BOSTON
FROM A FRONTIRE CITY TO URBAN REEF
DESIGNERS
Yanxiang Yang
Xinming Sun
Wei Dong
Junkai Huang
LT COMPOSITION ANALYSIS Total Surface Area of Building Footprints: 254,400 m2 Total Surface Area of Circulation Network: 136,090 m2 Total Surface Area of Unbuilt /Open Spaces: 197,782 m2
%43
%24
%33
CONTENTS BUILT SPACES
CIRCULATION NETWORK
UNBUILT/OPEN SPACES
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
INVESTIGATION
CODING SYSTEM
A
B
B
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
CHAPTER 4 VOLUMETIC EXPANSION
CHAPTER 1
CITY INVESTIGATED
4
CHAPTER 1
City Investigated
50m
BEIJING/ CHINA 1km
1km
BLOCK COMPOSITION & CONNECTIVITY MEASURES
6
5 km
The rectangular grid of roads, farms, and city streets, so common to the Middle West and the region’s largest metropolis, is largely a byproduct of financial considerations. Congress, eager to sell western lands to pay off the national debt, passed the Land Ordinance of 1785, an essential step in these sales. The ordinance provided that each territory would employ a geographer to survey the land, dividing it into townships six miles square, with the “townships, or fractional parts of townships,
NAL EXPANSION OF THE GRID, OPEN SPACES & EDGES
15 out of 55 blocks in this area
1 out of 55 blocks in this area
Total Block Surface Area: 610,896 m2
%67.8
Laneway to Grid Ratio: (ratio of total surface area of secondary grid structure to total surface area of primary grid structure)
1km
A B C D
A
3m
9m
9m
3m 3m
B
3m
6m
12000 10000 8000 6000 4000
2000 0
1
2
3
URBAN BLOCKS Number of Sub-blocks: 98 Avg. Block Size: 8395 m2 Total Block Perimeter Length: 37100 m Avg. Block Perimeter Length: 379 m
4
5
Total Street Length (m)
DISTRIBUTION OF STREET HIERA
%8.6
Street Hierarchy
5 km
CURRENT BLOCKS WITH DIFFERENT LANEWAYS
5 out of 55 blocks in this area
DISTRIBUTION OF STREET HIERARCHIES
DESIGN LAYOUT & PRINCIPLES
50m
110m
Hathaway map of Chicago (1834) (Source: https://www.chicagoinmaps.com/historicmaps.html)
%32.2
1 km12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0
1
2
3
6m
URBAN BLOCKS Number of Sub-blocks: 98 Avg. Block Size: 8395 m2 Total Block Perimeter Length: 37100 m Avg. Block Perimeter Length: 379 m 3m 3m D
6
C
3m
6m
3m
STREET SEGMENTS
CHICAGO/ AMERICAN Total Street Segment Length: 23042 m Avg. Street Segment Length: 104 m
4
Street Hierarchy
1km
15 out of 55 blocks in this area
Total Street Surface Area: 289,471 m2
5 km
1 out of 55 blocks in this area
Total Street Length (m)
5 out of 55 blocks in this area
4 out of 55 blocks in this area
1 km
32 out of 55 blocks in this area
5 km
REGIONAL EXPANSION OF THE GRID, OPEN SPACES & EDGES
CURRENT BLOCKS WITH DIFFERENT LANEWAYS
The rectangular grid of roads, farms, and city streets, so common to the Mid100mregion’s largest me100m dle West and the tropolis, is largely a byproduct of financial considerations. Congress, eager to sell western lands to pay off the national debt, passed the Land Ordinance of 1785, an essential step in these sales. The ordinance provided that each territory would employ a geographer to survey the land, dividing it into townOriginal urban block propositions (HaEvolved urban block proposal (Henry ships six miles square, with the “townthaway of Chicago, 1834) Hart map of Chicago, 1853) ships, or fractional parts of townships, by numbers progressively from south to north, always beginning each range with the number one.”
