MSc. Building Technology TU Delft portfolio for Building Physics projects

PORTFOLIO MSc. Building technology, TU Delft

Yamini Patidar

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Hello, I’m Yamini, an Architect and a Building Engineer This portfolio is a collection of my selected academic work performed during Masters studies in Building Technology at TU Delft.

I believe that as designers and engineers it is our responsibility to build a sustainable, healthy and comfortable living environment that is flexible and adaptable to the current and future needs. Combining my architectural background with the technical knowledge, I seek to find efficient and circular building solutions.

yaminipatidar09@gmail.com +31 645238652 www.linkedin.com/in/yamini-patidar-6802a0ab https://issuu.com/yaminipatidar5273

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CONTENTS

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Housing refurbishment using the Earth, Wind & Fire system Graduation Thesis

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M4 Hills, mixed-use High-rise MSc. 4th quarter

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Facade redesign MSc. 3rd quarter

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Housing refurbishment using EWF

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Housing refurbishment using the Earth, Wind & Fire system Towards a nearly energy-neutral housing in the Netherlands MSc. Building Technology graduation thesis Academic I Individual Specialization- Building Physics, Facade design, Building product innovation Location- Delft, Netherlands Climate- Temperate Brief: In the Netherlands, the residential buildings consume the highest percentage of primary energy among the various building sectors. The old housing stock needs urgent energy-retrofitting that is instrumental in reaching the goals targeted by the Dutch government by 2050. Earth, Wind & Fire system (EWF) is an innovative concept which can help achieve this goal. EWF is a natural air-conditioning system which pre-heats and pre-cools the supply air and reduces the energy consumption of the building and provides a good indoor environment.

Research question: “How can the Earth, Wind & Fire system be integrated in the Housing refurbishment in the Netherlands to achieve a nearly energy neutral design and improve the indoor comfort of the building?”

The results of the research show that the EWF system is an efficient ventilation system with reducing 15-20% of the building’s energy consumption thereby greatly improving the thermal comfort and air quality of the apartments.

Further refurbishment of the building such as renovating the facade, adding Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage system reduced the energy consumption by 78%.

EWF system. Source: Bronsema(2013) Housing refurbishment using EWF

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Case study building

Refurbishment strategy Apartment type : Gallery apartment, 3 BHK Construction period : 1969 Building area : 19800 m2 Floor height : 2.8 m Heating: Collective heating system through the radiators Ventilation: Natural air inlet and mechanical exhaust Facade: Cavity brick wall with single glazed windows With lack of insulation, high infiltration rate, facade leads to high heat losses and gains resulting in tremendous energy demand.

N

A four-step refurbishment strategy is adopted and calcula and comfort are provided for each stage. The energy calc es of space heating, lighting, dhw and ventilation energ additional heating energy to 18 °C in winters when EWF whereas only exhaust fan energy in case of existing buil final design reduces the energy consumption of the build improves the comfort by 94%.

The final design satisfies the BENG criteria (building regula erlands) which indicates that the refurbishment strategy building into a nearly energy-neutral housing.

Space heating energy reduction Total energy reduction

Thermal comfort

Existing building Single glazing

161.5 kWh/m2

231 kWh/m2

Step EWF inte

-27%

Cavity brick wall

60%

Facade- existing

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Housing refurbishment using EWF

68%

Facade refurbishment strategies

ations for energy culation comprisgy (pump + fan + system is used, lding state). The ding by 98% and

ation in the Nethy transforms the

Internal insulation

p 01 egration

External insulation

Step 02 Facade refurbishment

Cavity insulation

Step 03 Adding Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage system

Second skin

Replacing the facade

Step 04 Adding Solar panels

-14% -56% -89% 92.5%

-96%

-79%

-98%

94%

Housing refurbishment using EWF

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Proposed energy-neutral design

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Housing refurbishment using EWF

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Air inlet and outlet vents • Vents provided in all four directions to ensure that fresh air is always drawn at the windward side.

• Opening regulated by BMS system.

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Climate Cascade (Heart of the EWF system) The air enters the Climate Cascade which ensures: • Cooling and heating of air till 18 °C by heat exchange with water of 13 °C. • Humidification during winters and drying of air during summers.

