buildings were selected to be re-designed or relocated to better incorporate the proposed masterplan.

council advised ‘hail’ sites

scale 1:2,500 @ A3

sites for development

Supplementary to the council precinct plan was a map of all suspected contaminated (HAIL) sites. HAIL sites are listed as having been associated with an industry that may have led to contamination of the site (for e.g. if certain chemicals could have been stored or used on site) Contamination is not confirmed but the site would be subject to additional testing before being issued a resource or building consent. These sites are an appropriate choice to be utilised for redevelopment, as new builds will already be likely on many. The community could propose these sites be offered for commercial investment to achieve the desired, community-driven plan overall

| existing, non-hail buildings to be kept and renovated, repurposed and adapted for new, mixed use |

existing buildings R a t h e r t h a n w i p i n g t h e a re a o f a n y re s i d u a l h i s t o r y o r c h a r a c t e r, t h e e x i s t i n g buildings could be utilised to encourage and express cultural identity and character of the area, and encourage ‘sense of place’ A mix of old and new, along with alternating facades and building heights encourage to create variation and add interest, and to frame key views.

green allocated buildings

scale 1:2,500 @ A3

sites for adaptive reuse

To o p e n u p c o n n e c t i o n t h r o u g h t h e s i t e a s w e l l as viewshafts to the cultural centre and Waka + Wave sculpture, these buildings would be turned into a reserve/mini wetland park with the Navigator Park travelling through the space. Rather than removing the entire buildings and generating waste, key walls would be lowered to open up views and the buildings would be turned into ‘planter boxes’ - over time and with assistance, returning to an overgrown, natural state. In the interim period, the community could utilise these sites for tactical urbanism in the form of murals, colour and planting to transform the space.

adaptive re-use of existing buildings Renovations to existing buildings will serve to manipulate and re-shape the existing environment by shifting street fronts to redirect the road. Building adaption could take place over a staged period of time in order to allow for the adoption of new tenants and for relocation of current industrial tenants. Balconies and roof gardens would be added, with further extensions at and above ground level taking place to increase building footprints to cater for an increase in density and diverse typologies. Some ‘keep’ buildings will feature ground level extensions use the roof of these extensions as walkways for residential access above. Encourage interaction by neighbours through shared walkways and entrances. Encourage efficient use of water runoff by the whole communit y, rainwater catchments for blocks could be used as grey water supply for a collection of residents for shared cost,

scale 1:2,500 @ A3

new footprints

viewshafts from site Keep building height low (2-4 storeys, above 2 storeys only at specified sites) to relate to context; mountains, surrounding buildings, rest of Whangarei, Hatea Loop walkway and the cultural centre. Further encourage this idea of extending the skyline through placement of roof gardens, green walls and planted balconies. Frame views between buildings to accentuate the skyline. Place low storey buildings at key viewpoints so mountain ranges are not obstructed Elevate pedestrians above road level via the Navigator Path with special attention in design to the orientation of the path as it moves through the site to further highlight and reveal views.

pedestrian connection S h a re d, c u r b l e s s s t re e t s t o re m o ve t h e p r i o r i t y o f t h e c a r. Cu r b l e s s s t re e t d e s i g n c o m b i n e d with planted swales to double as flood tactic to reduce stormwater flow Pedestrian and c yclist shared relationship, reduced speed limit. Reduced vehicle access to Cultural Centre end (drop- off, ser vice, disabled vehicle access only) Public parking pulled to back of village to encourage public movement through space, improve relationship of public with surroundings. Re-use existing building facades for carparking building so as not to on landscape.

scale 1:2,500 @ A3

visual + physical connection

| adaptive re-use of existing buildings to reduce waste + cost and generate architectural character for hÄŤhÄŤaua |

| taller developments possible where viewshafts are not interupted to provide interest to built environnent + frame views|

adaptive re-use

section bb | public interaction encouraged via pedestrian access on navigator path to cultural centre |

scale 1:200 @ A3

| central village open space for the general public, community showcasing and shared activities |

hihiaua village

flood resilience W h a n g a re i l a rg e l y re vo l ve s a ro u n d i t s h a r b o u r, w i t h m a n y existing boat houses remaining along the waterfront. This shape is reiterated around the site and could be further encouraged in the stilt typology to address flooding issues.\ New builds must have a raised floor (+1m above current GL) on piles for future flood proofing. Existing buildings to be renovated for mixed use, with lower floors as retail or commercial space and residential on upper floors as further flood protection in the case of an extreme event. Renovations must allow an extra 1m in ceiling height for ground floor to enable future raising of FL for flood proofing. Encourage efficient use of water runoff by the whole communit y, rainwater catchments for blocks could be used as grey water supply for a collection of residents for shared cost. Raised, permeable timber walkways connect pedestrains around the site, to encourage a business-as-usual mentality in the event of flooding.

flood resilience

| navigator path allows visual connection to significant sites |

| the path symbolises papatuanuku in the undulating shape, emmulating the peaks surrounding hihiaua |

navigator path

| tactical urbanism to enhance public space, particularly street art, murals/colourful inserts, carving, and community planting |

tactical urbanism

master plan

scale 1:1,250

closed stormwater / tidal canal potential future transport

section aa

scale 1:200

| hīhīaua peninsula masterplan proposal: adaptive re-use + embracing the flood |

terraced wetlands

whangarei@wsprint.co.nz

| sianne smith | sharon eccleshall | aleesha kumar | vignesh

krish | shibling li | |

basketball court / stormwater retention

increased diversity of plants and

central hihiaua village

animals

recycled oyster reef b

| low building height to keep visual connection with mountains | section bb

| curbless shared streets |

scale 1:200

navigator path elevated connection

proposed cultural centre retention wetlands

timber floating platforms

| tactical urbanism in the form of colour, planting and installations by community

waipuna-a-rangi

section cc

uru-a-rangi

| selected buildings only with taller height to highlight and frame views |

scale 1:200

| community spaces that dually function to protect against flooding |

waiti waita

| flood resilience | matariki

mount parihaka

mount tiger

| adaptive re-use of existing buildings to reduce waste + cost and generate architectural character for hīhīaua |

