MEGA mixed-use high rise, climate design- TU Delft 2020

Climate Design

MEGA 2020 TUTOR Dr.ir. Peter van den Engel

Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment TU Delft 2019-2020

CLIMATE DESIGNER Yamini Patidar | 5055288 Bastiaan Halberstadt| 5180171 Building Technology

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Contents

1 | INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project overview 1.2 Building concept 1.3 Site climate study

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2 | CLIMATE CONCEPT

2.1 Sustainability vision 2.2 Passive climate design strategies 2.3 Healthy indoor comfort- building level 2.4 Solar radiation study 2.5 Urban wind comfort

3 | BUILDING SYSTEMS & SERVICES

3.1 Heating and cooling system 3.2 Ventilation system 3.3 Unit level climate systems 3.4 Rainwater harvesting system 3.5 Waste management system

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5 | VENTILATION SIMULATION: PHOENICS

...49

5.1 Natural ventilation 5.2 Mechanical ventilation

...53

7 | FIRE SAFETY

...56

6.1Lift planning concept 6.2 Lift calculation

8 | FACADE MAINTENANCE

...60

9 | REFLECTION

...62

10 | REFERENCES

...63

11 | APPENDICES

...64

...30

6 | Vertical transportation

7.1 Evacuation strategy

7.2 RSET calculation 7.3 Facade fire safety

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4 | ENERGY, COMFORT & DAYLIGHT SIMULATION 4.1 Residences 4.2 Offices 4.3 Hotel 4.4 Energy performance calculations 4.5 Energy savings

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MEGA 2020 | Climate Design

This report is a combined effort by both the climate designers. Among the contents of the report, a few topics were studied and designed together, while a few topics have been taken up individually which is listed below.

Chapter 02: Climate concept Sustainability visionPassive climate design strategiesHealthy indoor comfortSolar radiation studyUrban wind comfort-

together together together Yamini Bastiaan

Chapter 03: Building systems and services Heating and Cooling systems Ventilation systemUnit level climate systemsRainwater harvesting systemWaste management systemChapter 04: Energy, comfort and daylight simulations along with Appendix A1- A6 -

together together together Yamini Together Yamini

Chapter 05: Ventilation simulation -

Bastiaan

Chapter 06: Vertical transportation along with core planning and Appendix A7 -

Yamini

Chapter 07: Fire safetyChapter 08: Facade Maintenance-

Bastiaan Yamini

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01 | Introduction 1.1 Project overview The goal of the ‘Mega’ course was to design a 145.000 m2 multi-functional building. Some of the main functions are: residences, offices, a hotel, a distribution centre, fabrication labs and a data centre. Some of the key goals include to create an innovative and energy efficient design which blends well in the provided environment of the Merwe-Vierhavens in Rotterdam.

Next to that the design focuses on user’s comfort in and around the building.

An integral design will be proposed in the next chapters, combining architecture, facade design and climate design. The main aspects of the design follow from buildings physics, vertical and horizontal movement of people and goods and fire safety. All these elements will be presented in the following chapters.

The site is located in the Merwe-Vierhavens (M4H) in Rotterdam, one of the largest fruit ports of the globe. In coming years the site is to be redeveloped. Combining this with the questionable big box culture which has been developed in recent years the site offers the opportunity to combine different functions, such as

Figure1: Context plan. (drawn by Architect)

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living, distribution and making in one location. This is due to the fact that the M4H is part of the Makersdistrict, focusing on entrepreneurship and knowledge and part of the reformation of the area.

The aim of the intervention was to create a building that can be integrated into the existing formation of the urban fabric but at the same time to act as a trigger for the improvement of the wider area in order to obtain a more human-friendly environment.

The complexity of such a ΜΕGA building complex is undeniable. However, one of the most crucial intentions in the design process was to prove that no matter how large and complex a project is, we can always design it in such way to improve the gray character of the modern city and add more green to the environment. The designed building does not only focus on fitting into the landscape of the district but also on offering the spaces and technology requested, all with sustainability as a main design value.

1.2 Building Concept The project was seen as a landmark and a physical manifestation of the digital period. At the same time, to create a secure public interface inside the dense urban fabric.

Context The site is an ideal location for new businesses to develop into established enterprises. It also gives opportunity to large companies to experiment with new products and processes, where they can invent, test and implement new technologies. New technologies based on digitization, robotisation, additive manufacturing and the application of new, sustainable energy and materials. Consequently, the Makers District is a testing ground and showcase for the new economy.

Massing The design process is based on the shaping of volumes as they arise through different functions, simultaneously creating a common ground for all these different functions. The massing is divided into four distinct structures: the office tower, the residential tower, the distribution centre and the data center. The central position of the Data Center is emblematic of the digital world we exist in. Elevating the plinth level creates a raised plaza level and provides security and view to the visitors of the buildings.

Functional stacking The functions were stacked since the very beginning of the project based on their public or private nature, functional proximity requirement, vantage requirements and accessibility. The distribution center is placed on the ground floor in order to have easy access to the storage of shipments. The fab-lab is located on the ground floor to create a visual connection between the users and the innovative prototyping inside. The fab lab’s office spaces are integrated into the lower levels of the main offices. The housing is placed on the lower levels of the residential tower giving the inhabitants access to balconies. The hotel is placed on the upper

Figure2: Functional stacking of volumes. (drawn by Architect)

half of this tower to provide vantage and comfort to the guests. A recreational level differentiates the hotel and the residences and consists of a restaurant, gym and the pool, and has a direct connection with the office tower via the data center. For the circulation, the vehicular and pedestrian movement is separated on different levels.

Form The two towers with a hanging volume in the centre makes a compact form for the project. A parametric urban hill makes the envelope at the plinth level for the data centre. This horizontal volume stands in contrast to the monumental and rigid geometry of the towers.

This hill is designed in such a way that it functions as a connecting link between the whole programmatic elements of the complex and acts as a reference point for the users. In addition, the curves of the hill create a shell that aims to protect the visitors from the bustling city while creating a familiar environment for pedestrians with spaces that can accommodate various functions as needed.

Figure3: Accessibility diagram. (drawn by Architect)

Figure4: The urban hill. (drawn by Architect)

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1.3 Site climate study Climate type The site in Rotterdam is located at 51°54’36.6”N 4°24’57.2”E. In general the Netherlands have a temperate maritime climate due to the North sea as well as the Atlantic. Mild winters with rain are common as well as cool summers. The site is located at an angle of 31 degrees from true North. The figure shows the sun angle positions throughout the year .

Wind The average wind speed in Rotterdam equals 3.8 m/s.

However, during the winter months storms can occur in the Netherlands, with much higher wind speeds.

Placing a high-rise building can have a negative impact on the (wind) comfort of the surrounding areas. Also wind speeds are usually significantly higher at higher altitudes. In the picture below is the wind rose of Rotterdam (of January). South-West is the dominant wind direction. The wind rose study for the site helps in taking design choices for defining the geometry and composition of the building.

Figure5: Solar path study on Site. (drawn by Bastiaan)

Temperature The yearly average temperature of the air in Rotterdam is approximately 10z°C . The daily average minimum temperature lays around 1°C while the average maximum is approximately 2°C. However both average minimum and maximum can reach more extreme values in winter and summer months. The temperatures can get as low as -1°C and as high as nearly 4°C. Solar radiation The solar radiation on the South side equals approximately 900 kW/m2. Solar radiation has a big influence on the design parameters.

Figure6: Wind rose diagram. (drawn by Bastiaan)

Figure7: Average temperature and precipitation.

Source: Meteoblu

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Figure8: The radiation rose of Rotterdam. (drawn by Bastiaan)

02 | Climate concept 2.1 Sustainability vision The goal of achieving sustainability has been an integrated vision for the project and has been taken into account by all the disciplines. To achieve this goal, the design focuses on the aspects of reduce, re-use, re-purpose and produce.

To re-purpose spaces for future use, the structure is designed to be adaptable such that the functions can change and, instead of losing its purpose, it can adapt to future demand. As a result the towers can accommodate both residences and offices and the machines in the fabrication lab are removable. This is also taken into consideration for the installation of climate systems such that it offers flexibility and adaptability.

To re-use, the waste heat is recovered as much as possible from different spaces. Moreover, the building has a Rainwater harvesting system to meet the water consumption demands to a certain extent. Grey-water recycling is another strategy to limit the need of water resource. The recycled water is supplied to the urban green hill at the plaza level for supporting the plant growth.

To reduce the energy demand, the envelope is designed such that the direct solar heat gain is reduced by ensuring self-shading over the glazed portions of the facade. Possibility of exploiting natural ventilation

through the facade has been explored significantly reducing the need of mechanical ventilation. In addition to passive facade strategies, efficient heating and cooling systems are provided such as geothermal heat pumps, floor heating etc., which demand lesser energy as compared to the traditional systems. The site being surrounded by an urban development is vulnerable to be affected by the urban heat island effect. Hence, the green urban hill at the plaza level mitigates the urban heat island effect and excess atmospheric CO2. This strategy also creates a microclimate at the public plaza level thereby reducing temperatures effectively and maintaining a good urban comfort in the vicinity.

To produce sustainable energy through renewable resources, the facade focuses on combining architectural aesthetics with an energy efficient envelope with the PV-panels. The roof area of both the towers are equipped with solar water heaters which can significantly meet the energy demand for heating hot water especially for the hotels.

