Hihiaua Masterplan Group4-6 by Xinxin Wang

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The current build form establishes a grid which, with consideration for the growing city, will require integration into any design strategies. Each proposed step will need to keep a cohesive built form so not to lose the “soul” of the district during the periodic construction. The eventual design will aim to elevate the re-existing grid to create a fully functional, adapted, waterfront. The 100-acre site proposes: A Vertical Retreat: The ground and street levels will be raised to the rising tide mark. This will ensure they are safe while new levels can be constructed. With rising sea levels these will be given over to the sea (2050-2100); by which time a new level would become the base (the current plaza height). Phased Transformation: Catalyst builds to feature the plaza level and encourage future development and a transformation of space. The goal is to create a new network to create familiarity before necessity. The Beaches of Fort Point Channel: The current ground level will eventually be given over to the sea and converted to a waterpark. Further inland stormwater holding areas will be created to minimise the sudden surge of ground water in a high rain flooding event. Build the Ark: Integrate the existing, large footprint building to the proposed grid. Create coping mechanisms (raised ground floor, barriers, flood channels, etc) for existing architecture. Establish them as “places of refuge” for the extreme weather. Give these spaces purpose within the current climate; retail, recreation, cafe & restaurant, etc. Connect the BCEC with South Station: Develope a strategy for a raised connection over the Ft Point Channel.

HĪHĪAUA

The Hīhīaua Peninsula Project 2017 Group 5 AYNNEZELE LOMBOY, DEXELL ATIA, DOYLE ECCLESHALL, MADHUVANTHI PUDMANABHAN, RUI SU

CONTENT 1.0 SITE RESEARCH 1.1 VISION 1.2 SITE CHARACTERISTICS 1.3 CLIENT BRIEF 1.4 HISTORY 1.6 CULTURE 1.7 SITE ANALYSIS 1.8 RESILIENCE & SUSTAINABILITY 1.9 TE ARA DESIGN PRINCIPLES 2.0 MAP ANALYSIS 2.1 LARGE SCALE 2.1.1 HYDROLOGY 2.1.2 CATCHMENT 2.1.3 STORM WATER 2.1.4 SLOPE 2.1.5 ECOLOGY 2.1.6 LAND COVER 2.1.7 ASPECT 2.1.8 SOIL 2.2 SMALL SCALE 2.2.1 HYDROLOGY 2.2.2 CATCHMENT 2.2.3 SLOPE 2.2.4 ASPECT 2.2.5 SOIL 2.2.6 LAND COVER 2.2.7 LAND USE 2.2.8 DEVELOPMENT RESTRICTION 2.3 EXCLUSION MAP

3.0 SITE ISSUES 3.1 DECAYING ECOSYSTEM 3.2 IMPERVIOUS RUN-OFF 3.3 CLIMATE CHANGE 4.0 DESIGN 4.1 CONCEPT 4.2 MASTER PLAN 4.3 SECTION 4.4 PERSPECTIVE 5.0 CASE STUDIES 6.0 CONCLUSION

SITE RESEARCH

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1.1 VISION 1.2 SITE CHARACTERISTICS 1.3 CLIENT BRIEF 1.4 HISTORY 1.6 CULTURE 1.7 SITE ANALYSIS 1.8 RESILIENCE & SUSTAINABILITY 1.9 TE ARA DESIGN PRINCIPLES

VISION The focal objective of this project is to outline a proposed strategies and techniques to mitigate hydrological effects through research and literature review. The final outcome will be resilient and sustainable cultural, ecological, economic and environmentally conscious design that will benefit the stakeholders of Hihiaua Peninsular. Ahi Kaa (keep the home fires burning). In ancient times beacon fires were lit at Hihiaua to guide the people home. Hihiaua will be a contemporary location allowing for the sharing of knowledge and experiences. It will exhibit chiefliness and will be a place for all people.

SITE CHARACTERISTICS Natural Features: • • • • • • •

East Coast Hatea River Waiarohra Stream Pukenui Forest Mair Park Parihaka MTB Park William Fraser Memorila Park

Whangarei’s landscape is unique due to its location and relation with the surrounding green ecosystems. Majority of the surrounding landscapes are green cores and buffer zones, which are isolated from each other. This presents an opportunity to link these green spaces and create green corridors, which will benefit the ecosystem and biodiversity within the district. Habitat varies, from extensive lowlands of the Hikurangi Swamp (habitat to the threatened black mudfish), to over 200km of coastline, with the harbour and coast supporting over 10,000 waterbird species, to, rolling pasture land, to volcanic scoria cones supporting volcanic broadleaf forests (Pukenui Forest being the largest remaining forest tract) and 17 major river catchments.

CLIENT BRIEF WORK; The site is considered to be in a service town where passing tourist or travellers stop to rest and use the services provided. This is one of the major contributing income sources.Framing is also a major contributing income source for the area. The local people also rely on natural resources such as the fish, cattle farming and vegetation as a source of income.

LEARN; The clients would like the site to be a place for visitors and the local public to learn about the history and culture of the place. Not restricting the information shared to not only to the site but also educating the public about the origins and the myths and legends of the neighbouring countries in the pacific.

PLAY; The clients would like to see more recreational activities around the site that involves utilising the stream and getting the public to engage more with the land.

VISIT; The existing tourist attractions are mainly revolved around the natural features found in whangarei. Tourist come for bush walks, beaches and water rafting.

LIVE; Currently there arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t many accommodations in the CBD, Majority of the population lives on either sides of the stream and away from the CDB. People prefer to be away fromthe hectic life style and the congestion.

HISTORY The Hihiaua precinct has involved early settlement from both Maori and European settlement, the precinct was initially used for canoes, shellfish gathering, fishing and camping grounds. European settlement of the area begun by the proliferation of shipping and recreational use in the town basin and wider context of. Originally there were two landings one of which was located on the Hatea river, these have later moved to accommodate for larger boats.

Figure. 1.0 Figure. 1.1

CULTURE

‘Meeting of the waters’ Hihiaua peninsula is where Hatea River and Waiarohia River meet. The river is very important for locals. It is part of their history and part of their culture. Chief Renata Manihera use to meet people on the peninsula and their canoe landing place. They use to come up the harbour and burn fire and people know where to go to and where the home is. “Wherever we are on the river, we are part of the river … if we are Māori we believe in the past, the present and the future, we are all part of this, the flow of it all, if we believe in the continuum, we are all part of that continuum, there are no differences[1]. -Cliff Whiting

Water Brings People to the Land The water source of Hatea River is from Whangarei falls. The base part of Whangarei falls was once have been tapu (sacred) as the pools. Below the falls were once used for washing the wounded and dead. It was as known as an area of healing in Māori. Water is where bring people, healing people and send people away. Between 1250 and 1300 CE, the Māori originated sailed waves of canoe to travel to Aotearoa. At that time boat was the main transportation, waterfront become

Figure. 2.0

Figure. 2.1

CULTURE

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Water Feeds Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Maori believe that rivers are food and water source in a spiritual way. Hihiaua was the fishing place for herrings. You should give back the first fish you caught. It is a sacred activity that Tangaroa (God of the Sea) provides the provision of food. There are plenty of methods of catching fish. But there are two main tools for fishing back in the day. They are nets and fishhooks. Knotting is the method that Maori make net back in time. People are able to handmade knot even net. The netting technique was used to effect in the poi. the pattern of the net are applied to all sorts of Maori art and New Zealand urban environments. Traditionally, fishhook was a powerful symbol. Tohunga was use the replicas of the fishhook for their ceremonies at the start of the fishing seasons. Before people wore them around neck in preparation for fishing, now it developed into a powerful personal talisman. The fishhook is made by two joined parts which are a shank, a point with a bend between them. In South Island, early composite hooks were made by human or moa bone. In north island, one whole piece hooks are more commonly used. They normally made by sell, stone flakes and whalebone.

In the nineteenth century, the wooden shank with paua inlay attached with a bone point was the main was very popular. The wooden part gives flotation, while the paua shell flashed as the hook rotated. Now, Matau evolved as a personal stylised thing that people would wear them on the neck. It represents strength, good luck and safe travel across the water. In the nineteenth century, the wooden shank with paua inlay attached with a bone point was the main was very popular. The wooden part gives flotation, while the paua shell flashed as the hook rotated. Now, Matau evolved as a personal stylised thing that people would wear them on the neck. It represents strength, good luck and safe travel across the water.

Figure. 3.0

CULTURE

‘Water protect people’ Figure. 3.1

To Māori, water is an essential ingredient and treasure. It must be safeguarded for future generations. In thousands of year, Māori reinforces the importance of water and potentiate water. There are many words to describe different types of water: Waiora - rainwater caught before it touches the earth

HĪHĪAUA was a canoe landing and fishing village belonging to local tribes.

Wai Māori - fresh water from springs

-Ngāti Kahu.

Waimate or Waikura - water that is stagnant or polluted

The original iwi occupied the land was the Prawhau. Through the 19th century, Whangarei has been their home. They continued to live several villages around the settlement. Whangarei became a timber-milling site in 1839. During 1840s, Europeans fled to Auckland when war broke out in the BAY of Islands between Maori and European. For a while, Whangarei area stagnated. In the end, the kauri-gum trade and shipbuilding brought new settlement. New Zealand is a country has various heritage of water and sea. Today In Whangarei district, there are 163 scheduled heritage buildings, site or object within and one heritage building and a group of culture icons spread around

Waitapu – Sacred water used for blessings ‘Architecture+ Maori + water’

-Te Uriroroi -Te Parawhau

the Heritage Trail within Hihiaua Peninsula.

SITE ANALYSIS Figure. 4.0

Figure. 4.0 This photo shows Hihiaua Park, this is park lays on relatively flat reclaimed land. This portion of the peninsular has no vegetation and consists of grass.

Figure. 4.1

Figure. 4.1 Shows the difference in elevation of the Hatea River and Hihiaua Park. This shows the potential that the site will have to flooding risks in the future due to climate change, sea rise, king tides and other dramatic weather events.

Figure. 4.2

Figure. 4.2 This photo shows the view of the hatea river looking to Pohe island (which is now a reclaimed land, landfill). The river shows a large amount of sediment build up held by mangroves, This water is not swimmable. Although due to its nature it is suitable for waka, rowing and other events.

Today In Hihiaua peninsula which were polluting fishing areas with human waste, plant invasions and flood preventing damage to fishing grounds. However, the locals love water activities. There is a rowing club in the peninsula. Paddle boarders usually doing paddle boarding on tuesday and thursday. There are more water activities in town basin but they do not come down to the peninsula. Figure. 4.3

g the urban heat effect by lowering the inner-city temperature

stems

g the conditions of urban ecosystems

n land use planning. Natural systems are the nand urban landscape conserve green network, conserve bothtowater and aenergy ndly strategies to protect, rehabilitate and mimic standards and community well-being. The concept public engagement with connect city development ggegreen corridors to link and people, city canopy from 22% to 40% by 2040 vegetation health

te a green network and expand the city canopy

erature

RESILIENCE

Figure. 5.2 Figure. 5.1

Resilience was originally seen as the ability of the ecosystem to adapt to constant change from external factors. Although in modern society, resilience is not only applied with the ecosystem but also economic, social and infrastructure systems. The term landscape resilient is the ability for a landscape to remain sustainable over time under constant changing conditions, this could be in terms of function or form Protecting, Rehabilitating and Mimicking Natural Systems Protecting and intensifying natural assets is a crucial part of urban land use planning. Natural systems are the foundation of sustainable and resilient urban areas. In order for an urban landscape to conserve a green network, urban areas need to adapt a greener and more environmental friendly strategies to protect, rehabilitate and mimic natural systems. This will enhance resilience also improve living standards and community well-being. The concept of green urban networks involves linking large green spaces using green corridors to link and connect people, wildlife, water and other resources.

Case Study: Melbourne, Australia Melbourne has adopted an Urban Forest Strategy that could create a green network and expand the city canopy cover to 40%. The vision of this project is to: • Adapt the city to climate change • Mitigating the urban heat effect by lowering the inner-city temperature • Improving the conditions of urban ecosystems • Manage and conserve both water and energy • Encourage public engagement with city development • Increase city canopy from 22% to 40% by 2040 • Improve vegetation health

SUSTAINABILITY Being sustainable is being able to maintain a certain level or rate of ecological balance by restoration or enhancement of natural resources. To achieve sustainability, a landscape must have design, construction, operations, and maintenances that meets the requirements of the present without compromising the requirements for the future generations. It looks to address issues that are associated with financial costs, energy conservation, appearance, function and ecosystems. Sustainable landscape architecture is when all economical, natural, social and natural factors are taken into serious consideration before developing a strategy that protects the environment, conserves and improve water quality and manages storm water, etc

TE ARA DESIGN PRINCIPAL Mana: Ensuring that the iwi and hapu are recognised and respected throughout the design process. Acknowledging the Hihiaua community benefits and values, allows their mana to be well known and conserve within the landscape and the design outcomes. Whakapapa: Recognises and celebrates the significance of mana whenua ancestral names. Use of appropriate names to inform design processes. The wider area has a rich history and holds many archaeological remains. Protection of cultural heritage is a key objective to ensure taonga are protected for future generations. Taiao: The Natural Environment seeks to restore, protect, sustain and enhance Papatuanuku. Strategies to improve water quality includes wetland implementation, swales, rain gardens upgrading stormwater pipes etc. and other approaches of retaining rainwater at source will be used therefore allowing water to settle and be filtered. Promotion of the environmental resources by the use of native flora. Mauri Tu: Environmental Health recognises mauri and all essentials within the precise and wider development are well thought-out in the context of protecting, maintaining and enhancing mauri and contributing to the overall well being of the community. Existing native trees should be protected. Furthermore to protect the overall landform from physical and visual effects, it is important that smaller features receive satisfactory protection from damage.

Mahi Toi: Iwi/hapū narratives are captured and expressed creatively and appropriately with engagement undertaken with mana whenua at the outset of the detailed design stage of projects and in a timely manner. Opportunities for public art should be explored particularly at significant entry points. Tohu: The Wider Cultural Landscape acknowledges significant cultural landscapes and mana whenua sites such as maunga, awa, and wāhi tapu which identifies the importance of these tohu to iwi and hapū. Orientation cues to maunga to be provided for through the design of public spaces. This gives opportunity to celebrate local and wider unique cultural heritage that reinforces sense of place and identity. Ahi Kā: Iwi/hapū have a living and enduring presence and are secure and valued within their rohe. Natural resources (weaving species, mahinga kai, waterways, etc.) assist, maintain and enhance mana whenua, ahi kā and their kaitiakitanga.

MAP ANALYSIS

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2.0 MAP ANALYSIS 2.1 LARGE SCALE 2.1.1 HYDROLOGY 2.1.2 CATCHMENT 2.1.3 STORM WATER 2.1.4 SLOPE 2.1.5 ECOLOGY 2.1.6 LAND COVER 2.1.7 ASPECT 2.1.8 SOIL 2.2 SMALL SCALE 2.2.1 HYDROLOGY 2.2.2 CATCHMENT 2.2.3 SLOPE 2.2.4 ASPECT 2.2.5 SOIL 2.2.6 LAND COVER 2.2.7 LAND USE 2.2.8 DEVELOPMENT RESTRICTION 2.3 EXCLUSION MAP

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ANALYSIS MAP ‘Wider Context’ Figure. 6.1

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and t

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ANALYSIS MAP

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Figure. 6.2

HYRODOLOGY Figure. 7.1

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and th

Legend Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

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Flow Accumulation Legend Value

High : 4.57779 Flow Accumulation Value

High Low : 4.57779 0 Low : 0

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Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

This map analysis displayed shows the areas that are likey to have water accumulation over time, or during certain natural events such as flooding or sea level rise. This gives an idea on how water works around the site, how water influences and shapes the landscape. Depending on the conditions of water accumulation in a certain area, there will be restrictions on planting and building. Although in some cases, rather than designing a plan that works around the restrictions, there are also strategies that couple be used to design a plan that could adapt with the changing conditions.