pukenui forest

| connection through site via elevated walkways | hatea river

waiarohia stream

hīhīaua peninsula pohe island

site plan

scale 1:24,000

Group 3 Trina Gaston

Rory Gray, Torben Laubscher Thomas Smith

Hīhīaua Precinct Photo By Kenneth Shum

1. DESIGN PRINCIPLES PRINCIPLES

4 4

2. CONTEXT

HIHIAUA PRESENT DAY HIHIAUA STAKEHOLDERS

6 6-7 8-9 10-11

EARLY MOARI SETTLEMENT EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT

12 12 13

POPULATION BREAKDOWN AVERAGE INCOME POPULATION DENSITY AVERAGE HOUSE PRICES

14 14-15 16 17 18

AREAS OF INTEREST LAND USE POPULATION DENSITY VISIBILITY LIMITATIONS SOIL ASPECT SLOPE

20 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

3. HISTORY

4. STATISTICS

5. MAPPING

Hīhīaua Precinct CONTENTS

6. TRAITS

REAL-ESTATE EXPECTATIONS BUILDING CAPACITY RECLAIMED LAND CONTAMINATED LAND

28 28 29 30 31

7. RESILIENT STRATEGIES RESILIENCE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE SOFT ENGINEERING HARD ENGINEERING GREEN ARCHITECTURE

32 32 33 34 35 36

8. BUILD STRATEGIES DRY FLOOD PROOFING WET FLOOD PROOFING ELEVATION ON FILL ELEVATION ON PILES SEA WALL AMPHIBIOUS STRUCTURE

38 38 39 40 41 42 43

9. SITE STRATEGIES 46 ELEVATION OF LAND AND STREETS 46 BULKHEADS 47 REVETMENTS 48 LEVEES 40 LIVING SHORE LINES 50 WATERFRONT PARKS 51 10. CASE STUDY

52 52-53 DRYLINE 54-55 HAFEN CITY BOSTON METRO : SEA LEVEL RISE 56-57 ROOM FOR THE RIVER : NIJMEGEN 58-59

11. HIHIAUA COUNCIL INITIATIVE 60 OPERATIVE NORTHLAND REGIONAL 60 COASTAL PLAN OPERATIVE WATER AND SOIL PLAN 61 WHANGAREI MOMENTUM 20/20 62 OPERATIVE DISTRICT PLAN 63 OPEN STRATEGY PLAN 64 WALKWAY AND CYCLING STRATEGY 65

12. FINDINGS

SYNTHESIS MAP NO FENCES; NO FEAR

65 65 67-69

13.MASTER PLAN MASTER PLAN IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY ARRIVAL TO SITE SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT COMMUNITY HUB TYPOLOGY RESIDENTIAL ZONE TYPOLOGY VEGETATION SPATIAL HIERARCHY PERSPECTIVES SECTIONS

70 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78-81 82-83

13.BIBLIOGRAPHY RESEARCH IMAGE

84 84-86 87-88

TE ARANGA DESIGN PRINCIPALS

The Te Aranga principles are designed to guide culturally appropriate design, these principles are to guide all natural and built environments. Everything that is landscape related falls beneath these principles, so we found it important to cater to the needs of Tangata Whenua through our design process and influence our design in all possible aspects. Through the principles we were able to strategically find the foundation of our design which is Past, Present and Future. We want to utilize Tangata Whenua’s knowledge in an appropriate way to create a well-balanced design.

- Manaakitanga: the ethic of holistic hospitality whereby mana whenua have inherited obligations to be the best hosts they can be.

The Core values are:

- Mātauranga: Māori / mana whenua knowledge and understanding.

- Rangatiratanga: The right to exercise authority and self-determination within ones own iwi / hapū realm

- Wairuatanga: The immutable spiritual connection between people and their environments. - Kotahitanga: Unity, cohesion and collaboration. - Whanaungatanga: A relationship through shared experiences and working together which provides people with a sense of belonging.

- Kaitiakitanga: managing and conserving the environment as part of a reciprocal relationship, based on the Māori world view that we as humans are part of the natural world

Hīhīaua Precinct PRINCIPALS

Photo By Kenneth Shum

HIHIAUA

Hihiaua peninsula is currently home to light industrial and commercial businesses, which sits on land reclaimed from as early as the 1960’s. The valley in which the peninsula sits is defined by the surrounding hills. It has been the major trade hub of Northland since its introduction and is now part of the cities makeup. The Hatea River runs down the valley and out into the harbour. It holds extreme significance to the peninsula. Hihiaua is one of the lowest lying suburbs in the region, which in turn creates its own problems of sea level rise and flooding.

Canopy Bridge, Whangarei, Diane Stoppard ©

Hīhīaua Precinct CONTEXT

PRESENT DAY HIHIAUA

Hihiaua plays a major part in the future of Whangarei. With a close proximity to the CBD, it is seen as a real opportune site for increasing the cities population density. The peninsula has vital connections that will contribute to the cities future growth. Improved cycle and walkways are being planned, some already completed. There are strategies to improve the marine environment and soil quality. All factoring in creating a dynamic and vibrant space for both the community and guests.

Kotuitui Whitinga Bridge Ross Wagner ©

Hīhīaua Precinct CONTEXT

HIHIAUA CULTURAL CENTRE A proposed Maori Cultural Centre that embraces the essence of whats being passed down and doesn’t lock heritage in the past.

YES WHANGAREI - HUNDERTWASSER & WAIRAU MAORI ART GALLERY The Hundertwasser Art Centre with Wairau Maori Art Gallery aims to build a unique arts and cultural facility imagined for the city by Friedensreich Hundertwasser.

LOCAL BUSINESSES Hihiaua currently is majority light industry businesses who would like to see the economic development of the area.

Hīhīaua Precinct STAKEHOLDERS

WHANGAREI 20/20 MOMENTUM The council vision for the development of the CBD. The Council has a range of visions that cover accessibility, creating a livable city, improved economy and celebrate local identity.

TE KURA HOURUA O WHANGAREI TERENGA PARAOA A local school that provides an education environment that validates Maori knowledge and ways of learning.

THE PACIFIC INDIGENOUS AND LOCAL KNOWLEDGE CENTRE OF DISTINCTION The Pacific Indigenous & Local Knowledge Centre of Distinction was established to assist in mainstreaming Indigenous & Local Knowledge into the Intergovernmental Policy-Science Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services and in monitoring and implementation of the Platformâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work.

