YOUR ENGLISH SUPPLEMENT Volume 10 // 9.95€
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www.yes-mag.com 22 pages of exercises
NIGHT
DREAMS SLEEP
More than 1 hour of audio
GENERAL CONTENTS
YES Volume 10
This page should help you to navigate the magazine in general. Notice that on pages 6, 23, 63, 87 and 111 there are more details for each section of the magazine.
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58 Audio Download Code: To download the audio files for this issue, please go to the 'Downloads' page on www.yes-mag.com for instructions. You will need the code given above to access the files.
www.yes-mag.com // facebook.com/YesZine // @yeszine
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How to Use Your English Supplement
6 7 9 10 12 16 18 20
Current Affairs Contents News and anecdotes Language News Science News The Science of Sleep Politics: the Islands of Discord Internet: Illegal Downloads & Susan Wojcicki Economics: Positive Thinking, Climate Change & Encouraging Failure
23 24 28 31 34 36 38 41 44 45 46 50 54 58 62
Culture Contents Travel: Bali - The Island of Love History: The knights who killed the Middle Ages Feature: The Night The Supernatural: Ghosts in Britain Photography: photographing anomalies Psychology: Hallucinations Explorers: an Irish lady amongst the Cannibals Humour: mishearing Epitaphs: Gravestone Mysteries Poetry: Sylvia Plath in Connemara True Crime: Soho Between the Wars Art: George Morland – almost great Cinema: the secrets of Hollywood Sports: alternative names
63 64 70 74 78 80 81 82 84
Grammar Contents Talking about culture: English in context, false friends THE LANGUAGE OF SLEEP: phrasal verbs and words Idioms of the night, sleep and dreams Night: word building and etymology Pronunciation: phonics and –ight Translation: homemade signs The YES community Grammar: punctuation
85 86
Subscription Information Picture Description
87 88
Audio Scripts Contents Audio Scripts
111 Exercises Contents 112 Exercises 134 135
Staff and contact addresses In next month’s issue YES 10 | 3
demise2 of humanity. This is not just something that Hollywood scriptwriters3 think about. Such things worry computer-programming expert Jaan Tallinn, co-founder of Skype, Huw Price, professor4 of philosophy at Cambridge,
How to Use Your English Supplement
and Lo Colleg Study Par capaci dicted From telligen ‘the Si beings
SYMBOLS
Each page-long article in the magazine has been created to be used more or less independently so that you can learn and practise even if you only have five or ten minutes free. At the same time, the symbols below allow you to develop a theme you are interested in more extensively. Teachers can use these symbols to instantly prepare a class or classes around a common theme.
Exercise (at the end of the magazine). Test and consolidate what you have learned.
THE EN
Speaking extension. A question aimed at provoking a group discussion of the topic in question.
Photo by GabboT
to bring about (bring-broughtbrought) – cause 2 demise – end, decline 3 scriptwriter – sb. who writes the script (= text) of a movie 4 professor – (false friend) head 1
Downloadable audio file (see also audio scripts). There are recommendations on how best to use the audio files on p. 87.
This arrow directs you to other related articles in the magazine.
p. 40
6, 22
p. 6
of department at a university, senior academic 5 to set up (set-set-set) – create, establish 6 to arise (arise-arose-arisen) – emerge, occur
p.6
ABBREVIATIONS KEY Listening extension (Internet). Once you’ve learned the basic vocabulary of a topic, why not listen to further discussions? 4 | YES 10
These are the only abbreviations you have to know to use this magazine: sb. = somebody sth. = something swh. = somewhere [U] = uncountable noun [C] = countable noun
Some will be idea: f robots in our gent b octopu experi licate t ity can as dra simply obsole from v 1925, “ but a w
speed from t 9 naïve – 10 to tre 11 scena thetic
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8
phone antennas. There is little danger of the message being garbled5 – as it is in the game of Chinese whispers6 – because it is so simple: “danger predator”.
FOOTNOTES
The superscript numbers in the text refer to the footnotes at the bottom or at the side of the same page. The footnotes explain the difficult vocabulary as determined by our non-native proofreaders. Like you, these proofreaders are learners so they are able to identify the exact words you need to know to understand the sentence. Definitions are given in English, so that you learn to think in English and these definitions are then checked by the non-native proofreaders to ensure that you will understand them. Some words are defined by pictures: we use these visual stimuli when that is the best way to fix an idea in your memory. Read the definition or look at the illustration and then re-read the sentence in question. By working with English-language footnotes you will rapidly increase your vocabulary and learn how English words relate to each other, all of which will have a dramatic impact on your fluency and self-confidence1 . Some readers find it useful to put their finger next to the word in the article that they are looking for in the footnotes to make it easier to return to the text afterwards. Either way, it shouldn’t be difficult to find your place because the footnotes are numbered and the words are highlighted in bold. Notice that the syllables and words that should be stressed2 are underlined. Red footnotes give extra cultural (rather than linguistic) information, or they refer you to other articles.
PHONEMIC SYMBOLS Here are the phonemic symbols that we use which might cause you problems.