Figure9: Sustainability vision. (drawn by Yamini) Climate Design | MEGA 2020

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2.2 Passive climate design strategies Passive climate design strategies play a very crucial role in reducing the dependence on mechanical installations and cutting down the energy demand of the building. Different such strategies are incorporated in the design at the very beginning stage of the project to help the architect and the facade designer in taking certain decisions. The overview of those strategies is provided below.

Orientation and geometry The building geometry is designed with the aim to have a compact massing and volume to minimize the heat loss/gain into the interior spaces and to ensure sufficient daylighting into all parts of the interior spaces.

This compact geometry strategy eliminates the need to add light wells for daylighting purpose. The two towers are oriented such that the longer sides face the Northwest and South-east direction thereby minimizing the exposure to the South-west direction. This strategy helps in reducing the cooling load of the towers. Since the housing function generally has more heating load than cooling load, the housing tower strategically faces the South-east side as it can receive the maximum sunlight hours during the cold winter season thereby reducing the heating load. The office tower on the other hand is oriented towards the North-west side to minimize the cooling load. (Figure 10 and 11)

Figure10: Plan showing orientation and wind flow. (drawn by Yamini)

Building envelope After finalizing the basic orientation and the geometry for the two towers, it was important to optimize the facade such that it reduces the direct heat gain in all the spaces. The facade is designed in the form of triangular boxes such that the solid part is installed with pv panels facing the true south direction for maximum output and the other side of this module has glazing.

The size and location of these triangular modules varies throughout the facade to provide self-shading to the glazed portions of these modules.

These triangular modules act as double skin facades for the office tower and loggia spaces for the housing tower. (Figure 12) Building form to avoid wind nuisance In order to avoid wind nuisance at the public plaza level, the form of the urban hill has been designed with gentle slopes. As the prevailing wind direction is from the South-west, the geometry facing the wind direction is kept shorter to avoid the obstruction to the wind. This strategy reduces the vortex effect as the wind would flow around the towers rather than creating discomfort at the public plaza level. With the data centre being the central block hanging in between the two towers, the placement height of the data centre has been decided keeping in mind that the space underneath does not create a tunnel effect. The wind study has been described in more detail in the last section of this chapter. (Figure 13)

Figure11: Massing diagram. (drawn by Yamini)

Figure12: Conceptual diagram showing facade layout. (drawn

by Yamini)

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Figure13: Urban gill to help with the wind flow. (drawn by Yamini)

2.3 Healthy indoor climate- building level A healthy indoor climate is an important aspect to foster productivity, efficiency and ensure happiness and a good mental health for the users of the space.

To provide a healthy indoor climate, the guidelines prescribed in Health and Wellbeing (HEA) of BREEAM international new construction has been taken into account for each space individually. This is outlined in the next chapter for each function of the building whereas the general criteria is describe in this section along with the strategies taken at the building level to reach the healthy indoor climate goal.

Visual comfort Adequate amount of daylight and glare control in all the spaces, with views to outside is an important factor to be considered at the early design stage to provide visual comfort to the building occupants. The floor plan widths of the two towers are thus taken to be 25m or lesser to ensure acceptable daylight levels in the working or living spaces. In terms of planning, the habitable spaces are kept closer to the facade maximizing the outside views and daylight and service cores or corridors are kept towards the data center block. As per the BREEAM guidelines, all the habitable spaces should have: -the average daylight factor of atleast 1.5-2%.

-a uniformity ratio of at least 0.4 or a point daylight factor of at least 0.8%

Indoor air quality BREEAM presses on designing buildings with minimum indoor air pollution. To ensure a healthy well-being, natural ventilation has been the key to design since the initial phases. The facades of all the spaces are designed to allow minimum fresh air intake inside the habitable spaces. The natural ventilation strategy is varied for the different functions of the building and hence the facades are designed in accordance to the strategies.

Acoustic performance The programmatic distribution has been done based on various reasons, acoustics being one of them. The programs which involve the use of machinery or robots are placed at lower levels while the workplaces and living spaces are kept at higher levels. The design thus has a hierarchy such that the more private spaces do not get disturbed by high noise levels produced at the labs and distribution centre.

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2.4 Solar Radiation analysis A radiation analysis has been performed on the building volume on the ladybug software to understand the solar radiation falling on different faces of the building.

Figure 14 shows the annual solar radiation falling in the building. Since the immediate surrounding of the site does not have high-rise buildings, the context does not have any significant effect on the radiation falling on the site. It can be observed that the highest solar radiation levels are noted on the roof of the towers and the urban hill plaza. Designing this plaza level as a green hill would mitigate this radiation level thus making the plaza a comfortable space for congregation and social activities. The South-west facades also have higher solar radiation when compared to the Southeast and North-west facades.

Figure 15 shows the solar radiation analysis for the

summer period. The maximum radiation is on the horizontal surfaces since the sun angle is high. On the other hand, the radiation study for winter period shows higher radiation on the South-west facade as the sun angle is low. On the basis of this radiation study, the concept for the facade was derived to design triangular module with PV panels facing the South side and the glazing facing the other side. The angle of this triangular facade module was later optimised such that the solar panels face towards maximum solar radiation. Figure 17 shows the annual radiation analysis with the facade module.

Figure14: Annual radiation.

Figure15: Radiation during Summer (July to September).

Figure16: Radiation during Winter (January to March).

Figure17: Annual radiation on facade.

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2.5 Urban wind comfort The Impact on placing a Mega structure in its surrounding was analyzed using the add-in of Phoenics in Rhino. A South-western storm with a wind speed of 15 m/s on a reference height of 60 meters has been simulated as well as an average day with a velocity of 5 m/s.. Around the perimeter of the urban hill and around the entrances no dangerous wind speeds are noticed. Also at plaza level and on the hill no extreme high wind velocities are detected. The hill is slightly higher than plaza level and in this way covering the space between the two towers. Furthermore there are only a few buildings in the direct surrounding and hence the local higher wind velocities hardly have an impact on the surrounding urban comfort.

Figure18: Wind speed at plaza level.

Figure19: Wind velocities around the building at ground floor level with 15 m/s wind speed.

Figure20: Wind velocities around the building at ground floor level with 5 m/s wind speed.

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03 | Building Systems and Services 3.1 Heating and Cooling Systems

Floor heating

The selection of the heating and cooling systems for the building has been done in accordance with the sustainability vision described earlier. Hence, with the goal to reduce the energy consumption, an aquifer based geothermal heat pump system is chosen as the main source for heating and cooling for the entire building. This system is environmental-friendly as the heat pump moves heat from the building to the aquifer during summers which acts as a heat sink, whereas the reverse happens in winters as the heat is transferred from the aquifer to the building thus acting as heat source. With the site being located in river Maas, it provides the potential to use the cold water of river Maas to cool the building during summer months. The heating demand is met by the excess heat produced in the data centre thus acting as a permanent heat source for the building. This system is used to supply heating and cooling to all the functions except the hotel rooms where fan-coil system is used to meet the heating, cooling and ventilation demands. A detailed diagram for the system is shown in figure 21and 22 and is also explained below.

The underfloor heating system heats the space both by convection and radiation. It offers maximum thermal comfort in the spaces and also provides flexibility to regulate and vary the temperature in the different zones of the floor. Underfloor heating works at low temperatures in heating ranging from 35-45 °C of water flowing in the copper pipes of diameter 20mm. Thus they take lesser space under the floor and provide a good thermal comfort with a good indoor air quality.

When coupled with aquifer based heat pump system, the result is the reduction or elimination of non-renewable systems such as chillers, boilers, etc. Since the occupancy in residences, offices and fabrication labs do not change drastically, underfloor heating system would be sufficient to maintain a good thermal comfort in the spaces. The distribution centre has a really low occupancy and hence the thermal requirement is not so strict making it feasible to apply underfloor heating system.

Cooling mode The aquifer storage system is used to supply the cold water needed in the building. The excess heat from the building is stored in the hot storage sink. This is possible by using a heat exchanger. As the cold water is moved from the cold sink towards the hot sink, cooling down the water passing by on the other end. Thus the heat from the building is extracted and stored in the hot sink thereby providing cold water to the building. This cold water is then supplied to different functions through a cooled ceiling system. In addition to cooling down the building, another important consideration during the summer months is to extract the excess heat from the data centre and store some heat in the hot sink for use during winters and transfer the rest to the district heating grid.

Heating mode The excess heat from the data centre is utilized for heating the building. The heated air is passed through a heat exchanger which transfers the heat to the water passing by from the other end. This heated water is then supplied to the different functions in the building through floor heating system. However the amount of heat produced in the data centre is enormous and thus even after heating up the building, some amount of heat needs to be transferred to the district heating grid.

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Cooled ceiling Similar to floor heating system, a cooled ceiling system also cools down the space by convection. Certain false ceiling panels are provided in the office and residences which have copper pipes above it. These pipes have cold water running through them at a temperature of 15-18 °C. With the help of convection the air near to these panels get cooler and is pushed down the room replacing the warm air which rises up.

Fan-coil system Fan-coil system is incorporated in the hotel rooms and the restaurant spaces since it offers maximum flexibility for the users. The decision to use fan-coil system is based on the fact that the occupancy in hotel keeps changing and the thermal comfort requirements are quite high. Since a fan-coil system can quickly adapt to the changing requirements of the users thereby offering a quick heating or cooling of the rooms, it is suitable for the hotel function. The AHU is provided to supply this hot or cold air to the fan-coil units. The main AHU is thus located in the service floor right below the restaurant level.

