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UNIT 1 THE PHILIPPINES OUR HOME IN THE WORLD LESSON 1 THE GLOBE AS THE EARTH‟S MODEL The best way to study the Earth is through its model the globe. The globe helps us to see how the world looks like. It represents the Earth and shows its general features. The Science of geography „‟Geography‟‟ was derived from the two Greek words geo which means „‟earth‟‟ and grapheia which means „‟to write‟‟. Geography describes the Earth‟s landmasses, bodies of water and all the natural resources in it. Big landmasses cover about onefourth of the Earth‟s surface, also known as continents. The Earth’s surface The earth‟s surface is composed of bodies of water, landmasses and the atmosphere. Landmasses Big landmasses cover about ¼ of the earth‟s surface. These landmasses are known as the continents. The seven continents: Europe, Asia, North America, South America, Australia, Africa and Antarctica.
Bodies of water: Big and small bodies of water cover about three-fourth parts of the Earth‟s surface. The ocean is the largest body of water. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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ďƒ˜ Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean. Other bodies of water on Earthâ€&#x;s surface include the seas, bays, gulf, straits, rivers and many more.
Layers of the Atmosphere: The earth is surrounded by the atmosphere, which is the body of air or gasses that protects the planet and enables life. Most of our atmosphere is located close to the earth's surface where it is most dense. The air of our planet is 79% nitrogen and just under 21% oxygen; the small amount remaining is composed of carbon dioxide and other gasses. There are five distinct layers of the earth. Troposphere: The layer of the atmosphere closest to the earth is the troposphere. This layer is where weather occurs. It begins at the surface of the earth and extends out to about
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4-12 miles. The temperature of the troposphere decreases with height. This layer is known as the lower atmosphere. Stratosphere: Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, which extends to about 30-35 miles above the earth's surface. Temperature rises within the stratosphere but still remains well below freezing. It contains the ozone layer. The ozone layer absorbs the Sun‟s harmful ultraviolet rays. Mesosphere: The layer which is extremely cold .This is the reason why weather balloons ana airplanes can‟t fly in this layer. The top of the mesosphere is the coldest part of the Earth‟s atmosphere Thermosphere: The layer where space shuttles and satellites orbit the Earth is the thermosphere. The air in this layer is so thin and it absorbs ultraviolet rays and Xray radiation from the sun. Exosphere: Extending from the top of the thermosphere to 6200 miles (10,000 km) above the earth is the exosphere. This layer has very few atmospheric molecules, which can escape into space. The globe and its main parts
The major parts of the globe: The equator divides the Earth into northern and southern hemispheres. The prime meridian divides the Earth into the eastern and western hemisphere. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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International date line is opposite to the prime meridian used as a reference for changing the date of time.
Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator. Longitude is the distance east or west of the prime meridian.
The parallels are the horizontal lines that are drawn parallel to the equator to identify the latitudes. The meridians are the vertical lines drawn from the north pole to the south pole to identify the longitudes. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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The Earth‟s grid is formed when parallels and meridians intersect.
Circles of the Earth
The line which is measured at 23 1/2 degrees North (N) latitude is called the Tropic of Cancer. On the other hand, the line which is 23 1/1 degrees South (S) latitude is the tropic of Capricorn. The area or distance found between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn is called the low latitude or Tropical Region. The tropical region near the equator receives more light. This explains why the climate in this region is generally warmer compared to the other latitudes. The tropical region gets the sun‟s rays directly.
TROPICAL REGION
The Climate in countries in temperate regions can be extremely hot or cold. Such places experiences four types of seasons: Winter, spring, summer and autumn.
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The northernmost and southernmost areas of the Earth, which are found beyond 66 ½ degrees N and s latitudes, are the high latitudes or Polar regions. The climate in these regions is extremely cold since these areas are covered with ice all year round. Let’s Check This out
Did you know that it is easier to locate places using the grid if you know the longitude and latitude of these places? Look for the Philippines on the globe. It is located between 4˚-21˚ north latitude and between 116˚-127˚ east longitude. We can use N for north and E for East. All you have to do is find the latitudinal lines numbered 4˚-21˚ above the equator and the longitudinal lines numbered 116˚-127˚ on the right side of the prime meridian. Then you will find the location of the Philippines.
Activity 1 Directions: Write fact if the statement tells about a widely accepted truth and opinion if it tells otherwise. 1. Studying geography is important. 2. The Earth is the only known planet where life exist. 3. There are more bodies of water than Earth. 4. It is easier to use the globe than he map in locating places. 5. All imaginary lines drawn on globes serves as designs.
Activity 2 Directions: Identify what is described n each sentence. Write your answer on the blank. Geography
equator
continent
atmosphere
Stratosphere
North pole
hemisphere
poles
Exosphere
prime meridian
troposphere
globe
1. It is the model of the planet Earth. 2. It is the study of the Earth‟s surface. 3. It is the last layer of the Earth‟s atmosphere where air is thin.
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4. It is a big mass of land. 5. It divides the Earth into the eastern and western hemisphere. 6. It is the basis of navigators or travellers to change the time of day. 7. It is marked 66 ½ degrees N latitude. 8. It runs along Greenwich, England. 9. It is the area between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. 10. It is marked 23 ½ degrees N latitude.
LESSON 2: THE MAP AND ITS USES
A map is flat representation of the Earth‟s surface or any portion of it. It is another tool for locating places. A map gives information about the physical features of a certain place or country including its boundaries, natural resources, acclimates and people. The art and science of making maps is called cartography. A cartographer is the one who makes maps. A collection of map is called an atlas. Maps and atlases are very useful to navigators, travellers and students. Parts of a Map Map title The map title is the name of the map .The map title tells the user what kind of map is shown. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Compass rose Directions are easily known because of compass rose that is drawn on maps. A compass rose points the exact location of the north or the direction towards the North Pole. Opposite the north arrow is the south arrow, which points towards the South Pole. The compass roles also shows the east and west directions.
Compass rose Map symbols and legend Symbols are used to represent things or objects that are seen on the map. They must be easily understood by those who will read and use maps.
Legend shows the meaning of the symbols used on maps. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Map scale The map is a shrunken model of a place. We know that the distance between two places covers a wide area. In order to draw that distance on the map, we need to use a map scale. The scale refers to proportional size of the object to be represented on a surface. The scale is represented in fraction or ratio. This ration or fraction shows how many units on the actual earthâ€&#x;s surface is equivalent to one unit on the map. In the map of the Philippines, one centimetre is equivalent to 100 kilometers of the actual surface of the Philippines. The distance from Manila to Cebu is close to 600 kilometers.
Relative and exact locations A map shows the direction or location of a place in relation to another place. This is known as relative location. We can determine the location of a place based on its neighboring areas. Examine the map of Manila. Using Manila as your point of reference, you can determine where its neighboring cities lie. On its north lies Caloocan, Navotas and part of Quezon City. On its south you can find Pasay City and part of Makati; on the east, we find parts of Quezon city, Mandaluyong city and San Juan; and on the west lies the Manila Bay.
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Types of maps There are various kinds of maps. Map is made according to their uses and the information they give. The common types of maps are political, economic, physical, climate and population map. Political map A political map shows the boundaries or extent of a area or a place. Region, provinces, cities, and towns are seen on this map. Man-made structures like roads, airports, dams and bridges are also found on this type of map. They are represented in symbols.
Political Map of the Philippines YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Economic map An economic map gives information about the products and sources of livelihood in a certain place or region.
Economic map of the Philippines Physical Map A physical map tells about the natural features of a country or region. It shows landforms and water forms. It gives us an idea about the contour of the surface of the Earth.
Physical map of the Philippines YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Climate map A climate map provides information about the type of climate a country or region experiences.
Climate Map of the Philippines Population map A population map shows the number of people or inhabitants of a certain region or place.
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Population Map of the Philippines A population map shows the number of people or inhabitants of a certain region or place.
Population map of the Philippines
Let’s Check This Out Did you know that Jose Rizal was also a cartographer? The 900 square meters Relief Map of Mindanao in Dapitan City was done by Dr.Jose Rizal. It was used for teaching history and geography to the townsfolk. Rizal taught many things to the people of Dapitan during his exile there.
Activity Identify what is being described in the following sentences. Cartographer
physical map
boundaries
Map scale
compass rose
legend
Climate map
atlas
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map title economic map
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_____________1. It is a collection of maps. _____________2. It is what a political map shows. _____________3. It gives the meaning of the symbols used in a map. _____________4.It refers to a person who studies maps. _____________5. It is a symbol drawn on map, which points the exact location of the North. _____________6. It shows the natural features of a country or region. _____________7. It gives information on the type of climate a country or region experiences. _____________8. It shows the kind of map being used. _____________9. It provides information on the product and sources of livelihood of people in a certain place. ____________10.It refers to the proportional size of the object.