4 out of 55 blocks in this area
Evolved urban block proposal (Henry Hart map of Chicago, 1853)
Hathaway map of Chicago (1834) (Source: https://www.chicagoinmaps.com/historicmaps.html)
FURTHER SUBDIVISION OF PLOTS
32 out of 55 blocks in this area
Original urban block propositions (Hathaway of Chicago, 1834)
SECONDARY GRID STRUCTURE
PRIMARY GRID STRUCTURE
1 km
URBAN BLOCK COMPOSITION & CONNECTIVITY MEASURES
DESIGN LAYOUT & PRINCIP
STREET NETWORK ANALYSIS
A B C D
1 km
With this comes the urban design and plan for Chicago. Daniel Burnham, an architect and urban designer, was the main designer for the new plan of Chicago in 1906, which was then published in 1909. With partner Edward H. Bennett, they came up with the “Plan of Chicago” as the general plan for the city of Chicago which was originally founded in 1832. [2] The Plan of Chicago hoped for activities of the city to be distributed in an efficient manner and the physical plan to be accessible in a way where we can carry on with our lives without sacrificing any convenience. The urban design of Chicago has come a long way since founded in 1832; the Chicago Plan, development of skyscrapers, the City Beautiful movement in order to beautify the city and efforts to make the vision of the city more knit together between the pedestrians and drivers, housing and commercial buildings, and historical preservations.
50m
CHICAGO - CBD: HOMETOWN OF SKYSCRAPERS
50m
CITY INVESTIGATION
110m
1
LINKS & NODES
LINKS & NODES (dead-ends excluded)
Number of Links: 222
Number of Links: 218
Number of Nodes: 136
Number of Nodes: 132
Link-to-Node Ratio Index of Connectivity (L/N): 1.63
Link-to-Node Ratio Index of Connectivity (L/N): 1.65
Number of Routes (L-N): 86
Number of Routes (L-N): 86
To 23
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The nowadays Boston transNeighborhoods portation line between surburbs. Quincy Adams
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The nowadays Boston trans’s Back Bay. Boston: Northeastern University Press.Neighborhoods portation line between surburbs. Quincy Adams
0
0.5
1
1.5 Mile
This map was produced by the Boston Planning and Development Agency, Office of Digital Cartography and GIS. The locations of features and boundaries shown on this map are approximate and are intended for planning and visualization purposes only. This is not intended for survey, engineering, or legal purposes.
1.5 Mile
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%69
Laneway to Grid Ratio: (ratio of total surface area of secondary grid structure to total surface area of primary grid structure)
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%65WATERFR Y K BA
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900 4m
1200 4m
1500 4m
4m
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URBAN BLOCKS
STREET SEGMENTS
LINKS & NODES
LINKS & NODES (dead-ends excluded)
Number of Sub-blocks: 103 Avg. Block Size: 22706.5 m2 Total Block Perimeter Length: 57535.8 m 6.5m
10m
Avg. Street Segment Length: 128 m
Number of Links: 281
Number of Links: 271
Number of Nodes: 212
Number of Nodes: 196
Link-to-Node Ratio Index of Connectivity (L/N): 1.33
Link-to-Node Ratio Index of Connectivity (L/N): 1.38
Number of Routes (L-N): 69
Number of Routes (L-N): 75
3.5m
Avg. EBlock Perimeter Length: 605 m
D
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4m
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D
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URBAN BLOCK COMPOSITION & CONNECTIVITY MEASURES
St
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%31
Total Street Surface Area: 524.871 m2
Total Block Surface Area: END WEST1168.25 m2
5 km
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Marine Rd
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E Seventh St E Eighth St
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E Sixth St
William Day
E Third St
E Fourth St E Fifth St
H St
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E Fifth St
E Seventh St
E Second St
E Broadway
1 km
St
St
Saxton St
I St
E Fourth St
Story St
Columbia Rd
Hill A ve
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E First St E Second St
E Second St
H St
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Building footprint Northern Avenue at Harbor Northern Avenue Street at Tide 25 Dry Dock Street Avenue Black Falcon Drydock Ave corner stop 21 Dry Dock 88 Black Black Falcon at Avenue Falcon Design Center
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This map was produced by the Boston Planning and Development Agency, Office of Digital Cartography and GIS. The locations of features and boundaries shown on this map are approximate and are intended for planning and visualization purposes only. This is not intended for survey, engineering, or legal purposes.