Figure21: Cooling system. (drawn by Yamini)

Figure22: Heating system. (drawn by Yamini) Climate Design | MEGA 2020

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3.2 Ventilation system The building is designed to incorporate hybrid ventilation strategy in order to reduce the energy demand needed for ventilation purposes. A mixedmode system is applied which can switch between natural and mechanical ventilation with the help of sensors. Thus, the thermal comfort of the interior spaces is not compromised and the energy consumption is reduced with the help of a smart ventilation design.

The hybrid ventilation system is consisted of fresh air intake through the facade and the mechanical exhaust through the air shaft located in the core.

The offices, fabrication labs, housing and distribution centre are ventilated with a hybrid ventilation scheme as described. Together with the facade designer, details have been worked out for allowing fresh air inlet through facade which is described in detail in the next section. However, the hotel is ventilated with a mechanical ventilation system using a fan-coil system.

Figure23: Ventilation strategy.(drawn by Yamini)

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Night flush cooling Night ventilation, or night flushing, is a passive cooling technique that utilizes the outdoor diurnal temperature swing and the building’s thermal mass to pre-cool a building through increased outdoor airflow at night, allowing radiant cooling to take place during the day when the building is occupied. At night, when the outdoor air temperature is lower than during the daytime, the increased airflow cools down the mass by convective heat loss,allowing it to release the heat that was stored inside it during the previous day. During the following day, because the surfaces of thermal mass are colder than the surfaces of occupants and equipment inside the space, the cooler mass serves as a heat sink to absorb the heat present in the space from solar and internal loads (Landsman, J. 2016) This is incorporated with natural fresh air intake through the openings in building envelope, typically the vents provided at the top of the facade.

Duct sizing For a proper mechanical ventilation, ventilation shafts are a requirement. The flow rate in the shafts needs to match the required amount of fresh air let into the building as well as the amount of stale air exhausted.

The flow rate in the main air shafts, located centrally in the core, are calculated by the following formula:

For the supply of fresh air to the hotel another shaft is required:

Flow rate = occupancy per floor * amount of floors * amount of fresh air per person Then applying that the cross section of the duct equals the flow rate divided by the velocity of the air, and taking the square root obtain estimates of the size of the duct, the following tables are obtained.

Ventilation

22050

m3/h

Ventilation

6.1

m3/s

Velocity duct

4

m/s

Area

1.53

m2

Square size duct

1.24

m

Table 2: Supply shaft hotel. (tabulated by Baastian)

Floor heights

m

No. of floors

Occupancy

Total

m3/h/person

Total m3/h

Office

3.15

21

50

1050

25

26250

Office lobby

4.05

5

50

250

25

6250

Fab-lab

4.15

11

33

363

25

9075

Hotel

3.15

14

35

490

45

22050

Restaurant

5.00

3

50

150

25

3750

Residences

3.15

19

24

456

45

20520

Table 1: Hourly Ventilation per building function. (tabulated by Baastian)

Office tower

Residence tower

Ventilation

41575

m3/h

Ventilation

46320

m3/h

Ventilation

11.5

m3/s

Ventilation

12.9

m3/s

Velocity duct

4

m/s

Velocity duct

4

m/s

Area

2.89

m2

Area

3.22

m2

Square size duct

1.70

m

Square size duct

1.79

m

Table 3: Main ventilation shaft office tower. (tabulated by Baastian)

Table 4: Main ventilation shaft residence tower. (tabulated by Baastian)

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3.3 Unit level climate systems Data Centre The Data Centre being located at the central position in the massing, can efficiently provide heating to the office and residential tower via a heat exchanger.

Data Centre require an efficient cooling system to cool the servers. The cooling system used is liquid cooling system due to less energy demand. The cooled water is passed through the server racks which cools off the server by exchanging the heat due to which the water gets heated up and is then again passed through the cooling system which has heat pump incorporated

within it. This cooled water is then again passed through the servers. The air which gets heated up by the servers rises up and is captured via the exhaust ducts in the ceiling. This hot air is then passed through the heat exchanger which transfers the heat to the water passing by from the other end. This heated water is then supplied to the different functions in the building through floor heating system.

Figure24: Strategies for Data Centre- Liquid cooling and heat exchange. (drawn by Yamini)

Distribution center Criteria for Indoor Comfort There are no specific guidelines available for Indoor comfort criteria for distribution centres. Hence the following criteria was setFresh air flow rate: 25 m3/h per person Air speed: below 0.2 m/s Temperature: 20-26 °C

Facade The facade of the Distribution Centre is merged along with the urban hill to create a micro-climate at the plaza level and mitigate urban heat island effect. The plaza also has skylights through which daylight enters into the Distribution centre.

Heating, Cooling, Ventialtion Floor heating, cooling and hybrid ventilation.

Fabrication labs Criteria for Indoor Comfort There are no specific guidelines available for Indoor comfort criteria for distribution centres. Hence the following criteria was setFresh air flow rate: 25 m3/h per person Air speed: below 0.2 m/s Temperature: 20-26 °C

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Facade The facade of the Fabrication Centre for meeting spaces, atelier, office spaces is designed the same as the office facade. For the fabrication labs facade with a good acoustics is of prime importance.

Heating, Cooling, Ventialtion Same as offices which is described in the next section.

Office Criteria for Indoor Comfort In accordance with the guidelines from Bouwbesluit and BREEAM, the following criteria was setFresh air flow rate: 25 m3/h per person Air speed: below 0.2 m/s Temperature: 20-26 °C Indoor ambient noise level: 40-50 dB Facade The facade for the office is based on the triangular module concept described earlier. A few of these triangular modules are designed as double skin windows. Since the office is located on the topmost part of the tower with high wind pressure and velocity hitting the tower, a double skin window helps in providing operable windows to allow natural ventilation. The vents are provided on the top and bottom for inlet and exhaust. During summers the shading in the cavity is down, which reflects the high solar radiation falling onto it, thus preventing direct solar heat gain in the office. This shading divides the cavity space into two. The space between the outer skin and the cavity gets warmer and it has continuous airflow through the bottom and top vents. The space between the inner skin and the shading prevents the air from heating up. The air then enters the office through the inner operable window. Whereas during winters the cavity acts as a buffer preventing the heat loss from the office. The air entering this cavity gets slightly heated up as it rises to the top of the cavity and then enters the office through the inner operable window.

Hybrid Ventilation strategy A change-over complementary hybrid ventilation system has been used which can switch between natural and mechanical ventilation based on the outdoor temperature conditions. Whenever the outside air temperature is very hot or cold, the BMS system can close off the vents in the outer skin and activate mechanical ventilation. This mechanical ventilation is realized by using a perimeter convector as the fresh air supply. A 4-pipe convector is provided at the perimeter of the office space which takes in fresh-air from outside through the bottom vent of the double skin facade.

This outside air is then pre-heated or pre-cooled by the convector before letting the air inside the interior space. The convector system is used only during the extreme winter or summer days when the outside air is quite cold or hot and would not suffice the thermal comfort requirement of the office. During the rest of the year, the double skin facade can directly supply the fresh air inside the office space. This system allows user-flexibility to operate the inner windows and gives them a sense of control over the comfort in the space.

When the inner window is opened the BMS system can automatically switch off the air-supply through the convector. The exhaust air is taken out through the ducts in the ceiling, opening into the central air shaft located in the core. Figure 25 and 26 show the ventilation strategy through the facade.

Convector

Figure25: Ventilation strategy through office facade- Summer.

(Section drawing from Facade designer and overlay by Yamini)

Convector

Figure26: Ventilation strategy through office facade- Winter.

(Section drawing from Facade designer and overlay by Yamini)

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Summer scenario

Figure27: Climate strategy for office- Summer.(drawn by Yamini)

Winter scenario

Figure28: Climate strategy for office- Winter.(drawn by Yamini)

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Technical layout Cooling: 42 cooled ceiling panels Heating: Copper pipes of diameter 20mm installed with a continuous loop in Counterflow pattern to provide even heating in the zone.

Fresh air supply: 14 convectors are installed infront of double skin windows Exhaust duct: Main duct of 420*420 mm and secondary duct of 300*300 mm.

Convector Cooled ceiling panels Exhaust duct Heating/cooling shaft Duct shaft

Figure29: Technical layout for ducts and cooled ceiling for office.(drawn by Bastiaan)

Heating pipes Heating/cooling shaft

Figure30: Technical layout for floor heating for office. (drawn by Yamini)

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Residential Criteria for Indoor Comfort In accordance with the guidelines from Bouwbesluit and BREEAM, the following criteria was set for indoor comfortFresh air flow rate: 45 m3/h per person Air speed: below 0.2 m/s Temperature: 20-26 °C Indoor ambient noise level: <35 dB

Rockwool insulation Single-glazed sliding shutter (open state)

Vent

Facade The residences are located in the lower part of the tower and hence it is easily possible to open up the windows for natural ventilation into the rooms. The residences also have a hybrid ventilation system like the office however, the ventilation strategy through the facade is different. The facades for residences are box-facades which have an accessible semi-outdoor space which provides a sense of connection to the outside. This outdoor space acts as a buffer during the winter months. The facade has a sliding outer window pane which can be manually opened or closed by the residents.

Sliding doordouble glazing low e glass

Ventilation and thermal comfort •Summer months The outer window pane is opened up which allows the space to be used by the residents as the balcony providing them a visual and physical connection to the outside. The air enters into the space through the operable inner windows and the top vents. The box facade minimizes the direct solar heat gain into the rooms thus ensuring a good thermal comfort inside.