LESSON 3: THE EARTHâ€&#x;S ROTATION AND REVOLUTION Rotation of the Earth and its Effect The Earth and the rest of the objects in space are in constant motion. We are moving with the Earth too. The Earth is not in the upright position. It is tilted or inclined at an angle of about 23 degrees to the east as it moves. It spins around like a top on its axis.  Rotation is the movement of the Earth on its axis. Rotation also causes differences in time in various regions of the Earth. Since 1884, countries have been using a standard system of determining time. The world is divided into 24 standard time zones. Each time zone is within 15 degrees longitude. Time always starts in the east, which is the west of the International Date Line.
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It takes 24 hours or one day for the Earth to make a complete rotation. Revolution is the movement of Earth around the sun. It takes 365 ¼ days or one year for the Earth to complete one revolution around the sun. The Earth follows an elliptical orbit. The Earth‟s movement causes changes in time, climate and seasons in different parts of the Earth. Equinox is an event when the length of day and night is equal in both hemispheres.
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Geographic zones of the Earth
The frigid zones are the regions within 231/2 degrees from the equator. The torrid zone is the region within 23 ½ degrees from the equator. The temperate zones are the regions found between 23 ½ latitude and 66 ½ latitude, north and south from the equator. Activity
A. Identify the concept that is being described in each sentence. Write the answer on the blank. An answer may be repeated. _______________1. It is the movement of the Earth on its axis. _______________2. It is the movement of the Earth around the sun. _______________3. The position of the earth at it moves. ______________4.it is a period when the length of day and night are equal in both hemispheres. ______________5.It is the region wherein the four seasons are experienced. B .Use the globe or map as reference .Group the following countries according to their geographic zones. Argentina New Zealand Sudan
Greenland Cuba South Africa
Indonesia Philippines Spain
Torrid zone
Frigid zone
Temperate zone
Norway
India
Northern Russia
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LESSON 4: NATURAL RESOURCES The Philippines is located is located above or north of the equator. It is in the northern hemisphere. It is between 4 ˚N and 21˚ N latitude and 116˚ E and 127˚ E longitude. The Philippines is part of Southern Asia. Big bodies of water surround the Philippines Philippine Climate The Philippines is located just above the equator on the upper torrid zone of the globe. The Philippine climate is generally hot with high moisture in the air and abundant rainfall. The amount of moisture in the air is called humidity. Our country experiences an average of temperature of about 26 to 27° C. There are two distinct seasons: dry from November to April, and wet during the rest of the year. The average annual rainfall in the Philippines is about 4, 604 millimetres. Rainfall varies in the different regions of the country. The Philippines experiences four types of climate based on the distribution of rainfall. These are in accordance with the Modified Coronas Classification of the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA.
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Various parts of our country experience different types climate because of the general wind systems that cross the country. This wind system is known as monsoon. There are three wind systems in the Philippines: The Northeast monsoon (Amihan) that moves from October to late March; The trade winds (Balaklaot) coming from the tropical Pacific Ocean from March to April. the southwest monsoon (Habagat) that originates from the tropical area below the equator from July to September. Typhoons may occur any time of the year. They are usually formed in the Pacific Ocean and move North-westerly. Typhoons visit the Philippines at an average of 20 to 30 every year. They are measured by means of typhoon signals. Signal no. 1- A possible threat of a typhoon is expected within 36 hours. Areas that will be affected are going to experience rain showers. Signal no.2- Winds between 60 to 100 kilometres per hour will begin to blow. The typhoon is expected to hit the area within 24 hours. Signal no.3- Strong winds of about 100 to 185 kilometers per hour and rains will be experienced. The typhoon is expected to affect the area in the next 8 hours. Signal no.4- More rains and strong winds a more than 185 kilometers per hour will be experienced. The typhoon is expected to affect the area within 12 hours. Natural resources The Philippines is rich in natural resources. There is an estimated two million species of plants and animals in the country. Plant life is referred to as flora , while the animal life is fauna . Philippine flora About 15 million hectares or almost half of the Philippines total land area is classified as forest land. At least 3,000 species of tress cover our forests. These are sources of timber for local use and export. There are about 8,500 species of flowering plants,1,000 species of ferns,54 species of bamboos and 800 to 1,000 species of orchids in the country. Lots of tropical fruits grow in the Philippines too mango, banana, papaya, atis, chico, guyabano, guava, dalandan and pineapple are grown and harvested throughout the year YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Philippine fauna There are more than 500 species of birds in the Philippines including some of the world‟s exotic birds. Famous among them is the haribon or Philippine eagle. It is an endangered species. The malmag or tarsier in Bohol is the smallest primate in the Philippines. The tamaraw, a buffalo species can be found in the island of Mindoro. The world‟s largest fish can be found in the waters of Sorsogon province it is called butanding. The Pandaca pygmmaea or pygmy goby, locally known as tabios is the smallest and lightest freshwater fish in the Philippines. The most popular domestic animal in the Philippines is the carabao. Draw a star on the blank if otherwise.
if the sentence describes the Philippines. Leave it blank
__________1. It is an archipelago located in Southeast Asia. __________2. It is surrounded by big bodies of water. __________3.It experience four seasons. __________4. It experience four types of climate based on the amount of rainfall. __________5.It has a total land area of 500,000 square kilometres. __________6.It is located in the tropical region. __________7.It has an estimated two million species of plants and animals. __________8.It has mountains covered with tropical rainforests. __________9. Its marine life is infinitely rich. There are estimated 2 million of species of plants and animals in the Philippines. Flora pertains to plant life, while Fauna refers to animal life. Philippine coastline stretches up to almost 36,289 kilometers as one of the longest coastline in the world. It is also very rich in marine life, fish corals, shells ,pearls and other marine resources.
Philippine flora
About 15 hectares or half of the Philippines is forest land. There are 3000
species of trees which are sources of timber.
Rainforest: Narra, Molave, Apitong, Lauan,Yakal,Tanguile and Acacia.Lrge
areas are planted with pine trees and orchid trees.
Volcanic nature of the country and its tropical climate makes Philippine soil
very fertile. There are
8,500 species of flowering plants
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1,000 species of ferns
54 species of bamboos
800-1000 species of orchids
Waling-waling is known as Queen of Philippine orchids.
Our country is also home to tropical fruits like Mango, Banana, Papaya, Atis
.They are harvested throughout the year which are known to have delectable taste.
Farmers also grow rice as the staple food. The country is also home to
coconut ,sugarcane, tobacco and abaca.
Plants: Rattan ,Nipa and bamboo are used in building houses and in making
pieces of furniture.
Mangrove forest foods are sources of timber at sea level, also as fuel and raw
materials for medicine textile. It is a breeding ground for fish, clams ,shrimps and crabs. Philippine Fauna
There are more than 500 species of birds in the Philippines including some of
the world‟s exotic birds.
Haribon or Philippine eagle a famous and an endangered one. There are only
100 of it left in their natural habitat in the Mountain of Mindanao.
Kalangay or Philippine cockatoo belongs to the family of parrot which mimics
human voices.
Hornbill of jolo aand Tawi-tawi. The pearl pheasant of Palawan Fowls and
common sspecies of birds like doves, pegions and quails.
Tarsier or Malmag of bohol is the smallest primate.
Tamaraw, a buffalo species can be found in the island of Mindoro.
Pilandok or mouse deer of Palawan is the smallest hoofed animals.
Others are the Palawan bearcat, Calamian deer, flying lemur and species of
bats also monkeys and wildcats.
There are also species of bats, monkeys and wildcats.
Species of reptiles like crocodiles and snakes.
Butanding is the world‟s largest known fish found in Sorsogon Province which
are gentle to humans. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Pandaca pygmea or pygmy goby or tabios is the smallest and lightest fish in
the Philippines.
Domestic animals like carabao is a farmers ideal farming partner along with
cattle, horses, pigs, goats and chicken. C. Identify the following flora or fauna being described. Write your answer on the blank. ___________1. Smallest hoofed animal in the Philippines. ___________2. The country‟s smallest and lightest freshwater fish. ___________3. National bird of the Philippines. ___________4. Largest fish in the world. ___________5. The most dependable domestic animal in the Philippines. ___________6. Wild buffalo only found in Mindoro. ___________7. Smallest primate in the Philippines. ___________8.National flower of the Philippines. ___________9. It belongs to the family of parrots that can mimic the human voice. ___________10. „‟Queen of Philippine Orchids.‟‟
LESSON 5: THE REGIONALIZATION SCHEME
National Capital Region (NCR) or Metro Manila YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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The National Capital Region was created on November 7, 1975 through
Presidential decree No. 824.