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CATCHMENT ORDER

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Legend Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

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Water catchment annalysis map, identifies all the contributing catchments that are sursite at a large scale. From this information, large catchments that consist Catchment Order 3 of sub catchments are clearly shown. Therefore providing the necessary information to formOrder a strategy to address water issues, and also giving an understanding the scale of Catchment 2 effects certain activities might have on the water. Catchment Order 1 Catchment Order 4the rounding

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Catchment Order 1 Rivers

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Figure. 7.2

ES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

STORM WATER Figure. 8.1

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Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and t

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographi

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Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

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Storm water analysis provides information on exisiting drainage systems that are used around the site to deal with run-off water from impervious surface. Combined with other analysis information, conditions of urban landscape areas can be accessed. Areas where the drainage systems lead to natural water sources can be identified clearly, which also further investigation on the conditions of the landscape and water quality.

Legend Stormwater_StormValve

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Legend Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

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Slope analysis of the land is important to minimize risks from natural hazards such as flooding and landslides and to reduce the impacts of proposed development on natural resource like soils, water systems and vegetation. Hihiaua Peninsula is located on the land, which has slopes that ranges from 0 degrees and 15 degrees, this creates opportunity for a number of different activities. Legend 1.5

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Figure. 8.2

ECOLOGY Figure. 9.1

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and t

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Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus Land use capability is an analysis of the soil, the classes indicate what the land is suitable for and whether is it prone to erosion. In this map, it shows that the area of interest covers mainly low Arable Land withNon-Arable Land. Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USG Whangarei still contains large forests that have not be re classified into pasture land. Large portions of today’s land cover have been reused for plantations of exotic forests, which helps / ed fund New Zealand’s forestry industry. We have simplified categories of land cover into classifications which label grassland (pasture), Forest, settlement and producing croplands.

Legend Land Use

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Grassland - High producing <all other values> Grassland - Low producing

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Grassland - With woody biomass Grassland - High producing Natural Forest Grassland - Low producing Planted Forest - Pre-1990 Grassland - With woody biomass Post 1989 Forest Natural Forest Settlements Planted - Pre-1990 0 1.5 Forest0.75

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LAND COVER

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Figure. 9.2

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Land cover is the analysis of the various ecosystems, man made reserveses and anything in between. It also classifies the type of green areas that occupy a landscape, showing the type of plant species that are dominant in the area. Obtaining the inforGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community mation of flourishing species that are found in the area can help determine which plant Legend species are best suited for the site itself.

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Name_2008 Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community Exotic Forest Forest - Harvested

Land Cover

High Producing Exotic Grassland

Indigenous Forest

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Manuka and/or Kanuka

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ASPECT

Figure. 10.1

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Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and t

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The aspect map reveals the relationship between the sunlight and the landscape. With the aspect information from aspect it will help determine which plant species are best suited for certain areas, as some plant species have low torelance to sunlight and some flourish in areas of high sunlight exposure. This will assist water improvement startegies such as ripirian planting, which is beneficial to both river and the

SOIL Figure. 10.2

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Legend Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

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Land use capability is an analysis of the soil, the classes indicate what the land is suitable for and whether is it prone to erosion. In this map, it shows that the area of Soil Areablity interest <all other values> covers mainly low Arable Land with Non-Arable Land. Land use capability is an analysis of the soil, the classes indicate what the land is LUC High suitable for and whether is it prone to erosion. In this map, it shows that the area of interest covers mainly low Arable Land with Non-Arable Land. Moderate

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Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS U

HYDROLOGY Figure. 11.1

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Depending on the soil composition in and around the site, the water accumulation map will give a clear indication of where water is most likely to accumlate and cause eroision incase of a large down pour or flood. It also gives an idea of how water moves around the site and moving loose particles.

CATCHMENT

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Figure. 11.2

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The water catchment annalysis map, identifies which catchment the site is located in. From this information the surrounding areas contributing water accumulation to the stream/river can be identified. With the catchment map, there is also information on the main catchments and sub-catchments that contribute to the main water accumulation.

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Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS U

SLOPE

Figure. 12.1

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Whangarei’s CBD is very low lying with very little slope. In the immediate context Mackesys Bush Reserve is situated towards the east this mainly offers slope degrees that are 15 Degrees and higher. As Hihaua Peninsular is located between two rivers and has little to no slope on edges would show that the site is relatively flat and has little to no elevation.

ASPECT

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Figure. 12.2

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Aspect AnalysisDisplayed are the different aspect of the local terrain, this shows that the peninsular is mostly flat with the edges slightly camber so water will run off in these locations

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Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS U

SOIL

Figure. 13.1

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The soil formation map is the analysis of the type of soil that forms the landscape. Depending on the soil composition, certain developments of the landscape will be restricted in the area. Soil quality is dependant on whether the soil is stable, fertile and arable. This will determine what types of development may be incorportated into the site, and what plant species that could be used to restore soil stability and reduce soil erosion.

LAND COVER

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This map analyse the area showing what the land is currently used for, knowing what is actually in the landscape and this allows us to identify the areas of key vegetation for example native forest and areas of ecological importance. Currently the site is surrounded with built up areas and open spaces with patches of various vegetation such as indigenous forest and exotic forest, visualising important remnant vegetation allows the design to consider the best terms for the land, hydrology, ecology and the people.

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LAND USE/ FLOOD Figure. 14.1

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS U

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The flood map is the analysis of natural threats on the site, such as surging wave actions, flooding from cyclones and global warming causing sea level to rise. This identifies areas that are flood susceptible, and shows the extent of the affects of flooding or sea level rise over a stretgch of landscape.

DEVELOPMENT RESTRICTION

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Figure. 14.2

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The development restriction is the analysis of urban growth within the area and the limitation that are associated with certain developments. Development restrictions are important to growing urban areas, as it controls the rate of development and protects surrounding areas and natural features through zonning strategies. Maintainning unnecessary development to avoid resource exhaustion.

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EXCLUSION MAP ‘East Coast’

Figure. 15.1

EXCLUSION MAP ‘South Side’

Figure. 15.2

SITE ISSUES

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3.1 DECAYING ECOSYSTEM 3.2 IMPERVIOUS RUN-OFF 3.3 CLIMATE CHANGE

SITE ISSUES ‘Decaying EcosysBiodiversity in Whangarei District:

Figure. 16.1

The varying green landscape of Whangarei District is home to a range of natural habitat for biodiversity. The biodiversity plays an important role in Whangarei, as it defines Whangarei’s character, and it contributes to maintaining a sustainable environment within the district. Much of the Whangarei district has been developed, which is heavily reliable on sustainable and manageable natural resources such as biodiversity. Fishing, mining, tourism and forestry has taken over much of the district of 270,00 hectares. Northland contains four broad indigenous ecosystem types, and they are spread throughout the Ecological Districts (Conning, 2001): 1. · · · · · · · · · ·

Forests and Shrub lands Mixed lowland kauri-podocarp-broadleaf forest Upland podocarp-broadleaf forest Volcanic broadleaf forest Kauri forest Podocarp forest Coastal forest Riverine flood/alluvial forest Dune land forest Shrubland Exotic forest

Freshwater wetlands

· Rivers and streams · Lakes, swamps and bogs · Dune lakes, volcanic lakes, ngawha thermal lakes · Swamps · Peat bogs, intermediate wetlands, ephemeral wetlands, modified/constructed wetlands 3. Coasts, dunelands and estuaries · Estuarine: Mangroves, saltmarsh, intertidal sand-mudflat, shellbanks · Coastal: Hard coasts, soft coasts (foredunes and beaches, duneland and spits) 4.

Offshore islands and stacks

Threats

Formally Protected Areas Within Whangarei District There are nine types of formally protected area within Whangarei District. These include; public conservation land managed by the Department of Conservation, Northland Regional Council Community Pest Control Areas, Whangarei District Council Reserves and Conservation Covenants, QEII Open Space Covenants, Nga whenua rahui kawenata, Fish and Game wetlands, and a New Zealand Forest Restoration Trust Reserve.

SITE ISSUES â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Decaying Ecosys-

The changes on the landscape of Whangarei has a huge effect on the biodiversit development of urban areas has impacted the natural biodiversity within the distr implementation of roads, farms and residential areas. Turing the natural forests a landscapes into hard impervious surfaces which challenges the sustainability and of these natural biodiversity. Lowlands ecosystems are under threat due to rapid development and the lack of can cause natural species to become endangered or th Formally Protected Areashabitats, Withinecosystems Whangareiand District to development majority of these ecosystems and habitats are isolated within or o properties. These include lowland wetlands and peat bogs; lowland riverine syste There are nine types of formally area within Whangarei adjacent forests; dunelands;protected coastal forest, scrub and herbfields;District. lowland tussock

These include; public conservation land managed by the Department of Conservation, Northland Regional Council Community Pest Control Areas, Whangarei District Council Reserves and Conservation Covenants, QEII Open Space Covenants, Nga whenua rahui kawenata, Fish and Game wetlands, and a New Zealand Forest Restoration Trust Reserve. Threats

Figure. 16.2

The changes on the landscape of Whangarei has a huge effect on the biodiversity. The development of urban areas has impacted the natural biodiversity within the district, due to the implementation of roads, farms and residential areas. Turing the natural forests and green landscapes into hard impervious surfaces which challenges the sustainability and management of these natural biodiversity. Lowlands ecosystems are under threat due to rapid development and the lack of protection. This can cause natural habitats, ecosystems and species to become endangered or threatened. Due to development majority of these ecosystems and habitats are isolated within or on the edges properties. These include lowland wetlands and peat bogs; lowland riverine systems and adjacent forests; dunelands; coastal forest, scrub and herbfields; lowland tussock grasslands.

SITE ISSUES ‘Impervious Surface Run-off ’ Green roofs have been popular building features for generations and have proven to be beneficial to both the buildings as well as the eco-system. For our site, we have included green roofs on some of the buildings. Doing this will benefit the site in the following ways: - Aesthetics Green roofs have great aesthetic values and hence buildings with green roofs have higher market values. This is economically sustainable as well as visually pleasing. - Insulation There are two types of green roofs – intensive and extensive. Intensive roofs are thicker than the latter and can hold a wider range of plants. The minimum soil depth for intensive green roofs is 6 inches. Extensive roofs are lighter and have soil depths that range between 3 to 6 inches. Both types provide insulation to the building, however intensive roofs being thicker, provide a higher value of insulation.

Figure. 17.1

- Recreational opportunities Having a green roof provides an opportunity for a rooftop open space that can be made accessible to the occupants of the building, allowing a quick retreat into nature, without having to leave the building. Vegetation - Fire protection Green roofs can be used to grow vegetable gardens or can Green roofs slow down burning as they have much be used to grow plant species that can provide habitat for lower heat loads than other roof types. various bird species. - Health and environment - Noise reduction Green roofs act as noise barriers and can reduce noise Green roofs make the building more energy efficient as they help filter pollution and increase the quality of water. up to 55 decibels. This is particularly useful in the Air circulation through the buildings are enhanced, therecase of educational and residential buildings where by reducing adverse health effects. lower noise levels are required.

SITE ISSUES â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Climate Change - Sea Level Rise

Climate Change is the change in either local or global climate patterns, which was originally formed from the late 20th century to date. The effects of human activity increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.

Climate Change

Majority of the heat added from climate change is absorbed by the sea, which cause the ocean to expand, and in combination with melting of land based ice is dramatically causing sea level to rise at an alarming rate.The global average sea level rose about 17 cm last century, at an average rate of 1.7 mm per year. From 1993 to 2010 the global average sea level rose at an average rate of about 3.2 mm per year. Sea levels in New Zealand rose by 17cm in the last century and on average the sea level rose by 1.7mm each year. Due to the influence of regional climate trends and gravitational effects, sea level does not rise uniformly around the globe.New Zealand has a real issue facing climate change due to climate change, as most of New Zealandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s developed areas with impervious surfaces and infrastructure is located along the coast. This makes it vulnerable to soil erosion, flooding and sea level rise. Climate change is likely to bring the following changes: increased frequency, duration and extent of coastal flooding coastal defences are overtopped by waves or high tides more often severe storms increase in intensity and storm surge levels rise some sandy beaches may continue to accrete, but more slowly some gravel beaches are more likely to erode waves in Wellington could be 15 per cent higher by 2050 and 30 per cent higher by 2100 in areas with smaller tidal ranges (eg, Wellington, the Cook Strait area and the East Coast) the historic high tide mark may be exceeded more often. The potential for saltwater to enter underground freshwater aquifers increases.

Figure. 17.2

protection can also increase human vulnerability by giving people a false sense of security and encouraging development in areas that are vulnerable to flooding

ncluding building or enlarging sand dunes. Other beach protection strategies include reakwaters, built parallel to the shore to reduce waves, and groins, which are ular "riprap" — walls of rocks or interlocking concrete forms spanning the beach to a eet offshore to prevent erosion

ges

SITE ISSUES ‘Climate Change - Strategies’

Figure. 18.1

s our oldest flood protection tool. It's familiar, behaves predictably and can be used in on with other strategies to protect existing development from rising water. It can be used 1. Coastal Armouring oth storm surge and baseline sea level rise. It also can be designed to accommodate new ent such as housing along super levees, or protect threatened habitat such as sand

What it is: Linear protection, such as levees and seawalls, that fix the shoreline in its current place.

Linear protection is today’s most widely used tool for protecting both development and wetlands in the Bay and the confluence of the Bay and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, as well as along the ocean coastline. It takes different forms depending on the kind of coastline needing protection. The most hardened form, engineered concrete seawalls and bulkheads, protects the shore from strong wave action. Earthen levees protect low-lying land, often from river flooding, and come in many forms. They also can be raised with sand bags in an emergency. A softer approach, used to protect non-hardened shorelines, is beach nourishment: adding sand to maintain and restore eroding beaches, including building or enlarging sand dunes. Other beach protection strategies include offshore breakwaters, built parallel to the shore to reduce waves, and groins, which are perpendicular “riprap” — walls of rocks or interlocking concrete forms spanning the beach to a hundred feet offshore to prevent erosion Advantages Armoring is our oldest flood protection tool. It’s familiar, behaves predictably and can be used in combination with other strategies to protect existing development from rising water. It can be used against both storm surge and baseline sea level rise. It also can be designed to accommodate new development such as housing along super levees, or protect threatened habitat such as sand dunes.