(Figure 31) •Winter months The outer window pane is closed off and this outdoor space is heated up by the sun which can be used by the residents as a winter garden. The heat from the rooms is not lost directly to the outside and hence this buffer space helps to maintain the thermal comfort in the rooms. Through the design builder analysis the temperature in the buffer space is noted to be 12-14 °C with the inner temperature being 26 °C thus ensuring a comfort temperature range. The natural ventilation in this case is made possible by allowing the fresh air into the buffer space through the trickle vent installed in the facade. This air gets slightly heated up in the buffer space and then is let into the rooms through the inner operable window or top vent. (Figure 32)

Figure31: Ventilation through residential facade- Summer.(Section drawing from Facade designer and overlay by Yamini)

Single-glazed sliding shutter (closed state)

The air is circulated inside the rooms and the stale air is exhausted through a duct in the ceiling opening into a central air shaft located in the core. Some of the air gets exhausted through the facade itself making the ventilation system to act as a single-sided ventilation.

Heating and Cooling Heating and cooling is provided by underfloor heating and cooled ceiling. Figure 33 and 34 gives an overview of the ventilation, heating and cooling strategy for the office spaces for summer and winter scenario.

Figure32: Ventilation through residential facade- Winter. (Section drawing from Facade designer and overlay by Yamini)

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Summer scenario

Figure33: Climate strategy for Residential- Summer. (drawn by Yamini)

Winter scenario

Figure34: Climate strategy for Residential- Winter. (drawn by Yamini)

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Technical layout

Cooled ceiling panels Exhaust duct Heating/cooling shaft Duct shaft

Figure35: Technical layout for ducts and cooled ceiling for Residential. (drawn by Bastiaan)

Heating pipes Heating/cooling shaft

Figure36: Technical layout for floor heating for Residential. (drawn by Yamini)

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Hotel Criteria for Indoor Comfort In accordance with the guidelines from Bouwbesluit and BREEAM, the following criteria was set for indoor comfortFresh air flow rate rooms: 45 m3/h per person restaurants, swimming pools: 45 m3/h per person Air speed: below 0.2 m/s Temperature: 20-26 °C Indoor ambient noise level rooms: <35 dB restaurants: 40-55 dB swimming pools: <55 dB Facade The facade for the hotel rooms are not designed for natural ventilation since the rooms depend on mechanical ventilation entirely. However with a smart facade design , the energy demand for heating and cooling the rooms can be reduced. Thus, the triangular facade modules are designed such that the glazed portions are self-shaded thereby eliminating the direct solar heat gain into the rooms. The facade design along with fan-coil unit system results in a good thermal comfort in the hotel rooms.

Heating,cooling and ventilation The hotel function is located on the topmost level of the tower. Since the hotel clients require a desirable comfort temperature in a very short amount of time, fan-coil units are appropriate to meet this demand as they provide heating, cooling and ventilation in less time. These fan-coil units are installed in each room separately at the entrance of the room which takes fresh air using the Air-handling unit located in the service floor below. The fan-coil units have a heating and cooling coil installed inside which heats or cools the fresh air supplied though the AHU and then passes it into the room through the diffusers. The air is then recirculated inside the room and is exhausted through a return duct. This return duct is connected to a heat recovery system to recover some heat energy before pushing it outside the building. Figure 37 gives an overview of the ventilation, heating and cooling strategy for the office spaces for summer and winter scenario.

Figure37: Climate strategy for hotel. (drawn by Yamini)

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Technical layout

Return duct Supply duct Fan-coil Duct shaft AHU

Figure38: Hotel floor plan showing HVAC layout (drawn by Bastiaan)

3.4 Rain water harvesting system The building emphasizes on rain water harvesting to meet the water consumption. The rainwater harvesting tank is provided in the basement at -1 level. Apart from the roof top of both the towers and data centre, rainwater is also collected from the paved areas of the urban hill at the plaza level. From the roof area, 60% area is considered for rainwater catchment due to the various installations for the BMU for facade maintenance, ventilation exhaust systems, and other services. Moreover, evaporation loss is taken into consideration and hence 10% of the total water harvested is assumed to get wasted. The calculation for the harvested water is shown in the table 6. It is found that the annual collection of 5806 m3 of water is possible and the maximum size of rain water storage tank needed is 595 m3.

Figure39: Surfaces for rain-water harvesting.

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Function

Offices

Residential

Hotel

Fab-lab

Occupancy

1250

480

750

551

Distribution centre 100

150

180

45

30

26280

49275

9050.175

1095

Consumption 45 (l/person/day) Per annum 20531.25 consumption by total population (m3)

Total

106231.425

Table 5: Table for annual water consumption. (tabulated by Yamini)

Months

Average precipitation (mm)

Water collected from urban hill (m3)

Water collected from the roof (m3)

Total monthly Total water collected water collected (m3) with evapotranspiration losses (m3)

January

58

420.94

159.18

580.12

522.10

February

48

348.36

131.73

480.10

432.09

March

48

348.36

131.73

480.10

432.09

April

40

290.3

109.78

400.08

360.07

May

52

377.39

142.71

520.10

468.09

June

56

406.42

153.69

560.11

504.10

July

66

479

181.13

660.13

594.12

August

53

384.65

145.45

530.11

477.10

September

52

377.39

142.71

520.10

468.09

October

53

384.65

145.45

530.11

477.10

November

55

399.1

150.94

550.11

495.10

December

64

464.48

175.64

640.13

576.12

Total

5806.16

Table 6: Table for rain-water harvesting calculation. (tabulated by Yamini)

3.5 Waste management system The core in both the towers have a garbage disposal room where the waste is segregated. The residence floor has a garbage chute where the residents are responsible to drop their own waste in the chutes. The hotel has a garbage room on all the floors where the waste is collected by the hotel service management. The office and fabrication labs are serviced from the building management facility. The waste from both the cores is then transferred to the -1 level to the central garbage collection room from where the garbage truck collects the waste.

Figure40: Plan showing garbage disposal chute location. (drawn by Yamini) Climate Design | MEGA 2020

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04 | Energy, comfort and daylight simulation Assumptions Design Builder software was used for quantitative analyses of the building for energy consumption, daylight and thermal comfort. A typical floor of the office, hotel and housing were modeled and analyzed in the software to understand the energy performance of the building. The modeling was done taking into considerations of the facade type, HVAC systems, natural ventilation as described in the earlier chapters. The floor and roof of these floors were kept in adiabatic conditions to avoid thermal loss and gain through it.

Since the architect has the vision to provide a glazed facade, care has been taken to select the glazing type so that the rooms have a good thermal comfort but not at the cost of consuming energy. Hence a low-e coated selective spectrum double glazing with argon gas infill was chosen together with the facade designer. Following the guidelines of Dr. ir. Willem van der Spoel, the COP’s for the heating and cooling were taken as 1 which was later changed during post processing to: Heating- 5, Cooling- 10, DHW- 2.

The appendix has all the simulation graphs for different time period of the year. In order to model each function, the following parameters for construction and openings are taken into accountConstruction assemblyTo reduce the energy consumption of the building, it is important to design a building envelope with a good insulation and low U-value to minimize the thermal transmittance through the walls. For the solid walls with a PV panel, the construction assembly consisted of8 mm glass cellular sheet as a replacement of PV panel for design builder 200 mm mineral fiber insulation 15mm plasterboard GlazingSpectral selective double glazed windows were added to the facades which consisted of8mm low-e coated glass 14mm argon filled cavity 6mm low-e coated glass Glazing for double-skin facadesFor the office a certain part of the facade was designed as a ventilated double-skin facade which consisted of8mm clear glass for outer skin 250mm- 600 mm cavity 8mm low-e coated glass 14mm argon filled cavity 6mm low-e coated glass

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Thermal comfortThe criteria for thermal comfort is to ensure a temperature range of 18-26 °C in all the rooms and that the numbers of hours exceeding 26 °C annually should be lesser than 100. For each of the functions, a thermal comfort simulation was done on design builder based on hourly distribution of temperature. One zone from each function was selected which was expected to show the least indoor thermal comfort and the analysis was run. The results are shown separately with the detailed explanation of each function.

DaylightingThe criteria for thermal comfort is to ensure a temperature range of 18-26 °C in all the rooms and that the numbers of hours exceeding 26 °C annually should be lesser than 100. For each of the functions, a thermal comfort simulation was done on design builder based on hourly distribution of temperature. One zone from each function was selected which was expected to show the least indoor thermal comfort and the analysis was run. The results are shown separately with the detailed explanation of each function.

4.1 Residences For residence floor, the model was tried to be drafted as accurate as possible by creating virtual partitions between the different rooms which have a different function. In this way, distinct zones were created and the Heating, cooling and ventilation strategy was assigned to each zone as per the design parameters.

The zones with similar function were combined in order to keep the model simple and avoid complexity in the results. Modeling the balcony was challenging since the outer window is designed to be closed during winters and opened during summers and it was an accessible space. Keeping the limitations of design builder in mind, the residence floor was modeled as close to the design as possible.

Figure42: Design Builder 3d view for a typical residence floor.

Figure41: Design Builder layout for a typical residence floor.

Figure43: Design Builder 3d view for a typical residence floor.

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Design Builder analysis From the analysis, it is evident that the major contribution to the energy consumption is through the heating load.

The system load at zone level is 5 kW. From the heat balance graph, we can understand that the major heat loss and heat gain is through the outer glazing.

The reason behind this maybe the higher window to wall ratio decided based on architect’s vision. On the contrary, the walls show a good performance due to a good U-value. The graphs are also added in Appendix A1.