EARLY MAORI SETTLEMENT

Whangarei has an extremely rich, layered history of settlement, maritime, industrial and culture. The first to land in the Whangarei harbour is largely credited as the Polynesian explorer Kupe. However the first documented archaeologist findings were of settlements dating to only 1200, some 250 years later. This was thought to be the beginnings of northlands Ngapuhi Tribe. (WDC, 2016) Hihiaua, itself, has great significance to the Maori. The area at the time of the Maori occupation, which was largely made up of Mangrove groves and thick mudflats, was used as a canoe landing area. This belonged to the local tribes Te Uriroroi, Te Parawhau and Ngāti Kahu. The name, Hihiaua, stems from the coming together of two tribes many generations before the arrival of the European. During a conflict that occurred, a chief was killed in battle. His enemy’s took exception to his part in the altercation and was put to use as bait for the sh (Hihi) and herrring (aua). (WDC, 2015)

Hīhīaua Precinct HISTORY

Reyburn house, early 1880’s. Whangarei Libraries ©

EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT

European settlement was not rapid in Northland as many other parts of the country. After the treaty of Waitangi there were only 12 families that were known to have set up home in the wider Whangarei area. However, Europeans had a much greater impact on the harbour through a busy trade network. Warfare became violent with most of the local tribes deserted the harbour. The 1870’s saw the first steps for reestablishing trade. This was the first instance of Europeans occupying the south bank of the Hatea River, which now forms the CBD. Train lines, wharfs and storage buildings were all erected to distribute the natural resources that were found in abundance in the surrounding landscape. (McLintock, 1966) Lack of storage led to the larger industry moving down river into deeper water, which is where it is still largely seen today. (WDC, 2015) Hatea River, early 1880’s. Whangarei Libraries ©

POPULATION BREAKDOWN

There are 76,995 people in Whangarei, it’s the 9th biggest district in NZ. 18,720 of the population are Maori. It has the 7th biggest Maori population in NZ out of 67 districts. Only 21.3% of Maori speak te reo. The biggest ethnicity in Whangarei is European at 80%. The age demographic is primarily made up with over 45’s. In 2013, over 60% of the age demographic fell in this age bracket. pg 20 wdc Overall the population <15 years has fallen by 32,478 in the 2013 a fall of 5.8% or 0.8%. For the age demographic <15. 29.5% identify as Maori.

Hīhīaua Precinct STATISTICS

Northland’s Population Breakdown %

Whangarei

Far North

Kiapara

Whangarei Population Demographic

Population

TE REO SPEAKERS

25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 Only 21% of Maori speak te reo in the Whangarei District.

0 0-4

5-14

25-44

45-64

65+

Age Group

AVERAGE INCOME

Average Income

The average income for Whangarei is $25,300 annually, this is less compared to the over all NZ income which is $28,500 annually. The average income for Maori is 20,500 annually in Whangarei. This is almost 5,000 a year less than the Whangarei average and 8,000 less than the over NZ average income. That is a 28% difference between Maori in Whangarei and NZs average.

Whangarei Average

NZ Average

5000

10000 15000 20000 25000 30000

Maori Average

HÄŤhÄŤaua Precinct STATISTICS

NZ Average

POPULATION DENSITY NZ

16/km/h Population Density KM/2

The population density of Whangarei is almost double that of the national average, but 2.5% that of Auckland.

Whangarei

30km/h

Auckland

1200 km/h

AVERAGE HOUSE PRICES

Whangarei has an average house cost of $480,00, which is two thirds that of Auckland. It is also less than the average NZ house price by over $200,000.

Average House Prices $

1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 NZ

nd la ck Au

i re ga an Wh

Hīhīaua Precinct STATISTICS

Photo By Kenneth Shum

AREAS OF INTEREST

The surrounding points of interest are import in making ecological, social, infrastructural and hydrological connections.

ÂŻ LAND USE

Legend Landuse Hardwoods Exotic Forests Gorse and/or Broom Herbaceous Saline Vegetation High Producing Exotic Grassland Indigenous Forest Lake and Pond Low Producing Grassland Mangrove Manuka and/or Kanuka Mixed Exotic Shrubland Producing Crops Surface Mines and Dumps Transport Infrastructure Urban Parkland/Open Space 1:25,000

Marine managment

POPULATION DENSITY

The CBD has very few people living within it, people commute from the out side suburbs into the CBD. This has huge strain on the roading infrastructure and public transport.

VISIBILITY

This map shows the visibility of surrounding landscape based on land aspect and slopes. Is important in showing cultural and natural points of interest with potential view shafts.

Legend Value Not Visible

1:25,000

Visible Sourced from the LINZ Data Service and licensed for re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 New

LIMITATIONS

Hihiaua lies within a valley at a low altitude, only a few meters above sea level. Hihiaua is only a few meters above sea level, so its prone to flooding and will be effected by sea level rising. Since itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s also in a valley water has a huge impact on the site and is therefore prone to erosion and flooding. This has huge implication on the structural integrity on the reclaimed land.

SOIL

The structural integrity on Hihiaua is a concern since itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s reclaimed land.

ASPECT

This map identifies which way the land faces. Land facing North-East, for example, facing the Hatea River on the north edge of the site should have a priority on residential zones because it will have more sun. Also revegetation sites should also take priority on North-East facing sites.

SLOPE

The site is extremely flat making it prone to flooding since the land doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t slope away for the water to run off.

Legend Slope in % 0 - 4.7 4.7 - 12.4 12.4- 21.8 1:10,000

21.8 - 54.6 Sourced from the LINZ Data Service and licensed for re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 New

REAL ESTATE EXPECTATIONS

The Hīhīaua Precinct was divided into four sub-precincts to assist infrastructure capacity analysis, residential capacity analysis and describe outcomes for special areas. These projections on residential capacity assume the land is vacant and therefore a ‘brown field’ site where comprehensive re-development opportunities would be available. The Sub-Precincts include: -Hatea River. -Central Hīhīaua. -Waiarohia Stream. -Reyburn Street.