5 km
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Downtown Crossing Downtown Crossing
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Byron
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Mystic River
Wa lde Beachv iew
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REGIONAL EXPANSION OF THE GRID, OPEN SPACES & EDGES
cle
Vallar Rd Faywood Ave
DISTRIBUTION OF STREET HIERARCHIES
lla
Box District
SECONDARY GRID STRUCTURE
n Hw
y
Bellingham Square
Chelsea
URBAN BLOCK COMPOSITION & CONNECTIVITY MEASURES
Chelsea
Everett
14m
A
1 km
uburbs (1775) from the observations of Lieut. Page of His Majesty’s Corps of Engineers (Source: Librart of Congress)
14m
5m
North Quincy
m
Badger Rd
e Ave
Milton
Ne Capen Street
Mattapan
Paul II Park
93
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e Av
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R ive
URBAN BLOCKS Number of Sub-blocks: 103 Avg. Block Size: 22706.5 m2 Total Block Perimeter Length: 57535.8 m Avg. Block Perimeter Length: 605 m
STREET SEGMENTS
BOSTON/ AMERICAN Total Street Segment Length: 35989.6 m Avg. Street Segment Length: 128 m
LINKS & NODES
LINKS & NODES (dead-ends excluded)
Number of Links: 281
Number of Links: 271
Number of Nodes: 212
Number of Nodes: 196
Link-to-Node Ratio Index of Connectivity (L/N): 1.33
Link-to-Node Ratio Index of Connectivity (L/N): 1.38
Number of Routes (L-N): 69
Number of Routes (L-N): 75
SHENZHEN/ CHINA
7
1
CITY INVESTIGATION
BEIJING/ CHINA
8
CHICAGO/ AMERICAN
BUILDI
CITY INVESTIGATION
3D COMPOSITION & DENSITY ANALYSIS
BUILT SPACES
CIRCULATION NETWORK
1
UNBUILT/OPEN SPACES
1 km
Accessible Plot Density: 445 plots
900
700
(400m walking distance from a central point)
600 500
B
Number of Plots
400 300 200 100 0
0-250
250-500
500-1000 1000-2000 2000-4000 4000-8000
Size of Plots
8000-
900 800 700 600
Number of Plots
A
DISTRIBUTION OF PLOT SIZES
800
1 km
PLOT BOUNDARIES
PLOT CONFIGURATION ANALYSIS
500 400 300 200 100 0
0
0-250 250-500 500-1000 1000-2000 2000-4000 4000-8000 80001 2 3 4 5 6 7
8
Size of Plots
Total number of Plots: 1027 Average Plot Size: 437 m2
A
B
BUILDING FOOTPRINTS
BUILT COMPOSITION ANALYSIS Total Surface Area of Building Footprints: 254,400 m2 Total Surface Area of Circulation Network: 136,090 m2 Total Surface Area of Unbuilt /Open Spaces: 197,782 m2
%43
%24
BUILT SPACES
CIRCULATION NETWORK
DENSITY ANALYSIS
BOSTON/ AMERICAN
%33
UNBUILT/OPEN SPACES
SHENZHEN/ CHINA
9
CHAPTER 2
CODING URBAN EXPERIENCE
CODING SYSTEM
2
BEIJING/ CHINA 11
2
CODING SYSTEM
CODING: THE CHANGING RHYTHM OF FACADES IN CHICAGO
CHICAGO/ AMERICAN 12
CODING SYSTEM
2
SHENZHEN/ CHINA
13
2
CODING SYSTEM
BOSTON/ AMERICAN
14
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
3
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
LAND RECLAIMING HISTORY
LI
Y K BA
BAC
LD O
INE
CI T
Y
WL
ON
M COM
N
NE
E
ISLAND EXPANSION
Boston and Its Suburbs (1775) from the observations of Lieut. Page of His Majesty’s Corps of Engineers (Source: Librart of Congress)
16
Original city block propositions (A new and correct plan of the town of Boston, 1775)
1852 map of the Back Bay showing and The nowadays Boston transportation old and new city grids. line between surburbs.