From the monthly graph, it is noted that the heating

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and cooling does not occur simultaneously thus making the system efficient. The operative temperature is in the range from 20-26 °C throughout the year, thus maintaining a good comfort in the rooms. Moreover, for the analysis done for the balcony space, the winter temperature is in the range from 12-14 °C with outside air temperature being 5 °C. Hence, with some warm clothing on, the space could be comfortably be utilized as a winter garden. Moreover, the rooms with balcony have lesser number of hours above or below the comfort range.

Daylighting Daylight analysis has been performed on Design Builder with the goal to classify BREEAM rating. One of the residence is chosen that has triangular as well as the straight facade. The complete result is shown in Appendix A2 and the BREEAM result with pass certification is shown below. It can be derived from the analysis that the depth of the lounge could be a little less in order to also provide sufficient daylight even in the kitchen spaces. The dimensions of the residence unit was majorly derived from the structural constraints and hence the room is a little deep.

Figure44: Daylighting simulation result for a residence unit.

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Thermal comfort The thermal comfort graph provides the number of hours at the temperature range from 19-26 °C for one zone of the floor. The analysis shows that the number of hours exceeding 26 °C is null. Hence the room always has a good thermal comfort. A few hours reach below 20 °C, however the temperature of 19 °C with floor

heating is acceptably comfortable. However, Design Builder does not have the required advanced heating control strategy and hence the exact hours with a temperature below the lower limit is not calculated accurately with Design Builder. To conclude, the thermal comfort criteria for the residence is fulfilled.

The thermal comfort study has also been performed as per the EN 15251 guidelines. The mechanical cooling from the space is switched off and the thermal conditions are regulated primarily by occupants through opening and closing of the external windows.

The assessment approach ‘ Adaptive Thermal Comfort’ has been done in the post-processing study with the results obtained at zone level for living room 10 using the template provided. The month analyzed for the

study is April to September and the graph obtained is shown in figure 45 The graph shows that 32 hours exceed the highest comfort criteria category 1 and the number of hours exceeding the category 3 is zero.

Hence the zone satisfies the comfort criteria 3 without the presence of any mechanical cooling in the space.

With only 32 hours exceeding the category 1, the room would be acceptably comfortable.

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Figure45: Graph for thermal comfort analysis for living room zone of the residence unit.

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4.2 Offices For the office floor plan, the layout is fairly simple since it is an open office floor plate. The challenging part for the model was the double skin facades since it has to be modeled in detail with vents on the outer skin and the operable windows for the inner skin. The natural ventilation was provided through this double skin facade. The cavity space was set as unoccupied inaccessible space.

Core

Open office Figure47: Design Builder 3d view for a typical office floor.

Figure46: Design Builder layout for a typical office floor.

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Figure48: Design Builder 3d view for a typical office floor.

Design Builder analysis From the analysis, it is evident that the major contribution to the energy consumption is through the cooling load. The system load at zone level is 15 kW for cooling and 10 kW for heating. From the heat balance graph, we can understand that the exterior glazing shows solar gain into the office due to higher window to wall ration. However due to the orientation of the larger side being on NW direction, the solar gains through glazing is minimized to some extent. On the contrary, the walls show a good performance due to a good U-value. The graphs are also added in Appendix A3.

From the monthly graph, it is noted that the cooling load also occurs during the cold months. The reason for this maybe the higher occupancy and the heat generated due to computers and equipment. The operative temperature is in the range from 20-26 °C throughout the year, thus maintaining a good comfort in the rooms.

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Daylighting Daylight analysis has been performed on Design Builder with the goal to classify BREEAM rating. The analysis is only performed for the open office area. The corridors have been excluded from the analysis. The complete result is shown in Appendix A4 and the BREEAM result with pass certification is shown below. From the figure, it can be derived that the straight facades provide daylighting deeper into the spaces rather than the double skin facades. However the straight facade also requires a good shading strategy to avoid direct solar heat gain whereas the triangular modules self-shade and reduce the direct solar heat gain. This optimization has to be performed by the computational designer to find the best balance for daylight and solar radiation.

However, the office floor plan satisfies the BREEAM criteria.

Figure49: Daylight simulation result for the office floor plan.

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Thermal comfort The thermal comfort graph provides the number of hours at the temperature range from 18-26 °C for one the open office space. The analysis shows that the number of hours exceeding 26 °C is only 3, hence

keeping the office comfortable. Hence the office space satisfies the thermal comfort criteria.

The thermal comfort study has also been performed as per the EN 15251guidelines. The mechanical cooling from the space is switched off and the thermal conditions are regulated primarily by occupants through opening and closing of the external windows.

The assessment approach ‘ Adaptive Thermal Comfort’ has been done in the post-processing study with the results obtained at zone level for living room 10 using the template provided. The month analyzed for the study is April to September and the graph obtained is shown in figure 50. The graph shows that 48 hours

exceed the highest comfort criteria category 1, 23 hours exceed the category 2 and the number of hours exceeding the category 3 is 7. Without the presence of any mechanical cooling in the space, the office space does not satisfy the comfort criteria and always needs mechanical cooling. The open office has higher area and without mechanical cooling it’s difficult to reach the thermal comfort criteria. However, with only 48 hours exceeding the category 1, the office would be acceptably comfortable.

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Figure50: Graph for thermal comfort analysis for open office space.

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4.3 Hotel The hotel function is located on the topmost level of the tower. One typical floor has been modeled on Design Builder to calculate the energy performance.

The partitions are created for all the rooms making separate zones in order to accurately perform the calculations. With the HVAC strategy for hotel being Fan-coil unit system, natural ventilation has been switched off from all the zones. Heat recovery is added to the HVAC tab.

Figure52: Design Builder 3d view for a typical hotel floor.

Figure51: Design Builder layout for a typical hotel floor.

Figure53: Design Builder 3d view for a typical hotel floor.

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Design Builder analysis From the analysis, it is evident that the major contribution to the energy consumption is through the cooling load. Hot water heating also consumes tremendous energy. From the heat balance graph, we can see that the major heat gain is through the outer glazing.

The reason behind this maybe the higher window to wall ratio. On the contrary, the walls show a good performance due to a good U-value. The occupants also have considerable impact in the heat balance graph. The graphs are also added in Appendix A1.

From the monthly graph, it is noted that the The

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operative temperature is in the range from 20-26 °C throughout the year, thus maintaining a good comfort in the rooms.

Daylighting Daylight analysis has been performed on Design Builder with the goal to classify BREEAM rating. The entire floor is simulated. The rooms have been divided into the bed area,storage area and the entrance hallway.

The entrance hallway have been eliminated from the simulation. The complete result is shown in Appendix A6 and the BREEAM result with pass certification is shown below. It can be derived from the analysis that the depth of the rooms can be a little lesser than current depth to also get adequate daylight in the inner space.

Another important observation is that the facades with triangular modules provide lesser daylight inside the room when compared with the straight facades.

Figure54: Daylight simulation result for a typical hotel floor.

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Thermal comfort The thermal comfort graph provides the number of hours at the temperature range from 20-26 °C for one zone of the floor. The analysis shows that the number of hours exceeding 26 °C is null. Hence the room always has a good thermal comfort and the thermal comfort criteria for the hotel is fulfilled.

The thermal comfort study has also been performed as per the EN 15251guidelines. The mechanical cooling from the space is switched off and the thermal conditions are regulated primarily by occupants through opening and closing of the external windows.

The assessment approach ‘ Adaptive Thermal Comfort’ has been done in the post-processing study with the results obtained at zone level for living room 10 using the template provided. The month analyzed for the

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study is April to September and the graph obtained is shown in figure 55. The graph shows that 88 hours exceed the highest comfort criteria category 1 and the number of hours exceeding the category 3 is zero.

Hence the zone satisfies the comfort criteria 3 without the presence of any mechanical cooling in the space.

With only 88 hours exceeding the category 1, the room would be acceptably comfortable.

Figure55: Graph for thermal comfort analysis for hotel room 8.

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4.4 Energy performance calculations Based on the Design Builder simulations for residential, hotel and offices, the following calculations were performed as a step for post-processing of the results in order to find the total energy consumption of the building.

Heating (kWh)

Total Cooling Lighting floor (kWh) (kWh) area

Specific heat- Specific cooling demand ing demand (kWh/m2) (kWh/m2)

Specific lighting demand (kWh/m2) Total

Residential 19042.01 740.99

3351

1170

16.27522222

0.6333247863

2.864102564

19.77

Hotel

20200

5300

3480

1170

17.26495726

4.52991453

2.974358974

24.76

Office

2949.04

5455

6501

1120.2 2.632601321

4.869666131

5.803427959

13.30

Table 7: Average energy demand for Residential, Hotel and Offices.

12.19 kwh/m2

3.32 kwh/m2

3.85 kwh/m2 Average energy demand for heating, cooling and lighting= 19.37 kWh/m2 Occ. + Unocc. Total design floor area floor area

Residential 1170

19890

Energy use

Cop values

Heating (kWh)

CoP Heating

19042.01

5

Cooling (kWh)

CoP Cooling

740.99

10

Dhw

CoP Dhw

14262.01

2

Results (kWh) 64742.834 1259.683 121227.085

Lighting (kWh) 3351

56967

Room electricity (kWh) 6166.84

104836.28

Ventilator electricity (kWh) 50000

850000 Total

Table 8: Energy consumption calculation for Residential.