Consonants
Meanwhile9, a study from Anglia Rus sity has found that African elephants plan on cropland11 to coincide with the new m raids are more frequent and more substa the nights are darkest. This suggests that stand that darkness lowers the risk of bei farmers12. Or perhaps they know that hu less and more lightly13 when there is a fu
MY NAME IS FLI
Dolphins have a signature whistle14 whi identify themselves and to identify others hear a familiar whistle they will repeat it b acquaintance15, which they don’t do for whistle. Moreover, a study from the Unive cago has now found that dolphins remem signature whistles14 after more than 20 gesting they have the best memory in the Photo by Ikiwaner
NOT-SO-CARNIVOROUS CROCS7
Research from the US Fish and Wildlife Service in Charleston, South Carolina, has confirmed decades of anecdotal reports: over half the existing crocodilian species supplement their diet with fruit. It seems that at least 13 of the 23 species of crocodiles and alligators in the world today eat fruit as well as meat. warning (adj.) – alarm to bang – beat, hit to pick up – receive 4 to relay – resent 5 garbled – incoherent, meaningless 6 Chinese whispers (UK English) – broken telephone (US English) 7 croc – (colloquial) crocodile 8 full moon – when the complete disc of the moon is visible 1
(associated with werewolves) meanwhile – at the same time raid – surprise attack 11 cropland – arable farms 12 farmer – agriculturalist 13 more lightly – less deeply 14 signature whistle – high-frequency sound that identifies an individual 15 acquaintance – known individual, (in this case) friend
2
9
3
10
2
1
self-confidence – self-assurance (opposite of ‘self-doubt’, ‘hesitancy’) to stress sth. – emphasize, underline
2
/ʧ/ as in church, watch /ʃ/ as in wash, sure, action /ʤ/ as in judge, gesture /ʒ/ as in measure, vision /j/ as in yes /θ/ as in thick, path /ð/ as in this, breathe /ŋ/ as in sing
Pure Vowels
/æ/ as in cat /ʌ/ as in cut /ə/ as in occur, supply, aroma /ɜ:/ as in first, turn, earn /ɔ:/ as in court, warn
Dipthongs
/iə/ as in ear, here /eə/ as in air, there
YES 10 | 5
CURRENT AFFAIRS
This section of the magazine offers short news stories organized thematically:
SPEAKING & LISTENING EXTENSION 7
Listen to Mini-debate 3
10
Watch this humorous – potentially irritating presentation of the news about crocodilian tool use http://goo.gl/2EQWWg
7 News - stories from around the Anglosphere. 8 News - stories from around the Anglosphere. 9 Language News - the latest linguistic stories EXERCISE 34 10 Science: Animal Behaviour News - five steps to live longer 11 Science: Mental Health News - the latest advances in our understanding of the mind EXERCISE 2 12 16
The Science of Sleep - what scientists are saying about sleep and dreams EXERCISE 4 Politics: The Islands of Discord - Could a series of uninhabited atolls and islands start a third world war? EXERCISE 3
18 Internet - Illegal Downloads in the UK 19 Internet - Women in IT - Who is Susan Wojcicki 20 Economics - The Economics of Positive Thinking 21 Economics - The Rising Cost of Climate Change 22 Economics - Is Encouraging Failure Good for the Economy? EXERCISE 25
6 | YES 10
Watch this brief BBC report about dolphin’s recreational drug use http://goo.gl/pSpDzd
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Speak: are machines increasingly replacing your ability to remember things? If so, does that matter?
12
Watch this TED talk by Russell Foster about why we sleep http://goo.gl/XIPiJ9
Science
WHAT ARE DREAMS FOR? THE CONSOLIDATION OF MEMORY
Research at Swansea University suggests that dreams are the result of the consolidation of memory. Information is packaged1 into fragments containing place, actions and objects and these fragments are projected into dreams as the information is being transferred from the hippocampus to the cortex. At the same time the consolidation process seems to look for associations with established memories forging2 often bizarre links3 in the narrative of our dreams. Our emotions are determinant in how we store4 memories and they also guide our dreaming processes. Emotional turmoil5 in our waking life tends to spill over into6 our dream worlds creating more vivid dreams that centre on a specific image. Less stressful times usually result in more rambling7 narratives in dreams.
Photo by Josh Tampico
Our waking lives determine not only what we dream but how we dream. Research from the University of Derby has found that people who play World of Warcraft on the internet incorporate its user-interface into their dream world. Moreover, gamers 8 experience a greater sense of control over what happens in their dreams than non-gamers, according to research from Grant McEwan University in Edmonton (Canada). Gaming makes dreams more exciting and less scary9.
AGEING10 & THE DREAM WORLD
Painting by Franz Schrotzberg
to package – (in this case) divide 2 to forge – create, generate 3 link – connection 4 to store – preserve 1
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p. 6
turmoil – chaos, agitation to spill over into – affect, impinge on (in an uncontrolled way) 7 rambling – unfocused, 5
6
The way we dream is closely connected with age and this suggests that dreams are part of the way that the brain matures. Foetuses and infants spend four times as long11 in REM sleep as adults. Presumably, they are dreaming during REM sleep – like adults do – but we have no way of proving it. When children begin to talk, the dreams they report almost always feature12 animals, though nobody knows why. Adolescence is when our dream world is most active, while the number of dreams we have and the time spent in REM sleep declines after 20. Adults also tend to have less pleasant13 and more aggressive dreams. incoherent gamer – sb. who plays videogames 9 scary – frightening, terrifying 10 ageing – becoming older 8
as long – (in this case) as much time 12 to feature sth. – include sth. prominently 13 pleasant – agreeable 11
YES 10 | 15
Internet
Women in IT WHO IS SUSAN WOJCICKI? by Douglas Jasch douglasjasch@douglasjasch.com // @douglasjasch
S
usan Wojcicki is a name that has been appearing in the media lately1 due to2 her recent appointment3 as head of Google-owned YouTube. Yet4, despite having a long history with Google, most people don’t know much about her. So who is she?
SUSAN’S GARAGE
Larry Page, the Google CEO5, says that the new YouTube boss has a “healthy disregard for6 the impossible.” He should know because Google was started in her garage 16 years ago. It was back in7 1998; Steve Jobs had just introduced the world’s first iMac, Internet was dial-up8 and two Stanford University students – Sergey Brin and Larry Page – were setting up9 a search engine10 (i.e.11 Google) in her Californian garage. Wojcicki rented her garage to12 Brin and Page to help pay her mortgage13. She was later to become the 16th person they hired 14. She was four months pregnant when she joined Google and her friends said that she was crazy to leave a good job at Intel to join the start-up company while pregnant with her first child. Today, Wojcicki says it was one of the best decisions of her life. lately – recently due to – because of 3 appointment – naming, selection 4 yet – however 5 CEO – chief executive officer 6 disregard for – indifference to (what is considered) 7 it was back in – (emphatic) it 1
2
was dial-up – used remotely via a telephone line 9 to set up (set-set-set) – create 10 search engine – Internet service that finds information (e.g. Google) 11 i.e. – (id est) that is 12 to rent sth. to sb. – permit sb. 8
Photo by Jordiipa
Susan’s garage
Google is now a multi-billion dollar global technology company and she is the head of YouTube. This is an example of how taking risk leads to15 successful economic innovation (see p. 22)
A FAMILY AFFAIR
Wojcicki’s younger sister Anne married Google co-founder Sergey Brin. Wojcicki is family focused almost always being home for dinner and not allowing16 colleagues to contact her between 6pm and 9pm when she’s with her children. Wojcicki is a big supporter17 of women in technology.