• Filtration by ‘washing’ the air.

• Natural airflow through pressure build-up.

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Water nozzles: 10 water nozzles are provided which spray water over the air and exchanges heat with the air resulting in cooling or warming the air.

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Supply shaft and ducts The treated air of 18 °C is supplied to the apartments using the supply ducts placed at the gallery of each floor.

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The collected water at the base is: • Cooled till 13 °C using the ATES system.

• Filtered, disinfected and again pumped to the nozzles.

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Air return duct The return air extracted from the apartments flows through the exhaust ducts to shunt channel.

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Shunt channel • Collects the exhaust air and passes it to the bottom of chimney.

• Ensures that all the floors get thermal draft.

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Solar chimney • The sun heats the chimney causing the air to rise up due to the effect of thermal draft.

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A heat exchanger extracts heat from the return air and uses it for: • Pre-heating the air in the Climate cascade before passing it through water nozzles.

• Underground thermal storage Aquifer thermal energy storage system for:

10 • Providing additional heating to the Climate Cascade in winter.

• Underground thermal storage

Inlet & exhaust design Housing refurbishment using EWF

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Ventilation Duct integration The horizontal supply and exhaust ducts at every floor from the Climate Cascade and Solar Chimney are integrated outside the galleries at opposite sides. The supply ducts are provided to living room and bedrooms whereas exhaust ducts are provided to kitchen, toilet and bathroom. The integration of ducts outside galleries is conceptualized as a prefabricated product with a solar panel attached to it.

This contributes towards renewable energy harvesting.

Duct integration layout

Facade refurbishment

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Housing refurbishment using EWF

Prefabricated module assembly sequence

Housing refurbishment using EWF

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Ventilation Energy performance- EWF system Climate Cascade Air temperature and heating energy The air temperature achieved at the base of the Climate Cascade should be close to 18 °C after passing through the water of 13 °C. During winters, the air temperature at the base is around 10-11 °C which needs further heating using a reheating coil at the foot of the supply shaft.

Climate Cascade Pressure build-up and fan energy The pressure loss of the air supply system is estimated as 150 Pa. Using 10 spray nozzles throughout the year, the pressure achieved at the base of the Climate Cascade is less than 150 Pa during the winter months. This results in some amount of fan energy consumption in order to generate sufficient pressure.

Solar Chimney Thermal draft and fan energy The pressure loss of the air exhaust system is estimated as 50 Pa. When, the thermal draft generated in the chimney is less than the pressure loss, a fan is needed for the exhaust of the air.

The total ventilation energy consumed by EWF system is the summation of the pump energy, heating energy, and fan energy for supply and exhaust. For the case study building this is calculated as roughly 14 kwh/m2 which is considerably less than the traditional HVAC systems which consume more than 25 kwh/ m2.

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Housing refurbishment using EWF

Energy & comfort simulation for whole building- Design Builder (dynamic simulation modeling)

Design Builder modeling

HVAC modeling

Energy, ventilation, fuel consumption, temperature graph- Existing

Energy, ventilation, fuel consumption, temperature graph- Refurbished

- High energy

- Nearly energy- neutral

- BENG not satisfied

- BENG satisfied

- Thermal comfort class C, acceptable

- Thermal comfort class B, good

Thermal comfort graph (ATG)- Existing

Thermal comfort graph (ATG)-Refurbished Housing refurbishment using EWF

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M4 Hills, mixed-use high rise

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M4 Hills Mixed-use high rise building MSc. Building Technology quarter 4 project Academic I Group Role- Climate designer Responsibility- Passive and active climate design; Energy, comfort and daylight simulation and optimization, advising architect and facade designer Location- Rotterdam, Netherlands Climate- Temperate

Brief: The goal of the course was to design a 145.000 m2 multi-functional building with functions such as residences, offices, a hotel, a distribution Centre, fabrication labs and a data Centre.

The project is designed in an interdisciplinary integrated approach with architect, facade designer, structural designer, climate designer and computational designer. The role of climate designer is crucial from the beginning in order to advice the architect in deriving the building form.