RAINFALL ANALYSIS
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
3
17
3
18
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
LAND RECLAIMING HISTORY
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
Current Boston City
3
Water flow
19
3
20
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
3
BOSTON LAND FLOODING PREDICT
21
3
22
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
None flooding
1.5 meters
2 meters
2.5 meters
3 meters
5 meters
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
2020
2120
3
2220
23
3
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
Water flow according to the topography
24
Potential rive in the future
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
3
Boston Flooding Advantages Recharge and Replenish Ground Water. New Transportation Method (Reference Vehicles). Increasing of Population Density New Type of Infrastructures (Swimming Pools) Disadvantages Loss of Apartments and houses Blocking the roads Loss of Greenery
25
3
26
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
3
27
3
28
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
3
29
3
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
Muitiple Transport Layer
North Boston
30
South Boston
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
3
31
3
32
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
3
33
3
34
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
Exploration of Flooded Area Typology
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
3
35
3
36
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
3
37
3
38
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
Typical level
Water level
3
Accessable Area
39
3
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
Living Block
Abstract Form
New Transportation
Transportation
New Island
40
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
Connection&Transfer Core
New blocks
3
Intervention
Old town blocks
41
3
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
Interaction with water
42
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
3
Perspective views
43
3
44
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
3
SPACE DEVELOPMENT
45
3
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
FOLDING SPACE
46
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
3
DRAFT SECTION 1-1
47
3
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
DRAFT SECTION 2-2
48
SUNLIGHT CALCULATION
BIRDVIEWS
02
DESIGN ANALYSIS CITY DEVELOPMENT
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
3
LIVING WITH WATER
Living under Water
Living by Water
Living on Water
53
3
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
LIVING WITH WATER
54
3
DESIGN CONCEPT LIVING WITH WATER
Image from Vincent Callebaut
3
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
IDEAL CITY CONCEPT
Source: ‘Frontier City’, ISSUU. com 56
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
Source: Pinterest.com
3
57
3
58
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
3
PATH SYSTEM
59
3
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
Basic information of some interest points
60
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
Connectivity
Reconfiguration Iteration 1
Reconfiguration Iteration 2
Paths optimization Iteration 1
Paths optimization Iteration 2
3
61
VOLUMETRIC CITY INVESTIGATION EXPANSION
3
Paths Following Simulation
Form Optimization
45
02
DESIGN ANALYSIS CITY DEVELOPMENT
3
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
INSPIRED FROM CORAL
64
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
1
2
3
4
3
Primary form inspired by corals
65
3
66
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
04
DESIGN EXPERIMENT PATHS OPTIMIZATION
3
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
Block extraction (being flooded)
68
Block entrance
Paths generation
Control lines extraction
Form generation
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
Single block
Path iteration 1
Path iteration 2
Path iteration 3
Form iteration 1
Form iteration 2
Form iteration 3
3
69
3
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
Govern blocks coralization
Living blocks coralization
70
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
3
Entertainment blocks coralization
Commercial blocks coralization
71
3
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
Coral 1 - Apartments/ Houses Apartment combination
Muti-functions combination
72
Coral 2 - Entertainment (Parks/ Museums)
Coral 3 - Commercial buildings
Coral 4 - Govern buildings
05
DESIGN EVALUATION
3
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION Variable 3 - Paths Extraction
Variable 4 - Volumes of Corals
Variable 1 - The Quantity of Entrances (100 people inside)
Initial Block (Haymarket)
Variable 2 - The Population Density ( 4 Entrances)
There are four variables to control the shape of corals, which are the quantity of the entrances and the population density at the first stage, the paths extraction at the second stage and the volume adjustment at the third stage. The stage one is to simulate the different period of the block, such as in the morning, there are fewer people around, and most of the shops are closed. It is vice versa in the afternoon or at night. The paths extraction basically follows the thickest path from the previous stage. At final stage, we can adjust the volume to respond to the volume that has been flooded, and to satisfy the increasing population according to the density.