SENIOR VICE-PRESIDENT AT GOOGLE
Before she was head of YouTube, Wojcicki was senior vice president of advertising18 and commerce at Google. She was a strong supporter17 of Google’s purchase19 of YouTube in 2006 for $1.65 billion and was behind Google Images and Google Books. In 2012, while 20 senior vice-president of advertising and commerce, the company’s advertising products accounted for 87% of Google’s revenues21. So the next time you watch a video on YouTube, you will know a little more about the CEO5, the company’s history and Wojcicki’s achievements22. to use sth. in return for periodic payments 13 mortgage – credit to buy a home 14 to hire – employ 15 to lead to (lead-led-led) – result in 16 to allow – permit 17 supporter – advocate,
champion advertising – publicity 19 purchase – acquisition, buying 20 while – (in this case) when she was 21 revenues – income, earnings 22 achievement – accomplishment, triumph 18
YES 10 | 19
CULTURE
This section of the magazine offers...
58-61 62
24-27
Travel: Bali - The Island of Love EXERCISE 23
28-30
History: the knights that killed the Middle Ages EXERCISE 9
Feature: the Night – nocturnal mythology, psychology, technology and evolution EXERCISE 28
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34-35 36-37
The Supernatural: Britain – the Haunted Isles EXERCISE 5 Photography: photographing ‘supernatural’ anomalies EXERCISE 24
38-40
Psychology: Hallucinations – science fiction of the mind
41-43
Explorers: Beatrice Grimshaw – an Irish lady amongst cannibals EXERCISE 19
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Humorous mishearings – when Anglos don’t understand each other
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Mystery: the enigmas behind epitaphs
46-49
Poetry: Sylvia Plath in Connemara EXERCISE 32
50-53
True Crime: Soho in the Interwar Years – drugs, murder and owls EXERCISE 30
54-57
Sports: alternative names for your favourite games EXERCISE 31
SPEAKING & LISTENING EXTENSION
31-33
Cinema: the secrets of Hollywood – strange sounds and sinister lobbyists EXERCISE 16
58
Watch: here’s a long interview with Oliver Sacks about hallucination from the 2012 World Science Festival http://goo.gl/DQMOjk View: here is a slide show of 200 paintings by George Morland http://goo.gl/NQJy6r Watch: here’s a short video with a reasonable commentary about the 10 most recognizable sound effects in the movies http://goo.gl/xSjEDF
Art: George Morland – the wasted talent of an almost great painter EXERCISE 29
YES 10 | 23
History
The Knights who Killed the Middle Ages I
n Shakespeare’s Henry V (1599), after the Battle of Agincourt (1415), the king asks for a list of the dead and wounded1. As he surveys2 the list he counts in a lesser category the sixteen hundred dead mercenaries (H5.4.8.80). Elsewhere3 (4.7.66) we are told how the nobility have the ignominy of dying drenched in4 mercenary blood 5. Who were these mercenaries considered somehow less than human?
The New Knights The feudal system was based on a network of trouthe, interconnected integrity based on people keeping promises to each other. The nobility promised to fight for the king to protect the whole of society, while the peasantry6 fought for the nobility. This produced a feudal ‘host’ 7. The system works8 for the occasional short war. However, it was tested by longer military campaigns and it collapsed under the Anglo-French conflict known as The Hundred Years War (1337-1453). Quite simply, people were not prepared to fight for years on end9 simply out of10 loyalty. As a result, as the 14th Century progressed, rulers11 had to depend more and more on mercenaries. By the second half of the 14th Century the greater part of military forces were made up of12 mercenaries.
The New ‘Armies’ The new mercenary forces were different both in structure and ethos13. Indeed14, they were no longer referred to as ‘hosts’ but rather15 as ‘armies’. These mercenary armies had no loyalty to king or country. They were business ventures16 and they were loyal to whoever had contracted them and could pay punctually. As hardened 17 fighting men the armies were a match 18 for any feudal host 7, made up of 12 enthusiastic amateurs. The new armies undermined 19 the social relations throughout 20 the feudal system. Not only could lowborn 21 mercenaries now fight noble knights22 on horseback but the mercenaries styled themselves as 23 knights. This confused the second and third estates, which until that time had been clearly delineated. Moreover, the first estate – the Church – relied heavily on 24 mercenaries for its many territorial wars in the late Middle Ages. So, while the elites may have despised 25 the mercenaries for undermining the feudal order, those same elites – Popes and kings – relied on 24 and perpetuated the new armies.
Edward III counting the dead at Crécy
the wounded – those hurt in battle 2 to survey – examine, look over 3 elsewhere – in a different place 4 to be drenched in – be soaked in, be covered with 5 blood – red liquid typically found in veins and arteries 6 peasantry – rural workers under the feudal system 7 host – multitudinous amateur 1
28 | YES 10
militia to work – function 9 for years on end – year after year 10 out of – (in this case) for 11 rulers – kings, Popes, etc. 12 to be made up of – consist of, be composed of 13 ethos – attitudes and aspirations 14 indeed – (emphatic) in fact 8
but rather – (in this case) by contrast they were referred to as 16 venture – enterprise, undertaking 17 hardened – experienced 18 match – (in this case) effective rival 19 to undermine – erode, subvert 20 throughout – in every part of 21 lowborn – plebeian, of low 15
social status knight – 23 to style oneself as – call oneself 24 to rely on – depend on, count on 25 to despise – detest and disdain 22
9
Feature
Into the Night
hieroglyph to mean ‘night’ and death’. The Welsh poet Dylan Thomas 6 described death as “the dying of the light”, i.e.7 the coming of night.