Development zones

Hīhīaua Precinct TRAITS

BUILDING CAPACITY

600

500

400

300

200

100 0

RECLAIMED LAND

The Hīhīaua peninsula has been established from swamp mudflats since the 1860s. pg 16 Its current form is a reflection of reclamation works, carried out by the Northland Harbour Board in the 1960’s and early 70’s. pg 7 The reclaimed land deposits are considered stable; however the nature of the fill is inconsistent and even though the site is of a flat typology, it has varying results when built upon. pg16 Precedence in both in New Zealand and overseas has shown that coastal and harbour-side areas comprising of similar reclaimed soils are often be susceptible to liquefaction and lateral spreading. pg 107

Hīhīaua Precinct TRAITS

CONTAMINATED LAND

The Whangarei Council has identified 68 sites within the HÄŤhÄŤaua precinct that contain activities that can potentially contaminate the land. 20 Harmful activities within the district include landfills, petroleum-related uses, timber treatment, manufacture and use of pesticides, production of gas and coal products. PG 20 Remediation will likely be needed for:21 - Contaminants reach an above acceptable level. - The land usage changes to a sensitive activity. - Contaminated facilities are retired.

Probable Hale site locations.

WHAT IS RESILIENCE

Resilience is the capacity to adapt to changing conditions and to maintain or regain functionality and vitality in the face of stress or disturbance. Resilient design is the intentional design of buildings, landscapes, communities, and regions in response to these vulnerabilities.

Resilient design, photo taken from http://www. landezine.com/

HÄŤhÄŤaua Precinct RESILIENT STRATEGY

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

Green infrastructure is a resilient approach to managing wet weather impacts. At a large scale, it is a patchwork of natural areas that provide habitats, flood protection, cleaner air and water. At smaller scale it is a management systems which mimics nature by soaking up and storm water. Rain water can be filtered naturally through soils, vegetation and plants. Through these elements and practices green infrastructure can restore some of the natural processes required with management and create healthier urban environments.

Green infrastructure, photo taken from: http://www. localgovernmentmag.co.nz

SOFT ENGINEERING

Making decisions using ecological ideologies and practises in order to reduce erosion of shorelines. These eco-friendly decisions will in turn create a more stable and safe shorelines, whilst improving aesthetics and financial gains.(Burden & Barth, 2013) Advantages - long term stability. - Low initial cost. - Regenerative habitat. Disadvantages - Doesn’t mitigate flooding. - Requires knowledge and planning. - Results over time. (Burden & Barth, 2013)

Soft engineering, photo taken from: https://www.lsa. umich.edu

Hīhīaua Precinct RESILIENT STRATEGY

HARD ENGINEERING

The development of man-made structures that mitigate flooding and a rise in sea levels. Bulkheads and sea-walls are typical hard engineering solutions but are of much greater cost to a soft engineering approach. Advantages - Mitigate the effects of sea level rising. - Protection from coastal erosion. Disadvantage - High Cost. - Short term solution. - Longevity.

Hard engineering in Blackpool, England, photo taken Tony Worrall ÂŠ

GREEN ARCHITECTURE

Green architecture is a result of sustainable design practices. This philosophy advocates: - The use of low embodied energy building materials. Typically close to the site. - The connectivity of the building to the site, with consideration of its environmental impact. - Sustainable energy sources and conservation of energy. - Maximum longevity and livability of a building for now and future generations.

Green architecture, photo taken from: http://www. pauaarchitects.co.nz

HÄŤhÄŤaua Precinct RESILIENT STRATEGY

Photo By Kenneth Shum

DRY FLOOD-PROOFING

When utilizing dry flood-proofing, a building must also be designed to resist water loads and buoyancy forces. Dry flood-proofing is not recommended for areas susceptible to prolonged floods. Sealing systems will begin to leak from prolonged exposure. (Burden & Barth, 2013)

High Level Flood Surge Medium Level Flood Surge 1-2 Story Detached Dwelling

APPLICABILITY

This can be achieved by using impermeable membranes, aquarium glass, or additional layers concrete or masonry.

EVENT

The aim is to inhibit the infiltration of water by designing a waterproof building exterior.

1-2 Story Attached Dwelling Low-Mid Rise Residential, Commercial/Mixed High-Rise Residential/Commercial Mixed Industrial

HÄŤhÄŤaua Precinct BUILD STRATEGIES

Protects buildings from structural damage due to flooding, but not the buildings interior. Water can pass through the flood proofed zone. This prevents the structure and foundation from collapsing in a flooding event. Wet flood-proofed spaces have limited uses because the contents may be destroyed during a flood. It is typically used as a crawl space and minor storage.

EVENT

WET FLOOD-PROOFING

High Level Flood Surge Medium Level Flood Surge 1-2 Story Detached Dwelling

APPLICABILITY

Wet flood-proofing is generally less expensive than dry flood-proofing. It also does not rely on advanced planning or preparation. (Burden & Barth, 2013)

1-2 Story Attached Dwelling Low-Mid Rise Residential, Commercial/Mixed High-Rise Residential/Commercial Mixed Industrial

ELEVATION ON FILL

Larger sites may require large amounts of fill and possibly require retaining walls which could fluctuate costs. Elevating more than three feet is not recommended. This could possibly lead to drainage implications and affect neighbouring sites. (Burden & Barth, 2013)

High Level Flood Surge Medium Level Flood Surge 1-2 Story Detached Dwelling

APPLICABILITY

This can be done by elevating directly under the building, but also can be done for the entire site or development itself.

EVENT

Elevating a site can mitigate against short term flooding and long term sea-level rising.

1-2 Story Attached Dwelling Low-Mid Rise Residential, Commercial/Mixed High-Rise Residential/Commercial Mixed Industrial

HÄŤhÄŤaua Precinct BUILD STRATEGIES

ELEVATION ON PILES

It can generate usable spaces for parking and storage. However, it can often been to seen as a disconnection between building and street. Pile application requires special machinery that can be expensive and require site access.

EVENT

This strategy allows for water to flow beneath the structure of the building.

High Level Flood Surge Medium Level Flood Surge 1-2 Story Detached Dwelling

APPLICABILITY

Best used on unstable sites with soils that could possibly settle. Pile reach depths that contain stable soil strength. (Burden & Barth, 2013)

1-2 Story Attached Dwelling Low-Mid Rise Residential, Commercial/Mixed High-Rise Residential/Commercial Mixed Industrial

SEA WALL

Flood walls are one type of site protection and can be permanent structures, or deployed on notice. Mostly applicable for larger sites with multiple buildings where there is ample open space is available.