It’s a short-term solution. All coastal armoring can be engineered only to accommodate a certain storm size or rise in sea level. It also requires costly annual maintenance and regular monitoring to ensure it remains safe. An unusually large storm event can also cause it to rupture like the levees in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina, even if it has been well maintained. Paradoxically, it increases vulnerability. Hard shoreline protection is not as effective as natural shorelines at dissipating the energy from waves and tides. As a result, armored shorelines tend to be more vulnerable to erosion, and to increase erosion of nearby beaches. Structural flood protection can also increase human vulnerability by giving people a false sense of security and encouraging development in areas that are vulnerable to flooding

Figure. 18.2

SITE ISSUES ‘Climate Change - Strategies’

Disadvantages Floodable development could be hazardous. Stormwater, particularly at the seaward end of a watershed, is usually polluted with heavy metals and organic The idea of floodable development is two-pronged. chemicals, in addition to sediment and bacteria. Large One idea is to design buildings and infrastructure to quantities ofstormwater sitting on the surface, or in resist damage by occasional or even periodic flooding. underground storage facilities, could pose a public This could also be a back-up strategy in case shoreline health hazard during a flood or leave contamination armoring fails. A second idea is to create retention are- behind. This could be a particular problem in areas with as for ocean surges or heavy rainfall. Here water would combined sewer systems, such as San Francisco, where be captured, and then later released to receiving wawastewater and street runoff go to the same treatment ters, or to the wastewater system, when flood waters system. Also, wastewater treatment systems that comrecede. Floodable development is an extreme form monly treat the hazards of combined sewer effluent of “low impact development,” (LID) a set of tools for before releasing it into the Bay do not work well with beneficially reusing stormwater by infiltrating it into salt water mixed in. If floodable development strategies the ground, creating green space and habitat while are designed to hold and release brackish water, new reducing the demands on urban wastewater treatment treatment methods will be needed for the released wasystems. New floodable development built to handle ter to meet water quality standards. Finally, emergency sea level rise may be designed to manage stormwacommunication tools and extensive public outreach ter, both salt and fresh, at orders of magnitude above and management would be required to prevent people most LID tools. from misusing or getting trapped in flooding zones. 2. Floodable Development What it is: Structures that are designed to withstand flooding or to retain stormwater.

Advantages Floodable development could take an effective smallscale toolbox to the next level. It may best be thought of as a suite of tools (including LID) that can be selected based on which work best at a given site. But unlike LID, thefloodable development suite of tools is still experimental. Some tools may be better for fresh water or salt water, or a mix; some may be better in urban areas versus agricultural or rural areas.

Unknowns Floodable development is untested. We don’t know if buildings and infrastructure can be designed or retrofitted to accommodate occasional flooding in a cost-effective way. It is not clear exactly how much volume new floodable development tools will hold. Some of the more heavily engineered solutions, such as a water-holding parking garage, may not turn out to be more beneficial than armoring or investments in upsizing an existing wastewater system.

MASTER PLAN

4.0

4.1 CONCEPT 4.2 MASTER PLAN 4.3 SECTION 4.4 PERSPECTIVE

CONCEPT ANALYSIS â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Networkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; posible links

existing road

combined network

Proposed road network Promenade Proposed 1 - 2 storey buildings Existing buildings Proposed 3 storey buildings Cultural center posible links

The first step that was taken to was identifying destination such as heritage area, cultural and green spaces. Access points, both existing and proposed within the site were also identify, exploring possible routes that linkages between the two.

existing road

combined network

The next stage was to look at the existing road networks, and assessing the relationship between the existing network and the chosen destination points.

At this stage, both existing and proposed networks have been combined, creating the most suitable network for pedestrians moving through the site. Both networks have been altered to highlight the natural and cultural features. central promenade

combined network

central promenade combined network

central promenade

The final step was create a strong connection between the site itself and the surrounding landscape. Therefore the design move implemented was to create a corridor running through the site, opening up space and limiting grid-like pattern and also providing viewshafts.

CONCEPT PLAN

The network concept shows connnection between infrustructure (buildings) and landscape (coastal area) enhancing the accessibility within the site and to the wider context.

posible links

Rather than letting infrustructure shape the landscape, this concept allows mother earth to take charge and shape and position the buildings and infrustructure.

existing road

combined networ

Proposed road network Promenade Proposed 1 - 2 storey buildings Existing buildings Proposed 3 storey buildings Cultural center

central promenad

CONCEPT 3D ‘Central Promenade’

3 view frame

view shaft

n Light

s Mini tram trail – paid rides

CONCEPT ANALYSIS ‘Promenade View Shaft’

POSSIBILITIES FOR THE PROMENADE E Digital game stands s Sonic sculptures s Fountain E Mirror maze tunnel l Platform that can be used for performances or events s Mini tram trail – paid rides

OR THE PROMENADE

nds

nel n be used for performances or events paid rides

E Solar powered charging stations/pods s Bean bags s Workout bikes that produce electricity which can be used to project a short lm onto a screen n Light installations

view frame

3 view shaft view frame

CONCEPT ‘‘Hakari’

Substantial timber hakari stages is a big timber structure. It is a decoraton scaffolding which combining the nature and culture together. The stage used woven timber structure which blurring the boundary of internal and external space. Back in the time, the hakari was use for feasts or culture events. There are three different shapes structure are commonly built in the past. Long lines of food stacks, lines of low building, conical or pyramidal structure. From the contracture side, it has several stages around the big positioned poles, which are support of the framework. People could be adding framework around those poles for there needs to extending the scale of the hakari. That platform could use for display, process and performance which is function of the movement. According to the documents and sketches by European travellers, the Hakari has extreme dimensions. The one in Bay of Island in 1849, the length was 211 feet and 18 feet in width at the base. They seem to be treaded in picturesque and monumentally way. Associate with nature is a big part of Maori culture that make the local one of the Hakari is important to reference with the landscape. First, facing the blue water. Second, surround by hills and mountains. According to the data, Hihiaua peninsula is suit for the location option for hakari. For the proposed education zone, the idea is link the ground/underground, land/water, mountain/water and internal/external, building/people. The structure or framework is perfect element for looking out, performance and culture attraction. For material, we could reuse the steel beams or bracing from the proposed developed area to correlate with the industrial history of the area.

MASTERPLAN ‘‘Hakari’

1 : 1500 @ A2

1. Work, being the place where busi-

nesses are located, which is driven to generate income for the local. This particular area was is best suited for this function due to it location, being closest to the exisiting CBD and sits along the public transport routes.

2. Visit, a destination where visitors can

This plan was the bases of the final design, showing clear designated zones which address the some of the main deign divers of the master plan.

stay for the duration of their vacation. The visit zone is conveniently surrounded by mixed used areas, open spaces, and with the luxuary of view shafts of the river.

3. Play, is an recreational area which is

accessible to the public, inviting in people to enjoy the space. This leaves open access to people from existing schools, businesses, and tourists from the surrounding zones.

4. Live, the designated area provided

to accomodate for the local people to reside. This area provides accessibility to the surrounding areas, while still providing the nessesary privacy need for homes. From here the residents have the privilge of viewshafts to the water and surrounding context.

5. Learn, located along the coast and interacting with the water, this area is dedicated to cater for a learning envirnoment. It allows for the public to learn about the culture of the site, the history and the environment.

CONCEPT ANALYSIS â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Zonningâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

2 4

1 : 1500 @ A2

Master Plan ‘Exclusion’

CROSS SECTION ‘Residential Building Flooded’

A C C

Scale: 1:1500

CROSS SECTION B

Â¯

Master Plan â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Central Development Planâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

The central part of the peninsula will comprise of mixed use buildings that range from one to three storeys in height. Cutting throught these buildings is a central promenade which will host a variety of activities and leisure areas that include - a market place, seating, solar powered charging stations, bean bags, a stage and a playground, making it an interactive and lively space. The promenade responds to the meandering nature of the rivers that surround the peninsula, and hence has an organic form. The orientation and form of buildings that encompass the promenade have been designed to compliment the same.

PLANTING SCHEDULE Wetlands / detension pond Austroderia “Toetoe” Apodasmia similis “Oioi” “phormium tenax Harakeke” Carex secta “Purei” Isolepis prolifera “Isolepis” Blechnum minus “swamp kiokio” Typha orientalis “raupo” Ficinia nodosa “wiwi”

Height & width 2m x1m 1m x1m 3m x 3m 1m x 1m 0.3m x 1m 1m x 2m ?m x 2m

Swales

Apodasmia similis “Oioi” Ficinia Nodosa “Knobby Club Rush” Carex secta “Purei” Carex lessoniana “Raitahi”

1m x 1m 0.15m x 1m 1m x 1m 1m x 2m

Carex testacea Chionochioa flavicans “Dwarf toetoe” Leptinella minor Sellera radicans

1m x 2m 1.2m x 1m 0.15m x ? 0.15m x ?

Green roofs

PLANTING SCHEDULE Bush / Ngahere Leptosermum scoparium “Manuka” Kunzera ericoides “Kanuka” Cordyline Australis “Cabbage tree” Cortaderia fulvido “Toetoe” Phormium tenax “Flax”

2m x 5m 5m x 7m 20m x 3m 2m x 1m 3m x 3m

Carex secta “Purei” Phormium tenax “Flax” Kahikatea Cordyline Australis “Cabbage tree” Leptosermum scoparium “Manuka” Corynocarpus laevigatus “Karaka” Belischmiedia “tarairi” Vitex lucens “Puriri” Kunzera ericoides “Kanuka” Melucytus ramiflorus “Mahoe” Dacrydium curessinum “rimu”

1m x 1m 3m x 3m 20m x 3m 2m x 5m 15m x 7m 10m x 10m 20m 8m 5m x 7m 10m x 3-6m 50m x -20m

Dacrydium curessinum “rimu” Metrosiderous excelsa “pohutakawa” Posocarpus totara ”totara” Agathis australis “kauri”

50m x -20m 20m x 38m 40m x 15m 50m+ x 40m+

Riparian Margins

Significant Trees

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

PRESPECTIVE ‘Board Walk’

The board walk crossing over the detention pond, allowing people to build a relationship with water when they first enter the site. The board walk crosses between viewshafts of the surrounding landscape and to the cultural center.

PRESPECTIVE ‘Floodable residential buildings’

Legend 1.5

0.75

1.5 Kilometers

ÂŻ

These buildings (developed in Phase II of the project) are dedicated buildings for parking that hold residences above them. Should a flood occur, the parking will be flooded first, which would pave way for a safe exit for residents.

PERSPECTIVE ‘Framed Building Viewshaft’

View from under a three storey building looking onto the promenade; visually engaging people and encouraging interaction. The building are strategically arranged to frame view shafts from in and outisde of spaces.

PERSPECTIVE ‘Cultural Center Addition’

Legend

0.75

1.5 Kilometers

ÂŻ

The extension to the cultural centre, whose design is inspired by the hÄ kari. The building is partially submerged under water and physically connects the water to the people. A hÄ kari in Maori history was a massive gathering place for feasts. It consisted of huge stacks of food that were placed in stages, which were huge, cone shaped structures.

PERSPECTIVE ‘Water Steps’

The water steps is part of the strategy used to get the public to engage with the river. Making the water accessible for people to appreciate and interact through various activities. The water steps provide the public to also engage with wider context landscape through open view shafts.

PERSPECTIVE ‘Residential Building at Night’

Legend

0.75

1.5 Kilometers

ÂŻ

The night perspective of the residential area shows the affect it has on the site at night, revealing the lighting associated with the building. Providing security and reassurance for the people residing in on the site.

PERSPECTIVE ‘Coastal Board Walk’

The coast board walk connects the landscape with the water and also with the surrounding landscape. The Board walk moves through the site and crosses over to open water. View shafts will be open to the surrounding envirnoment, and also allowing people to see the site from a wider perspective.

PERSPECTIVE ‘Residential Building Flooded’

Legend

0.75

1.5 Kilometers

ÂŻ

In the event of flooding and the inevitable threat of sea level rise, the building is made to cope with the changing climate. Providing a more resilient building infrustructure, keeping the public safe from natural threats.

CASE STUDIES

5.0

CASE STUDIES

5.0

CASE STUDIES Amager Fælled Masterplan , Copenhagen, Denmark Project: Amager Fælled Kvarter Team: Urban Agency, C.F. Møller A/S, Location: Copenhagen, Denmark Client: By & Havn I/S Date: October 2016 The Amager Fælled masterplan was neice community consisting of 5 neighbourhoods each with their own different personality with layout, architecture styles all different. The layout has been designed around Landscape corridors and features which complement each neighbourhood. To manage Copenhagen’s Flood issues contours and soil have been altered to dig down vales and build up building offering high land for development and wider, deeper vales for stormwater and flood management. Running in between each zone are ‘natural causeways’ which flow into wetlands that helps mitigate the effects of flash flooding and offer a natural water storage method.

CASE STUDIES Reinforce Wadden Sea Dike Between Eemshaven & Delfzijl Project: Reinforce Wadden Sea Dike Team: Royal Boskalis Westminster N.V. (Boskalis) Location: Eemshaven & Delfzijl, Netherlands Client: Date: June 2016 Flood control is an important issue for the Netherlands, as about two thirds of its area is vulnerable to flooding, while the country is among the most densely populated on Earth. Natural sand dunes and constructed dikes, dams, and floodgates provide defence against storm surges from the sea. River dikes prevent flooding from water flowing into the country by the major rivers Rhine and Meuse, while a complicated system of drainage ditches, canals, and pumping stations (historically: windmills) keep the low-lying parts dry for habitation and agriculture.

Figure 4. Soft-engineered banks (n.d).

CASE STUDIES Cleveleys Sea Wall, Lancashire, England Project: Cleveleys Sea Wall Location: Lancashire, England Date: March 2008 The new flood defence construction is located at Cleveleys, a seaside town in north-west England. It is mentioned that Cleveleys is under the most flood risk due to the poor condition of the existing defence, Cleveleys then took the opportunity to renovate its waterfront to protect against flood but also improve the quality of its pedestrian promenade at the same time. The new sea wall has been successfully recognised to protect the town from predicted effects of climate change and creating a high feature promenade with successful urban assets. The stairs themselves act as a flood stop by breaking the wave swell and pushing the water back to the sea, at the same time it is used for people to sit and engage in both beach and promenade activities. A raised level in the middle of the promenade and a higher wall to the back of the promenade are extra defence provided at the top of the stairs. The promenade has been extended and landmark shelters to offer a focal point at ends of roads leading to the waterfront, which attract pedestrians, and provide wide views of the sea. This new defence construction has been designed to last for 100 years. Applying this flood defence construction to the Hihiaua peninsula is a great solution to sea level rise in the future, as some of the sea wall defence it is often meant to separate the shoreline from the promenade with either a high wall or steep embankment, which divides the beach and promenade into two separate zones. Since the Rivers are also essential to the locals in Whangarei, having a similar sea wall design contributes positively to the public and become a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;placeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; instead of a barrier between a town and the Rivers.

Figure 2. Cleveleys beach and sea wall (Platt, 2014).

CASE STUDIES Furong New Town Waterfront, China Project: Furong New Town Waterfront Location: near Shoaguang, China

Figure 3. Furong waterfront (n.d).

There are four Environmental concerns in the Furong New Town River Front, these are Contaminated Urban Stormwater, Urban flooding, River Flooding and Disrupted Ecological Networks. There are over 500 ha of impervious surface in the construction of Furong New Town meaning it will cause significant disruption to the existing environmental network. In addition, increased in impervious surface will cause an increase in the contamination of stormwater, these includes oil and rubber which can pollute the river. With the increase in limited urban absorption the risk of urban flooding is increased which can have terrible costs. River flooding can occur when an increased urbanization causes increased run off into the river, and the existing ecological connection can be disturb by the construction of Furong New Town. Having constructed wetlands are an efficient and natural approach to clean contaminated water from urban streams, as well as having constructed swales can naturally clean contaminate water from urban storm water systems. Dealing with urban flooding in the Furong New Town River Front, they made the park act like a giant sponge or as a flood retention basin. Using soft-engineered stop banks with native planting will protect the city from river flooding, by doing this it also creates a new native waterfront promenade for the citizens to the Furong. Expanding the stream corridors and with riparian planting can reduce urban water runoff, the stream corridors also act as ecological passages helping to recreate native flora and fauna habitats. These methods reflected the environmental impact of the construction of the city and applying this to Hihiaua peninsula will prepare the town for the unexpected.