The Psychology of Night From the Womb1 to the Tomb2 The night is a foreign3 land to us. Mother Night preceded creation, according to Hesiod4 . She gave birth to the gods. The silver egg of the cosmos was laid 5 in the womb1 of darkness, according to Orphic creation myths. The Greek night goddess, Nyx – daughter of Chaos – was the mother of Sleep (Hypnos) and Death (Thanatos). There was darkness and then God created light in the Judaeo-Christian tradition. Darkness represents the womb1 in which all things are generated; it also represents the tomb2 in which all things die. The Mayans used the same womb /wu:m/ – uterus tomb /tu:m/ – grave, sarcophagus 3 foreign – (in this case) strange, unfamiliar 4 Ancient Greek poet who 1
2
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lived around the 7th Century BCE (= before Common Era, before Christ) 5 to lay (lay-laid-laid) – (in this case) produce 6 (1914-53) the best-known
Western culture associates the night with evil8 and witchcraft9. At the same time, the night is a time of anarchy and freedom from social constraints10; the night is the appropriate time to release11 oneself from inhibitions with alcohol in Western culture. As a result, our daytime-nighttime dichotomy seems to reflect our divided brain. Like the right hemisphere, the nighttime is associated with intuition, imagination and inhibition, while the daytime is linked to12 logic (like the left hemisphere). Psychology associates night with the unconscious. Similarly, in mystical theology, night symbolizes the disappearance of all knowledge that can be defined, analysed or expressed. modern Welsh poet i.e. – (id est) that is 8 evil (n.) – malignancy 9 witchcraft – black magic 10 constraint – restriction, inhibition
7
11
to release – free, liberate to be linked to – be associated with, be connected to
12
YES 10 | 31
Explorers
Islands of Adventure B
eatrice Grimshaw (1871-1953) was born into a comfortable Protestant Victorian family living 8km outside Belfast. However, the world into which Beatrice was born was too claustrophobic, too small and above all1 too boring for a young woman of her temperament. Her education took her to Belfast, Dublin and Caen in France and the more she saw of the world the more she needed to see. She left home when she was barely2 20 (unheard of3 for a young lady at the time) and went to live in Dublin and work as a journalist (practically unheard of3 for a woman at the time).
Sportswoman She took up4 cycling and in 1892 decided that she was going to break the women’s 24-hour world cycling record. There was only one problem. A Victorian young lady could not be accompanied by a man during the hours of darkness. As a result, she couldn’t be paced 5 by a fellow6 rider carrying her provisions. Absurdly, it meant that she had to cycle alone in the darkness out into the countryside to a police barracks7 in order for her time to be officially recorded. In any event she broke the world record by an impressive 8km.
Writer Bizarrely, as a result of this achievement 8, she was offered the job of subeditor on a sports journal (unheard of3 for a young
above all – most importantly barely – only just 3 unheard of – previously unknown, unprecedented 4 to take up (a hobby) (taketook-taken) – start 5 to pace sb. – accompany sb. to 1
2
19
Beatrice Grimshaw
ensure that she/he is racing at a competitive speed 6 a fellow – another 7 barracks – garrison, accommodation building 8 achievement – accomplishment, triumph
Photo by Hedwig Storch
woman at the time, and still rare today). She then became editor of The Social Review, a society journal9. This was a meteoric rise 10 in journalism but writing about Dublin high society’s “loathsome 11 parties” bored Beatrice to tears12 . After four years she moved to London in search of pastures new13. Once in the British capital she published her first novel Broken Away (1897). It was to be the first of over 30 novels. Indeed14, in all she wrote 46 books. Her novel Conn of the Coral Seas (1922) was made into an Australian silent film The Adorable Outcast (1928) – distributed in the USA as Black Cargoes15 of the South Seas. However, even the British capital ended up boring Beatrice and she offered her services as a travel writer to anyone who would pay her passage to the South Seas. In 1906 she got her free trip to Tahiti – on a commission for The Times – aboard16 a Cunard liner17. She was never to return to the British Isles.
journal – (in this case) magazine 10 rise – ascent 11 loathsome – hateful, detestable, odious 12 to bore sb. to tears – be extremely tedious for sb.
9
in search of pastures new – trying to find a new place that offers new opportunities 14 indeed – (emphatic) in fact 15 cargo – merchandise, freight 16 aboard – on board, on 17 liner – passenger ship 13
YES 10 | 41
Poetry
Sylvia Plath in Connemara by Colman Keane
Murphy & his Hooker The Irish Ascendancy poet, and last of the great AngloIrish poets, Richard Murphy (1927- ) first met Sylvia Plath at the Mermaid Theatre in London in July 1961. At the time Murphy had just refurbished1 an old Galway hooker2 called the Ave Maria with which by means of3 experiencing the sea at first hand he was attempting to4 give more realism to his verse. Together with nine other poets, Richard Murphy, Sylvia Plath 5 and her husband Ted Hughes6 /hju:z/ were taking part in a poetry festival promoted by the Poetry Book Society. After a short rehearsal7 that morning, all three repaired to8 a restaurant for lunch. Although Sylvia spoke far more than her husband there is no doubt that they were both deeply interested in Murphy’s cottage9 life on the remote coastal village of Cleggan, the little village which in 1927 had seen 25 of its fishermen10 swallowed up by11 the Atlantic in a freak12 storm13. No doubt this visit to the unblemished14 western Irish coast resonated with15 Sylvia. After all, she had spent the first 10 years of her life in Boston, right beside Massachusetts Bay and vividly remembered the ocean and its teeming16 beaches. to refurnish – renovate hooker – (Irish English) sailing boat with one mast (typically used for fishing). Be careful with this term as it means ‘prostitute’ in colloquial US English. 3 by means of – by, as a result of 4 to attempt to – to try to 5 (1932-63) best-known US woman poet of the 20th Century 6 (1930-1998) British Poet Laureate and one of the greatest British poets of the 20th Century 7 rehearsal – practice session 8 to repair to – go (together) to 9 cottage (adj.) – (in this case) village, (literally) living in a little rural house 10 fisherman – 11 swallowed up by – engulfed by, drowned in, suffocate in the waters of 12 freak (adj.) – aberrant, unpredictable 13 storm – tempest (poetic) 14 unblemished – unspoilt, immaculate 15 to resonate with – be agreeable to, please 16 teeming – full of people
Sylvia Plath
Cleggan
Photo by Bert Kaufmann
Richard Murphy
Photo by Patrick McGee
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2
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32
GRAMMAR
SPEAKING EXTENSION 68
Speak: what’s your favourite film? Why would you recommend it? What’s your favourite novel? Why?