NCR is also known as Metropolitan Manila, Metro Manila or Greater Manila
Area (GMA).
It was originally composed of the cities of Manila, Quezon, Pasay and
Caloocan, and the 13 municipalities or towns of Las Pinas, Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Paranaque, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Marikina, Pasig, Pateros, San Juan, Taguig and Valenzuela.
In the 1990‟s, the reorganization of NCR took place to speed up the progress
of some municipalities.
Region‟s Capital: Manila NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION (NCR) OR METRO MANILA Municipalities Mandaluyong And Pasig Makati And Muntinlupa Marikina Las Pinas And Paranaque Valenzuela Malabon Taguig Navotas San Juan
Date Of Cityhood 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2001 2004 2006 2007
Only Pateros still remains a municipality.
Location and Topography NCR has a total land area of 636 square kilometres. It is bounded on the North by the province of Bulacan on the south by Laguna and Cavite, on the east by Rizal, and on the west by Manila Bay. Metro Manila is generally located on a wide plain with the exception of the Marikina Valley. Two important rivers run through the region-Pasig and Marikina Rivers. Manila bay is considered as one of the busiest harbours in the world. Metro Manila is accessible to people from the different parts of the country whether by land, air or water. It has modern means of transportation through a system of roads, bridges, flyovers, railway transits and underpasses. It also has modern airport facilities and sea ports. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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NCR as a center of industry, trade and commerce Metro Manila is a center of industry, trade and commerce. Manufacturing industries such as food processing and small to medium scale businesses are found all over Metro Manila. Some examples of these businesses are shopping malls, supermarkets, grocery stores, public markets, restaurants and banks.
NCR as center for education ,culture and sports There are many schools, colleges and universities in Metro Manila. It has become a very important educational center. Many students from the provinces come to the region to study in these schools. They believe that these institutions can provide them with quality education especially in the college level. They later seek job opportunities in the cities after graduation.
Ateneo de Manila University
University of the Philippines
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University of Sto. Tomas
De la Salle University
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Filipino culture is kept alive not only in the traditional rural areas but also in urbanized areas like the NCR. The National Museum in Manila exhibits artifacts and objects that describes and identify Filipino culture. Cultural Center of the Philippines and the Folk Arts Theater (Francisco Balagtas Theater) showcase various events that promote Filipino culture. They are also venues for Filipinos to develop their talents and creativity through acting, singing and dancing, painting, writing and other art forms. Sports arenas: Araneta Coliseum, Rizal Memorial Sports Complex NCR as the seat of the national government Metro Manila is the center of Philippine government. Most of the offices and agencies of the national government are found in Manila, Quezon City, and other places in NCR. These are the following: Malacanang Palace, the official residence of the President of the Republic of the Philippines is located in Manila. Supreme Court of the Philippines is also in Manila House of Representatives Complex in Quezon City House of Senate is at the GSIS Building in Pasay City
Malacanang Palace
House of Representatives
Supreme Court
Senate of the Philippines
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The National Capital region is industrialized, modernized and urbanized compared to most regions. This makes NCR attractive to people from the provinces, especially to students who want to study in the city and later on seek employment. The regular influx of people to Metro Manila from the other regions is a major concern for the government. The increasing population of Metro Manila has already resulted in housing problems, lack of jobs, traffic congestion, pollution and poverty. Thus the government has to address the development of rural areas to encourage people in the city to go back to the provinces. *National Capital Region is the most densely populated region in the Philippines. As of year 2007, about 18,650 persons occupy each square kilometre of land in the region. This figure is nearly 72 times the population density of 260 persons per square kilometer in the whole country. Activity 1 Write true on the blank if the statement is correct and false if it is wrong. ______1. The country is divided into regions provinces to easily Philippines.
manage the
______2. Regions were formed according to location and other geographical features. ______3. There are a total of 17 regions in the country. ______4. Regions are established through laws. ______5. All regions in the Philippines are urbanized. ______6. The National Capital Region is the biggest region in terms of land area in the whole country. ______7.Metropolitan Manila is also known as Greater Manila Area. ______8. NCR is entirely composed of cities and municipalities. ______9. The provinces of Bulacan , Pampannga, Cavite and Laguna surround Metro Manila. ______10. Metro Manila is highly urbanized and modernized compared to most regions.
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Activity 2 C. Encircle the word or group of words that does not belong to the series. 1. Luzon, Palawan, Visayas, Mindanao 2. Presidential Decree No.1, Presidential decree No. 773, Presidential Decree No. 824, Republic Act No. 429. 3. Zamboanga Peninsula, Ilocos Region, Cagayan Valley, Bicol region. 4. Greater Manila Area, Metropolitan Manila, National Capital Region, Metropolitan Manila Development authority. 5. Pateros, Manila, Pasay, Pasig. 6. Manila Bay, Angat River, Laguna Bay, Pasig River. 9. Malacanang Palace, House of Representatives Complex, Cultural Center of the Philippines, Supreme Court. 10. University of Santo Tomas, University of the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila University, University of Pangasinan.
LESSON 6: OUR REGIONS IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL LUZON Region 1: Location and Topography *Region 1 or Ilocos Region is located in the northwestern part of Luzon. It is bounded on the north by the Luzon Strait; on the east by the provinces of Apayao, Abra, Mountain Province, and Benguet; on the west by the Luzon Sea and South China Sea; and on the south by the provinces of Tarlac, Nueva Ecija and Zambales. *The region includes the provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union and Pangasinan. *The regional capital is San Fernando City in La Union. Ilocos Region is a narrow mountainous coastal land. Due to its rugged terrain, except for Pangasinan, Region I has limited agricultural land. Pangasinan, on the
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other hand is a wide plain situated near a mountain. Its fertile soil is excellent for farming. There are three major rivers in the region-the Laoag River, Abra River, and Agno River. Climate Ilocos region has two pronounced seasons. It is dry from October to May and wet from June to November. It has a long dry season. It is one of the hottest regions in the country. There is less rainfall in the region compared to its neighboring regions. The Cordillera mountain range on the eastern side hedges the region from the rains that come from the Pacific Ocean. However, the region also experiences heavy rains during the months of June until September, which is the typhoon season in the Philippines.
Map of Region 1 Resources, products and industries Agriculture is still the major industry in the Ilocos Region in spite of its limited farmlands and fertile soil. The major crop of the region is rice which is planted during the short rainy season. Tobacco and maguey are planted during the long dry
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season. Corn, sugar cane, cotton, onion, garlic, coconut, tomato, banana and mango are some of the other crops that are produced in the region. Some Filipinos from Region 1 in cottage industries such as weaving, handicraft-making, furniture making ,wine-making and processing of bagoong and patis. Those who live near the coastal areas engage primarily in fishing and saltmaking. The province of Pangasinan is known for its salt, bagoong, mangoes, and Bunuan bangus.Vigan the capital of Ilocos Sur is famous forcay pots or burnay and sugar cane wine called basi. Pangasinan particularly the city of Dagupan, is known as the ” Bangus Capital of the Philippines.‟‟
Mango
Bagoong
Basi
Bangus
Cultural groups and main tourist attractions The Ilocanos and the Pangasinense are the main cultural groups in the Ilocos region. They speak Ilokano and Pangasinense. The Ilocanos are known for being industrious, thrifty and diligent. This is somewhat due to the limited resources of the region. They have learned to use their available resources wisely. Many of them migrate to other places to look for other sources of income and livelihood. Some of the famous people from Region 1 include; o President Elpidio Quirino, o President Ferdinand Marcos, o President Fidel Ramos, o Diego and Gabriela Silang and o Antonio and Juan Luna. The Ilocos Region is also known for its beautiful beaches and resorts particularly in La Union. The main tourist attractions of the region include: o Hunderd Islands in Pangasinan, o Poro Point in La Union, o Pagudpud, o Fort Ilocandia, o Vigan Houses, YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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o o o
Malacanan Ti Amianan (Malacanang of the North) and Tirad Pass Pagudpud,
Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) Capital: Baguio City in Benguet Provinces: Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, and Mountain Province. Valleys: La Trinidad Valley of Benguet & Chico River Valley Rivers: Agno River, Magat River and Chico River
*Most of the provinces in the region are situated in mountainous areas. Due to limited flat lands, the early natives of the region carved terraces along the mountainsides for farming. Banaue Rice Terraces have been with the people of Car since the ancient times.