CASE STUDIES ‘Resilient Design Method’ Below ground level Dune-shaped car park, South Holland This is a 500m long form located in Katwijk, bordering the North Sea in South Holland. The dune shape acts as a defence against floods. Light enters through curving windows that follow along the front “edge” of the dune. The entire car park can house 650 cars. The car park can be accessed via ramps and an internal staircase that wraps around a cylindrical lift. The staircase and lift are internally connected to the beach and boulevard. Advantages: Buildings merge into the landscape and read as one, which is visually engaging Opportunity for ‘Green architecture’ Resistance to flooding

Figure 6. Dune-shaped car park, Katwijk. (Dezeen, 2016)

Disadvantages: Cost of construction Feasibility

Figure 7. Stairs inside the car park. (Dezeen, 2016)

CASE STUDIES ‘Resilient Design Method’ Above ground level The High Line, Manhattan, NY The High Line, once used as a train track, now converted into a “floating” park is an iconic landscape element that overlooks the busy roads of Manhattan and cuts through the built fabric, mid-air. Advantages Above ground level provides better protection against floods Aesthetically pleasing Opportunity for attracting public and integrating multiple functions Disadvantages Higher the structure, higher wind loads High maintenance and incurred costs If one part of the structure collapses, the entire structure can collapse

Figure 8. The High Line, Manhattan. (Derico, 2017)

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

6.0 6.0

CONCLUSION

6.0

CONCLUSION The main focus of this project was to create a connection to the wider context, rehabilitate the waterfront, improve the local ecosystem, and to create a learning envirnoment or awareness of the history, culture and climate change to the public. The strategy used to address and mitigate issues such as poor water quality, decaying ecosystem and isolation from wider context is Ripirian Planting. Introducing ripirian planting to the landscape and to the people of Hihiaua will not only improve water quality, but will also present the opportunity to re-introduce endangered species back in to whangarei and consequently improve the revive the decaying ecosystem. This will form a a green network to the wider landscapes, such as Parihaka MTB Park and Coronation Scienic Reserve. Ripirian planting is also benefical to the biodiversity of the area, bringing back endangered plants species will create suitable habitats for the native birds and other wild life. With the increase of the of native species, the soil stability will improve substantially, reducing loss of land to soil erosion and conserving the shape of the landscape. Work, being the place where businesses are located, which is driven to generate income for the local. This particular area was is best suited for this function due to it location, being closest to the exisiting CBD and sits along the public transport routes. Visit, a destination where visitors can stay for the duration of their vacation. The visit zone is conveniently surrounded by mixed used areas, open spaces, and with the luxuary of view shafts of the river. Play, is an recreational area which is accessible to the public, inviting in people to enjoy the space. This leaves open access to people from existing schools, businesses, and tourists from the surrounding zones.

Live, the designated area provided to accomodate for the local people to reside. This area provides accessibility to the surrounding areas, while still providing the nessesary privacy need for homes. From here the residents have the privilge of viewshafts to the water and surrounding context. Learn, located along the coast and interacting with the water, this area is dedicated to cater for a learning envirnoment. It allows for the public to learn about the culture of the site, the history and the environment.

REFERENCE Cleveleys: Taking steps against flooding. (2014). Retrieved from http://www. dac.dk/en/dac-cities/sustainable-cities/all-cases/water/clevelys-taking-stepsagainst-flooding/ Platt, P. (2014). Cleveleys beach and sea wall. Retrieved from http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/4064176 Furong New Town Waterfront. Guangdong Province PR China. (n.d). Retrieved from http://www.bmla.co.nz/furong-new-town-waterfront.html Furong New Town Waterfront. Guangdong Province PR China. (n.d). Retrieved from http://www.bmla.co.nz/furong-new-town-waterfront.html D. A. Gillaspie (2013). Portland, Oregon. Retrieved from https://www.boomerpdx.com/the-city/ Dezeen (2016). Dune-shaped car park by Royal Haskoning DHV doubles as a flood defence. Retrieved from https://www.dezeen.com/2016/07/05/underground-car-park-royal-haskoningdhv-parking-amersfoort-south-holland/ Derico, E. (2017). The High Line in NYC Guide. Retrieved from https://www. timeout.com/newyork/parks/highline Hillegas, J. (2010). Historical Threads. Retrieved from http://wwwhistoricalthreads.blogspot.co.nz/2010/04/construction-of-portland-harbor-wall.html NYCEDC (2016). The High Line. Retrieved from https://www.nycedc.com/ project/high-line Portland Online (2016). The Seawall. Retrieved from http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=83414 The High Line (2017). Friends of the High Line. Retrieved from http://www. thehighline.org/about Vintage Portland (2012). Vintage Portland. Retrieved from https://vintageportland.wordpress.com/tag/seawall/ Tam, L. (2009, Nov 1). The Urbaist - Strategies for managing Sea Level Rise. Retrieved from SPUR NEWS +YOUR INBOX: http://www.spur.org/publications/urbanist-article/2009-11-01/strategies-managing-sea-level-rise Waterfonts and Open Space. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://depts.washington. edu/open2100/pdf/2_OpenSpaceTypes/Open_Space_Types/waterfront.pdf Wynyard-Qaurter. (2015, February). Retrieved from Waterfront Auckalnd,

Climate Chnage Adaptation Pathway: http://www.wynyard-quarter.co.nz/ wqsmart/www/pdfs/climate/waterfront-auckland-climate-change-adaptation-pathway-february-2015.pdf Boskalis. (n.d.). Retrieved from Coastal Protection: https://boskalis.com/ search.html#view/list/query/Coastal defense I Am Expat. (n.d.). Retrieved from The Netherlands & Water: http://www.iamexpat.nl/expat-page/the-netherlands/the-dutch-and-water-in-the-netherlands Katinka Schartau. (2009). Diva-Port. Retrieved from urban Waterfront Landscape Planning: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:828355/FULLTEXT01.pdf Project for Public Spaces. (n.d.). Retrieved from Waterfronts: http://www.pps. org/waterfronts/ Repositories. (n.d.). Retrieved from Standard in sustainable Landscape Archicture: https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/13982/4-Bean_ Yang-Standards_in_Sustainable_Landscape_Architecture.pdf?sequence=2 Research Archive Lincoln. (n.d.). Retrieved from Waterfront Development For Residential property In Malaysia: https://researcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10182/3390/Waterfront_Development.pdf?sequence=3 Resilientsv. (2015, June). Retrieved from Landscaoe Resilience Framework: http://resilientsv.sfei.org/sites/default/files/general_content/SFEI_2015_Landscape%20Resilience%20Framework.pd Spur News + Your Inbox. (n.d.). Retrieved from Sea Level Rise and the Future of Bay Area: http://www.spur.org/publications/urbanist-article/2009-11-01/ strategies-managing-sea-level-rise Cleveleys: Taking steps against flooding. (2014). Retrieved from http://www. dac.dk/en/dac-cities/sustainable-cities/all-cases/water/clevelys-taking-stepsagainst-flooding/ Furong New Town Waterfront. Guangdong Province PR China. (n.d). Retrieved from http://www.bmla.co.nz/furong-new-town-waterfront.html

HÄŤhÄŤaua Investigation report

Prepared for the Momentum North Hihiaua Community March 20th 2017 Group 6

Hīhīaua Peninsula “Uru ki te wai” ( Access to water) Investigation report March 20th 2017

Prepared by:

Alton Wu, Michael Macfarlane, Phoebe Tao, Selwyn Guo, Tevita Vea

Prepared for:

The Momentum North Hihiaua Community

Status: 2

Reaserch / Revision

Contents. 1.1.

Introduction

Investigation Pathway

1.1. Sense of Place

4.1. Global Effects of Climate Change

1.2. Project Aspirations

4.2. National Effects of Climate Change

1.3. Investigation Pathway

4.3. Site Scale Effects of Climate Change

1.4. Description

4.4. Flood Extent and 3D Mapping

1.5. Photographic Site Analysis

4.5. Threats and Opportunities

1.6. Client Consultation

4.6. Design Drivers

4.7. Shared Space Case Studies

4.8. Access to Waterways Case Studies

4.9. Cultural Enhancement Case Studies

4.10. Response to Global Climate Change Case Studies

HÄŤhÄŤaua Context Analysis 2.1. Site Geology

2.2. Flora and Fauna

2.3. Early Settlement

2.4. Arrival of Infrastructure

2.5. Present Day

5.1. Te Aranga Principles

2.6. Significant Pa Sites (Fortresses) and Papakainga (Villages)

5.2. Integration of Te Aranga Principles

2.7. Kounga O Te Wai (Water Quality)

2.8. Wider Landscape Connections

2.9. Local Development Projects

2.10. Existing Building Functions

6.1. Identifying Existing Networks

2.11. Buildings of Heritage and Cultural Relevance

6.2. Network Adaption

6.3. Re-evaluation

6.4. View Shafts

6.5. External Influences

Biophysical Analysis

Maori Design Principles

Conceptual Design Thinking

3.1. Topography, Slope and Site Elevations

3.2. Topography aspect

3.3. Geology Versatile Soil Types

3.4. Geology Soil Classification

7.1. Building Identification

3.5. Geology Arable Land

7.2. Cross-Sections

3.6. Land Cover Vegetation

7.3. Cultural Enhancement and Shared Space

3.7. Land Cover Agricultural Land Use

7.4. Increasing Access to Water

3.8. Land Cover Function

7.5. Creating an Architectural Link to Land

3.9. Transport Land Network and Transport Routes

7.6. Habitat Recover Trial

3.10. Transport Site Scale and Transport Routes

7.7. Suggested Planting Plan

3.11. Infrastructure Storm Water and Sewer Systems

7.8. Detailed Planting Plan

3.12. Hydrology Aquifers

7.9. Planting List

3.13. Hydrology Susceptible Land

7.10. Project Staging

3.14. Hydrology Flow Direction

7.11. Referencing

3.15. Hydrology Flow Accumulation

7.12. Acknowledgements

3.16. Hydrology Catchments

7.13. Uru Ki Te Wai (Access to Water)

Master planning

1. Introduction

1.1 Sense of place Whangārei is located within New Zealand’s only sub-tropical climate zone, resulting in humid summers and mild winters, a landscape of gently rolling to moderately steep hill country with conical reminders of long extinct volcanoes. A skyline dominated with large geological structures, with history forming the land we see today with such elements as when last Ice Age melted, flooding the Hatea, Mangapai and Otaika river valleys, rising waters formed what is now Whangarei Harbour, which now has an urban population of approximately 53,000 The place name Whangārei number of interpretations. These include, Whangārei-te-rerenga-parāoa (the gathering place of whales) as history provides that whales gathered here to feed over the summer. Other interpretations include the place name meaning a gathering place for chiefs, And the other is related to two sisters, Reitu and Reipae who were both arranged to marry the respected chief call Ueoneone from the Te Rarawa region, whilst Travelling on the back of a Kārearea (hawk), the sisters argued and Reipae insisted they land on the adjacent beach where she waited for her people this event is remembered as Whangārei Hihiaua is located at the confluence of the Hatea River and the Waiarohia Stream, with the majority of the site being council owned it provides a variance of opportunity’s, but many up and coming associations are taking residence on the land and aspire for an contemporary location allowing for the sharing of knowledge and experiences with consideration towards the future environmental conditions of the area in the development of an urban waterfront, are to be address and explored to create a resilient landscape allowing the use of shared space and addressing large scale global issues such as sea level rise.

Te Matau a Pohe, Completed 2013 Waterfront Precinct Projects

1.2 Project Aspirations Vision “Hihiaua is a safe and thriving community in every season, where access to the water is strong.

More people from every generation will LIVE, WORK, PLAY, LEARN and VISIT here. The mix of uses will be compatible with each other.”

Addressing the vison: To be able to fulfill the clients vision, and enhance the distinctive character of the area there has been a frame work to address over the course of our design proposal, the framework consists of 5 key themes these include.

WORK: Through collaborative design how can we increase the potential for expansion in work opportunities in the area. Whilst catering to existing businesses providing them potential expansion.

PLAY: formulate a design that creates recreational opportunities within the area, both on land, and providing greater access to waterways on site and re-establishment of Ko papa and increased recreational use of the large networks.

LIVE: Due to growing population levels there is an increase in need for accommodation in central

Whangārei, how can we as designers cater to this need whilst also accommodating cultural and environmental aspirations for the area.

VISIT: Hihiaua if one of 7 Indigiounos territories around the world the collaboratively work together to

address the issue of climate change, it also has a large historical background and large cultural links providing large potential as a tourist attraction for all to share and learn where visitors both nationally and globally canexperience a truly unique area for all to share and learn.

LEARN: The area hosts a variance of learning opportunities with a variance of cultural, environmental, historical and educational opportunities, and how as designers do we collectively enhance these within a land-

1.3 Investigation pathway Question

Objectives

â&#x20AC;&#x153;How can a waterfront development respond to the challenges of climate

change, the social and cultural aspiration of stakeholders and make an economic return for the landowners?â&#x20AC;?

WhangÄ rei New Zealand

1.4 Description SIte description : HIhiaua is Located between Hatea river and waiarohia streams and form a distinctive peninsular, the site is 16.5 hectares in size accessed through Reyburn Street to the west, The Precinct is triangular in shape and was largly configured in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s by reclamation works carried out by the Northland Harbour Board. The Hīhīaua Precinct is is abundent with light industrial servicing and commercial activities. However, among these uses there is an eclectic mix of activities including cultural/entertainment activities, offices, medical services, retail and residential uses. Light industrial uses include automotive repair additionally The Whangarei Harbour is a popular destination for domestic and overseas sailors, and is often the home of a number of international users. There are 354 moorings and 432 marine berths in the Whangarei Harbour. The majority of these are found in the Hatea River, therefore there is a large boating presence in adjasent water ways to site.

Hihiaua Penisular (Contour intervals at 2m)

Land Information New Zealand, Eagle Technology

0.175 0.35

0.7

1.05

1.4 Kilometers

1:200,000

1.5 Photogrphic Site Analysis

1.6 Client Consultation Client identification

- The momentum north community compraises of a veriance of stakeholerds within the communiy, with the joint vision of a safe and thriving community in every season, where access to the water is strong, whilst addressing large scale global issues on site and creating a resilant landscape for all generations to enjoy.

Date of consultation: March 7, 2017 Location of consultation: He Puna Marama Headquarters, 185 Lower Dent Street client: Momentum North Hihiaua community. the following is findings found through consultation with The stakeholderds within the MomentumNorth Hihiaua community .. • Creating a place to come and be enriched in the unique essence of culture within New Zealand. • To highlight the use of shared space within an urban context with potential to utilise laneways and public spaces within the area. • Decreasing amounts Native mangrove on banks are steadily decreasing leading to a decrease in the biodiversity of the area and potential effects in terms of bank erosion. • The concept of cycle ways was mentioned throughout collaboration and the exploration into this concept to be considered with potential link with the laneway pathway in terms of the exploration of shared space. • The utilization of Hihiaua in a global context to show the effects of climate change and see level rise through environmental and urban design methodology. • The reestablishment of ko-papa • Increase in recreation activates on site, with key concentration on recreational use of waterways and access to water. • To provide urban development to the proposed area without losing the essence of the land. • Decrease in physical and visual barriors on site to allow openness and increase the connectivity on site. 11

2. Hīhīaua context analysis

2.1 Site Geology Geological description of whangarei Whangarei comprises gently rolling to moderately steep hill country, studded with scoria cones such as those found at Maungatapere and Maunu. . No part of the District is more than 800 metres above sea level therefore making it a high flood risk area.

Volcanic pressance: The Whangarei District is Abundant with the conical reminders of long extinct volcanoes. Areas that were once lava flows now form gently rolling countryside of sought after volcanic soils. The Hen and Chicken islands and Sail Rock are a separate group from around the same period dating back 20 million years. The peaks at Hikurangi and Maungatapere were formed around 10,000 years ago.