73
Speak: are you a morning person/ early bird or a night owl?
84
Watch: what would happen if we pronounced punctuation? Find out from Victor Borge http://goo.gl/lsXfXP
This section of the magazine offers...
THE LANGUAGE OF CULTURE 64 65 66 67 68
English in Context: talking about culture English in Context: comparing stories English in Context: foreshadowing, irony and symbolism English in Context: talking about poetry EXERCISE 11 False Friends: literary terms EXERCISE 17
THE LANGUAGE OF THE NIGHT 70 72 73 74 76 77 78 79 80
Phrasal Verbs: sleep Phrasal Verbs: dreams EXERCISE 26 Words: the terminology of sleep Idioms: night expressions Idioms: dream expressions Idioms: sleeping expressions EXERCISE 34 Word Building: ‘night’ EXERCISE 33 Etymology: nightingales and nightmares Pronunciation: phonics and -ight EXERCISE 12
81
Translation: homemade signs EXERCISE 22
82
The YES Community
84
Grammar Focus: Why Punctuation Matters EXERCISE 27
85 86
Subscription Information Picture Description
AUDIO SCRIPTS EXTENSION Track 1
Conversation point Should language change affect established aspects of sports and culture?
Track 2
Conversation point What makes a good leader?
Track 3
Conversation point Oxfam has identified that world inequality has skyrocketed since the beginning of the Global Financial Crisis. Does inequality matter, or should we only be concerned about absolute poverty?
Track 5
Conversation point Does silence ever make you nervous, sad, depressed? If you don’t like silence, how do you fill it? Are there things you prefer to do in silence and other thinks you prefer with sound?
YES 10 | 63
False Friends
Literary False Friends 2: Romance >> romance This is one of the most confusing terms used in literature. In popular usage it means a love story. In literary terminology it means an exotic adventure. Romances tend to feature1 people of noble birth in the remote past and/or in far-off2 lands. Romances tend to have happy endings. 3 In the Middle Ages romances were written both as poetry and prose but their fundamental characteristic is that they lack4 the realism of novels. In the theatre a romance is a type of Renaissance tragi-comedy in which the characters suffer in a magical world but ultimately5 find redemption. 6 >> gest/geste /ʤest/ This word presents problems of pronunciation and spelling. It can be used for a mediaeval adventure poem.
The Tempest
However, we prefer the term ‘romance’ for this. Unfortunately, ‘gest(e)’ is a homophone of ‘jest’, a rather7 pompous word for a joke 8, and so tends to cause confusion. Notice that ‘gest(e)’ is not a homophone of ‘guest’ /gest/. >> romantic The American literary scholar9 A.O. Lovejoy once commented that the word ‘romantic’ means so many things that, by itself, it means nothing at all10. 11 In popular usage ‘romantic’ means ‘amorous’. The Romantics/ Romanticism however refer to a group of late 18th-century early 19th-century poets who had a special interest in the sublime.12 >> ballad a (literary) ballad is a reasonably short narrative poem that uses simple language, a refrain13 and dialogue. The Spanish equivalent of ballad in this sense is romance /roˈmænθe/, and we use this term in Spanish contexts.14 A ballad is not the same thing as a balada, a dance song from Provence. For clarity cognates15 of ‘ballad’ in Romance languages (i.e. a traditional popular song with a refrain13) should be called ‘folk ballads’. Just to make things a little more confused, a ballad can also be a slow sentimental pop song.
by Archibald Tuttle
to feature – include prominently 2 far-off – distant 3 well-known English romances include Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (which is in English, despite the French title) and Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde.
1
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17
to lack – not have ultimately – (false friend) in the end 6 such as Shakespeare’s The Tempest or Cymbeline and a number of John Fletcher’s plays 7 rather – quite, somewhat 8 joke – humorous anecdote or comment that causes laughter
4
5
scholar – (false friend) erudite person 10 nothing at all – (emphatic) nothing 11 as we have seen, the same is more or less true for ‘romance’, too. 12 such as Wordsworth, Coleridge, Blake, Byron, Shelley and Keats
9
refrain (false friend) – repeated line(s) in a poem or song, typically at the end of each stanza 14 we also use romancero to talk about a collection of such narrative poems in Spanish 15 cognate – one of two (or more) etymologically related words 13
YES 10 | 69
Etymology
Of Nightmares & Nightingales Most compound words containing ‘night’ are pretty1 self-explanatory, as we saw on the previous page. However, there are several terms that need a little more explanation. Fuseli’s The Nightmare
>> a nightcap As we saw on p. 78 a ‘nightcap’ is literally a hat worn in bed in the past (and in costume dramas2). However, if you talk to Anglos about a nightcap they will probably think you are referring to an alcoholic beverage3 drunk just before going to bed. This usage dates back to when people actually4 wore 5 nightcaps in bed and presumably it was originally a euphemism. You can imagine a Georgian gentleman asking his servant to bring him his nightcap with a wink6. >> a nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) The term ‘nightingale’ simply means ‘night singer’ (galan meant to sing in AngloSaxon). The term was originally nihtegale – the /ŋ/ was added in the middle syllable to make the word easier to say. In the 17th Century Holland was Britain’s great rival and the English invented all sorts of nasty7 anti-Dutch expressions. For instance 8 , a ‘Dutch nightingale’ was a facetious9 word for a frog. pretty (adv.) – reasonably costume drama – film or TV series in which the actors wear5 the clothes of a specific historical period 3 beverage – drink 4 actually – (false friend) really 5 to wear (wear-wore-worn) 1
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>> a nightmare Many Anglos assume10 that ‘nightmare’ is an allusion to a nocturnal horse 11 and imagine terrifying night rides12. Fuseli’s famous painting The Nightmare even shows a mad horse. However, the word actually13 comes from the Anglo-Saxon mare meaning an incubus, and in Fuseli’s painting there is also an incubus sitting on the sleeping woman’s abdomen. >> fortnight This British word for ‘a two-week period’ is an abbreviation of ‘fourteen-night’. In the past, people also talked about a “se’ennight” (seven-night) meaning a week.