EVENT

Site protection uses tools as a means to mitigate the affects of flooding.

High Level Flood Surge Medium Level Flood Surge 1-2 Story Detached Dwelling

APPLICABILITY

It has the potential to be cost effective strategy when used correctly. (Burden & Barth, 2013)

1-2 Story Attached Dwelling Low-Mid Rise Residential, Commercial/Mixed High-Rise Residential/Commercial Mixed Industrial

HÄŤhÄŤaua Precinct BUILD STRATEGIES

AMPHIBIOUS STRUCTURE

The structures are anchored with piles to keep the structure in place.

EVENT

Amphibious structures is a relatively new field of design. They are structures positioned on dry land, yet designed with a buoyant foundation allowing it to float during flooding.

The design flood elevation is flexible, allowing the structure to be resilient to a wider range of water levels.

Medium Level Flood Surge 1-2 Story Detached Dwelling

APPLICABILITY

This strategy is largely conceptual and has not gained mainstream or regulatory acceptance. (Burden & Barth, 2013)

High Level Flood Surge

1-2 Story Attached Dwelling Low-Mid Rise Residential, Commercial/Mixed High-Rise Residential/Commercial Mixed Industrial

Photo By Kenneth Shum

ELEVATION OF LAND AND STREETS

Elevating land and streets reduces risk from frequent inundation and surge events by elevating land to above expected flood levels. Given that it is initially costly and potentially disruptive, it is a strategy that works best on large development sites or at a neighborhood scale, where both lots and streets can be raised in a coordinated manner. Once constructed, however, raised land requires virtually no unusual ongoing capital or maintenance costs. Flood insurance can become more widely available to affected areas, and at reduced rates.

It offers an opportunity to improve subsurface utilities and infrastructure.(Burden & Barth, 2013)

EVENT

It can be combined with shoreline armoring to protect from erosion and wave forces.

High Level Flood Surge Medium Level Flood Surge Sea Rise Erosion

HÄŤhÄŤaua Precinct SITE STRATEGIES

BULKHEADS

The primary function of a bulkhead is to retain land and resist erosion in order to create a stable site. Alternatively it can be used for boat access. Gradual sea level rise may require additional bulkhead maintenance in the future. Rising sea levels will likely not have a significant impact on bulkheads until the point where sea levels are high enough to create a recurrent flooding problem in which case bulkhead collapse may occur. High Level Flood Surge EVENT

Bulkheads are most suitable for sites with existing hardened shoreline structures. On unreinforced sites, they may lead to loss of inter-tidal habitat. It may also accelerate erosion of adjacent unreinforced sites. (Burden & Barth, 2013)

Medium Level Flood Surge Sea Rise Erosion

REVETMENTS

Revetments are as an alternative to bulkheads, as they tend to be relatively low cost and environmentally more sensitive. An array of materials can be used to construct revetments, including quarry stone, eldstone, cast concrete slabs, sand or concrete filled bags, rock filled gabion baskets, concrete armor units, and concrete blocks. High Level Flood Surge EVENT

Revetments are used as a way to make the waterfront more accessible. They can be designed to incorporate large stones that allow people to get close to the water edge. They can also accommodate some shoreline vegetation as well. (Burden & Barth, 2013)

Medium Level Flood Surge Sea Rise Erosion

HÄŤhÄŤaua Precinct SITE STRATEGIES

LEVEES

Levees are most commonly used along riverbanks to direct the flow of the river and protect communities from flooding. Concrete flood walls can be erected on top of levees to increase the height for surge protection. The slopes on either side of levees require an extensive amount of land and its overall height can block views and access to the water. High Level Flood Surge EVENT

Rather than conceiving of levees as stand-alone pieces of infrastructure, there is growing interest in multi-functional design to integrate levees with other urban uses, such as waterfront parks, transportation networks. (Burden & Barth, 2013)

Medium Level Flood Surge Sea Rise Erosion

LIVING SHORELINES

Living shorelines are an alternative to bulkheads or revetments. They provide a stable shoreline resistant to erosion while also providing for inter tidal habitat and coastal vegetation. Living shorelines may also help improve water quality by filtering nutrients and other pollutants through wetlands. A defining feature is the fact that living shorelines incorporate ecological function in addition to shoreline stabilisation.

As the designs of living shorelines vary, so does their ability to address coastal hazards. (Burden & Barth, 2013)

EVENT

For example, a living shoreline can include the creation of a man-made inter-tidal zone with wetland vegetation or integrate oyster or mussel habitat into a vertical bulkhead.

High Level Flood Surge Medium Level Flood Surge Sea Rise Erosion

HÄŤhÄŤaua Precinct SITE STRATEGIES

WATERFRONT PARKS

Waterfront open spaces provide an opportunity to integrate flood protection measures into public spaces. Designers can weave coastal resiliency measures into the fabric of parks by identifying which portions of parks can accommodate flooding and which elements should be elevated out of the flood zone. Park buffers can be incorporated into the redesign of existing waterfront open spaces or to new open space design at underused waterfront areas. EVENT

This strategy allows for the integration of gravity-based storm-water management systems, limiting the amount of runoff into the waterways and into the combined sewer system. (Burden & Barth, 2013)

High Level Flood Surge Medium Level Flood Surge Sea Rise Erosion

CASE STUDY: THE DRYLINE

The New York based ‘Dryline’ project involves the reformation of its waterfront edges that are currently vulnerable to sea level rise and flooding. It aims to create a protective water barrier through the use of public infrastructure.(Wainwright, 2015) Similarities to Hihiaua Precinct: -The need to prepare for flooding events and sea level rise. -The need to create spaces that generate public engagement and cultural diversity. Dryline Precedence: The dryline utilises a mixture of hard and soft engineering site protection strategies. Clever design has integrated pedestrian walk ways, cycle routes and public spaces. (Wainwright, 2015) Dryline, photo taken from: https://d7hftxdivxxvm. cloudfront.net/

Hīhīaua Precinct CASE STUDY

Skate parks, green infrastructure, cycle storage and seating are positioned and constructed in such a way that protects the city. Parks along the waterfront have been elevated and designed to channel water away from the inner city fabric. The idea is to reduce the forces from water surges. The proposal of shutters have been implemented as a emergency system that can combat flooding. These shutters also provide a canvas for street artists and drop down from overpasses. The Dryline is unique in the way it has integrated resilient infrastructure.(Wainwright, 2015)