Climate: Has cool and relaxing climate which is due mainly to its elevated location. The cool and favourable climate of the region produces various kinds of vegetables, particularly in La Trinidad Valley.The valley is best known as “The Salad Bowl of the Philippines‟‟. Resources, products and industries Farming is the main industry in the region. Planting crops is the main source of livelihood Especially in Benguet and the Mountain province. Potatoes, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, broccoli, beans, celery, lettuce and strawberries are some of the crops produced in CAR. Some people in the region engage in mining. Minerals such as gold , silver, chromite, iron, copper, and bronze are mined from the mountains of the Cordilleras. Home industries such a s woodcarving, weaving, pottery and rattan ornament-making are also main sources of livelihood of some people in CAR. Cultural groups and main tourist attractions: CAR is home of the Igorots. Igorot,which literally means‟‟people of the mountains’’, is a collective term for the people living in the mountain areas of the region. It includes the tribes of: Ifugaos, Bontocs, Kalingas,Ibalois, Isneg, Kankanaeys and the Tingguians. *Some people of the region prefer to be called by their original tribal name rather than Igorot.Some people prefer to be called Cordilleranos. Famous people: Jose Dulnuan, of the Igorot Global Organization Mateo Carino, an Ibaloi who fought for his rightful claim to the land of their clan in Baguio. Baguio City, is known as the „‟Summer Capital in the Philippines‟‟ Main attraction: Burnham Park, Mines view Part, Camp John Hay, Botanical garden and Our lady of Lourdes ,Grotto
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LESSON 7: REGIONS IN SOUTHERN LUZON Region IV-A : CALABARZON Location and Topography Region IV –A or the Southern Tagalog Region was split into two regions, Region IV-A and Region IV-B. The two regions were created when Executive Order No. 103 was signed by President Gloria Arroyo on May 17,2002. Region IV-A or CALABARZON is located in southern Luzon. It includes the provinces of Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal And Quezon. The region‟s capital is Calamba City in Laguna. CALABARZON is relatively mountainous with narrow plains especially in the province of Laguna and Cavite. The famous mountains in the region are: Mount Makiling in Laguna, Mount Banahaw in Quezon, Mount Buntis in Cavite, Mount Makulot in Batangas and the Sierra Madre Mountain range in Rizal and Quezon. The country‟s smallest active volcano, the Taal Volcano ,is in Batangas. Inland bodies of water are also found in Region IV-A. Taal lake,which surrounds Taal Volcano,is known for its freshwater fishes like the tawilis and maliputo. Laguna de bay or Laguna lake, the biggest lake in the Philippines, connects the provinces of Laguna, and Rizal as well as Pasig, Taguig, Pateros and Marikina. It flows out of Pasig river. San Pablo City in Laguna is named, “City of Seven Lakes’’ because of the small lakes found within the city. Laguna also has numerous hot springs. Climate CALABARZON experiences two types of climate. Rainfall is distributed throughout the year in Quezon province. Laguna and Rizal experience relatively dry season from November to April and wet season from May to October. The seasons in these provinces are not very pronounced. Batangas and Cavite experience two pronounced seasons yearly. They experience season from May to October. The rest of the year is relatively dry. Most typhoons coming from the Pacific Ocean often visit the region. Resources, products and industries CALABARZON is home to 15 industrial estates and export processing zones. These include car assembly plants and factories that manufacture products like softdrinks, biscuits and noodles. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Other sources of livelihood in the region include rice farming, fruits and vegetables growing, coconut industry, fishing weaving and woodcarving. Region IVA is the leading producer of coconut in the country, particularly in the Quezon province. Laguna with its wide plains ,produces rice. Aside from rice ,Laguna also produces sugar, lanzones and rambutan. Coffee , bananas and pineapples are grown in Cavite and Batangas. Batangas coffee is even exported to other countries. Plantations of citrus fruits are also found in the region. People in Paete, Laguna are excellent wood carvers. Quezon is also famous for its woven buntal hats, bags and slippers. Rizal is famous for its sweet delicacies or kakanin like sapin-sapin, kutsinta, puto, suman sa gata, biko and matamis na bao.
Cultural groups and main tourist attractions The most predominant cultural group of Region V-A is the tagalog. The tagalog speaking group includes the Cavitenos, Batanguenos and the Tagalog groups of Laguna, Rizal and Quezon. Among the famous Filipinos from the region are Dr. Jose Rizal; of Calamba ,Laguna; President Emilio Aguinaldo of Kawit,Cavite; and President Manuel L. Quezon of Quezon province. CALABARZON has tourist destinations like the Pagsanjan Falls, Mount Makiling, Seven Lakes of San Pablo and the hot springs in Laguna; Tagaytay ridge and Aguinaldo shrine in Cavite;beaches and dive sites in Batangas;Villa Escudero in Quezon and the Angono Petroglyphs; Hinulugang Taktak falls, Daranak falls,Antipolo church, and the art museums of national artists like Blanco,Amorsolo and Francisco in Rizal.Tourists also find the Pahiyas festival in Quezon entertaining.
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Region IV-B: MIMAROPA Region IV-B (MIMAROPA) is composed of the provinces of Mindoro (Occidental and Oriental), Marinduque, Romblon and Palawan. The regional capital is Calapan City in Mindoro. Palawan remains to be part of the region despite the Executive order 429 which provides for the transfer of the provinces to Region VI.Administrative order no. 129 puts on hold due to the transfer of Palawan due to the disapproval of man Palaweños. The region is mostly made up of island provinces. The three islands of Romblon, Tablas, and Sibuyan make up the province of Romblon. Mountain ranges, valleys and plains cover the region. The Halcon Mountain Ranges separate Occidental Mindoro from Oriental Mindoro. The highest peak of the region, Mount Halcon is in Oriental Mindoro. Palawan is the largest province in the Philippines in terms of land area.Most of Palawan is covered with forest mountains, hills and plains. Climate Oriental Mindoro and the northeastern part of Palawan experience two pronounced seasons. This part of the region is dry from November to April and wet from May to October. In Marinduque, Romblon, and Oriental Mindoro, wet season is experienced all throughout the year with a dry season that lasts for one to three months. Resources. Products and Industries Agriculture is the main industry in MIMAROPA. The region‟s major crop consists of rice,coconut, fruits, vegetabls and root crops. MIMAROPA & CALABARZON has been named as the “Coconut Regions of the Philippines‟‟. These regions used to be called Southern Luzon. The people n the coastal areas of the region are into fishing activities. The waters surrounding the islands serve as rich fishing grounds. Romblon is known for its large deposits of marble. It has been recognized as the „‟Marble Capital of the Philippines. Marble is used for construction and furnituremaking. Deposits off silver and copper are found in Marinduque. Palawan is famous for its wildlife and animal sanctuaries. Its forest serves as home to a variety of plants and rare animals. The pilandok or mouse deer, which is the smallest mammal in the Philippines, is found in Palawan. Marine reserves for different species of tropical fish, clams and turtles are also found in Palawan. Mindoro is home to the endangered tamaraw, a small buffalo that looks like a carabao. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Cultural groups and main tourist attraction Most people in region IV-B are tagalongs. There are also group of Mangyans that live in the mountains of Mindoro. Famous Filipinos in this region include the writer NVM Gonzales and the freedom fighter Martin Lardizabal. During Holy week, tourist visit Marinduque to watch the Moriones festival. Mindoro is known for Puerto Galera, a beach resort. Palawan is famous for its St. Pailâ€&#x;s underground river and Tabon cave. The Tabon cave used to be the home of the earliest inhabitants of the country,Calauit island, an animal and wildlife park, is also found in Palawan. The beaches in the region are major tourist attractions.
Region V: Bicol Region Location and Topography It is located in the Southeastern part of Luzon. Bicol is a peninsula. A peninsula is a narrow piece of land that is surrounded with water on its three sides. It protrudes from a bigger piece of land –the island of Luzon. Bicol Region consists of the provinces of Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Masbate and Sorsogon. The regional capital is Legaspi City in Albay.