A nightingale – dress in, use wink – the momentary shutting of one eye as a sign of complicity 7 nasty – unpleasant, unkind 8 for instance – for example 9 facetious – joking, playful 10 to assume – (false friend) suppose 6
Photo by Insecta62
>> fly-by-night (adj.) This word means ‘unreliable’ 14, so a ‘flyby-night business’ is a firm that cannot be trusted. The term seems to be a combination of two distinct concepts. Originally, ‘fly-by-night’ referred to witches15 (who supposedly fly at night). This was combined with the idea of ‘flee16-by-night’ referring to tenants17 who escape at night when they cannot pay their rent18.
a ‘mare’ is a female horse ride – (in this case) outing on a horse 13 actually – (false friend) in fact 14 unreliable – untrustworthy, unpredictable, irresponsible 15 witch – woman who practises black magic 11
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to flee (flee-fled-fled) – escape, run away 17 tenant – sb. who pays rent to live in a home that is the property of sb. else 18 rent – periodic payment for the right to live in a property owned by sb. else 16
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AUDIO SCRIPTS
The following pages contain the transcriptions of what is spoken on the audio files.
SPOKEN-ENGLISH TIPS
Spoken English is significantly different from the written language: A more limited vocabulary is generally used and it is, by definition, more colloquial. Moreover1, spoken English uses many more incomplete or badly constructed sentences. On the other hand, intonation and stress can be used in speech.
HOW TO USE THE AUDIO SCRIPTS
Follow our eight-step process to get the most out of the audio scripts:
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Before you listen we recommend that you read through the relevant section of the footnotes2 (not the text itself). This should give you some idea of the subject3 and help you to understand the more difficult vocabulary as you listen. When you listen the first time, don’t expect to understand everything; listening practice should not be a painful4 process. Simply see how much meaning you can extract from the recording. Listen more times going back to the footnotes to integrate the information you have.
YES NO. 10 TRACK LIST Mini-debates (31m01s) 1. Should the Washington Redskins Change their Name? (11m38s) 2. Good Leaders (11m26s) 3. Does Inequality Matter? (7m57s) 4. Pronunciation: Phonics and –ight (3m36s) Monologues: Attitudes to Silence (10m25s) 5. Monologue 1 [US English] (2m58s) 6. Monologue 2 [UK English] (2m51s) 7. Monologue 3 [UK English] (2m31s) 8. Monologue 4 [Irish English] (2m05s) Mini-dialogues (10m48s) 9. A Career, A Couple and Canada (6m15s) 10. Asking for Directions (4m33s) 11. Picture Description (3m10s)
Once you understand reasonably well, do the relevant exercise.
12. Dictation: Averting Alzheimer’s (4m12s)
Finally, read the audio scripts as you listen again.
Total time: 1h03m12s
Stop each time you get lost or encounter a structure that interests or confuses you. Repeat words or phrases whose pronunciation surprises you.
Two or three days later, listen to the text again without reading to see if your understanding has improved5.
This process is intense and time-consuming. However, it will eventually6 solve the problem most learners have of relating7 the spoken word to the written. Once you’ve done that, the rest is easy!
moreover – what’s more, furthermore footnotes – notes at the bottom of the page (in this box) 3 subject (n.) – (in this context) theme 4 painful – (in this context) arduous, unpleasant 5 to improve – get better 6 eventually – (false friend) in the end 7 to relate – associate, connect, link 1
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AUDIO SCRIPTS
Mini-debates 1. Should the Washington Redskins Change their Name? (11m38s) Englishman (EM): OK well, since 1 you are our resident American 2 today, what do you think about this thing? I was reading that there is some pressure to get the Washington Redskins 3 to change their name, would you agree with that? American man (AM): Me personally, yes. Just4 because of the fact that it’s a sports team. Now, I know someone would counter5 that argument with the fact that it is part of history and I don’t know how many years they’ve been named Redskins. 6 EM: I think about 80. Something like that, which is ancient history in America! AM: It is but I hate to pick and choose7 the things of history that I wouldn’t touch, but sport teams... names of sport teams isn’t one of them. I don’t find that maybe because I’m not from Washington, but… something similar has happened in Cleveland where I’m from. The name of the baseball team is the Cleveland Indians
and there’s been similar protesting in Cleveland. EM: Protesting in Mumbai?! Irishman (IM): How come 8 suddenly9 there’s protests and there wasn’t for 80 years? I mean10, why now? AM: Yeah. Good question. IM: Are we getting 11 a little bit overly12 politically correct in general? I mean10, isn’t it – kind of13 – going too far14 the whole thing? I mean10, it would seem to me that it was named ‘Washington Redskins’ not for any racist reasons it was just4… it seemed like a cool name. Or the same thing as the Cleveland Indians, I mean10, it’s not derogatory in any sense, would you say? AM: Yeah, I don’t think so. Englishwoman (EW): What about redneck15? IM: I mean10, no. But I mean10… but they’re not called ‘rednecks’, they’re called Indians and Redskins which is… Redskin, is ‘redskin’ derogatory? Is
since – (in this case) given that resident American – American who is present 3 An American football team from Washington DC. ‘Redskin’ is an old-fashioned and racist term for a Native American 4 just – (in this case) simply 5 to counter – contradict, answer 6 they began to be called the Redskins in 1933 7 to pick and choose – select between 8 how come...? – why is it that...?