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1199032.882

Occ. + Unocc. floor area

Total design floor area

Office 1120.2

20163.6

Energy use

Cop values

Heating (kWh)

CoP Heating

2949.04

5

Cooling (kWh)

CoP Cooling

5455

10

Dhw

CoP Dhw

0

2

Results (kWh) 10616.544 9819

0

Lighting (kWh) 6501

117018

Room electricity (kWh) 31749

571482

Ventilator electricity (kWh) 50000

900000 Total

1608935.544

Energy use

Cop values

Results (kWh)

Heating (kWh)

CoP Heating

20200

5

Cooling (kWh)

CoP Cooling

5300

10

Dhw

CoP Dhw

242070

2

Table 9: Energy consumption calculation for Offices.

Occ. + Unocc. floor area

Total design floor area

Hotel 1170

18720

64640 8480 1936560

Lighting (kWh) 3480

55680

Room electricity (kWh) 13760

220160

Ventilator electricity (kWh) 100000

1600000 3885520

Table 10: Energy consumption calculation for Hotel.

Total energy consumption of the site= 11378930.32 kWh or 11378.9 MWh Climate Design | MEGA 2020

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The pie chart below provide a comparative study for the energy consumption by different functions. It does not include the energy consumption percentage by Data Centre since it’s simulation on design builder is out of scope of the course. It is evident that Hotel consumes a high amount of energy due to complete mechanical ventilation, heating and cooling.

From the graph comparing the heating, cooling and lighting percentage, the load due to cooling is quite low due to higher CoP for cooling.

43%

53%

4%

4.5 Energy savings With the help of some renewable energy sources, the energy demand of building has been tried to be reduced. The use of ground source heat pumps, efficient heating and cooling systems already contribute in reduction of energy demand. And with the installation of PV panels in the facade envelope and solar water heaters on the roof of the towers further help in energy savings.

Photo-voltaic panels The facade is designed such that the PV panels face the true South direction and the analysis of energy generation has been carried out in ladybug plugin for rhino grasshopper software. Figure... shows the location of PV panels on the facade. The results are tabulated below.

PV surface area

3785.58 m2

System size

511.05 kW

Module material

c-Si

Module efficiency

15%

AC energy per annum

309128.07 kWh

Table 11: PV energy calculation.

Solar Water Heater The energy needed for domestic water heating is really high for the hotel. A certain amount of this energy needed can be met by installation of Solar water heaters at the roof top of both the towers. These solar water heaters are aligned at an angle of 25 degrees to yield maximum energy output. The analysis was run using the solar water heating tool on ladybug to calculate the energy generation with SWH. The results are tabulated below.

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SWH surface area

687.137 m2

Delivery water temperature

60

System size

432.41 kW

Discharge temperature

82

Heat from tanks per year

490768.921 kWh

Table 12: Solar Water Heater- heat calculation.

05 | Ventilation Simulation: Phoenics 5.1 Natural Ventilation To reduce energy demand for ventilation, natural ventilation is desirable. In spring and autumn, when the weather conditions are favorable, natural ventilation is used in the office to provide fresh air. The following model and starting points are taken for the calculation: office floor 28mx41m blockage as core of 15mx15m walls with a surface temperature of 23 °C ceiling with a surface temperature of 25 °C adiabatic floor people and computers with 18 W/m2 heat flux 3 degrees tilted operable windows openings with -0,25 Pa and 0,5 Pa pressure outdoor air temperature of 18 °C To determine whether the input gives results which

are comfortable for users, temperature, draught and air change rate are checked. Windows on the positive pressure side are located at the South-West, the negative pressure on the North-East. The grey area represents the core. The temperature is logically lower at the air inlet sides and higher at the outlet. the average temperature is 23 °C, well within the comfort range. Locally, at the side of the outlets, the temperatures are slightly higher. (Figure 56) One office level with an occupancy of 50 people needs 25-50 m3/h of fresh air per person. This is equal to a flow rate of 1250-2500m3/h. The volume of the space is 923 m2 * 2.7 = 2492 m3. Hence the air change rate needed equals to 1250-2500/2492 = 0.5-1.0. With a minimum air change rate of 2, the entire office has sufficient fresh air. (Figure 57)

Figure56: Temperature spread across the office floor.

Figure57: Air change rate.

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For people to not feel uncomfortable,a draught rate of less than 30% is required and preferable below 20%.

With an average draught rate of 3.8%, windows can be opened comfortably. Only in the direct proximity of the windows, a slightly higher draught rate could be experienced logically .

Figure58: Draught rate.

5.2 Mechanical Ventilation When conditions are less favourable, like in winter and summer, mechanical ventilation will provide fresh air to the users. 14 Convectors of 0.1x3.2 m below the windows blow fresh air and 5 central outlets of 0.2x0.2m will transport stale air out of the space. This is visualized in the model below, where the convectors are marked blue and the outlets red.

Figure59: Convectors and exhausts.

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The summer situation is simulated. The walls and floor have the same characteristics, however now the ceiling is cooled with water and therefore has a temperature of 18. The air blown into the space by the convectors also has a temperature of 18 °C. For temperature comfort not only the air temperature affects the result but even more important the radiant temperature T3 °C. (Figure 61)

Figure60: Temperature spread.

Figure61: Radiant temperature.

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The air temperature is roughly equal to 28 °C which would normally be considered as too high to be comfortable. However the radiant temperature is 18°C. Because this means that the human body cools down sufficiently, the air temperature of 28 °C is acceptable.

The draught rate has an average value of 4% and therefore the mechanical ventilation causes no discomfort in terms of draught. (Figure 62)

Figure62: Draught rate.

Figure63:Age of the air.

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Lastly the AGE of the air is checked. The maximum age of the air is 4095 seconds. The minimal air change rate is therefore 3600/4095 = 0.88. The average age of the air is 3557 seconds which equals an air change rate of 1. These values are within the range as described for the natural ventilation. (Figure 63)

06 | Vertical transportation 6.1 Lift planning concept The vertical transportation planning in high-rise buildings play a very important role in determining the efficient flow of goods and people at different parts of the building. The lift planning was designed at initial design development stage of the project in order to decide the size of structural cores for both the towers. Since the cores were also the main structural system holding the central data center block, it was even more essential to decide the size of the core needed such that it meets the requirement for the number of lifts needed as well as satisfying the structural requirements. In order to achieve an optimal elevator scheme, it was important to first determine the occupancy and peak flow of the different functions for both the towers. Another important design consideration was the way people would move in and out of the towers, since the main

entries and exits are both at plaza level and the ground floor level. Hence this is worked out together with the architect at the initial design stage of the project. The occupancy, number of floors and theoretical capacity required for each individual function is mentioned in the table 13 below. Apart from the flow of people at different levels, movement of goods and fire safety is taken care of with the idea that two lifts from both the towers could serve the function of goods lift and fire-fighting lift when necessary. This is done with the concept of saving space in the cores. The lift size and type have been selected based on the occupancy and the function. The different lift types used for both the towers is shown in figure 64.

Function

No. of floors

Total occupancy

Peak flow criteria

Theoretical (required)

Hotel

20

750

14-20%

112.5

Residential

21

480

5-6% (down)

24

Office

25

1250

10-13% (up) 11-14% (two-way)

162.5

Fab-lab

20

551

10-13% (up) 11-14% (two-way)

71.63

capacity

Table 13: Theoretical capacity calculation based on peak flow criteria.

Hotel/fab-lab/offices

Residence

Freight/fire

Data Centre

Figure64:Lift specifications referred from Schindler and Mitsubishi .

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Tower A (Residential tower)

Tower B (Office tower)

The Tower A has 21 floors of residences, 3 floors of public functions such as restaurants, swimming pools etc. and 17 floors of hotel suites at the top. The core is designed such that the lift lobbies for the hotel and residence are separate at all the levels thereby ensuring efficient circulation in the core. 6 lifts are provided for the hotel from plaza level to the restaurant floors and the hotel suites with a separate lobby. For the residence floors, 3 lifts are provided from the ground floor level till the public functions. One of these lifts can also act as fire fighting lift in case of fire. Hence special considerations are taken into account while designing the core so that the lobby is smoke free. An additional lift is added majorly for movement of people from ground floor to plaza level. However this lift also serves the function of freight lift and fire fighting lift for the tower. This lift is positioned with care such that the loading and unloading of goods is easy from the ground floor level.

Figure 65 shows the core layout of the tower.

The Tower B has 20 floors of fabrication lab functions (including meeting rooms, exhibition rooms, offices and atelier spaces) and 25 floors of general offices. The core is designed such that the shafts could be shared by two lifts as much as possible thereby reducing the space needed. Hence 5 twin lifts are provided which serves the offices and fab-lab floors. Two express elevators take the people directly from ground floor level to the office lobby where the transfer happens. This ensures quick movement of people to their respective destination. An additional lift is added majorly for movement of goods from ground floor to all the levels which also acts as a fire fighting lift. This lift also serves the data centre till the 18th floor where the people or the data centre machines have to be transferred into a dedicated lift inside the data centre block. This is done taking into consideration the structural aspects as we do not want to provide opening into the core at more than one level. One dedicated lift for office is also designed such that it would be used as a fire fighting lift in situation of fire. Figure 66 shows the core layout of the tower.

Figure65: Core planning layout for the Tower A .

Figure66: Core planning layout for the Tower B .

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Tower B Tower A

Hotel Residential Public/fire/freight Data centre Data centre/ freight/office Offices Express elevator Fab-lab Machine room and pit

6.2 Lift calculations The table 14 provides an overview of the lift capacity, waiting time and rating. The detailed calculation is provided in the Appendix A7.

Function

No. of lifts

Figure67: Section through the building showing lift planning.