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Most of the Bicol region is mountainous. It has many volcanoes like the Mayon in Albay, Bulusan in Sorsogon, and Mounts Iriga and Usarog in Camarines Sur. Wide plains are also found in Camarines Sur and Albay. Its rich volcanic soil is suitable for planting crops. Its irregular coastlines serve as rich fishing grounds and harbours for ships. Springs like the Tiwi Hot Springs near Mayon Volcano are sources of geothermal energy. It supplies electricity to the region. Moreover, the lakes of Bulusan, Donsol and Buhi are important rivers of Region V; and the rivers of Donsol and Bicol. Climate Rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year in the Bicol region. This region is located within the typhoon belt. Resources, Products and Industries Bicol Region has vast lands suitable for agriculture. Its rich volcanic soil is suited for planting rice, coconut and abaca. These are the regions chief products. Other crops include coconut, corn, pili nuts, bananas and root crops. Bicol is known as the “Abaca Region of the Philippines‟‟ .Abaca is known internationally as Manila hemp .There are also cottage industries like weaving and pottery, rattan furniture, baskets, and other crafts are likewise important products of the region. Fishing is also a major industry in the region. The pygmy goby or Pandaka pygmea is found in Lake Buhi in Camarines Sur. Cattle-raising is a source of livelihood in Masbate because of its wide grazing lands. Minerals such as gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, manganese, limestone, marble, pumice, sulphur, and gypsum abound in the region‟s mountainous areas. Thus, mining is another important source of livelihood for the Bicolanos. Cultural groups and main tourist attractions Bicolanos are a warm and friendly people. They are famous for preparing spicy food. They use coconut milk in many of their dishes too. The Catholics in Bicol are known devotees of Our Lady of Penafrancia, the Patroness of the region. The famous Bicolanos are actress Nora Aunor, Chiz Escudero and the late Senator Raul Roco . There are lots of tourist attractions in Bicol. The Mayon Volcano in Albay is famous for its almost perfect cone shape. The Cagsawa church ruin is found near Mayon. The hot springs in Tiwi, Albay are said to be therapeutic. Catanduanes is popular for surfing. The butanings or whale sharks frequent the YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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waters of Donsol, Sorsogon. They are the latest tourist attraction in the region. There are also many beautiful beaches in Bicol.
Trivia: Did you know that the Basilica of St. Martin de Tours is considered as the biggest cathedral in East Asia? It is located in Taal Batangas.It was built by the Augustinian missionaries in 1572.The Basilica is so big that another church can be built inside it. Activity 1: Match the items in Column A and Column B . Then match the items in Column B and Column C. Write the letter of the answer on the blank. A
B
C
______1. Region IV-A
_______1. MIMAROPA
______1.Mayon Volcano
______2. Region IV-B
_______2. Bicol Region
______2.Mount Halcon
______3. Region V
_______3. CALABARZON______3. Taal Volcano
Activity 2: Identify the region or province where the given products or places are found. Write your answer on the blank. ________________1. Mayon Volcano, Tiwi Hot Springs, Cagsawa Church Ruins ________________2. Coffee, bananas, pineapples YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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________________3. Pagsanjan falls, Mount Makiling, Seven Lakes of San Pablo ________________4. Pahiyas at Lucban, Villa Escudero, Mount Banahaw ________________5. Aguinaldo Shrine, Tagaytay, Mount Buntis ________________6. Marble industry, fishing ,coconut ________________7. Abaca, pili, rattan ________________8.Puerto Galera, Mangyan settlement, Mount Halcon
LESSON 8: OUR REGIONS IN THE VISAYAS REGION VI: WESTERN VISAYAS Location and Topography: Region 6 or Western Visayas includes the provinces of Aklan, Antique, Capiz,Guimaras , Iloilo and Negros Occidental. The provinces of Aklan , Antique, Capiz and Iloilo make up Panay island, the countryâ€&#x;s sixth biggest island. Together with Guimaras and Negros Occidental, they comprise Region VI or Western Visayas. The region is bounded on the North by Romblon and Masbate; on the east by the Visayan Sea; on the west by Palawan ; and on the south by Sulu Sea. Iloilo city is the regionâ€&#x;s capital. Wide plains, fertile valley, rugged terrain, stretches of river systems and coastal plains are the common physical features of the Western Visayas provinces. Map of Western Visayas
Climate Western Visayas experiences a relatively moderate climate that is highly suitable for agriculture. Dry season is from December to May while the wet season is from June to November. Region VI is seldom visited by typhoons. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Resources, products and industries Region VI has rice and sugar as its two principal products. Iloilo produces more rice than any other province in the region. Negros Occidental leads the country in the production of sugar. The vast sugar plantations in the province provide livelihood to many people. Workers in sugar plantations are known as sacadas. The owners of the plantations are called hacienderos.
Fishing is one of the regions‟s major industries and fresh, dried, or preserved fish are its chief products. Estancia in Iloilo, is one of the most important fishing towns in the region.. Western Visayas, particularly the province of Aklan and Iloilo, is known for its jusi and piña cloths. Piña cloth comes from pineapple fibers and jusi cloth is from a mixture of silk and pineapple or banana fibers. These are handwoven and made into beautiful barong tagalog and gowns. The island of Guimaras is famous for mangoes. The ripe mangoes of Guimaras are the sweetest in the world. Cultural Groups and Main Tourist Attractions Region VI is home to the Ilonggos .The Ilonggos are known to be cordial and soft spoken. They speak the Panay Hiligaynon language.Those living in Aklan speak Aklanon and those from Antique speak Kinaray-a. Some of the famous people of western Visayas are Graciano Lopez Jaena of Iloilo, President Manuel Roxas of Capiz, and General Leandro Fullon of Antique. The province of Aklan is known for Boracay Island. Its beaches and resorts are world acclaimed and considered as major tourist attractions. The Ati-Atihan festival, a parade to honor the Sto. Niño, attracts many visitors.
Participants of Masskara festival YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Similar to the Ati-Atihan is the Dinagyang festival celebrated by the Illongos. The colourful MassKara Festival, which is celebrated during the anniversary of Bacolod City, is also a crowd drawer in Negros Occidental. The people of Guimaras celebrate the Manggahan festival. There are many beautiful places to visit in Western Visayas. Among them are Siete Pecados and Rosa Encantada in Guimaras, Sicogon Beach in Iloilo, and the Suhot cave and spring in Capiz. There are also centuries –old churches in Iloilo that many find truly awesome.
Boracay island
REGION VII: CENTRAL VISAYAS
Location and topography Region VII or Central Visayas is located in the central part of the Philippines between the islands of Luzon and Mindanao. It is bounded on the north by the Visayan sea, on the east by the island of Leyte, on the west by Region VI , and on the south by the Zamboanga Peninsula. Central Visayas consists of the provinces of Bohol, Cebu , Negros Oriental and Siquijor. The regionâ€&#x;s capital is Cebu City. Mountains and hills are found in the YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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region. The famous chocolate hills is located in Carmen, Bohol. The Kanlaon volcano is found between Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental. Climate Seasons are not very pronounced in region VII. rains are not experienced in the region and temperature is moderate. Resources, products and industries Farming, fishing, preservation, guitar-making, mining and manufacturing are the industries in the region. Corn and coconut are principal products of Cebu. Dried mangoes, danggit, otap are among their famous food products. The biggest copper mine in the country is also found here in Toledo City. In Bohol, weaving sinamay hats and mats is an important cottage industry in Bohol. It is made of abaca fibers which is also exported to other countries.
Negros Occidental is the country‟s leading producer of kapok. This is the raw material used in making pillows, mattresses and stuffed toys. Other crops in Central Visayas are rice, copra, tobacco, dried fish and squid. Maguey plant which comes from Siquijor is exported to other countries. The plant‟s fibers are used to make ropes. Cultural groups and main tourist attractions Some famous Filipinos from central Visayas are Tamblot, Francisco Dagohoy, Lapulapu, Leon Kilat and President Sergio Osmeña.
Sergio Osmeña YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Cebu is named „‟Queen City of the South‟‟ because it is the center of education, trade, commerce and industry in Southern Philippines. Also known as Metro Cebu, it is highly urbanized like Metro Manila. It has the international airport Mactan International Airport, University of San Carlos, San Jose-Recoletos ,Cebu Normal University, and the University of the Philippines are major schools in the region. Cebu‟s historical and cultural spots: Magellan‟s Cross, the Taoist Temple, the Lapulapu Monument, ‟‟Hollywood of Cebu‟‟ and the beautiful beaches with white sands are Cebu‟s main tourist attractions. The Sinulog festival is celebrated in Cebu to honor the Sto.Niño.
Mactan International Airport
Lapulapu monument
Beautiful and interesting places in Bohol: Chocolate hills, Hinagdanan Cave, Loboc River and Waterfalls, Loboc and Baclayon churches , and the Blood Compact Monument. The Malmag or tarsier which is the smallest primate in the Philippines is also found here. Off the coast of Dumaguete, Negros Oriental is the famous Apo Island dive site and beach resort. Negros Oriental is also known for its premier school, the Siliman University. The Palimpunon Gothermal Power Plant supplies electricity to Negros, Panay and Cebu. Siquijor is known for its old churches, marine reserve and beaches of white sands.