Lakes: Whangarei has two natural lakes , these are Lake Ora, which lies north west of Whangarei City and a dune lake close the Ruakaka Racecourse, Lake Waro is an artificial lake north of the Hikurangi township.

Waterways: The District comprises of a dense network of rivers and streams although most are short with relatively small catchments. Rivers such as Hatea, Ngunguru and Mangapai flow into large harbours or estuaries.

13 Scale: 1:25,000 0

200 400 600 800m

The information depicted in this map has been derived from numerous sources. It may not be complete, correct or up to date. This map is licensed by Landcare Research on an "as is" and "as available" basis and without any warranty of any kind, either express or implied.

2.2 Flora & Fauna

Eastern Northland ecological region

Eastern northland ecological region New Zealandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s physical environments are very diverse and this is reflected in the diversity of indigenous plant and animal communities. The Whangarei ecological district resides within the Eastern Northland ecological region, this this district covering approximately 81,800 ha. The district contains a high diversity in vegetation types with one of the most important features being the presence of volcanic broadleaf forests, which is nationally rare forest type, with indigenous natural areas constituting to approximately one fifth of the district, although much of the ecological district has been modified due to expanding development with very few large areas of natural vegetation remaining.

Whangarei harbour The ecological district is characterised by the Whangarei harbour, with Hihiaua being located central within this large ecosystem with international importance, the area features extensive areas of mudflats and mangroves, it is estimated that the harbor supports over 10,000 water birds including a large variety of coastal birds such as new Zealand native dotterel, banded rail, rubill and the caspian tern, additionally large numbers of international birds shape the growing biodiversity within whangarei such as the bar tailed godwit and knot. there is little remaining coastal vegetation remaining in the district as the area has experience high levels of urban and rural development disrupting the waterways.

Historical ecological charector Historical records in regards to vegetation for the area indicate large qualities of kauri forest, due to the initiative of early settlers to the land with large interest into the production of high quality timber and kauri gum, primarily for boat masts and other spots in the British navy, Whangarei has been highly influenced through human settlement, with natural forest cover being extensively cleared and increase the rise in biodiversity and increaseing chance for habitat loss. The current vegetation pattern is largely a result in disturbance from past and present human influences that have modified and fragmented the original vegetation patterns to the extent that there are no strong ecological gradients. The majority of the forests within the district are genially secondary regenerating forest. 14

Sourced from: http://naturewatch.org.nz/places/eastern-northland-ecological-region

Main Vegitation types The Whangarei ecological district has a large varience of vegitation types and they are as follows..

Podocarpus totara (Totara)

australasica (Mangrove)

Whangarei Harbour Whangarei harbour is the only esturine site in the whangarei ecolgical district, Prior to European settlement, mangrove flats covered much of the central area of Whangarei. Following decades of extensive reclamations around the CBD and old port area, many of the mangroves that once covered the shallow margins of the upper Hatea River are gone (Northland Regional Council, and Whangarei District Council, 2012). Oi oi-searushsalt marsh was a common feature on in the harbour but levels hav dropped over the course of urban devlopment, small amounts of oioi and slatmarch, ribbonwood while harekeke and pampas grass are preent on ripirain planting margins.

Leptospermum scoparium (Manuka) 15

Urban biodiversity - Hihiaua is located within Whangarei city and is surrounded by significantly diverse natural habitats, sharing large landscape connections to the Parihaka Forest and Pukenui Forest, with the Parihaka Forest being an important habitat area within the urban context for native wildlife and Pukenui Forest provides large historical connections to the area with it being the largest remaining contiguous area of forest left in the Whangarei Ecological District. The need for the environments to continue to develop are important to the area’s biodiversity due to their ecological quality’s as they provide habitat for threatened and regionally significant species and provide essential ecological services to Whangarei City Urban biodiversity in context to Hihiaua is an important element to enhancing the urban amenity, creating a sense of place whilst also providing contributing to ecological services to the biodiversity in an area. Riparian areas can be effective areas to restore and enhance these habitats, and this relates strong to Hihiaua with many of the waterways loosing a lot of its native mangroves and natural habitats have been steadily decreasing over the years, Restoring waterways and promoting riparian vegetation in these areas will increase biodiversity values and assist to restore connections between external habitats that connect to Hihiaua. Riparian vegetation contributes to stream health by acting as an agesnt of bank support and decreasing soil erosion, provides a buffer from contaminant runoff, and decreasing water temperatures, improvements in water quality and increase ecological habitats for the wide biodiversity in the area.

Blue/Green Network

Threatened species

Air

Water

Land 16

Hihiaua is located between two large waterways that act as the ‘blue/green corridors’ and assist fauna to move through the urban environment that continues to expand, methods such as Re-vegetation banks with riparian planting margins and creating ecological corridors. The Blue/ Green Network will provide multi-use benefits including ecological benefits, storm water benefits and recreational benefits and through this it allows potential to create better access to waterways for recreational activities. Restoration of riparian planting on banks will also contribute to flood retention within the whangarei town basin being of high flood risk, whilst also providing greater bank stability and decreasing amounts of sediment dispersal into the waterways contributing the improvements in water quality and biodiversity in the area.

2.3 Early Settlement Te Tāngata Whenua (The people of the land) Whangārei comprises of several tribes that are descended from ancestors who migrated here by waka or canoe from the central Pacific. Many wakas landed at this point, among them include Tūnuiārangi, Ruakaramea, Moekākara, Te Wakatūwhenua, Mahūhūkiterangi and Mataatua. Other famous waka such as Te Arawa, Tākitimu and Kurahaupō are also known to have visited here. Earlier times show that Whangārei was occupied by Ngai Tāhūhū who came on the waka Tūnuiārangi. History states that for many generations, Ngai Tāhūhū enjoyed a position of power and influence as the major tribe in a large area extending from Tāmaki or Auckland in the south to the Bay of Islands in the North. By the early 1700’s Ngai Tāhūhū had lost a considerable part of their territory through inter-tribal warfare. Eventually the Whangārei area was all that remained of a once large empire.

Sourced from: http://www.wdc.govt.nz/FacilitiesandRecreation/Town-Basin/Documents/Heritage-trail-signs-maori-panels.pdf

Hīhīaua takes its place name from an incident which happened several generations ago. At that time a chieftain was killed in a battle which took place here. In an act of insult and derision his enemies used certain parts of the victim’s body as bait to fish (hīhī) for herrings (aua). In 1867, Hīhīaua was a seven-acre block of Māori land with a certificate of title awarded by the Māori Land Court to Chief Renata Manihera on behalf of the tribes Te Uriroroi, Te Parawhau and Ngāti Kahu. This area was occupied by local Maori and used as a landing place for canoes, a shellfish gathering ground, fishing area and a camping area used by Maori coming to town for Land Court sittings (Rust, 2005). Cultural relevance to water and access to water was strong with the area being an historical landing point with waka, reference to this historical time is shown in The Waka and Wave Sculpture which is a ‘signature’ public sculpture and taonga located on the Hīhīaua Peninsula. The sculpture incorporates a spectacular ground-based cast stone-faced wakatete (or fishing waka) over 20m in length, and thereby encourages the continued performance and celebration of our heritage and culture. 17

2.4 Arrival of Infrastructure The Town Basin and wider area was the first place in Whangarei to be settled by European settlers and used for shipping and recreation. In 1839, William Carruth settled Te Ahipupurangi (Ahipupu-now known as the Town Basin) on the Hatea Riverside. In earlier years there were two landings in the Town Basin, one up the Hatea River, the other at Ahipupu on the riverbank end of Walton Street.

Sourced from: http://whangarei.recollect.co.nz/

The Hīhīaua Peninsula was largely formed in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s by reclamation works carried out by the Northland Harbour Board. Mangroves were removed, Doctor’s Creek and the Waiarohia Stream were diverted and the tidal flats fronting Okara and Hīhīaua were reclaimed to provide more commercial land in Whangarei. although these reclamtion proide an assiting value to development it has cuase a varience of negaitve effects upon the bidiversity of the area with loss of habbitat, decreases in water quality and increases in species threatend in the area, the area lso tranversed into a coastal shipping area and in 1923 the Town Basin became a riverside marina increases pollutants and mechanical pressance within the waterways. Over the coarse of following years, several improvements in and around the Precinct have transformed the area. In October 1995, the Town Basin re-development began. Old wharf sheds were demolished and colonial styled buildings were constructed which housed shops, these have been implemented in the attemts to create a more contempory landscape for all to share. 18

Whangarei aerial image 1950â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

2.5 Present day Hīhīaua Precinct within the present day context is predominately comprised of light industrial servicing and commercial activities. However, among these uses there is an eclectic mix of activities including cultural/entertainment activities, offices, medical services, retail and residential uses. Light industrial uses include automotive repairs, marinerelated industries, warehouses, smallscale, manufacturing and commercial uses such as professional offices and retail. According to Business Demographic Data from Statistics New Zealand, in February 2012 there were approximately 1,341 businesses and 8,930 employees in Central Whangarei , therefore in regards to urban development and growth it continues to expand and develop, although with regards to this enviromental strains such as decrease in habitat and water quality are becomming more alarming within whangarei.

Sourced from:http://www.tourleader.co.nz/new-zealand-photo-blog/ wp-content/uploads/new-zealand-photo-blog_28.jpg

The Hīhīaua Precinct is also emerging as a cultural hub within the district. The Precinct complements art and cultural amenities at the Town Basin. and provides insight into the cultural background of the area with such features as the Northland Art Society (Reyburn House), Whangarei Theatre Company, Waka and Wave Sculpture, Heritage Trail and Art Walk are situated along the Hatea River waterfront. The Hīhīaua Precinct is generally regarded as an urban landscape. with strong landscape connections to The Pukenui Forest and Parihaka form providing dominant native bush backdrop for the City.. The Hatea River and Waiarohia Stream and views down the Harbour and across to Pohe Island area also important landscape features surrounding the Hīhīaua Peninsula. These are features that need to be protected and enhanced wherever possible throughout our design development. 20

Whangarei aerial image 2016

2.6 Significant Pā sites (fortresses) and Papakāinga (villages)

Pa r

ah ak

Tawatawhiti

HĪHĪAUA – A canoe landing and fishing village belonging to local tribes Te Uriroroi, Te Parawhau and Ngāti Kahu. This site was situated on the Waiarohia Stream near the junction of Port Road and Okara Drive. ŌKARA – A hilltop pā above Hīhīaua

Oruk

iip

Ah Pih

Ok ar

Kauika

TE AHIPŪPŪRANGI – A fishing village and canoe landing once located where the Town Basin is. William Carruth, the first pakeha to settle in Whangārei, lived here. PĪHOI – A Ngāti Kahu village where St Andrews Presbyterian church now stands. The people here welcomed William Carruth when he arrived in 1839. PARIHAKA – A citadel of pā and papakāinga once located on the ancient volcano remnant standing on the north-eastern skyline above Whangārei city. ŌRUKU – The pā which occupied “The Bluff ” and guarded the immediate entrance into the Whangārei basin.

wa a k wa a k Pu

a w e

r Ta

TAWATAWHITI – The main village located in the Mair Town area and attached to Parihaka Pā. This was also the name given by the chiefs of Whangārei to Capt. Gilbert Mair (Tawa) when he was born here.

PŪKAWAKAWA – The pā site where the Whangārei Hospital now stands. This pā was located at the western end of the city where tracks came from the Wairoa, Kaipara, Hokianga and Kaikohe areas. TĀREWA – The pā which stood on Anzac hill. KAUIKA – Pā site on the Western Hills opposite the hospital.

2.7 kounga o te wai (Water quality) Waterways have been a key componant in the development within Central Whangarei, with many streams flowing through the city to the Whangarei Harbour. The Hatea, Waiarohia, Kirikiri, Raumanga and Limeburners Creek with many of the isolated sub-catchments draining to the Hatea River or Waiarohia Stream. These sub-catchments cover a range of substrates including; pasture, indigenous vegetation, forestry, urban residential, industrial and commercial areas. Water quality in streams is affected by silt, sediment, contaminants and polluted substances particularly during heavy rain events when wastewater runoff from impervious surfaces such as roads, roofs and pavements enters waterways. (hihiaua district plan) The upper harbour including the Hatea River has reduced water quality and remains degraded. This can impact adversely on a number of its uses and values. Over the past several decades, considerable effort has been spent on reducing discharges of contaminants to improve the quality of water in the Harbour including upgrades to the Whangarei Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), the Okara Park and Hatea wastewater pump stations (Northland Regional Council, and Whangarei District Council, 2012). Evidence from the Northland Regional Council shows while long term water quality monitoring results indicate that potential public health risks are higher in the Hatea River arm compared to other parts of the upper harbour, recent research has suggested that the risks may be lower than previously thought. (hihiaua district plan)

quality monitoring results (faecal coliform levels) for the period 1986-2012 found a reduction in bacteria level at several sites in the Hatea River arm close to Limeburners Creek between 1989 and 1990. This improvement was linked to an upgrade of the Whangarei Waste Treatment Plant during that time. However, since then there has been no statistically significant reduction in bacteria levels, although on-going monitoring is expected to show a reduction in loads from the WWTP, Okara Park and Hatea pump stations due to recent upgrades (Northland Regional Council, and Whangarei District Council, 2012).

2.8 Wider landscape connections

Pukenui Forest

Waimahana

7 24

Kioreroa Road

Limestone Island

Parihaka Park

Pohe Island

Raumanga

2.9 Local Development porjects

2.10 Existing Building functions

2.11 Buildings of heritage and cultural relevance

3. Biophysical Analysis

ÂŻ

3.1 Topography Slope & site Elevation

Legend 0 - 9.792949691 9.792949692 - 26.21983304 26.21983305 - 45.80573243 45.80573244 - 80.55490875 1m contour

Land Information New Zealand, Eagle Technology

0.5

4 Kilometers

1:40,000

Map analysis: From this map We can see from that our site is located in a low topographical area which is surrounded by a mixture of mountainous landscapes and flat plains. Whangarei town basin is genially a flat landscape and due to this and the configuration of external environment, the town basin is prone to flooding on site with its close proximity to waterways adjacent to the area and topographical positioning in regards to flow direction, Hihiaua is Slightly more elevated then the town basin, although is still highly susceptible to flooding and this is an issue to addressed within the design proposal, to create a resilient landscape for future generations to enjoy. 33

3.2 Topography Aspect

Legend Flat (-1) North (0-22.5) Northeast (22.5-67.5) East (67.5-112.5) Southeast (112.5-157.5) South (157.5-202.5) Southwest (202.5-247.5) West (247.5-292.5) Northwest (292.5-337.5) North (337.5-360)

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

Map analysis: From this map we can see that the area is highly impacted by a strong southwest to northern sun exposure making the facing topography and land cover being highly arable land for cropping, or farming, Hihiaua itself is exposed to strong northeastern sun exposure on site. Therefore, this is to be addressed when positioning our building on site to make sure they optimize the sun on site. 34

north arrow

ÂŻ

3.3 Geology Versutile soil types

Legend Alluvial and estuarine soils, soils derived from peat (if drainage & flood control). Seasonally wet Flat highly versatile younger volcanic soils with little or no rock Flat to gently sloping younger volcanic soils Relatively free-draining recent alluvial or peaty soils with low risk of flooding but seasonally wet Volcanic soils with cultivation constraints from stone, slope or lower fertility.

Map 7 analysis: 14

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Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

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In the surrounding areas of Whangarei there are highly versatile soils types, with volcanic soils be a dominating soil type within the area within cultivation constraints from stone, slope or low fertility, additionally Alluvial and estuarine soils derived from peat are dominant within the are these areas are seasonally wet. Many of these soils originate from the volcanic presence within the Whangarei district.