The climate design concept involved passive design strategies, active system design for heating, cooling and ventilation; facade form strategy and energy and comfort simulations in the Design Builder software.

M4 Hills, mixed-use high rise

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Design concept Urban comfort

As the prevailing wind direction is from the South-west, the geometry facing the wind direction is kept shorter to avoid the obstruction to the wind. This strategy reduces the vortex effect as the wind would flow around the towers rather than creating discomfort at the public plaza level.

Functional distribution

The urban hill

Building form to avoid wind nuisance

Orientation and geometry

The two towers are oriented such that the longer sides face the Northwest and South-east direction thereby minimizing the exposure to the South-west direction.

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M4 Hills, mixed-use high rise

Wind speed study- Phoenics CFD

Solar radiation study- Ladybug

Building systems The design focuses on the aspects of reduce, re-use, re-purpose and produce.

With the goal to reduce the energy consumption, an aquifer based geothermal heat pump system is chosen as the main source for heating and cooling for the entire building. This system is environmental-friendly as the heat pump moves heat from the building to the aquifer during summers which acts as a heat sink, whereas the reverse happens in winters as the heat is transferred from the aquifer to the building thus acting as heat source.

Sustainability vision

Summer operation

Winter operation M4 Hills, mixed-use high rise

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Office

Facade sectional 3d

Chilled ceiling la

Facade concept The facade for the office is based on the triangular module concept. A few of these triangular modules are designed as double skin windows. Since the office is located on the topmost part of the tower with high wind pressure and velocity hitting the tower, a double skin window helps in providing operable windows to allow natural ventilation. The vents are provided on the top and bottom for inlet and exhaust.

Climate strategy- Winters During winters the cavity acts as a buffer preventing the heat loss from the office. The air entering this cavity gets slightly heated up as it rises to the top of the cavity and then enters the office through the inner operable window.

Facade strategy- Winters

Climate

Climate strategy- Summers The shading in the cavity is down, which reflects the high solar radiation, thus preventing direct solar heat gain in the office. The space between the outer skin and the cavity gets warmer and it has continuous airflow through the bottom and top vents. The space between the inner skin and the shading prevents the air from heating up. The air then enters the office through the inner operable window.

Facade strategy- Summers

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M4 Hills, mixed-use high rise

Climate

Daylight BREEAM- passed

e strategy- Winters

strategy- Summers

Thermal comfort- satisfied

Floor heating layout

Energy, comfort & daylight simulation- Design Builder

ayout

Energy consumption- satisfied Dutch norms Daylight analysis- BREEAM

Energy balance, ventilation, fuel consumption, temperature graph

Thermal comfort graph- ATG M4 Hills, mixed-use high rise

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Fire Safety For the structure,the following fire resistance are proposed: Load bearing structure - 120 minutes Lift shafts - 120 minutes Fire lobby and stairs - 120 minutes (Sub)compartment walls - 60 minutes Evacuation strategy The towers above plaza level have been divided into three different zones. Zone 1 and 2 escape through the data center to the other tower while zone 3 evacuates downstairs in the own tower. In this way the safety egress time is reduced enormously. The evacuation of the different zones is done simultaneously.

Facade fire safety Pathway B is blocked by rockwool insulation with fire class A1. The windows of the inner and outer facade are made from double glazed units with a fire resistance of 30 minutes. The vents which provide fresh air during normal use should automatically close when fire/smoke is detected. The facade is made from non-combustible materials.

For the double skin facade precautions are essential to slow the passage of fire and combustion gases between floors. They include fire safing, a fire stop material in the space between floor slab and curtain wall, and smoke seal at gaps between the floors and the back of the curtain wall.

On each floor a fire lobby is reachable within 30 meters walking distance. Each tower outside of the fire core has an area less than 1000m2. The cores and fire staircases are strategically placed on both side of the cores. This ensures an even spread among the 2 staircases during evacuation.