74
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
3
75
3
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
Space Openness
Space Openness - Referring to the building density. If the open space area is larger than the building area, the space openness will be marked high.
Complexity
Connectivity - Referring to the circulation and the conveniency to get to a place nearby. This item will be marked by the length of route between two points.
Connectivity
Muti-function - Reffering to the quantities of activities happen at the desinated places. If the quantity is high, the mark will be high as well. Population Density - Reffering to the amount of people on the street. Diversity
Muti-function
Population Density
S
S
S
S
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
P
P
P
P
P
P
S
S
S
S
S
S
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
P
P
S
S
P
C
C
C
C
D
M
D
M
P
76
Complexity - Reffering to the complexity of building structures.
S
S
Diversity - Reffering to the potential events happen at the designated places. Such as a square can be use to hold a wide range of activities, but a park cannot.
P
P
P
P
3
RESEARCH AND CONCEPT
Space Openness
Space Openness - Referring to the coral density. If the open space area is larger than the building area, the space openness will be marked high.
Complexity
Connectivity - Referring to the circulation and the conveniency to get to a place nearby. This item will be marked by the length of route between two points.
Connectivity
Muti-function - Reffering to the quantities of activities happen at the desinated places. If the quantity is high, the mark will be high as well. Population Density - Reffering to the amount of people inside corals. Diversity
Muti-function
Population Density
Complexity - Reffering to the complexity of coral structures.
S
S
S
S
S
S
Diversity - Reffering to the potential events happen at the designated places. Such as a square can be use to hold a wide range of activities, but a park cannot.
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
P
P
P
P
P
P
S
S
S
S
S
S
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
P
P
S
S
P
C
C
C
C
D
M
D
M
P
P
P
P
P
77
CHAPTER 4
VOLUMETIC EXPANSION
VOLUMETIC EXPANSION
4
PROGRAMS IN 'CORALS'
79
4
80
VOLUMETIC EXPANSION
VOLUMETIC EXPANSION
4
81
4
VOLUMETIC EXPANSION
Downtown Crossing generation progress
West - End generation progress
82
VOLUMETIC EXPANSION
4
South - End generation progress
83
4
VOLUMETIC EXPANSION
CORAL TYPOLOGY
84
VOLUMETIC EXPANSION
4
CORAL TYPOLOGY
85
4
VOLUMETIC EXPANSION
1-1
2-2
N
SITE PLAN 86
SECTION 1-1
0
10m
20m
30m
40m
50m
60m
SECTION 2-2
0
10m
20m
30m
40m
S0m
60m
4
VOLUMETIC EXPANSION
There is a swimming pool on the roof.
------,
\ \ \
\ ��
Swimming
J
0 O 0
°
When on the running track,
�
You can see the sea
you can see the aquarium.
�
life outside through
Aquarium
the window.
+
+
♦ ♦
+
O 0 0 0
�;
The coral structure
"'.,,----- -- --- Net structure forms
�
enhances sound relection.
,,,,
0 96
Sm
10m
15m
,,,,,, ,, ,, ,, "',,,,
20m
,,,, "',,,,
,,,,,, ,,,, ,, "'
25m
"soft space".
30m
VOLUMETIC EXPANSION
4
97
4
98
VOLUMETIC EXPANSION
VOLUMETIC EXPANSION
-·
4
dz�¾�'<(/_Yh
����
otanical gar
0
Sm
10m
15m
20m
25m
30m
99
CITY INVESTIGATION
1
109
THANK YOU
Tutor: Justyna Karakiewicz, Onur Tumturk Group member: Yanxiang Yang 1008856
Xinming Sun 1035857 Junkai Huang 938682
Wei Dong 1018279