Render atmosphere of the dryline, photo taken from: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015

CASE STUDY: HAFENCITY

HafenCity is Europe’s largest inner-city redevelopment aimed to transform a former industrial port area into a flood resilient quarter. (Wainwright, 2015) Similarities with Hihiaua Precinct: -The need to prepare for flooding events. -Connection the waterfront with the CBD. -Working with potentially contaminated land. HafenCity Precedence: Elevating land and streets to protect from flooding. It is a strategy that works best on large development sites or at a neighborhood scale, where both lots and streets can be raised in a coordinated manner. (Wainwright, 2015)

Patchwork of green infrastructure, photo taken from: http://www.guiding-architects.net/

Hīhīaua Precinct CASE STUDY

Public space is patched-worked across five different levels. This multi-tiered approach optimiseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the connection of public infrastructure to the water front, whilst offering protection from flooding. Sea walls and levees wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t achieve this same connection. (Wainwright, 2015) The need to include a variety of mixed typologies. Including mixed income housing, Cultural center, educational facilities, public infrastructure and offices. (Washougal community & Students, 2014) Highly programmed public spaces which are designed to accommodate different activities and events. (Washougal community & Students, 2014) A seamless network of bicycle and pedestrian pathways connecting the project to other parts of the city. Achieved by applying public access rights to private spaces. (Washougal community & Students, 2014) Highly programmed public spaces which are designed to accommodate different activities and events. ( Appendix H)

Stepped levels of Hafen City, photo taken fromhttp://www.guiding-architects.net/

BOSTON METRO: SEA LEVEL RISING

Boston City has researched into the implications of sea level rising and possible strategies and stances available in such an occurrence. (Watson & Adams, 2011) Rising sea levels could directly affect Boston’s water supply, wastewater treatment, transportation, communications and public health & safety. Four scenarios were compared to determine the cost and effectiveness. The ‘Ride it out’ Scenario. If Boston continues to build in flood risk zones for the next century, with the dependence of insurances covering repairs. It is expected to cost $US 20 Billion dollars, simply for a 0.60m in sea level rise. Tripling the flood risk zone. A rise of 1.0m would impose damages and emergency costs of up to $US 36B. (Watson & Adams, 2011) Boston hard engineering, photo taken from: http:// wikimapia.org/7808675/Nashua-Street-Park

Hīhīaua Precinct CASE STUDY

The ‘Build your way-out’ Scenario. It assumes that after second 100yr storm event sea walls and bulkheads will be built to protect coastal development. Damages would be somewhat mitigated to only $US 5.9B due to 0.60 cm rise in sea levels. (Watson & Adams, 2011) The ‘Planned’ Scenario. New and existing developments are to be flood proofed. This results in retrofit costs between $US 3,500 - $17,000. This would result in costs of up $US 1.8 Billion for flood proofing but reduces the damage costs to $US 4B. (Watson & Adams, 2011) The ‘Retreat’ Scenario. Building in a flood risk zone would be off limits and current residences would be relocated. As a result an estimated US $17B worth of abandoned buildings would be affected. However, this becomes the most ecological viable solution as abandoned land can be converted in water front parks and living shorelines.(Watson & Adams, 2011)

Boston built up coastline, photo taken from: http://www.bostonharborbeacon.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/angry-birds-1024x750.jpg

ROOM FOR THE RIVER, NIJMEGEN

The Netherlands landscape is generally a low laying with a flat landscape of 41,528km2 (Landezine, 2016), so flood protection is important. Without flood protection structures like dikes and coastal dunes, two thirds of the Netherlands would be flooded (Meulepas, 2015). The Room for River Waal project is a design that responds to the river flooding rather than trying to tame it. It uses the rivers natural flood plain and restores marshy river environments that can temporarily store and soak up flood waters. These marshy environments that visually imitate beach environments create recreation value, increase biodiversity and look aesthetically pleasing. Repositioning the dyke 350m inward, with a depth of 10m and width of 200m (Rivier, n.d.) created a new flood plain. The entire project is Project area: 250 hectares in center of Nijmegen, the project created 800m in new water front length and succeeded in altering a river system on the large scale.

Scenarios for the room for the river, photo take from: https://www.ruimtevoorderivier.nl

HÄŤhÄŤaua Precinct CASE STUDY

Repositioning the dyke 350m inward, with a depth of 10m and width of 200m (Rivier, n.d.) created a new flood plain. The entire project is Project area: 250 hectares in center of Nijmegen, the project created 800m in new water front length and succeeded in altering a river system on the large scale.

Room for River, photo taken from: https://www.royalhaskoningdhv.com/en-gb/projects/room-for-river-waaldike-relocation-lent-nijmegen/945

OPERATIVE NORTHLAND REGIONAL COASTAL PLAN

Its purpose is to manage the following activities within the Coastal Marine Area or CMA; -

Structures. Reclamation and impoundments. Discharges in to water. Dredging. Mooring and marinas. Aquaculture.

Proposed activities may require consent in accordance with the Northland Regional Coastal Plan. (Prentice, 2015)

Hihiaua Portion of the Operative Northland Regional Coastal Plan.

Hīhīaua Precinct INITIATIVE

OPERATIVE NORTHLAND WATER AND SOIL PLAN

This strategy for Northland covers the effects of land use activities, on water and soil above the line of mean high water springs. Proposed activities: -Discharges -Taking or use of water -Vegetation clearance, -Earthworks and activities within the Riparian Management Zone along rivers. (Prentice, 2015)

Zoning areas for water and soil plan.

WHANGAREI MOMENTUM 20/20

This strategy brings together a number of projects from the current Long term Plan, private projects and possible future projects. It outlines ‘big picture’ projects and developments in Central Whangarei, which have either been completed planned or are conceived as being critical to the future success of Whangarei. (Prentice, 2015) Projects in close proximity to the Hīhīaua Precinct include: -Second Hatea River Bridge -Victoria Canopy Windbreak -Pohe Island Recreational Facility -Old Boys Large Format Retail Centre -Riverside Convention Centre -Glassworks Man-made Beach

Existing and planned projects.