Lift capacity Persons

Load (kg)

Average waiting time Rating (seconds)

Hotel

6

13

1000

15

Excellent

Residential

3

13

1000

28

Basic

Public/ fire/ freight

1

-

2000

-

-

Data Centre

1

-

3000

-

-

Data Centre/ fire/ freight

1

-

3000

-

-

Office

6

18

1350

17

Excellent

Express elevators

2

18

1350

12

Excellent

Fab-lab

3

18

1350

33

Basic

Table 14: Number of lifts, capacity and rating table based on RTT calculation.

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07 | Fire Safety One key aspect when it comes to designing a highrise building is the fire safety. It has the highest priority that in case of fire all occupants of the building are able to escape the building fast and safely, firefighters can access the place of fire safely and the safety of the surroundings. Moreover due to the huge scale and economic impact the loss of such structure would have, it is important to take measures to prevent the destruction of load bearing and other interior objects.

An evacuation strategy was designed to decrease the safety egress time. The main concept is based on escaping through the centrally located data center to other tower, which is considered a safe place. For simultaneous evacuation a maximum safety egress time of 30 minutes for all people is recommended.

For the structure,the following fire resistance are proposed: load bearing structure - 120 minutes lift shafts - 120 minutes fire lobby and stairs - 120 minutes (sub)compartment walls - 60 minutes

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 3

Figure68: Evacuation strategy based on two scenarios .

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The towers above plaza level have been divided into three different zones. Zone 1 and 2 escape through the data center to the other tower while zone 3 evacuates downstairs in the own tower. In this way the safety egress time is reduced enormously. The evacuation of the different zones is done simultaneously.

In the tower where the fire breaks out, people are evacuated. The other tower is not evacuated. Only when the fire starts to spread the other towers needs to be evacuated as well, causing minimal disruption.

A realization time of 5 minutes has been taken into account.

On each floor a fire lobby is reachable within 30 meters walking distance. Each tower outside of the fire core has an area less than 1000m2. The cores and fire staircases are strategically placed on both side of the cores. This ensures an even spread among the 2 staircases during evacuation. Fire and smoke resistant doors are placed protecting the fire lifts for safety of the firefighters. The staircases are pressurized to prevent smoke from flowing in.

Zone 1

Zone 4

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7.1 Evacuation strategy

Figure69: Escape plan route for the residential and office tower.

7.2 RSET Calculation The safety egress time has been calculated based on the following assumptions: Width of the staircases: 1.5 m Effective width: 1.25 m Flow capacity: 1.2 persons/s/m width of staircase Vertical speed, no hindrance: 0.8 m/s Vertical speed, max hindrance: 0.32 m/s Horizontal speed: 1.4 m/s

Furthermore 60 seconds of rest have been taken into account for each 50 meters of descending. A part of the RSET calculation is shown in the table below.

The calculation shows the difference between the evacuation time when the tower evacuated as 1 zone and split into 3 different zones. The table 15 shows the evacuation time of the top floors of the office tower when the tower is fully occupied and everyone would take the stairs all the way down.

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Full occupancy Office Tower

First person

Everyone

floor

height (m)

function

occupancy

evac t (s)

(min)

evac t (s)

25

141,3

office

50

727

12.11

743

24

138,15

office

50

706

11.77

723

23

135

office

50

686

11.43

702

22

131,85

office

50

665

11.09

682

21

128,7

office

50

645

10.75

661

20

124,65

office lobby

50

623

10.39

640

19

121,5

office

50

603

10.05

619

18

118,35

office

50

582

9,71

599

17

115,2

office

50

562

9,36

579

16

112,05

office

50

541

9,02

558

15

108

office lobby

50

520

8.67

537

14

104,85

office

50

499

8.32

516

13

101,7

office

50

479

7.98

496

12

98,55

office

50

459

7.64

475

11

95,4

office

50

438

7.30

455

Table 15: RSET calculation.

The following tables compare different scenarios for both towers: Low vs high occupancy Zone evacuation vs full tower Fire in tower A vs fire in tower B Firstly the results for the office tower are presented:

Next the results for the residential tower:

Occupancy

RSET (min)

Occupancy

Low

High

13.5

17.4

RSET (min)

Table 16: Office RSET: Low v/s high occupancy.

High

12.9

14.7

Table 18: Residence RSET: Low v/s high occupancy.

Zone

RSET (min)

Low

Zone

1

2

3

10.4

7.4

10.2

RSET (min)

1

2

3

8.6

7.7

9.1

Table 17: Office RSET: Zone comparison.

Table 19: Residence RSET: Zone comparison.

Finally, the comparison is made between the total evacuation time depending on the tower where the fire starts. Here it is taken into account that both towers need to evacuate completely, which will be done in

phases. First the tower where the fire occurs, then the other tower. Note that all evacuation times include 5 minutes of realization time. The higher evacuation time in the office tower is a result of the higher occupancy.

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Total RSET when fire occurs in office tower phase 1

office

phase 2

18.0

Total RSET when fire occurs in residence tower min

phase 1

residential

15.4

min

residential 9.7

min

phase 2

office

12.1

min

total

min

total

27.5

min

27.7

Table 20: Total RSET office fire.

Table 20: Total RSET residence fire.

7.3 Facade fire safety To prevent fire from spreading vertically through the facade structure, measures have to be taken. There are four different routes along the fire might potentially spread. through the floor structure through the space between floor and window structure through the cavity outside of the structure As described before the floors have a fire resistance of 120 minutes. Pathway B is blocked by rockwool insulation with fire class A1. The windows of the inner and outer facade are made from double glazed units with a fire resistance of 30 minutes. The vents which provide fresh air during normal use should automatically close when fire/smoke is detected. The facade is made from non-combustible materials. At the residences the PV panels, rockwool insulation (fire class A1) and fire retardant gypsum board are applied to the internal face of the frame. The PV panels have optimizers and convertors. These can pose a risk if placed next to the panel and are, therefore, decentralized to reduce the risk of fire spread through the facade and also makes it easier to maintain.

Figure70: Fire protection in Residence facade.(drawing from the facade designer)

For the double skin facade precautions are essential to slow the passage of fire and combustion gases between floors. They include fire safing, a fire stop material in the space between floor slab and curtain wall, and smoke seal at gaps between the floors and the back of the curtain wall.

Figure71: Fire protection in Office facade. (drawing from the facade designer)

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08 | Facade maintenance The cleaning and maintenance of a high rise is crucial and can become difficult and expensive if no appropriate provisions are made in advance. Proper planning will help in the facade construction, however cleaning and maintenance costs - including the cost of installation and servicing for the building maintenance unit can still add upto significant sum. Several factors are considered in facade maintenance - access and accessibility, cleaning and treatment, regular inspections, repair and replacement of damaged components.

The facade, both glazed and PV parts, will required to be cleaned 2-3 times in the year. Maintenance and replacement of a unitized panel with integrated PV modules would often occur from the outside, thus maximum accessibility is needed. This also includes the ability to transport the unitized panels and install them for damaged glazed or PV panels. Replacement of damaged infill units would normally comprise demounting of gaskets, screws, pressure plates and/or mechanical fixings to release the infill panels from the unitised framework and installation of the replacement panels. For this purpose, building management unit (BMU) is located at the roof of the building, which can be lowered along guides to gain access to every elevation.

Due to the complex geometry of the facade, BMU must be able to reach large distances. FBA S BMU by FBA Gomyl is used for this purpose. It is a mechanical and electronic crane suspended from the roof, which moves systematically over the structure while carrying human window washers or any other specialist for the maintenance of the facade. The suspended structure is a working platform of 2m or more by means of a multi-layer drum hoist and 4 independent wire ropes.

This BMU can be equipped with an auxiliary hoist for glass changing and other heavy duty maintenance works. It has an outreach of 30m, and the jib and mast can be further customized to reach all the working positions in the facade. Being a unitized system, the facade can be replaced unit by unit.

Figure72: Diagram showing the cradle operation.

Figure73: Internal accessibility from residential balcony.

An additional monorail system is also hung from the underside of the cantilever to maintain the housing facade. This can be concealed with the clading panel on either side of the rail. From below, only a groove will be visible.

The facade of the tower can also be accessed from inside, through residential balconies, hotel rooms or the open office. The double skin cavity in offices is 600mm deep and can be accessed from inside through the operable windows for cleaning. The metal grated floor in the cavity also lets one stand and work for small repairs. PV panels can be accessed from the housing units to easily access internal fixings and wiring.

Figure74: Access for cleaning through inner operable windows in office.

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Figure75: Diagram giving the overview of the Building Maintenance Unit.

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09 | Reflection Taking the role of climate designer was going to give us some challenges, knowing we were going to deal with subjects neither of us had covered before. Both of us liked the diversity of the different topics put into our hands, not only working intensively as a duo together, but also with the rest of the group was an intense process. The situation regarding off campus education due to the corona virus brought along some extra challenges. We faced sometimes difficulty to share and discuss ideas because using online platforms like Zoom is a good alternative, but not a full replacement of sitting next to each other in a meeting.

Starting from scratch and thinking on a large scale was definitely something both of us needed to get used to, but as the weeks were progressing we felt the development in both the project as well as in our way of thinking.

During the project we developed strategies to both produce energy and also reduce the energy demand.

Not all might be as effective as the other due to its nature.

There have been certain drawbacks with the work flow sometimes which posed delays in the work. This had to do with the lack of a manager to ensure smooth functioning of the project. Nonetheless, it must be said that in general we manages to fulfill many of our goals, with a good evacuation strategy, a good lift plan and well thought of heating, cooling and ventilation strategies.