REGION VIII: EASTERN VISAYAS
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It is composed of two big islands of Samar and Leyte. These two islands are separated by the San Juanico Strait, one of the narrowest straits in the world. A strait is a narrow body of water that connects two larger body of water. The san juanico bridge was built across the strait to link the two islands. This bridge is the longest in the Philippines and in Southeast Asia. With this bridge the transfer of goods and services in the region becomes easier. Thus, it contributes to the economic progress of the region.
San Juanico Bridge Location and Topography Eastern Visayas is composed of the provinces of Biliran, Eastern Samar, Northern Samar, Samar, Southern Leyte and Leyte. Tacloban City, in Leyte is the regionâ€&#x;s capital. It is bounded on the north by San Bernardino Strait, on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the west by the Visayan and the Camotes sea and on the south by Surigao del Norte. The island of Leyte has wide coastal areas. It is hilly and mountainous in the interior. Samar , on the other hand, has quite a number of valleys and rugged terrain. The central and southern parts of the island are mountainous. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Climate The Western and northern portions of eastern Visayas experience moderate climate. There is a very pronounced rainfall from November to April in the eastern part of the region. Close to the Pacific Ocean, the area experiences wet season for the rest of the year. Resources, products and industries Farming is the main economic activity in Eastern visayas. Coconut and abaca are its major products. Other agricultural products are rice, corn, sugarcane and tobacco. There are also home industries like weaving, pottery and crafts from wood, shells and bamboo. Fishing is another industry in Eastern Visayas. Trees such as Yakal, narra, tanguile, lauan, apitong and molave abound in the forests of Eastern Samar .The people in this area are into logging activities. Hardwood products from the forests are used for building materials and furniture. Mining is also an important source of livelihood for the people in the region, particularly in southern and western Samar. They have rich source of gold, iron, copper and silver. The cities of Tacloban and Catbalogan are two important industrial centers in the region. Cultural groups and main tourist attractions People in Eastern Visayas are mostly Warays. The Warays are known as a brave and fun-loving people. Waray and Cebuano are the spoken languages in the region. Some famous Filipinos from Eastern Visayas are Agustin Sumuroy and Eugenio Daza of Samar and Jaime C. De Veyra of Leyte. Lust like Cebu and Bohol, the provinces of Leyte and Samar have numerous, cultural and historical spots.Magellan, first set foot Homonhon island in 1521. Some historians believed that the first mass was celebrated on the island of Limasawa Gen. Douglas MacArthur landed on Leyte Gulf to fulfil his promise to return to the Philippines.He helped in the liberation of the Filipinos from the Japanese forces during World War II.A historical marker was put up in Palo, Leyte to commemorate this event.
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The Famous MacArthur Landing Memorial Park in Palo, Leyte Let’s Check This Out Pan-ay church in Capiz is famous for its bell-the largest in Asia- that is more than two meters wide and more than two meters high. It weighs more than ten tons. The bell can be heard as far as eight kilometres away. It was casted from 70 sacks of coins donated by the townspeople as a demonstration of their faith and thanksgiving.
Activity A.
Read the sentence carefully. Write the letter of the answer on the blank.
______1. The following are the provinces of Region VII except __________. a. Siquijor c. Guimaras b. Cebu d. Bohol _____2. The provinces of Aklan, Antique, Capiz and Iloilo make up the big island of a. Panay c. Samar b. Palawan d. Leyte
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_____3. The major product of Iloilo is_____________________. a. Corn c. sugar b. Rice d. Tobacco _____4. Boracay island is part of the province of_______________________. a. Capiz c. aklan b. Antique d. Iloilo _____5. _______________ province is known as the “ Queen City of the South‟‟. a. Negros occidental c. Iloilo b. Southern leyte d. Cebu _____6. Samar and Leyte are separated by_________________________ a. Luzon strait c. Guimaras strait b. San Juanico strait d. Surigao strait _______7. The following are the festivals in the visayas except___________________. a. Moriones festival c. ati-atihan b. Sinulog festival d.Masskara festival
LESSON 9: OUR REGIONS IN MINDANAO Region IX: Zamboanga Peninsula
Location and Topography: Region IX, formerly Western Mindanao, is now called the Zamboanga Peninsula through Executive order no.36. It is located in the Southwestern part of the Philippines. It is bounded on the north by the islands of Negros and Siquijor and the YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Sulu sea; on the east by Misamis Occidental, Lanao del Norte and the northern portion on the Moro Gulf; on the west by the Sulu sea; and on the south by Basilan and Celebes sea. The Zamboanga Peninsula consists of the provinces of Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, and Isabela City in Basilan. Pagadian City in Zamboanga del Sur is the regional capital. The northern portion of the Zamboanga Peninsula is quite mountainous while the southern part is covered with wide plains. The Zamboanga Cordillera which is the longest mountain range in the peninsula separates the Zamboanga provinces. The irregular coastlines of the region serve as good harbors and rich fishing grounds. Climate Generally, climate in the Zamboanga Peninsula is mild to moderate. The eastern part of the region experiences seasons that are not very pronounced. The weather is dry from November to April and wet the rest of the year. Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. Resources, products and industries Agriculture is the main economic activity of the people in Region IX. Coconut and rubber are Zamboangaâ€&#x;s chief products, but rice, sugar, vegetables, corn ,abaca, durian, marang, mangosteen, and citrus fruits also abound in the region. There are also forest products such as timber, veneer and plywood in the southern part of the Zamboanga Cordillera.
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Cultural Groups and main tourist attractions The original inhabitants of the Zamboanga Peninsula are called Subnons. Many of them still live in the Peninsula. Most people livng in Zamboanga are Visayans and Muslims. Othe cultural groups are the Yakans, the Samals and the Badjaos.The Badjaos are known as “sea gypsies‟‟ and they live alng the coastal areas.The most commonly used languages in the region are Cebuano and Chavacano. Cesar Climaco is one of the famous personalities from Zamboanga. He was the mayor of Zamboanga City for 11 years. He was the prominent critic of the martial law during the regime of Ferdinand Marcos. A famous attraction in the region are the colourful Vintas of the Badjaos and Muslims. These are boats with colourful sails. The region is also known for its beautiful beaches with white sand like Dakak Beach resort.The surrounding waters of the Peninsula are home to a wide variety of corals and tropical fishes. There are famous diving sites in the region as well. The Pasonanca park in Zamboanga City is a favourite camping site for boy Scouts nd Girl Scouts.The Rizal Shrine in Dapitan City marks Dr. Jose Rizal‟s exile during the Spanish colonial period.
Cesar Climaco
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REGION X; NORTHERN MINDANAO
Location and topography Region X or Northern Mindanao is located in the north central part of Mindanao. It is composed of the provinces of Bukidnon, Camiguin,Lanao del Norte, Misamis Occidental and Misamis Oriental. Lanao Del Norte became part of the region through Executive order No. 3 signed by President Gloria MacapagalArroyo.Cagayan de Oro City is the regional capital. Northern Mindanao is bounded on the north by Bohol Sea. On the east by the provinces of Agusan and Davao, on the south by Lanao del Sur and North Cotabato. Most parts of the region are mountainous,with wide plains and plateaus. Bukidnon is a known plateau. The Misamis provinces are lined with rows of mountains and hills. The volcanic island of Camiguin boasts of its beaches of white sand and seven active volcanoes. The most famous of these are Mount Hibok-Hibok and Tres Marias. The province of Lanao del Norte is famous for the Maria Cristina falls which supplies hydroelectric power to most provinces in Mindanao. Also found in Lanao del Norte is the Lanao Lake,the second biggest lake in the country. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Ma. Cristina Falls Climate Region X has one of the most favourable types of climate in the country. Rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year. Rains are experienced even during the hot months. Resources, products, industries Northern Mindanao is an agricultural region. Its principal products are rice, coconut, abaca, and corn. Other crops include coffee, cabbage, onions and fruits like pineapple, jackfruit, bananas and mangoes. Bukidnon with its cool climate, has a wide pineapple plantation owned and operated by Del Monte Philippines, Inc. a big multinational company engaged in food processing. Camiguin is famous for its bananas, lanzones and mangoes. Cagayan de Oro, which is the capital of Misamis Oriental, is one of the most important places of the region due to its airport. Its ports are also centers of trade and commerce. Mining and logging are important economic activities especially in Misamis Oriental. Its mountains are covered with forests that yield valuable hardwood such as apitong, tangile and molave. Mineral products like gold, iron, chromite, manganese, clay and limestone are found in the province. Fishing is another major industry in the region especially in the coastal plains.