Fire protection in residence facade

Zone 1

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 3

Fire protection in office facade

Zone 4

Evacuation strategy based on two scenarios

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M4 Hills, mixed-use high rise

Typical floor plan showing Escape plan route

M4 Hills, mixed-use high rise

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Facade redesign

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Facade redesign Be Brug building MSc. Building Technology quarter 3 project Academic I Group Contribution- Building physics analysis, detailing, energy calculations, design concept Location- Rotterdam, Netherlands Climate- Temperate Brief: The goal of the ‘Facade redesign’ elective course was to first identify certain issues with the facade of the existing building and then tackle those challenges by redesigning the facade with a different perspective. Two problems that were found out in the existing facade was the high solar heat gain due to high glazing percentage and secondly water stain formations.

Focusing on the first issue, the aim of the project was to come up with a redesign strategy for the De Brug building in order to reduce the heat gain into the building thereby reducing the energy consumption of the building for both heating and cooling seasons.

Design question: “How can the facade of the De Brug be renovated with a solution to further reduce the heating and cooling load by improving the facade in such a way that the embodied energy of the materials used can be justified by the additional energy savings it generates during the entire life-span of the building?”

The process followed qualitative and quantitative analysis of the different design option for selecting the best performing solution. A double skin facade strategy was found out to be the most promising solution for the De Brug building.

De Brug building Facade redesign

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Building information

Design iterations- Qualitative analysis De Brug Parking space De Kantoor and exhibition space

Unilever factory

High improvement Slight improvement No effect/ similar Slight negative impact High negative impact

Adding outer sun-shading

Industries

Offices

Housing

Thermal performance

Reduces solar gain during summers but similar performance during winter

Acoustic performance

No considerable effect

Daylight

No considerable effect

Maintenance

Increases maintenance for the sun-shading

Institutions

Functional distribution

De Brug stands 25m above ground level and raises 4 floors high, making it the only structure at that height in relation to the surrounding urban development. Therefore, the sun-load acting on the building is not interrupted

BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION by the urban landscape.

1 3

2

Design iterations- Embodied energy calculat

4 5

6

9

8

15 10

11 12

13 14

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17 15 19

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Therm analysis- existing facade

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Detail for existing facade

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Facade redesign

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

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Evaluation chart of component treatment

Scale 1:5

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDE

rs.

r

Green facade

Adding an outer skin

Adding an inner skin

Triple glazing + sun-shading

Reduces solar gain during summers but no effect during winters.

Highly improved since the airflow within cavity provides good insulation.

Increases the insulation during summer and winter period.

Sun-shading cuts off excess heat and triple glazing provides insulation.

Slightly Improved

The cavity cuts-off noise.

Slightly improved

Slight improvement

Reduces daylight during summer period.

Slight reduction

Slight reduction

No considerable effect

Increases maintenance

Protects existing facade and can use current BMU system.

Increases maintenance for the inside cavity

Increases maintenance for the sun-shading

Level of intervention

tion

t during renovation

Embodied energy comparison for renovation options Facade redesign

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Building physics strategy

Transmitted light

Transmitted light

Transmitted light Transmitted light

Winter scenario

Reflected light

Summer scenario

Fire and smoke route in cavity

770 mm

Out

In

Cavity

DSF with 8mm low-e coated outer skin glass U-value- 0.65 W/m2K

Out

In

Existing DGU U- value - 0.9 W/m2K

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Facade redesign

Detailing

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1. MS grating panels 2. Clamps 3. Automated wooden louvers 4. Laminated low-e glass 5. Ms box section 6. Box section truss frame 7. Steel sandwich panel with bio-based insulation 8. Structural steel sheet 9. Automated aluminium ventilators 10. Rectangular hollow section (existing) 11. Aluminium profile

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65% of the Material mass of the renovation is Recyclable.

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8.4% of the Material mass is biobased.

7 The embodied energy of the materials used in the renovation is compensated by the additional energy savings it generates during the life-span of building.

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67% of the Embodied energy of the renovation materials can be recovered if used for energy recovery, and further increased if its reused or recycled.

At Least 80% of the Embodied energy of the existing facade is saved due to reduction in Maintenance frequency.

11 10 9

Facade redesign

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Thank you for your time!

Yamini Patidar yaminipatidar09@gmail.com +31 645238652

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