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3.4 Geology Soil classification

Legend Allophanic soils Anthropic soils Brown soils Gley soils Granular soils Melanic soils Organic soils Oxidic soils Pallic soils Podzols Pumice soils Raw soils Recent soils Semiarid soils Ultic soils

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As shown throughout the district of Whangarei there are a large differential of soil types found throughout the area. Brown soils is a dominant soil type throughout the District there brown soils are enriched with iron oxides which is an ideal soil type for cropping, additionally soils that dominate the area range from allophonic soils, pumic soils, anthropic soils and ultic soils, many of these soils are easily erodible and through heavy rain periods much of this soil can be brought up and contribute to sediment pollution in the waterways. 36

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3.5 Geology Arable land

Legend Arable Land highly arable arable low arable non arable

Map analysis: 7 14

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Through this map we can see that the areas that highly arable to non-arable land, we can see that the surrounding district is dominated by arable to low arable land, this is consistent throughout the district and many of the soil types are easily erodible throughout strong rain, in terms of Hihihau and the town basin the area is large low arable land, with sections of highly arable land being very thin throughout the region. 37

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3.6 Land Cover Vegetation

Legend Broadleaved Indigenous Hardwoods Deciduous Hardwoods Exotic Forest Forest - Harvested Herbaceous Freshwater Vegetation Herbaceous Saline Vegetation High Producing Exotic Grassland Indigenous Forest Low Producing Grassland Mangrove Manuka and/or Kanuka Mixed Exotic Shrubland Short-rotation Cropland

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Map analysis: 1 2 3

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

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From this map we can identify the surrounding vegetation within the area and additionally utilize this to assist our planting on site to create stronger native links within the area. the district is highly dominated by Broadleaved ingenious hardwoods and deciduous hardwoods, previously the district had a large mangrove coverage in water ways but due to urban development these mangroves have been decreasing over the years therefore leading to a decreased bank support and sediment dispersal and decrease in native habitat for local fauna and flora within the area. 38

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3.7 Land cover Agriculture land use

Legend Cropland - Annual Cropland - Perennial Grassland - High producing Grassland - Low producing Grassland - With woody biomass Natural Forest Planted Forest - Pre-1990 Post 1989 Forest Wetland - Open water Wetland - Vegetated non forest

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Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

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The map identifies the use of land in the area, and from this we can conclude that the areas main coverage and use is from native forest, these native forests are habitat to the broad range of biodiversity from through the area but due to urban development and expansion these habitats are steadily decreasing, additionally the area has a large grassland coverage this is used for croplands and farming purposes and provide assests towards the town basin and globally in terms of produce.

3.8 Land cover

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Function

Legend Airport business KDFOA Kamo Walkability living Marsden Primary Centre Port Port Nikau Ruakaka Equine REE Town Basin Urban Transition UTE

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The map identifies the district provides a variety of functions from ports, urban transition areas, living areas, ports, airports and town basin. The map identifies that a large majority of the function of the land within the area is living land, additional functions such as business occupation take up a large section of the function of the area this is due to urban development and population rise in the area. 40

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3.9 Transport

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Road network & Transport routes

Legend Bus stop via CityLink Bus route vis CityLink

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road

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This map identifies the large scale map of the road networks within the Whangarei district, the map identifies that the major road networks in Whangarei follow similar structures with a central point leading to the town basin, therefore providing a large connection into this large urban area, this additionally provides several points of entry to the town basin although many of the intersection points over the The Hatea and Waiarohia are concentrated adjacent to the town centre. Additionally, it identifies that there are series of smaller scale road networks that lead to more rural housing and communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s.

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3.10 Transport Road network & Transport routes

Legend Bus stop via CityLink Bus route vis CityLink road

Map analysis: 0.5 0.75

0 0.125 0.25

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

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In terms of smaller scale road systems throughout the district, there are a series of road networks that intersect to the site these road networks work as if a grid intersecting through buildings and creating the layout of the town basin, in terms of public transport there is a minimum presence on site this opens opportunity to increase bus routes on site and decrease a vehicular presence, additionally this will provide connectivity from larger areas and increase visitation to site both locally and internationally. 42

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3.11 Infrastructure Storm water & Sewer systems

Legend Stormwater Channel

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Sewer Line

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Map analysis: 1 2 3

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

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In this map we can identify that there are a large cluster of storm water systems throughout the Whangarei district, with a large concentration around the town basin due to the high urban population levels, many of the outlets through the town center are also prawn to flooding, throughout large rain periods, areas such a rural farmlands and communities have a low presence of storm water and utilize natural methods in terms of riparian chanals and configuration of the land to great drainage channels. Hiahaua itself has minimal storm water systems and allows for a more natural method of water control throughout the site.

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3.12 Hydrology Aquifers

Legend aquifer

Map analysis: 3.5 7 14

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

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The map identifies that there are 6 large aquafers located within the district these provide a large cultural importance as these waters have been accessed over the course of history in the area, and they additionally provide potential to create larger landscape links, with a good reference to wider areas in terms of access to water with our key design driver being around the connection people share with water. 44

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3.13 Hydrology suceptible land

Legend Suceptible Land

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This map shows the susceptible areas around the district of Whangarei. Those are the current areas that are likely to be influenced or harmed by flooding, these areas genially are of low topography and are adjacent to waterways within the areas, therefore these areas in over the course of time in regards to sea level rise will grow and expand effecting adjacent areas and any land function that may be present within these areas. 45

3.14 Hydrology Flow direction

Legend 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

Map analysis: From this we can identify the direction that water flows throughout the district, from this we can identify that due to the surrounding topography of the are being highly elevated that a large amount of the water runs through the native forests within the area to adjacent waterways, this can lead to habitat disturbance and bring increased sediments and pollutants within the river systems, riparian buffer zones on river edges will decrease this and lead to increase bank stability and water filtration. 46

3.15 Hydrology Flow accumulation

Legend Flow accumulation High : 5.81271

north arrow

Low : 0

Map analysis: The area has a large variance in flow direction although many of these flows accumulate to central points and these points are the river systems that intersect the district from the harbor there flow paths, in high amounts Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, rain can contribute the flooding issues that arise but additionally due Source: to the native forests they take CNES/Airbus large DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community amounts of sediment and contaminants into the waterways. 47

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3.16 Hydrology

3.4

Catchments

legend

Legend catchment1 catchment2 catchment3 catchment4

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The District is formed through a series of catchments and sub catchments, these catchment form the flow directions on site and through this map we can identify that the Whangarei area genially drains to their river systems and through these into the harbor although in high rain the area can be prown to flooding and carry many contaminates within the water due to the areas that the flow directions pass through, leading to increases in sediment disposal and contaminants into the waterways which have a detrimental effect on the biodiversity within these large networks and add to habitat loss. 48

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4. Investigation Pathway

4.1 Global effects of climate change

4.2 National effects of climate change

4.3 Site scale effects of climate change 10 year flood extent 100 year flood extent

Hydrology

4.4 Flood extent & 3d mapping

District Ripirain buffer zone plan

The road networks within Hihiaua work as a grid, and do not complement the landscape or building structure’s, we propose to alter these networks configuration and layout and alter the roads into laneways were pedestrians and car share the road networks. This map indicates the flood level rise within a 100-year flood extent, it identifies that the town centre is fully submerged and the western side and many of the banks of Hihiaua are also highly susceptible to this increasing water levels.

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

1:50,000

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This plan shows a riparian buffer zones scheme on the rivers and streams banks throughout the district, through the possible implementation of this scheme it would have a great effect on the waterways water quality, bank stability and provided increased habitat for native flora a fauna within that live around these waterways.

Due to the surrounding topography of the landscape being highly elevated, much of the water drains towards the town basin this by itself is threatening to the flood levels, but additionally with the sea level rise this issue is becoming an increasing issue within the area. This map identifies the extent of sea level rise within a 10-year flood extent, it shows that there needs to be urgent action to address this issue, due to a lack of riparian planting the banks have become weak leading to large amounts of sediment within the water systems and flooding through the town basin. From this we can see that a large amount of the water runs through the native forests within the area, lead to habitat disturbance and bring increased sediments and pollutants within the river systems, riparian buffer zones on river edges will decrease this and lead to increase bank stability and water filtration.

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Town basin Ripirain buffer zone plan

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

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This map shows a more concentrate view within the town basin and identifys the areas in need of ripirain planting on stream banks we feel that the town basin is the priority for this planing due to the increasees in urban development and deacrease of water quality within the area. 53

4.6 Design Drivers

“Hihiaua is a safe and thriving community in every season, where access to the water is strong. More people from every generation will LIVE, WORK, PLAY, LEARN and VISIT here. The mix of uses will be compatible with each other.”

Through our research we have found that Hihiaua over time has shared a strong connection with water throughout history, although recently this connection has become distant, through a veriation of impacting factors such as access and overall water quality within the river systems, we aim to reconnect the people back to the water “ Uru ki te wai”, this can be achieved both internally on site and externally and at the same time implementing water purification methods in this, although to understand how to connect people to water we have collected a variation of case studies both globally and within New Zealand to help guide us with the next steps of our design process.

Hihiaua shares a strong cultural background which has shaped the area as we see it today, therefore we aim to enhance this cultural heritage throughout site and convert the site into a cultural learning experience, we aim to take aspects from the history of the site and the people of the land and incorporate these within the design process, to be able to do this we have investigated into a variation of case studies that have shown methodology used around cultural enhancement, and we can transitioned this design thinking to the specifications of our site, to assist in formulating design moves through site.

The method of shared space will be used throughout the site to acreate areas for all to share were pederian and vehcles work in conjuncting and decreasing in impervious barriors, overall creating a landscape for all to share and feel welcome, provideing an open feel to the area and increased connectivity throughout the area, by implementing shared space it provides gathering points and interaction zones allowing cohesion betweeen areas

Utilizing the site to address the issue of global warming in regards to climate change, temperatures around the world are diminishing the ice reserve of the arctic contributing to the rising sea levels around the globe , within Whangarei the temperature in the region is estimated to increase by 3.1 .c by the year 2090, and a much of the town center and western edge of site will be submerged in water, therefore we aim to create a resilient master plan which not only combats the issue although provides a learning experience for visitors both globally and nationally to see the effect global warming is having on our environment. 55

4.7 Shared Space

Federal street, Auckland, New zealand Introduction. Federal Street is a typical example of how a laneway tranformation can change a landscape and become a place for all to share, the project is located in city center of Auckland. However, 7 years before, in 2010, Federal Street had bzero attraction for pedestrain. It used to be a normal “backend service street”, where Taxis and private cars parked along the road and vehicles dominated the road, sun on site as minimal on the site because of the high buildings standing on adjacent sides of the site. current days, the road is of a shared area where vehicles and pedestrains work in conjunction and some of the canopies are removed improving light on siten, and the area has increased in pedestrain movement and is provides a place for both vehicles and pedestians to utlise as a connectional route.

Analysis The development of Federal Street is affected by a long-term plan of city council. It is a key route of this plan and that gives the possibility for Federal Street to be changed. Federal street primary use is for the function of connectivity with consideration to the conjunctions between vehicular and pedestrian based movements. Dominant landscape features such as the sky tower are located within the site and the overall layout takes into account these features and the large inflow of visitors to the area, the area provide a base for business to flourish and expand with no physical barriers of property edges and provides open connectivity between areas.

St Patricks Square , Auckland, New zealand .Introduction St Patrick’s Square a project completed by Boffa miskill, with the project leader John Potter, with the area being classed as a shared place in Auckland’s city Centre, the dominant landscape feature on site is the St Patrick’s Cathedral the project goals for this area is to create and urban oasis within an urban context providing visitors to site an uncommon green space in a large industrial urban area the area offers respite from the hustle and bustle of life in the city. With the project being completed in 2007 for the public to utilize

Analysis The square incouperates elements to clarrify the heritage of the square, religious and cultural significance and that the design does not take away from the areas origianal sense of place although enhances its relationship with the cathedral, talthough utalising the square as a “city oasis”, for surroundeing workers and visiters can enjoy the area as a shared location for all. the basic function of the square is to create a safe, comfortable and enjoyable day and night environment to attract people willing to sit here. Considering the Hihiaua environment, the site is surrounded by industry and houses, and only a small amount of space is empty,providing potentual expansion 57

Conclusion

Conclusion Since the implementation of the Federal street design connectivity in the area has increased, and the connection between vehicular movements and pedestrian movements have increased and become a place for all to share, Currently there is not a laneway in Hihiaua precinct although provides large potential with several key road intersecting through site, through the implementation of a lane way it will benefit the connection between community and provided openness between the local business and school while decreasing traffic speed and creating a safer environment. The location is important in choosing where to set up a laneway as Federal Street located underneath the sky tower. has a strong landscape presence in the area, this relates closely to the Hihiaua precinct being of such cultural importance and the implantations of laneways will provide an increased connectivity to the park Basic facilities like seating areas, special arrangement, traffic configuration and pedestrian movement will be considered throughout the design process structure. POTENTIAL LANEWAY PLACEMENTS

St Patricks square provides us with an insigh into the cretion of public spaces whilst enhance the heratige and cultural importance of the area without over powering it with urban design features, In order to adapt to Hihiaua , a possible way of changing the status is that we need to combine public space with thecultural identy that embraces chielesness and provides an area for locals and visters to share in conjunction . providing a versatile area for varience of shared activatys , a shared space not only to serve the people living there but also to provide a relatively free space to attract outside visitation, because it can create an environment for people to touch and experience the locals lifestyes and embrace the cultural identity of the area.

PROTENTIAL PUBLIC REALM

4.8 Access to waterways

Hornsbergs Strandpark, Sweden Introduction. Hornsbergs Strandpark is a waterfront project in Sweden. The park is built along the curved coastline and the length of the site is over 700 meters. The most impressive point of site is that the unique shape of the design to replicate waves from the sea. This fresh and modern park enables people better acces to water. the relitivity of this project is key to the design thinking of our project with the areas both sharing such stong connections to water structures and shows us methods to connect people to these waterways.

Zhangjiagang Town River, China Introduction. Located in Zhangjiagang City resides an urban river system created by Botao Landscapes, the river originates from Gudu harbor on the east and extending to Gangcheng Blvd on the western edge, overall the length of the river runs around 2,00 meters with a width of 12 meters allowing pedestrian access and interaction with the rever throughout site.

Analysis . Analysis. From landside to waterside, the site consits of water edge areas, wooden docks and floating piers. A lower platform stretches out from the walkway near the edge and that is the area people can enjoy sunbath. As handrails are attached to the platform, there is easy access to the water. Floating piers which connected by wooden dock are the attracting point that highly extend the access to water. Hornsbergs Strandpark has extended the access to water from land to the central of water surface. Landscape architects conducted this project by mixing natural water view with innovative modern design. 60

The need for the project originated through the river being dominated by house and the rain sewage directly discharged into the river, and unable to implement river dredging throughout the year, the river water quality was seriously polluted, therefore leading to an urgent need for urbanisation and increased water quality. The heartland of the riverside area is the general public places, the landscape design has an urban elegance and utilizes boulder strip and granite to create a thick and solid feeling,the deisgn aims to enhance the Chinese spirit as it is greater than Chinese elements in the design of this project.

Conclusion

Hihiaua has got long boundary blended with water ways, so the design for waterfront will be an important part of leisure amenities. Hornwsbergs Strandpark provided bold design moves that is extending the access to the surface of water, and provided stronger access to water .Therefore, recreational based water related activities can be held and availabitly for water based events are more present, additionally people will have stronger sense of getting in touch with water. As Hihiaua does not have abundant designed water accesses and formal spaces for water activities, it provides oppertunity to encouperate these within the design phase with hihiaua sharing stong connecions towater, the sprit that Hornwsbergs Strandpark project provided is a reasonable thought giving direction of improving access to water, and provides a basis of work that in corralation could formalate design moves upon site.