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Cultural groups and main tourist attractions There are many cultural groups in Northern Mindanao. Among them are the Visayans, Tirurays ,Muslims, Maranaos, Subanons, Manobos and Talaandigs. Cebuano or Bisaya is the major language in the region. Some famous personalities from the region include Senator Miguel Zubiri of Bukidnon and Dr. Steven P.C. Fernandez is the Artisitic Director of Integrated Performing Arts Guild(IPAG). Tourist visit Camiguin island because of its beautiful beaches and the celebration of the Lanzones festival during the month of October. Cagayan, de oro , on the other hand, celebrates the Mardi-Gras in August as a form of thanksgiving to their patron, Saint Augustine. The city is also famous for its whitewater rafting. Lanao del Norte celebrates various festivals that attract tourists. Their Sagingan Festival is a thanksgiving for the bountiful harvest of bananas. Bukidnon is famous for its vast pineapple plantations and the Kitanglad Park. Misamis oriental has beautiful beaches while Misamis Occidentlal takes pride in its Dalit Festival. Dalit in the local dialect‟‟ offering‟‟. The people offer friendship, unity and love to all visitors.
REGION XI: DAVAO REGION
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Region XI or Davao Region consists of the provinces of Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, and Compostela valley. Davao City is considered as the countryâ€&#x;s biggest city in terms of land area. It is the regionâ€&#x;s capital and its commercial and industrial center. The metro Davao central business district bustles with activity. Shopping malls, hotels, banks and restaurants are found throughout the city. The presence of universities in Davao like the Ateneo de Davao,University of the Philippines, Mindanao University, and University if Southern Philippine makes it the center for education in Mindanao. Location and Topography The Davao Region is bounded on the north by the Agusan provinces, on the east by the Philippine Sea, on the west by Bukidnon and Cotabato, and on the south by the Mindanao Sea it has rugged mountains, hills and wide plains. Lakes and rivers are found in many parts of the region. The Agusan River runs through the Compostela Valley, Agusan del Sur and drains into Butuan bay in Agusan del Norte. These bodies of water make the land fertile and suitable for agriculture. The vast plains, plateaus, mountains, forests and the water forms provide the region with bountiful resources. Mount Apo , the highest peak in the country, can be found here.
Agusan River
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Climate A generally mild and favourable climate is experienced in Davao Region. Rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year. There is a high production of crops aand other products in the region because it is rarely visited by typhoons. Resources, products and industries Davao Oriental is known as the “ Rice Granary of Davao” due to its large production of rice. Other principal crops in the province are coffee, pomelo, banana and vegetables. The region‟s irregular coastlines provide beautiful marine resources. Fishing tuna, prawns and other sea products, especially form the Davao Gulf, is another important industry in the province .The province is also called, “ Bangus Bowl” of Davao. Mining is also important industry in Davao Oriental. deposits of iron, nickel, phosphate, manganese and cement are found here. Davao del Norte is one of the biggest producers of corn and rice in the country the province abounds with citrus, mangoes, papayas, bananas, cashew, ramie, coffee, black pepper, coconut, abaca, sorghum, soybean, rubber and timber. Mining is a chief industry in Compostela Valley. According to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Mount Diwalwal in Compostela Valley holds the largest gold deposit in the Philippines. Agriculture is also a major source of livelihood in the valley. The farmers produce rice, coconut, and bananas. Davao del Sur is popularly called the “coconut country” Copra, vinegar and sweet delicacies from coconut are some of the famous products in the province. Durian is a famous fruit in the region. It is made into candies, pastries ,preserves, and ice cream. The region‟s thick forest yield lumber from narra, lauan,apitong and mayapis trees. They also serve as home to a wide variety of flora and fauna in the region. of the known species are the haribon, the national bird, and the waling waling, the “Queen of Philippine Orchids.” Cultural groups and main tourist attractions The Davao region is marked not only by its beautiful resources but also by its rich culture Christians and Muslims inhabit the region Other cultural groups who occupy the region are the Bagobs, Manobos, Bilaans, tagabilis, Mandayas, T‟bolis, Samals and Tausugs. The Cebuano language is predominantly used in the region. The Davaoeños are known to be hardworking, artistic, kind, skilful and free-loving. Famous Davaoeños are composer-singers Joey Ayala, Gary Granada, Cynthia Alexander and Bayang Barrios. Davao is favourite tourist destination because of the beauty oof its surroundings. Aside from the Mount Apo and the beautiful beaches of white sand, YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Davaoâ€&#x;s pearl farm attracts visitors from other regions and tourist from other countries. Compostela Valley is known for mountain trekking and for its beautiful waterfalls.
Compostela Valley falls
Region XII: SOCCSKSARGEN
Location and topography Region XII, former Central Mindanao Region, is now SOCCSKSARGEN. It comprises the provinces of North Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, South Cotabato, YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Sarangani and General Santos City. Koronadal City or Marbel in South Cotabato is the region‟s capital. SOCCSKSARGEN is bounded on the north by Bukidnon, on the east by Davao Del Sur, on the west by Maguindanao and on the south by Mindanao Sea. Mount Apo serves as the boundary on the north of Davao Del Sur and Region XII. The western part of the region is hilly while the northern portion is lined up with rows of volcanic mountains. The Cotabato Valley in Region XII is one of the country‟s biggest valleys. Within the wide plains of the region are rich in land waters. Rio Grande de Mindanao or Rio Grande of Cotabato is the longest river in Mindanao. The river makes soil of the region fertile. Other important bodies of water include Lake Sebu and the Moro Gulf. Climate Region XII, just like Davao, has a mild climate with rainfall that is evenly distributed throughout the year. It is also the typhoon belt. Resources, products and industries The region abounds with numerous agricultural products. North Cotabato is known as the “Rice Bowl of Mindanao” due its large production of rice. Dole Philippines maintains a huge pineapple plantation in Polomok, South Cotabato. Sultan Kudarat is one of the top producers of durian, marang and bananas in the Philippines due to its fertile soil suited for planting. The province is alsi a principal manufacturer of rubber. Coconut, sugar, coffee, tobacco, abaca and ramie are other principal crops in the region. Fishing is another major industry in Region XII. Lake Sebu and Sarangani Bay are major fishing grounds. General Santos City is known as the “Tuna Capital of the Philippines”. Tuna, blue marlin, mackerel, and skipjack tuna are harvested not only for local consumption but for export as well. Livestock and poultry raising are also important economic activities in the region. Copper is mined in North and South Cotabato. Cultural groups and main tourist attractions Christian from Luzon and Visayas dominate the region. There are muslim communities too, in Region XII. Cultural groups like the Maranaos, Bagobos, Tirurays, Iramus, and Manobos also live in the region. The historical figure, Sultan Kudarat and international boxing sensation Manny Pacquiao are some of the famous people from SOCCSKSARGEN. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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The Kidapawan or Fruit festival in Kidapawan and the Tuna festival in General Santos are major reasons why people visit SOCCSKSARGEN. The beautiful beaches, waterfalls, lakes and springs of the region are main tourist attractions.
Region XIII: Caraga Administrative Region Location and Topography Republic Act no. 7901 officially named region XIII as the Caraga Administrative Region. Located in the northeastern part of Mindanao, Caraga is composed of the provinces of Agusan del Sur, Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, and the countryâ€&#x;s newest province, Dinagat islands was created by Republic Act no. 9355 signed on December 2, 2006.The islands were originally part of Surigao del Norte.The regionâ€&#x;s center is Butuan City in Agusan del Norte.
Caraga is bounded on the north by Eastern Visayas, on the east by the Pacific ocean,on the wet by Region X, and on the south by the Davao Region.It has a rugged terrain with hills and mountains.it is blessed with extensive plains and plateaus.Mountain ranges separate the Surigao provincews.The third largest river in the Philippines,Agusan River is found in the province of Agusan del Norte.smaller islands such as Nonoc and Siargao are found north of Surigao del Norte.They are two of the best known islands in the country. Climate Caraga has a generally mild climate.It has no pronounced wer or dry season. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Resources, products and industries The major industries in Caraga are mining, fishing, agriculture and logging. The largest iron deposit in Mindanao is found in Tugas Point, Surigao del Sur. Nonoc island in Surigao del Norte is the world‟s leading producer of nickel. Other mineral products mined in the region are gold, silver, copper, chromate, manganese and lead.