(Prentice, 2015)

Hīhīaua Precinct INITIATIVE

OPERATIVE DISTRICT PLAN

Whangarei District Plan sets outs rules, policies and objectives for sustainably managing natural and physical resources. It achieves this through zoning. The H朝h朝aua Precinct Zones: The Town Basin Environment Located along the Hatea River and on the H朝h朝aua Peninsula. It was introduced into the Operative District Plan to promote innovative planning and encourage tourist activities. Business 2 Environment Includes land bounded by Lower Dent Street, Reyburn Street and the Waiarohia Stream. Consisting of business and light industrial activities on the periphery of the central business district. (Prentice, 2015) Operative district plan for Hihiaua precinct.

OPEN STRATEGY PLAN

This strategy shows how the Council will provide, develop and maintain a network of high quality open spaces. Open spaces can be described according to the four main values they have: - Conservation values including plants and animals, wildlife habitats and ecological processes. - Landscape values including land-form and land use, visual appreciation, and sense of place. - Recreation values including the opportunity for active and passive, formal or informal recreation. - Cultural values including sites with cultural or historic significance; they also arise from the lifestyle patterns and preferences of the present culture. (Prentice, 2015) Photo taken from http://whangareimomentum.co.nz/

HÄŤhÄŤaua Precinct INITIATIVE

WALKWAY AND CYCLING STRATEGY

This strategy outlines a long term plan for improving the walking and cycling routes in the district. It promotes a safe transport system that works for pedestrian and cyclists. Providing walking and cycling infrastructure is critical in urban areas and a clear hierarchy of transport types. It was initially developed in 2007 in response to the growing awareness of the need to provide alternative methods of transport. (Prentice, 2015)

Walk and cycle lanes for Hihiaua precint.

NO FENCES; NO FEAR

Vision and project out line

Accessibility

Our vision is to assist the Whangarei community in creating a landscape with the means to protect, restore and enhance the communities landscape narrative. Using the key words; WORK, PLAY, LIVE, LEARN and VISIT the below development opportunities to create a clear strategy in designing the Hihiaua Precinct.

- Enhance accessibility of the site, public transport, way-finding and parking facilities.

Cultural heritage:

- Increase pedestrian and cycle movement on site

- Restore and celebrate local cultural heritage

Community and Commons

- Establish a stronger sense of local identity

- An intergenerational project

- Revitalise cultural identity and capture the essence of whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s being passed down.

- Using the commons to create an environment that embraces a village style living.

- Use Te Aranga Maori design principles

- No fences, no fear.

- Protect heritage buildings

- Shared spaces.

- Create connections in the city. - Enhance the connection between city and water front.

- Encouragement of civic activities. - Creating a desirable space to encourage people to live in the CBD.

NO FENCES; NO FEAR

Environmental - Provide a resilient design that adapts and adjust to changing environments - Flood mitigating and sea level rising - Restore ecological practices on site - Create connections between surround green network - Increase water quality and mitigate run off. Economic. - Create a desirable site for business owners. - Higher quality educational facilities. - Take advantage of Tourism potential. - Civic spaces and public spaces.

HÄŤhÄŤaua Precinct FINDINGS

Hatea loop, by Kenneth Shum

NO FENCES; NO FEAR

By using green infrastructure the Hihiaua Precinct can take a resilient approach to wet weather impacts. Since it is of a smaller scale, it can be used as a water management system by mimics nature by absorbing water. This technique will alleviate the pressures of storm water surge on the existing storm water system. Implementing hard engineering solutions for this particular site would be a short term solution. Alternatively, using of soft approach would cost less and also have greater long term stability. However, this would need to be accompanied with a number of site strategies as it doesn’t mitigate flooding entirely. Elevated water parks are also worth mentioning, as seen in the ‘DRYLINE’ case study. This strategy has the ability to control surface water, a major problem mentioned by multiple stakeholders. Subsequently, this method has the added advantage of generating a personal interaction with the waterfront.

Furthermore, the HiHiaua Precinct could use similar tactics in redefining single purpose protection strategies into versatile public infrastructure. HafenCity is a great precedent for connecting its CBD with its nearby waterfront. It manages to achieve this by strategically integrating cycle and pedestrian networks. Public access is given priority over private spaces, this resides with the Hihiaua stakeholder intentions of a creating a ‘No fences’ atmosphere. Boston city Council has researched into the implications of sea level rising. Through its study it has estimated the potential outcomes of four scenarios. Two in particular the resonate with the Hihiaua Precinct are the ‘The Ride it out’ scenario, and the ‘Planned’ scenario. Respectively, the planned scenario results in a estimated cost saving of up to %80. Reiterating the importance to take initiative.

SITE PLAN

C B

Hīhīaua Precinct MASTER PLAN

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

Due to the size of the project we propose to break down the building process of the master plan in 5 main stages. 1. Demolish existing warehouse buildings located in the tertiary/academy location and construct these buildings. 2. Complete the remaining community hub buildings and beach, this creates the draw card to the site generating a vibrant and social environment.

Connection to Mt. Parahaki

Connection to Park

Connection to Water

3. Construct retention pond to manage and purify surface water runoff from community hub. 4. Construct wet land and apartment housing. By this stage Live, learn, work and play have become initiated. 5. Finish surrounding landscaping along river edges to repair and restore the land.

ARRIVAL TO SITE

Dent street will be transformed into a single lane street, 3.5m wide to cater for bus access. It will include a cycle lane and street parking at specific locations. Vehicle access and parking is made available to the Cultural Centre via the shared path. A bus terminal situated in the center of the residential and community zones will allow for an alternative mode of transport, further promoting a car friendly environment. The Hatea loop will be refined to include access to a new proposed community building, man-made beach and Cultural Centre. ROAD ACCESS

RESIDENTIAL ZONE

CULTURAL SPINE

BUS DEPOT

SIGNIFICANT PLACES

Hīhīaua Precinct MASTER PLAN

COMMUNITY HUB CULTURAL CENTRE

SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT

The architecture has been spatially arranged around four key drivers. -

Arrival to the Cultural Centre. View shafts/ Sight lines. Three rings: Work, learn and play. Orientation of Community buildings.