suddenly – (in this case) unexpectedly, all of a sudden 10 I mean – (pause filler) y’know, sort of, kind of, like 11 to get (get-got-got) – (in this case) become 12 overly – excessively 13 kind of – (pause filler) sort of, like, y’know, I mean 14 to go too far (go-went-gone) – exceed the limits of what is reasonable or acceptable 15 redneck – (US English) poor white ignorant working-class person from the southern USA
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(31m01s) that why? EM: I think to identify somebody by their skin color is probably not… IM: Yeah, I mean10, OK redskin would, in that sense, would be, yes, maybe derogatory but ‘Indian’ certainly isn’t because that’s a term. I don’t know it seems… you know. AM: Yeah. I think they’ve taken it a little too far16 but I mean10, I’m not a Native American so I don’t know. I think they’re just4 worried about how they’re represented in society, which is a legitimate concern17. IM: Well, OK. I mean10, how they’re represented in society, yeah OK. EW: Aren’t they marginalized anyway? Kind of13 – have been 18 pushed … AM: Yeah. EW: Yeah. IM: Well, I mean10, the thing about it is is that on the other side of things if they’re concerned19 about their image I mean10, y’know20 – the fact that most of the casinos in the United States are owned by21, are on reservations and are owned by tribes. Is that not maybe a negative image to portray22, you know? Is that not something that maybe doesn’t help them in their own battle for what you’re talking about – like23 – their public image? I mean10, I personally to take it too far (take-took-taken) – exceed the limits of what is reasonable or acceptable 17 concern – worry, preoccupation 18 to push – (in this case) force 19 to be concerned – be worried 20 y’know – (pause filler) sort of, kind of, like, I mean 21 to be owned by – be the property of 22 to portray – (in this case) project, give 23 like – (pause filler) y’know, kind of, sort of, I mean 16
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AUDIO SCRIPTS
Monologues: Attitudes to Silence (10m25s)
Listen to these people talking about when they appreciate silence and when they don’t.
5. Monologue 1 (US English) (2m58s) After living in a city for some years now I’d have to say that I enjoy moments of silence much more than I did before. Where we live now there never really is any time of day where there is complete silence, except perhaps in the middle of the night or very early in the morning. We live near a street that has a constant flow207 of traffic and directly opposite our building is an elementary school. So, while the kids 58 on the playground can get quite rowdy208, they don’t tend to209 bother210 me. While working during the day there are moments when I need as little noise as possible so that I can concentrate on what I’m doing, whether141 it’s proofreading 211 or reading in flow – stream, flux rowdy – noisy, clamorous 209 tend to – usually 210 to bother – upset, trouble 211 proofreading – reading and correcting texts 212 hard – (in this case) difficult 213 to wrangle – (literally) herd, round up, (in this case) try to control 214 (computer) code – data-processing instructions 215 to have music on (have-had-had) – have 207
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general. I find it hard212 to read if there’s noise or music playing. However, when I’m working on, for example, the webpage, page-designing or wrangling213 code214 I seem to be more productive if I have music on215. So, I usually need silence first thing in the morning while I’m answering emails and reading. By mid-morning I start to listen to music. Usually as the day progresses the music I listen to gets louder and more upbeat216. Then at night I normally stop listening to music once I’ve finished working and try to enjoy some… a little bit of quiet time before going to bed. I’ve also noticed when working out 217, whether 141 it’s lifting weights218 or doing some sort 30 music playing upbeat – optimistic, cheerful 217 to work out – do physical exercise 218 lifting weights – 219 bodyweight exercises – exercises in which you have to lift the weight of your body 220 to have a hard time (havehad-had) – have great difficulty, find it arduous 221 to get through (get-got-got) – complete 216
of bodyweight exercises 219 , I always need to have some music on215. If I try to work out in silence I have a very hard time220 getting through 221 the session. However, if I’m just4 stretching222 or doing Yoga, for example, I prefer it to be quiet. I suppose this is logical since1 this sort30 of activity is relaxing and therefore223 lends itself to224 a quiet setting225. I have noticed that sometimes when I’m alone total silence can make me feel uneasy226. Not always, though. It doesn’t make me sad or depressed, just227 a little nervous, I guess44. I’m not really sure what has determined my attitude to silence. I suppose it’s largely83 determined by how I was raised228 and partly by my own 229 preferences. You see, I love music and spend a large230 part of my day listening to it. So, I’d say that I do enjoy231 silence at certain moments of the day, but not always. stretching – therefore – so, for this reason 224 to lend itself to (lendlent-lent) – be apt for 225 setting – context 226 uneasy – nervous 227 just – (in this case) only 228 to raise sb. – rear sb., bring sb. up 229 my own – (emphatic) my personal 230 large – (false friend) significant 231 do enjoy – (emphatic) enjoy 222 223
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EXERCISES PAGE
EXERCISE
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1. Illustrations round-up: see if you can identify most of the objects and actions illustrated in the footnotes of this issue.
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EXERCISE
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17. False Friends: test how well you have understood pp. 68-69. Then, see if you remember the false friends marked in the footnotes throughout the magazine. 18. Improvisations: an open-question listening comprehension on audio tracks 9-10.
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2. Title Tag: can you match these alternative titles to the news, language news and science articles on pp. 7-11? 3. Cloze: answer the questions about the article on the First Island Chain (p. 39).
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4. Word Search: find words relating to sleep (pp. 12-15, 73).
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5. Prepositions: replace the prepositions in this text about ghosts (pp. 34-35).
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6. Crossword for general vocabulary revision.
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7. Sentence transformation for general syntax revision of structures in this issue.
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8. Debates: listening comprehension for audio tracks 1-3 (pp. 88-95).
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9. Too many words: find the unnecessary words in this extract from the history article on p. 29. 10. US vs. UK: fill the gaps in the chart. This relates to the whole magazine. 11. English in Context: substitute cultural terms from pp. 64-65.
12. Pronunciation: -ight words and their homophones. (pp. 80-81) 13. Have you learned the pronunciation of the words highlighted in the magazine?
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14. Word game: test your vocabulary and understanding of English morphology.
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15. Phrasal Verbs: how many new phrasal verbs have you learned this month? This exercise tests for the phrasal verbs in the footnotes. 16. Cinema: a reading comprehension about Hollywood’s secrets (pp. 58-61).