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The discussion with different disciplines helped in a good exchange of knowledge. Climatic goals play a huge role in deriving the facade concept and taking certain decision influencing the architecture of the project. The process has been very enriching and informative. The use of the Design Builder and Phoenics was challenging in the beginning. With the support of the tutor, the difficulties were resolved and we could manage to perform all the calculations in the time period given. However, it would be advisable to incorporate the Design Builder studies before the Mid-term phase to help the architect better in taking the design decisions.

For both of us, MEGA has opened a new world with all building services and aspects not before designed and thought of. This we will take with us into the next phase of our study and careers.

10 | References Engel, P. van den, & Roaf, S.; (2017). Hybrid Ventilation – a Design Guide Landsman, Jared Paul. (2016). Performance, Prediction and Optimization of Night Ventilation across Different Climates Lechner N.; (2015) Heating, cooling, sustainable design methods for architects.

lighting:

Parker, D.; (2014). The Tall Buildings Reference Book.

In The Tall Buildings Reference Book. https://doi. org/10.4324/9780203106464 Spoel Van der W.; (2018) Guidelines calculations in Design Builder Wit J.; (2018) Elevator planning for high-rise building Wood, A., & Salib, R.; (2013). Natural Ventilation in HighRise Office Buildings (CTBUH Technical Guide).

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11 | Appendices Appendix A1: Energy simulations and Thermal comfort- Residential Annual energy performance

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Annual energy performance

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Monthly energy performance

66

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Annual energy performance

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January energy performance

68

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April energy performance

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June energy performance

70

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Comfort- Annual

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Appendix A2: Daylight simulation- Residence

BREEAM Health and Wellbeing Credit HEA 01 The aim of the daylighting credit is to encourage and recognize designs that provide appropriate levels of daylight for building users.

A pass requires that at least 80% of net lettable floor area in occupied spaces is adequately daylit on the working plane height 0.7m above the floor under a uniform CIE overcast design sky.

A zone is adequately daylit if both the following conditions are met: a) Average daylight factor is at least 1.5%. b) A uniformity ratio of at least 0.3 or a minimum point daylight factor of 0.8% (spaces with glazed roofs, such as atria, must achieve a uniformity ratio of at least 0.7 or a minimum point daylight factor of at least 1.4).

The results below were calculated using the Radiance simulation engine which provides a detailed multi-zone physics-based calculation of illumination levels on the working planes of the building.

28.068 14.624 42.69

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Appendix A3: Energy simulations and Thermal comfort- Office

Annual energy performance

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Annual energy performance

74

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Monthly energy performance

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Annual energy performance

76

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January energy performance

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April energy performance

78

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June energy performance

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Comfort- Annual

80

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Appendix A4: Daylight simulation- Office BREEAM Health and Wellbeing Credit HEA 01 The aim of the daylighting credit is to encourage and recognize designs that provide appropriate levels of daylight for building users.

A pass requires that at least 80% of net lettable floor area in occupied spaces is adequately daylit on the working plane height 0.7m above the floor under a uniform CIE overcast design sky.

A zone is adequately daylit if both the following conditions are met: a) Average daylight factor is at least 2.0%. b) A uniformity ratio of at least 0.3 or a minimum point daylight factor of 0.8% (spaces with glazed roofs, such as atria, must achieve a uniformity ratio of at least 0.7 or a minimum point daylight factor of at least 1.4).

The results below were calculated using the Radiance simulation engine which provides a detailed multi-zone physics-based calculation of illumination levels on the working planes of the building.

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Appendix A5: Energy simulations and Thermal comfort- Hotel Annual energy performance

82

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Annual energy performance

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Monthly energy performance

84

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Annual energy performance

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January energy performance

86

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April energy performance

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June energy performance

88

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Comfort- Annual

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Appendix A6: Daylight Simulation- Hotel BREEAM Health and Wellbeing Credit HEA 01 The aim of the daylighting credit is to encourage and recognize designs that provide appropriate levels of daylight for building users.

A pass requires that at least 80% of net lettable floor area in occupied spaces is adequately daylit on the working plane height 0.7m above the floor under a uniform CIE overcast design sky.

A zone is adequately daylit if both the following conditions are met: a) Average daylight factor is at least 1.5%. b) A uniformity ratio of at least 0.3 or a minimum point daylight factor of 0.8% (spaces with glazed roofs, such as atria, must achieve a uniformity ratio of at least 0.7 or a minimum point daylight factor of at least 1.4).

The results below were calculated using the Radiance simulation engine which provides a detailed multi-zone physicsbased calculation of illumination levels on the working planes of the building.

Daylighting data Project file

Hotel

Report generation time

02-07-2020 07:39:14

Sky model

CIE overcast day (specify illuminance)

Location

ROTTERDAM THE HAGUE

Working plane height (m)

0.700

Max Grid Size (m)

0.200

Min Grid Size (m)

0.050

Daylight factor threshold (%) 1.5* * You should check the daylight factor minimum threshold based on the BREEAM requirements of the local region and building type.

Summary Results Total area (m2)

473.332

Total area meeting requirements (m2)

381.03

% area meeting requirements BREEAM Health and Wellbeing Credit HEA 01 Status

80.5 PASS

Eligible zones for daylighting

0.23

Average Uniformity ratio Daylight Factor (Min / Avg) (%) 0.15 1.6

Area Adequately Daylit (m2) 0.0

25.193

0.90

0.23

3.4

25.193

Block 1

22.214

0.27

0.17

1.6

0.0

Room 1

Block 1

25.634

2.39

0.40

6.0

25.634

Zone

Block 1

4.616

0.00

0.00

0.0

0.0

Zone

Block 1

4.522

0.00

0.00

0.0

0.0

Zone

Block 1

4.523

0.00

0.00

0.0

0.0

Zone

Block 1

4.332

0.81

0.29

2.8

4.3

Room 24

Block 1

22.328

2.18

0.33

6.6

22.328

Zone

Block 1

20.466

0.90

0.22

4.1

20.5

Room 20

Block 1

20.050

0.84

0.21

4.0

20.1

Zone

Block

Floor area (m2) Min DF (%)

Room 4

Block 1

22.648

Room 3

Block 1

Room 2

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Room 21

Block 1

20.051

0.85

0.21

4.0

20.1

Room 22

Block 1

29.132

3.20

0.32

9.9

29.132

Zone

Block 1

5.469

0.00

0.00

0.0

0.0

Zone

Block 1

5.358

0.00

0.00

0.0

0.0

Zone

Block 1

5.358

0.00

0.00

0.0

0.0

Zone

Block 1

3.688

0.00

0.00

0.0

0.0

Room 23

Block 1

18.022

2.15

0.33

6.6

18.0

Room 5

Block 1

18.438

1.01

0.26

3.9

18.4

Zone

Block 1

2.875

0.00

0.00

0.0

0.0

Zone

Block 1

2.828

0.00

0.00

0.0

0.0

Zone

Block 1

2.783

0.00

0.00

0.0

0.0

Zone

Block 1

2.783

0.00

0.00

0.0

0.0

Zone

Block 1

2.783

0.00

0.00

0.0

0.0

Zone

Block 1

2.783

0.00

0.00

0.0

0.0

Zone

Block 1

2.783

0.00

0.00

0.0

0.0

Zone

Block 1

2.782

0.00

0.00

0.0

0.0

Zone

Block 1

2.784

0.00

0.00

0.0

0.0

Zone

Block 1

2.782

0.00

0.00

0.0

0.0

Zone

Block 1

2.783

0.00

0.00

0.0

0.0

Zone

Block 1

2.783

0.00

0.00

0.0

0.0

Zone

Block 1

2.644

0.00

0.00

0.0

0.0

Room 15

Block 1

13.914

1.04

0.26

3.9

13.9

Room 14

Block 1

13.918

1.03

0.27

3.8

13.9

Room 6

Block 1

13.917

1.08

0.27

4.1

13.9

Room 7

Block 1

12.328

1.55

0.31

4.9

12.3

Room 8

Block 1

13.917

1.07

0.28

3.8

13.9

Room 9

Block 1

13.915

1.01

0.26

3.9

13.9

Room 10

Block 1

12.329

1.57

0.31

5.1

12.3

Room 11

Block 1

12.329

1.49

0.30

4.9

12.3

Room 12

Block 1

13.917

1.08

0.26

4.1

13.9

Room 13

Block 1

12.328

1.54

0.31

4.9

12.3

Room 16

Block 1

12.330

1.52

0.31

4.9

12.3

Room 17

Block 1

13.916

1.02

0.27

3.8

13.9

Room 18

Block 1

13.294

4.55

0.43

10.7

13.3

Total

473.332

381.03

Zones with data flagged in red in the table above fail daylighting uniformity criteria.

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Appendix A7: Lift Round Trip Time

HGF HF

PRF

V

PS

Person A

S

Door Loading+ open/close Unloading time time RTT

Office

4

3.2

24.04

4

11.11

18

1.5

25

5.4

2.5

172.56 6

28.76 17.26

Fab-lab

4

4

19.34

4

10.44

18

1.5

20

5.4

2.5

166.99 3

55.66 33.40

Hotel

3.2

3

18.92

4

8.43

13

1.5

20

5.4

2.5

131.19 6

26.24 15.74

3.2

22.57

4

8.76

13

1.5

24

5.4

2.5

141.49 3

47.16 28.30

Residential 3.2

HGF: Height ground floor HF: Height of other floors PRF: Probable return floor V: Velocity of lift PS: Probable stop A: Acceleration of lift S: No. of stops RTT: Round trip time INT: Interval time

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No. of lifts INT

Average waiting time (s)

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