Potentual use of access to water

Overall the design demonstrates a key example of connecting people back to the water within a public relm, and demonstrate methodology surrounding water cleansing, formulating stronger connectivity between areas, and creating areas for social gatherings and interaction, the aesthetic look of the river provides a fresh, urban and elegant form of design, and complements the surrounding environment, and features, we believe that this methodology can be transcended to the Hihiaua master planning project, as the two project deal with similar issues, and the project additionally provides an exemplar of how design can reconnect people to the water within an urban environment whilst maintaining a structured and urban look to an area, whilst providing a central point for people to gather.

Potentual use of access to water

4.9 Cultural enhancement

Len lye centre,New Zealand Introduction. “Inside the gallery, daylight penetrates the façade through gaps on the external walls, creating an almost ethereal atmosphere. For the internal arrangement, Pattersons drew inspiration from the Maori ‘meeting house’ - the focal point of the traditional Maori community.”

Waitangi Park,New Zealand Introduction . Waitangi Park is a re-designed recreational park in Te Aro, Wellington and it is designed by Wraight Athfield Landscape and Architecture in 2006. The amenities of the site are a waka-lauching area, a children’s playground, an area for skate board and a large scale grassland. From structure aspect, the park has five important initiatives: the activity zone, the promenades, the cultural and historical overlays the field and a programme of highly integrated environmental infrastructure.

Analysis. The appearance of the Len Lye center and the similar structure of the Maori traditional architecture clearly show the relationship between the design concept and the Maori culture. At the same time, by changing the way of the performance of light, making it beyond the traditional architectural limitations, creatively combine traditional ideas with modern design methods and technology. For Hihiaua, it provides a feasible way to design the building to show our respect to the local culture, at the same time, by showing the local Maori culture to achieve the goal of attracting visitors. For the local residents, not only to deepen the sense of cultural identity, but also through these visual methods, to educate and to cultivate children.

Analysis. According to the design feature “amplification of the park’s physical components by woven narratives pertinent to the Wellington region, referencing both the natural and cultural heritage of the site”, Waitangi Park generates a unique character for surrounding area. A waharoa and pou that carved by local artists are place on site while the graving dock, the powhiri mound and the waka landing areas are also open for public. Despite for cultural amenities, trailing exhibitions and outdoor community activities that showing art works from Wellington are hosted on site. The park also has got screens for displaying visual art based activities to people. 63

Conclusion the project provides a basis of work to enhance the cultural amenities within Hihiaua, the project provides a feasible way to design the buildingand assist to show respect to the local culture, at the same time, by showing the local Maori culture to achieve the goal of attracting visitors. And for the local residents, it not only to deepen the sense of cultural identity, but also through these visual methods, to educate and to cultivate children.by enhancing the cultural qualitys of the area we access into the areas hertige through design and the case study provides us with a basis of work to utilise.

Potentual use of cultural enhancement

Conclusion Overall the Hihiaua precinct share many similaritys with this project, as it is also has a large amount maori culture thoughout the history of the site and there are waka and wave sculptures on site. The design for waterfront and recreational places can get inspiration from Waitangi Park. Extract local cultural elements and blend them into design of shared places. Therefore, for community it has the possibility to gives people an access to get closer to culture narrative while enjoying their leisure time and for local impression it helps to form a special character for Hihiaua.

Potentual use of cultural enhancement

4.10 Response to global climate change

The Big U

Lakeside Retreat / USA

Introduction

Introduction.

The Big U is a project aiming to create a boundary of protection around Lower Manhattan, New York. Manhattan is the financial centre of the world but it also suffers from flood disaster as it is located in low and flat land whose both sides surrounded by rivers. Global warming, seasonal rainfall and urban heat island effect have made flood an urgent issue to the city. The project provides 10 miles continuous waterfront compartment which contains three separate but coordinated zones and they form a solid defense for the lower east side of New York city.

This project was built by the architectural firm, GLUCK+ as a private family retreat hidden in a heavily wooded lake side area in Adirondack region of New York. GLOCK+â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main design process took inspiration from the traditional Great Camps of Adirondack Mountains where they put much emphasis on the clever distribution of spatial function among individual building footprints across the site to encourage interaction between the buildings and landscape.

Analysis componant 1:Pavilions are placed along the waterfront as compartment for Peter Cooper village. These pavilions, different from normal ones, have got deployed walls installed that can defend city against flood. During nice weather, deployed walls flip up so that they will not obstruct people viewing scene. When disaster from seaside is coming, walls flip down and protect the city letting it stay dry. The use of special installed pavilions is not only defending against water. At the land side, they can complement the lack of amenities while at water side, they provide recreational space for people. Componant 2: Considering position of the FDR Drive, deployables are installed underneath this important routes. These deployables have the same function as the ones for pavilions and furthermore they create a new shared space allowing people get an easier, closer access to waterfront. While free from their flood-defending tasks, the walls can work as ceiling providing illumination and art board for graffiti. Componant 3:The location of Compartment 3 is a more tourists attracting waterfront space. Battery berms are built based on the specific topography as using plants covering them. Combined compartment with green infrastructure, this place will be more liked by tourists and citizens.Education facilities, museums and aquariums are taken into consideration for becoming one part of flood defending system. Flood issue are not only going to be prevented by physical method, but the attitude of dealing with the relationship between human and nature as well.

Analysis

. GLOCK+ effectively utilized the existing sloping landscape by their manipulation of levels and terraces that diminish the built presence and enhance its engagement with the lakeside landscape. At the same time, the building incorporated a series of design methodology that combats the effects of climate change. Due to the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s integration into the landscape, much of the building presence is buried under soil. The building takes advantage of its circumstances by utilizing the thermal mass of earth and retaining walls to reduce cooling and heating loads. In addition, the building faĂ§ade features timber shading screens to reduce solar heat gain and mitigate its visual impact across the flowing landscape. To further emphasis on the interaction between the built forms and landscape, continuous strips of green roofs blurs the separation between the two elements while helping to reduce stormwater runoffs and provide sustainable insulation.

Conclusion The Big U project has got a similar geographic position to Hihiaua as surrounded by two rivers and large part of the site boundary exposed to waterfront. The contributing factors of flooding of these two site are similar in some extent like low land facing water level rising. Therefore, the methods of Big U that dealing with flood is worthy and valuable to the future water management of Hihiaua. Specialized design for different zones: Considering the capability of different regions of site, compartments should be designed differently. Deployed facilities will be a good idea for places that have got scenic value and bridging berms depend on the topography.

Conclusion Overall, this project’s context is similar to our own Hihiaua development project in many ways, they share design conceptual ideas, such as taking consideration in the effects of global climate change while complimenting the existing lakeside and fluctuating landscape. The Hihiaua precinct can utilize sustainable green buildings by incorporating various layers of green roofs to create a sense of connection between building and landscape while providing natural insulation and help to offset stormwater impacts within the site. While introduction of timber louvers can break up reflections of glass facades within proximity to waterfront areas.

Combined prevention with use: Like the pavilions, bridging berms and deployables of the Big U project, they have one characteristic in common that they not only built for prevent flood. They also have aesthetic value and can be used as other function as the design concerns about communities’ demand. Maximize the utility of design will solve amenity and other problems at the same time. Apply green infrastructure into design:Using planting to defend against natural disaster is an organic way of solving problem. Plants have the ability to cool down city and by applying green infrastructure the possibility of city suffering heavy flood can be reduced Take education into account: Human activities influence the natural environment heavily. There is positive connection between the increasing flooding and the people’s inappropriate attitude towards nature. Therefore, flood should also be prevented mentally. Schools, museums and relative workshops are necessary even their contribution is not obvious and rapid.

5. Maori design principles

5.1 Te Aranga Principles

Vision Mana

Taiao

Authority

Natural Environment

Whakapapa

Names and Naming

Ahi Ka

Mahi Toi Creative Expression

Mauri Tu

Environmental Health

Living Presence

Tohu

Cultural Landscape

Hihiaua Masterplan

Taiao -Local ora and fauna -Native to the area -Water sensitive design -Drinking water

Mauri Tu -Recycling -The quality of air -Flood prevention design

Mahi Toi -Public art -Shared place design -Patterns in footpaths -Street furniture

Tohu -Cultural landmarks -Waterfront design -Patterns in footpaths -Interpretative panels

5.2 Intergration of Te Aranga Principles

6. Conceptual Design thinking

6.1 Identifying existing networks

䰀䔀䄀刀一

圀伀刀䬀

䰀䤀嘀䔀

Through our design thinking phase we have identified the existing networks that reside within Hihihaua, and how they function and interact with each other, we have plotted the 5 key sections of the clients brief to begin to specially arrange the area with these concepts being placed were we believe cater best to the specification, with this we believe that learning within the area will be a dominant section of site, taking up the majority of the northern side of site, visit within the eastern end of site, live to the southern, and work to the western, through this we can begin to construct the special layout of the area and begin to construct design moves from these areas.

嘀䤀匀䤀吀

6.2 Network Adaption

䰀䔀䄀刀一

After plotting the concepts to specific areas we started to construct our design moves, and through our design driver “access to water” we were intending to propose a river through site although not just plotting one in but manipulating the river to work in cohesion with the surrounding landscape therefore we identified that the road system in Hihiaua could provide a strong urban edge of the towards the northern side of site, and through our conceptual plotting we identified a line of curvature that provides a natural and functional flow for our southern side of the river this line will additionally assist us in the building and landscaping layout.

圀伀刀䬀

䰀䤀嘀䔀

嘀䤀匀䤀吀

6.3 Re-evaluation After identifying the an urban edge and natural edge we took a step back and made sure that if we were to proposed a river system, that it would it be functional to the proposed conceptual areas surrounding this feature, and do they have a functional access points, we concluded that the river would become the central point of the site that configures the landscape and building structures around it, and we have concluded that each section has a functional access point to a central feature on site, therefore assisting us in structuring the river system.

6.4 View shafts

A AR

RIV AL

Another key aspect to consider throughout the design process is functionally accessing the sites view shafts, Hihiaua is located within the town basin, therefore the external environment is absract and has a variation of different view shafts throughout site, these are to be taken into consideration throughout our design process, therefore to no block these from the central points on site, additionally view shafts into site are proposed to be open and clear and the cultural center would be visible from the entry into site.

ARRIVAL

6.4 External influences

刀吀䔀䤀一

圀匀唀䴀䴀䔀刀

Another aspect to consider throughout our conceptual design phase is the external conditions that have an influence on site, and how these may effect upon our design moves, we identified that the site is exposed to high amounts of sun exposure both throughout summer and winter, this sun is accessed through the northern direction with the sun setting in the west, therefore to make sure our proposed building optimize this sun exposure, and we have made sure that they do not provide blockages to the shared spaces around the building and the shadow they case is not to excessive, additionally wind effecting the site will be channeled through the shape of the building to protect areas of high wind exposure and divert this wind to area of smaller activity .

7.Masterplanning

Hihiaua Peninsula

River access point

a 3 Rain garden

Staircase

Master plan

Timber bride Playground

Laneways (Shared space) Rain gardens

Existing building

Public carpark Rain garden

2 2

Raised garden beds

A Public space

Proposed Cultural centre

b 2

Staircase Raised tiber boardwalk Active fuana habitat zones

Waka acess to waterways

Ripirian planting

1 2 3

7.1 Building identification The proposed building provides an extension for the He Puna Marama Trust to expand and grow for future generations. The building itself is constructed with a glass facade therefore providing view shafts into site and out of site and additionally allows a sense of openness and does not provide physical barrios obstructing view throughout site.

These building are of mixed use although are prodomitaly dominated by apartments and retail outlets to provide an increase within the economic growth of the area, the building are shaped to complement the river system running through site, and the provide a green roof method to provide a connection between the landscape and the buildings.

These buildings provide an area for the local businesses to thrive within a calm an open environment, the area has also been equipped with an increased elevation level and a series of rain gardens to combat increasing flood levels effecting the site. 79

7.2 cross sections The cross section provides a section view through site and identifies the level change, and the large integration of water throughout the site, the man made river is a dominant landscape feature throughout the site and provides the people with a strong integration with this aspect within their day to day lives, adjacent to this waterway are a series of paths and platforms that create an abstract an multidimensional feel to the area, large paved areas provide interactions zones and additionally a sense of openness when within the area, also possible expansion for cafes for locals a places to enjoy a meal and take in the aesthetic beauty of the area.

The architecture of the buildings complements the landscapes configuration and provided a connection between the landscape and the built structures, aspects such as green roofs, and openings in the buildings allows for people to integrate with the buildings not only internally but externally too.

External access to local river systems are catered to also with a raised timber waterfront on the southern end of site with a series of cascading staircases allowing a place to sit and take in the view shafts of the surrounding topography and additionally on the northern edge of site provides a riparian buffer zone allowing increased bank stability and habitat for local flora and fauna. Ripirain buffer zones

Hatea River

Proposed extention to He Puna Marama Trust

Proposed river system Paved shared space

Mixed use building

Shared laneways Staircase

Laneway Timber boardwalk

Ripirain planting

Mix use building (Apartments /Retail) Elevated timber boardwalk Starcase to water

a 81

7.3 Cultural enhanment & shared space Hihiaua is a strong cultural landscape with a large historical Maori background with many people of the land remaining within Hihiaua, the master plan proposes to enhance this culture and utilise the whole site as a cultural learning experience that becomes nationally and globally known, Hihiaua is described a place of chieflesness and a place for all to share therefore we look to optimise the use of shared space. This been utilised throughout the road systems on site, by creating laneways in which pedestrians and vehicles work in conjunction, these laneways are around 20m wide with a two lane stretch of road that acts as a pathway additionally, and through this we plan on integrating relevant Tuku tuku patterns to reinforce the culture within the area, these Tuku tuku patterns will portray the story the area so as you walk up the road it provides you a historical reference and it leads to the newly proposed cultural centre. Additional shared spaces include large paved open areas that as meeting points for locals and visitors to interact, through this we aim to bring people together and provide a learning experience for all to share both present day and for future generations of Hihiaua, because as the area grows the culture within the area will continue to grow.

7.4 Increasing access to water

“uru ki te wai” “Access to water”

“Water plays an important part in our day to day lives, it shapes the landscapes around us, and we rely on this to function, throughout history man has utilized water to assist our development, Hihiaua over time has shared a strong connection to their water ways, with historical Ko papa within the area and the penninsula being a fishing based village, although in recent years due to the increases in urban development and poor bank control within the district, the river systems that cut through the town basin have become heavily polluted with large amounts of sediment dispersal from eroding banks, therefore the link that the people of Hihiaua share with their waterways is slowly diminishing throughout time, and urgent action is needed to be taking to re-enhance this connection, therefore our design proposes the create stronger access to water both internally and externally from site whilst providing natural functions in which enhances water quality. The proposed river system through site provides a way in which people can connect back to water apart from its aseptically and urban feel it provides a key large function to the area by diverting flood waters effecting the site and through natural planting methods and retention ponds it naturally increases the water quality and provides extended habitat for local fauna and flora. Secondly the site accesses the external river systems through natural and mademade methods the natural methods include a series of habitat zone on the eastern end of site these zones utilize specific planting that caters to specific fauna and flora and in a sense gives them an area to grow as a species and develop within the waterways adjacent to the town basin, and lastly a raised timer waterfront area that allows people to the waterways through a series of staircases and additionally including an area for waka to be launched.”