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19. Homophones: replace the homophones so that this text by Beatrice Grimshaw makes sense. 20. Internet Listening: test your listening comprehension of this fascinating talk about the sleep. 21. Monologues: a true-false listening comprehension on audio tracks 5-8. 22. Translation: correct these real examples of broken English (p. 81). 23. Travel: fill in the names on this map of Indonesia (pp. 24-27). 24. Photography: have you learned the meaning of the terms on pp. 36-37? 25. Economics: test your knowledge of terms from the economics articles (pp. 20-22). 26. Phrasal verbs: have you learned the multi-word ‘night’ verbs on pp. 70-72? 27. Grammar Focus: explain the ambiguity in the punctuation (p. 84). 28. Wordplay: another word game – relating to the Feature articles on pp. 31-33. 29. Art: reading comprehension. Answer these questions about pp. 54-57. 30. Crime: Test your understanding of the new words on pp. 50-53. 31. Sports: give the alternative names for these sports (p. 62). 32. Poetry: reading comprehension about pp. 46-49. 33. Word Building: practise the morphology from p. 78. 34. idioms: fill the gaps in this exercise relating to pp. 74-77. 35. Teenspeak: test your understanding of modern Anglo adolescents (p. 9).
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15. Phrasal Verbs. Throughout the magazine phrasal verbs are identified and explained in the footnotes. Fill the following sentences with phrasal verbs from Yes 10. The first letter of the base verb and the particle are given to help you. The page (p.) and footnote (n.) reference is also given: 1. I need to f________ o_______ about different types of seismic ways before next week’s geology class. (p. 7, n. 2) 2. I was ill for a month last semester and I’ve spent most of this term trying to c_______ u_____. (p. 9, n. 22) 3. Could you help me l________ f______ my keys, please? I can’t find them and I’m already late for work. (p. 10, n. 8) 4. Jack told me his brother f________ o______ last night but I couldn’t work out if he meant he got angry or high. (p. 10, n. 12) 5. There are lots of young people h________ a_________ on street corners and in the parks but mostly they mind their own business and don’t cause problems. (p. 10, n. 20) 6. I can’t believe you were incapable of c__________ o______ such simple instructions! (p. 10, n. 23) 7. The WHO’s new protocol should p______ u_____ the next bird flu outbreak in its early stages. (p. 11, n. 8) 8. As the pressure b________ u_____ alarms began to go off around the plant. (p. 12, n. 2) 9. The police fired smoke grenades into the building to try to f________ the protestors o_______. (p. 12, n. 5) 10. We don’t earn a fortune from the shop but we g______ b_____ OK. (p. 13, n. 5) 11. Once the painkillers began to k_____ i_____ I felt a lot better. (p. 13, n. 20) 12. The school aims to develop children’s mental arithmetic skills and they f______ o_____ the use of any electronic device to do calculations. (p. 16, n. 20) 13. The company’s founder eventually retired and his daughter t________ o______ as managing director. (p. 16, n. 22) 14. If we publicly r________ o_______ the use of force, we weaken our position and strengthen that of our rivals. (p. 17, n. 22) 15. As an only child I m________ o______ o____ the sibling interaction which makes other people’s childhoods so enriching. (p. 22, n. 13) 16. Once I’ve c________ u_____ another 20 hours of flying time I’ll be able to apply for a pilot’s licence. (p. 22, n. 14) 17. You shouldn’t l________ d_______ o_____ people just because they’ve received less formal education than you. (p. 22, n. 21) 18. I refuse to g_______ u______. You can concede defeat if you want to but I’m going to soldier on. (p. 22, n. 22) 16. Cinema. Read the article about The Secrets of the Silver Screen (pp. 58-61) and try to answer the following questions: 1. Why weren’t movie sound effects needed before 1927? 2. Why is it preposterous to suggest that Hollywood is a left-wing conspiracy? 3. Why did Hollywood make such an effort to satisfy the Nazis in the 1930s? 4. How is the US film industry unique? 5. How was Diné useful for the USA during World War II?
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STAFF Anglo Files, S.L. (publisher) Nicholas Franklin (editor) nick@yes-mag.com Marina Carresi (artistic director and photography, proofreading) marina@yes-mag.com Nathan Burkiewicz (sub-editor, page-design, webmaster) nathan@yes-mag.com Fabiola Vieyra (promotion) Josh Tampico (sound engineer) Gonzalo Cohen (legal)
WRITERS, VOICES, INVALUABLE SUPPORT & HELPING HANDS Douglas Jasch, Prof. Raoul Franklin, Colman Keane, Almudena Cáceres, Susannah Jones, Robbie K. Jones, Jim Trainor, Hamish Binns, Adrian Hall, Lois Humphrey, Julie Davies, Garrett Wall, AmyJo Doherty, Miles Pratt, Bea Alzona, Saskia Eijkins.
PHOTOGRAPHY Cover photo: ‘The Silent Evolution’ by Jason deCaires Taylor www.underwatersculpture.com Marina Carresi, Josh Tampico, Bill Cooley, Marcelo Fabra, Isabel Rodríguez, Irene Sanz, Douglas Jasch, Mario Herrera, Almudena Cáceres 134 | YES 10
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Published by Anglo Files S.L. C/ Bronce 27, 11-B, Madrid 28045 Depósito legal: M-9788-2013 // ISSN: 2255-5676 PVP: 9,95€ VAT included/incluido IVA // Printed in Spain All rights reserved. Neither all nor part of this magazine can be reproduced, recorded in or transmitted by any information-recovery system by any means, be it mechanical, photochemical, magnetic, electronic, photocopies or any other method or used for commercial purposes without prior written permission from the publisher and in accordance with the Intellectual Property Law. Any violation of these terms and conditions will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.
In the Next Volume of Your English Supplement
FEATURE:
FEEL THE EARTH MOVE
Earthquakes, sinkholes, volcanoes History The Battle of Clontarf Vikings vs. Irish
Symbolism Nymphs in Greek Love Photo by FEMA
Grammar Feature Using the Passive
Art John Waterhouse The Victorian Athenian
Idioms Moving mountains: geological idioms
Audio The Cathars
Biography ...and much more.
Emily Davison: secrets of a feminist martyr