The arrival to the Cultural Centre has been kept open and extended directly out into a shared path. This is to give the Cultural Centre a sense of hierarchy.

Connection to Mt. Parahaki

Connection to Park

Connection to Water

View shafts to Mt. Parahaki, Park space and the man-made beach have been left open, enabling a sense of direction. The center of the community hub establishes the three rings, which in turn dictates building footprints. Furthermore, two datum points derived from meeting places outside the two community buildings divides up the spaces into unique urban environments.

COMMUNITY HUB TYPOLOGY

Social interaction was another key driver for the position of buildings, the buildings were categorized into 4 main programs: -

Community Office/Mixed Use Leisure Tertiary/Academy

Office/mixed use and leisure have been integrated to create diversity through a wide range of possible activities. Community and leisure buildings complement the cultural spine and beach front.

COMMUNITY BUILDING

RETAIL/LEISURE COMMUNITY BUILDING

MIXED USE (OFFICE) CULTURAL CENTRE

TERTIARY/ACADEMY

Tertiary buildings will accommodate future growth of Northtec and existing academy. It is intended that these different functions will integrate together and be a draw card for the site.

Hīhīaua Precinct MASTER PLAN

RESIDENTIAL ZONE TYPOLOGY

Within the residential zone there are 2 main typologies: - Apartments - Stilted houses Stilted houses are situated on 4 raised islands with wetlands in between to retain and treat water. From our prior research we concluded that elevation on fill is most effective way to combat sea level rise and flooding. The stilted housing is intended to be affordable housing with the ability to choose housing types from a prefabricated catalog. By elevating the houses we have allowed the community to utilize the ground space and create a village style atmosphere with no fences.

APARTMENT BUILDING

STILTED TYPOLOGY 1 STILTED TYPOLOGY 2 STILTED TYPOLOGY 3 STILTED TYPOLOGY 4 STILTED TYPOLOGY 5

The Mt. Parihaki view shaft draws the connection between affordable housing and apartment a through a wetland walk way. The apartments have been set back from the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge to allow for a natural setting.

VEGETATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT

The vegetation on site had been engaged to return natural processes of ecologies on site. Mitigating problems of flooding, current health of the waterways and cultural connection to the landscape.

COASTAL EDGE RESTORATION PLANTING STORMWATER FILTRATION WETLAND COASTAL EDGE RESTORATION PLANTING

The reduction of impervious surfaces is a key driver in creating a resilient landscape. Rather than preventing the flooding the site would be allowed to flood but restricted to open space such as wetlands and native vegetation areas Stormwater wetland areas are centered on returning water to the ecosystem clean. Absorbing the toxins and substances.

BEACH

STORMWATER FILTRATION WETLAND

RETENTION POND NATIVE HABITAT VEGETATION

The coastal margin will create a unique opportunity for fostering and restoring estuarine ecologies, which aid in the cleaning up the waterways.

Hīhīaua Precinct MASTER PLAN

GRASSED OPEN SPACE

SPATIAL HIERARCHY

WATERFRONT HOUSING

COMMUNITY BUILDING

CULTURAL CENTRE

COMMUNITY BUILDING

WETLAND HOUSING

TERTIARY

CULTURAL CENTRE

Hīhīaua Precinct MASTER PLAN

SECTION A-A 1:500

SECTION B-B 1:500

SECTION C-C 1:500

RESOURCES

Design for flooding : architecture, landscape, and urban design for resilience to flooding and climate change (Watson & Adams, 2011) Watson, D. & Adams, M. (2011). Design for flooding : Architecture, landscape, and urban design for resilience to flooding and climate change. Hoboken, N.J. John Wiley & Sons. Dry Line (Wainwright, 2015) Wainwright, O. (2015, March 09). Bjarke Ingels on the New York Dryline: ‘We think of it as the love-child of Robert Moses and Jane Jacobs’ Retrieved April 11, 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/mar/09/bjarke-ingelsnew-york-dryline-park-flood-hurricane-sandy PDF – Site stratigies (Burden & Barth, 2013) Burden, A. M & Barth, R. (2013, June). COASTAL CLIMATE RESILIENCE Urban Waterfront Adaptive Strategies. Retrieved March, 2017, from http://www.sustainablenyct.org/news/UWAS_Draft_lowres.pdf Hihiaua Precinct Plan Prentice, I. (2015, April). Hihiaua Precinct Plan. Retrieved March, 2017, from http://www.wdc.govt.nz/PlansPoliciesandBylaws/Plans/UrbanPlanning/StructurePlans/Documents/Hihiaua-Precinct-Plan.pdf (Prentice, 2015)

Hīhīaua Precinct BIBLIOGRAPHY

Green architecture (Wines, 2016) Wines, J. (2016, January). Green architecture. Retrieved April, 2017, from https://www.britannica.com/art/ green-architecture Sustainable design daniel e Williams (Williams, 2007). Williams, D. (2007). Sustainable design : Ecology, architecture, planning. Hoboken: Wiley. Paua architects web page (Paua Architects) Paua Architects. (n.d.). Sustainable Design. Retrieved April, 2017, from http://www.pauaarchitects.co.nz/AboutUs/ SustainableDesign.aspx Landezine. (2016, August 22). Room for the River, Nijegen. Retrieved from landezine: landezine.com Meulepas, G.-J. (2015). Room For the River - Dike Relocation lent/nijmegen. Retrieved from Royal Haskoning DHV: www.royalhaskoningdhv.com Rivier, R. v. (n.d.). Room for the WAAL. Retrieved from Ruimtevoorderivier: https://www.ruimtevoorderivier.nl

McLintock, A. H. (1966). An encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Wellington, N.Z.: Govt. Printer. (McLintock, 1966) Whangarei District Council. (2014). Heritage trail signs Pakeha panels. Retrieved from http://www.wdc.govt. nz/ (WDC, 2014) Whangarei District Council. (2014). Heritage trail signs Moari panels. Retrieved from http://www.wdc.govt. nz/ (WDC, 2015) Washougal community & Students. (2014, May). The Waterfront Vision Plan. Retrieved April, 2017, from http:// www.washougalwaterfront.com/documents.html (Washougal community & Students, 2014)

Hīhīaua Precinct BIBLIOGRAPHY

IMAGE REFERENCES

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Hīhīaua Precinct BIBLIOGRAPHY