7.5 Creating an architectual link to the land Since the initial conceptual stage of our project, due to the unique context of our site, we looked into the curvatures of Hatea River and Waiarohia Stream enveloping the peninsula and their interaction with the slight contours present within the peninsula. We wanted to incorporate our building design in such a way that compliments and enhances the existing landscape. Our design approach with the school block was retaining the existing building block while integrating an extension building structure to the West for the learning facility to grow. The extension building’s Northern façade features a prominent curtain wall that provide exposure to the Hatea Loop and creates a clear façade that works in conjunction with the Northern waterfront. In addition, the Southern façade compliment the curvatures of the Retention pond and man-made urban river; the curved building surface creates a continuous reflective façade that harmonises the perception of water and the built form.The overall glass envelope of the building provides undisrupted view shafts into and outside our site and additionally allows a sense of openness without forming a physical barrier obstructing the flow of the landscape. The apartment and retail building blocks along the South side of the urban river provides a mixed-used function to the area, their building footprints are shaped to complement the existing river systems and the flow of the Southern section of the shared laneway. Additionally, the building features green roof at different elevation that creates a sense of movement and a connection between the buildings and the landscape. Along the Western barrier of the Hihiaua peninsula, the buildings provide more areas for local businesses to thrive within a calm and open environment. The increased elevation of the surrounding buildings further enhances the sense of communal space.

7.6 Habitat recovery trail The purpose of the habitat trail is to increase habitat for local fauna and flora throughout the Whangarei district and allow water onto site in highly susceptible flooding areas, a series of board walks intersects with these zones and information pillars will be placed at the beginning of these zones, to provide an insight to visitors what plants are within the area and which species they create a home for therefore providing a functional learning experience while embracing the beauty of the sight.

Habitat trail zone potentual plant use: Oioi (Apodasmia similis) Mangrove (Avicennia marina subsp. Australasica) Harakeke (Phormium tenax) Mountain flax (Phormium cookianum) Eel grass (Zostera marina) Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) Kanuka (Kunzea ericoides) Cabbage tree (Cordyline australis) Nikau (Rhopalostylis baueri var. cheesemanii) Toetoe (Austroderia splendens) Puriri (Vitex lucens) Kawaka (Libocedrus plumose) Tareire (Beilschmiedia tarairi) Kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) 85

7.7 Suggested Planting plan

This map identifies a diverse range of plant species, that has been suggested throughout the site this planting has been specifically chosen for the area and surrounding conditions and provides a variance in terms of species, coverage, height and density, therefore providing a large range of botanical and native planting, additionally area such as rain gardens and retention ponds have been implemented on site the plants hold strong water filtration qualityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and a resilient to conditions these will be shown within the detail planting plan that Identifies the plants that provide habitat for local biodiversity.

Albizia julibrissin (silk tree).

Agonis After Dark (after dark peppermint tree).

Acer sinense (chinese maple).

Betula papyrifera (paper birch).

Kunzea ericoides (kanuka).

Corynocarpus laevigata Variegata (karaka tree).

Leptospermum scoparium (manuka tree).

Magnolia grandiiora (southern magnolia).

7.8 Detailed planting plan

Local Flora and fauna Restoration Pond

Myriophyllum propinquum

Apodasmia similis.

Halicarcinus_planatus (Spider crab). Carex dissita

Phormium tenax.

Hoplodactylus granulatus (Forest gecko). Juncus pallidus

Habitat Trail Zone eel grass Zostera marina.

Gobiomorphus gobioides (Giant bully). Mangrove Avicennia marina subsp. Australasica

Libocedrus plumose

leptospermum scoparium manuka

Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae(Kukupa). Beilschmiedia tarairi

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides

87 Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae (Tui).

7.9 Planting list Habitat trail zone Oioi (Apodasmia similis) Mangrove (Avicennia marina subsp. Australasica) Harakeke (Phormium tenax) Mountain flax (Phormium cookianum) Eel grass (Zostera marina) Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) Kanuka (Kunzea ericoides) Cabbage tree (Cordyline australis) Nikau (Rhopalostylis baueri var. cheesemanii) Toetoe (Austroderia splendens) Puriri (Vitex lucens) Kawaka (Libocedrus plumose) Tareire (Beilschmiedia tarairi) Kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides)

Restoration pond Pukio (Carex secta) Purei (Carex dissita) Water Milford (Myriophyllum propinquum) Oioi (Apodasmia similis)

Giant rush wiwi (Juncus pallidus) Harakeke (Phormium tenax)

7.10 Project Staging

Due to the scale of the project, we have a proposed phasing plan for the development of the peninsula, this phasing plan in controlled into 4 segments of development, the purpose for staging these areas is to provide a plan that caters to the community that are currently in the area, and also provides a development strategy in which takes into considerations finance and construction development.

Hihiaua Cultural Centre

He Puna Marama Trust Extension

River construction

Final development

The first phase will be the construction of the Hihiaua cultural center, this is a previously proposed project through the collaboration of Mollor construction and Boffa Miskill, for the community of Hihiaua and enhances the culture within this area, we believe that through the development of this cultural center will provoke a response from the wider community and investment will be placed to the development of this area, as it is becoming a cultural hotspot to visitors and locals of New Zealand

The He puna marama trust provides an educational option that is highly personalized, student centered, teaching that is continuing to develop young adults into future leaders , in stage two we propose to provide an extension to the He puna trust providing them the capability to provide a service to many more young adults around New Zealand, it additional will provide a larger connectional link to the cultural center and enhances the cultural presence within the area, therefore learning is a key quality of the area.

The third phase of our construction will be the river system that shapes the rest of the existing site, this river will be manmade with an urban and structural aesthetic, although will function as a natural water filtration system that will help to enhance the external waterways, and provide a diversion path for flooding throughout the site, the river will be made with barrios at water level height so in low tide periods it holds the water in site, and providing the people of the land a stronger connection to water.

the final phase of development is the largest, as it completes the design, it encompasses the mix use building that follows the line of the river, the water front zone of the site and business hub therefore and habitat trail, a raised level on the western edge of site protects the site from external flooding from within the town basin, and a series of rain gardens with over flow release to storm water systems provide an extra protection to the flooding that is coming onto site overall we hope to achieve a resilient landscape that provides a cultural learning experience and brings the people of the land back to water. 89

7.11 Referencencing 2007 storm photos. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.nrc.govt.nz/civildefence/History-of-events-in-Northland/Storm-Photos/ Albert, S. (n.d.). Watercress. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.harvesttotable.com/2009/04/how_to_grow_cress/ Ashford, P. (n.d.). Harakeke. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.nzplantpics.com/sfeature_galleries/phormium/phormium_tenax.htm Bendle, P. (n.d.). Coprosma repens. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.terrain.net.nz/friends-of-te-henui-group/table-1/coprosma-taupata-coprosma-repens.html Bendle, P. (n.d.). Manuka. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.terrain.net.nz/friends-of-te-henui-group/trees-native-botanical-names-g-to-l/manuka.html Bendle, P. (n.d.). Kanuka. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.terrain.net.nz/friends-of-te-henui-group/trees-native-botanical-names-g-to-l/kanuka.html Bendle, P. (n.d.). Mahoe. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.terrain.net.nz/friends-of-te-henui-group/trees-native-botanical-names-m-to-q/mahoe.html Bendle, P. (n.d.). Kawakawa. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.terrain.net.nz/friends-of-te-henui-group/trees-native-botanical-names-m-to-q/kawakawa.html Bendle, P. (n.d.). Mountain flax. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.terrain.net.nz/friends-of-te-henui-group/plants-native-botanical-names-m-to-q/flax-mountain-phormium-cookianum.html Bulmer, A. (2016). Mangrove. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.alicebulmer.com/mangroves-foreshore-forests/ BIG U. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.rebuildbydesign.org/our-work/all-proposals/big-u Black mudfish. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/freshwater-fish/mudfish/black-mudfish/ Climate Garden. (2008). Toetoe. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.myclimatechangegarden.com/blog/toe-toe-nz-pampas-grass Coast Palms & Cycads. (n.d.). Nikau. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.coastpalms.co.nz/catalogue/kermadec-nikau Conservation. (n.d.). Eelgrass. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from https://www.conservationgateway.org/ConservationPractices/Marine/HabitatProtectionandRestoration/Pages/Southern-New-England-and-New-York-Seagrass-Research-Initiative.aspx 90

7.11 Referencencing Commemorating New Zealand’s big dates. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://media.newzealand.com/en/events/commemorating-new-zealands-big-dates/ Coral crisis: Great Barrier Reef bleaching is. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.nature.com/news/coral-crisis-great-barrier-reef-bleaching-is-the-worst-we-ve-ever-seen-1.19747 Coronation Scenic Reserve Tracks. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://whangareinz.com/activities/detail/coronation-scenic-reserve-tracks-whangarei-walks Dan, C. (2010). Saltmarsh ribbonwood. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.christinedann.org/2010/10/the-endemic-and-pongy-saltmarsh-ribbonwood/ Davcevski, D. (2016, March 20). 10 Terrifying Before And After Photos that Will Silence Global Warming Deniers Once and For All! Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.lifecoachcode.com/2016/03/20/10-terrifying-before-and-after-photos-global-warming/ Dunbar, B. (n.d.). Top Story - RECENT WARMING OF ARCTIC MAY AFFECT WORLDWIDE CLIMATE - October 23, 2003. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html Federal Street...from Auckland to ‘Walkland’ (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.aucklanddesignmanual.co.nz/resources/articles/walkland Ford, K. (2015). Oioi. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/taxon/Apodasmia-similis.html Gallery of The Building Centre Presents “Rethinking the Urban Landscape” - 4. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.archdaily.com/592872/the-building-centre-presents-rethinking-the-urban-landscape/ 54ca9d2ee58ece5c5e000281_the-building-centre-presents-rethinking-the-urban-landscape-_zigong_dongxingsi_-_martha_schwartz_partners-jpg/ Heather, S. (2015, December 30). Kamo Lady. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://kamolady.blogspot.com/2015/12/mt-parihaka.html Hoplodactylus granulatus Forest gecko. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.ryanphotographic.com/granulatus.htm Hornsbergs Strandpark / Nyréns Arkitektkontor. (2012, December 04). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.archdaily.com/301967/hornsbergs-strandpark-nyrens-arkitektkontor Hornsbergs Strandpark, a Modern Wonder of Landscape Architecture. (2015, May 04). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from https://landarchs.com/hornsbergs-strandpark-a-modern-wonder-of-landscape-architecture/ Huarahi o te Whai. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://architecturenow.co.nz/articles/huarahi-o-te-whai/ Image Gallery for The lodge at Kinloch - Taupo Lodges Taupo District Accommodation. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.thekinlochclub.com/discover-lake-taupo 91 Kings Plant Barn. (n.d.). Puha. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from https://www.kings.co.nz/gardening-news/eating-weeds

7.11 Referencencing Kopuawhara flood kills 21 | NZHistory, New Zealand history ... (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from https://www.bing.com/cr?IG=CAE8BB7DD2264AD3A734614108391638&CID=3E60DB2B4A5B61BF1E65D1494BCB6033&rd =1&h=YHMTnVXpGJewp6xOl2FDO39qXBN8EdSuqJHWQwgdvgM&v=1&r=https%3a%2f%2fnzhistory.govt.nz%2f21-people-drowned-after-cloudburst-at-kopuawhara&p=DevEx,5033.1 ] Lower Eyre Pest Management Group. (n.d.). knobby club rush. Retrieved Aril 12, 2017, from http://www.pestandweeds.com/weed-profiles/weed-herbs/onion-weed/ Maori Culture. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.wanderdownunder.com/nz/maori.html Morris, C. (2009, April 12). ‘No plan’ to shift Farmers Market to stadium. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/no-plan-shift-farmers-market-stadium New Zealand native Ornate Skink (Cyclodina ornata, Scincidae), Wellington, New Zealand (NZ). (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.naturespic.com/NewZealand/image.asp?id=35784 New Zealand Native Plants for Use in Aquariums and Ponds. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.thekrib.com/Plants/Plants/NZ/ NZ Seeds. (n.d.). Carex secta. Retrieved April 12, 201 7, from http://www.nzseeds.co.nz/shop/Carex-secta Stipa. (2011). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stipa_tenuifolia_02_by_Line1.jpg

Photo of the Day - St Patricks Square. (2013, October 18). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://transportblog.co.nz/2013/10/18/photo-of-the-day-st-patricks-square/ Recommended Vegetation Species To Plant Around Your Lake or Pond. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.solitudelakemanagement.com/recommended-vegetation-species-to-plant-around-your-lake-or-pond St Patrick’s Square. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.boffamiskell.co.nz/project.php?v=st-patricks-square Suemcgaw. (2014). Sea rush. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/982957 Sullivan, J. (n.d.). Cabbage tree. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.canterburynature.org/species/lincoln_essays/cabbagetree.php The Rural. (2013). Taro. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.therural.co.nz/livestock/poisonous-plants-taro 92

7.11 Referencencing The why and what of wetland plants. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.oratianatives.co.nz/index.php?page_id=165 Tiny colorful snails are in danger of extinction with vanishing limestone ecosystems. (2013, April 15). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/04/130415172415.htm Two months in Antarctic seas: March 2013. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.bing.com/cr?IG=E8FEFD8D95F749E684FA75FC62554C0F&CID=1E62405875B96D371A654A3A74296CC4&rd=1&h=GCctp___KPDlYy5psJ_s_2TonU97tmQFayugc_7Lko&v=1&r=http%3a%2f%2f2monthsinantarcticseas.blogspot.com%2f2013%2f03%2f&p=DevEx,5062.1 Waiarohia Stream Footbridge – Officially named Kotuitui Whitinga. (2015, November 22). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.bowlinggroup.co.nz/waiarohia-stream-footbridge-officially-named-kotuitui-whitinga-2/ Waitangi Park. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.waal.co.nz/our-projects/urban/waitangi-park/ Waitangi Park . (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2016/10/waitangi2/ Waka and Wave, 1998 – 2006. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.chrisbooth.co.nz/view-works/waka-and-wave/ Water sensitive design. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.aucklanddesignmanual.co.nz/project-type/buildings-and-sites/mixed-use/MixedUse/guidance/sitedesign/Ecologyandhabitats/Watersensitivedesign West Coast seeks drought declaration. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/8430642/West-Coast-seeks-drought-declaration What is a water sensitive city? (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from https://watersensitivecities.org.au/what-is-a-water-sensitive-city/ What will the heart of Whangarei City be like in 20 years time? (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://whangareimomentum.co.nz/ White-fronted Tern (Sterna striata) videos, photos and sound recordings | the Internet Bird Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/white-fronted-tern-sterna-striata Zhangjiagang Town River Reconstruction / Botao Landscape. (2014, November 03). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.archdaily.com/563128/zhangjiagang-town-river-reconstruction-botao-landscape/ Wiggenraad, V. (n.d.). Glasswort. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.enviroactive.com.au/media?type=photo&field_section_tid=All&field_category_tid=All&field_location_taken_tid_1=All&field_taxonomy_tid=382&field_region_tid=All&=Apply

7.12 Acknowledgements

We would like to thank

Our lecturers, Mathew Bradbury, Xinxin Wang, Lucia Melchior and Hugh Byrd from the Unitec staff for their guidance and support. The members of Hihiaua Momentum Trust for this project opportunity and support. And finally, students, colleagues and our design team; Alton Wu, Michael Macfar lane, Phoebe Tao, Selwyn Guo and Tevita Vea from Unitec.

Prepared by:

Alton Wu, Michael Macfarlane, Phoebe Tao, Selwyn Guo, Tevita Vea

Prepared for:

The Momentum North Hihiaua Community

Status: 94

Reaserch / Revision

Hihiaua Peninsula

“uru ki te wai” “Access to water”

Prepared by: Alton Wu, Michael Macfarlane, Phoebe Tao, Selwyn Guo, Tevita Vea