Mining operation Siargao and Dinagat islands are known as the country‟s Tuna belt‟‟ due to its bountiful harvest of tuna. Prawns, shrimps and crabs abound in the islands as well. Agusan, on the other hand, is called the „‟Timber City of the Philippines. he biggest lumber and paper manufacturer is found in the province. It is said the biggest tree in the Philippines, the Bita-og is found in Magallanes Town in Butuan City.it is believed to be more than 5oo years old. Rice, coconut, corn and abaca are the principal agricultural products of the region. Cultural groups and main tourist attractions Majority of the people of Caraga are Christians. Bisaya, which is similar to Cebuano, is their widely spoken language. There are also cultural groups in the region like the Manobos, Bagobos, and Bilaans. Some famous personalities from Caraga are the historical figures Rajah Kulambu of Butuan and Rajah Siagu of ancient Caraga. Caraga is known for Siargao island, a famous surfer‟s paradise. The waves are huge and powerful that they have been ranked among the best in the world. Beautiful waterfalls such as the Sumag-a, Tago and Maugda waterfalls are also major tourist attractions in the region.
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ARMM: Autonomous region in Muslim Mindanao The Autonomous region in Muslim Mindanao or ARMM was created after President Corazon Aquino signed republic Act No. 6734. ARMM is the countryâ€&#x;s center of the Islamic religion. it is composed of the Provinces of Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, and Tawitawi. Cotabato City in Maguindanao is the regionâ€&#x;s capital. To have autonomy means the region can govern itself. It has its own system of laws based on the Islamic religion. The klocal government of the region is headed by a governor elected by the people. He or she can pass and implement laws through the local Council consisting of representatives. However, the region is still part of the Philippines. It abides by the laws and the Constitution. The Philippine government gives the region budgetary support and other services. Location and Topography ARMM is located in the southwestern part of the Philippines. It is bounded on the north by Region X; on the east by the Bukidnon and Cotabato, on the west by the Moro Gulf and on the south by the Celebes Sea. Each island in the Sulu archipelago is mostly made up of plains. Tawitawi is the southernmost part of the province in the country. Climate Seasons are not very pronounced in the ARMM . Basilan is relatively dry from November to April.
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Resource, products and industries ARMM has agricultural lands and rich fishing grounds. The areas surrounding Lake Lanao are rich agricultural lands.The major products consists of rice, coconut, coffee, kapok and fruits such as avocado, papaya, and lanzones. Fishing is the main economic activity in the region. Pearl diving also provides livelihood to the people in Sulu and Tawitawi. The Badjaos or the „‟sea gypsies of the Philippines‟‟ are experts in fishing and pearl diving.
The Yakans of Basilan are noted for cloth weaving. The beautiful and colorful malongs are excellent crafts of the Ykans. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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The people of Maguindanao are known for vinta making and cloth weaving.Ornaments made from brass and jewelries made from pearl sand beads are products that identify the region. Cultural groups and main tourist attractions ARMM is predominantly Muslim. The culture, beliefs and values of the people in the region are greatly influenced by Islam.Their way of life is based on the teachings of the Koran.The laws that are implemented in the region are hose provided in the Shariah and Ada. Shariah is the Muslim body of laws and Adat is the unwritten costumary laws. Some famous Muslim personalities from the region are Nur Misuari and Senator Mamintal Tamano.
Nur Misuari
Mamintal Tamano
The Muslim cultural groups include the Tausugs,maranaos, and Yakans, and the Maguindanaoans. Small bands of cultural groups, neither Christians nor Muslms, inhabit the region as well.Some of them are the badjaos,Bagobos and Samals.
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The colorful vintas are major tourist attractions in the ARMM .Sulu and Tawi Tawi are noted for houses on stilts The turtle island is famous for its hundred year-old turtles. Beautiful beaches , waterfalls and rivers of the region attract many local and foreign tourists.
Activity
A. Draw a vinta (
) on the blank if he sentence expresses a correct idea.
____________1. The regions in Mindanao have undergone several reorganizations over the past several years. ____________2. Mindanao has abundant natural resources. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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____________3. There are two untonomous regions in Mindanao. ____________4. The newly-established province in the cpuntry is in Mindanao. ____________5. There are six regions in Mindanao. ____________6.Bisaya is the wideky spoken language in Southern Philippines. ____________7. There ar e more Muslims in Caraga region than in the ARMM. ____________8. Products and services ar easily transported to Manila from the Mindanao region. ____________9. The peopleâ€&#x;s way of life in the ARMM is greatly influenced by Islam. ____________10. People from other regions migrate to Mindanao for its beautiful attractions.
UNIT III Our Filipino Culture LESSON 10 THE FIRST FILIPINOS Historians study history. Archaeologists study material remains of human life. Anthropologists study human beings from the past and in the present and how they relate with other human beings and the environment. Origins Many historians, archaeologists and anthropologists believe that the first inhabitants of the Philippines came from sometime towards the end of the Ice Ages. Felipe Landa Jocano a famous Filipino arthropologist, put toward the idea that Asians, including Filipinod are the results of a long process of evolution and migration. According to Jocano, it is hard to prove that the Negritos were the first inhabitants of the Phiippines. As shown by fossil evidence, the first human in the Philippines was from a group of peope who also went in New Guines, Java, Borneo, and Australia. His research also shows that these people have more or less the same culture, beliefs, practices and even similar tools.
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In the province of Cagayan in Luzon, a team of researchers found hundreds of archaeological sites. They also found stone tools of early humans in the Philippine archipelago. Although, no bones have been found yet, the presence of the tools suggests their existence. Experts call these early humans Homo erectus philippinensis. These early humans were of the same type as the ones found in Indonsia and China. They were 250 000- 500 000 years old. Tabon man Based on scientific evidence as shown by the human fossil records, the Philippines may have been inhabited for thousands of years. The oldest human fossil found in the Philippines is around 22, 000 -23, 000 years old. Fossils are traces or remains of humans, animals, plants, and other things that have been ìn the earth‟‟s crust. The skull cap and other bone remains of at least three Stone –Age Filipinos “were found inside the Tabon cave in Palawan in the 1960s. These early inhabitants of the archipelago are known collectively as the “tabon man”. The Tabon man was discovered by a research team from the National Museum headed by Dr. Robert B.Foxan American anthropologist. The tabon man is a Homo sapiens. It means “wise human.
Tabon skull cap
Paleolithic Stone Tools
Some experts day that these Tabon men may have lived in caves 30, 500 years ago. They lived n caves because the climate then was extremely cold. Thr caves protected them from extreme cold and provided shelter. These caves faced bodies of water where they got fish and other eater resources for food. They also YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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hunted using stone flake tools. Their food also came from plants and animals that were found in the areas around the caves. They knew how to makefire and how to cook food as shown by charcoal evidence in the cave.
Around 78 clay vessels were recovered from the Manunggul Cave in Palawan. These vessels were believed to have been used as burial jars.
The tabon man used jars to bury their dead. The jar has a lid topped with two figures on a boat. One of the figures depicts the dead the crossed arms man . The other is a boatman with an oar that has missing paddle. Negritos Some anthropologists speculate that the Negritos came about 40, 000 – 40, 000 years ago. They probably came from Borneo, Sumatra, Papua New Guinea or Australia via the land bridges. Some speculate that Negritos were the original inhabitants of the Philippines. Nevertheless, the Negritos have significant contributions to our Filipino culture.
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The Negritos had a Stone age culture. Their tools were made of crude stones. These stone tools had sharp edges which were made by striking them with a stone hammer. They lived in caves. They built fire through friction and cooked their food. They also wandered from one place to another. They roamed around to hunt animals. They also gathered wild fruits and root crops. This kind of lifestyle is called nomadic. They had as unique belief system. They believed in anitos or spirits that were found in the envrionament. Dome of their decendants today are the Aeta Agta, Dumagat and Ati they lived in the mountains of Zambales, Cagayan,Isabela, Quezon, Mindoro, Palwan, Bicol, Panay.and some areas in Surigao. They are skilful with the use of bow and arrow. They also have skills in mat-weaving and jungle survival.
Austronesians Some historians believe that some 6000- 7000 years ago; the Austronesians came to the Philippines from the Yunman Plateau in China on board balangays. Balangays are ancient boats that can sail long distances. Some believe that the Philippines was used as place for stopover by the Austronesians to reach other Pacific islands and the Indonesian archipelago. Some Austronesians who chose to stay in the Philippines became the ancestors of most present day Filipinos. The Austronesians were also the ancestors of the Indonesians, Malays, and Pacific islanders.
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Historians believe that the Austronesians introduced farming in the country they grow crops like taro, yams, rice and sweet potatoes. They were expert fisherfolks and seafarers. They brought with them some domisticated animals like dogs, pigs, and chickens. In time their population, language and culture grew One of the most interesting findings about the early Filipinos was the pottery found in Ayub Cave in present day Sarangani province by Eusebio Dizon. He found the burial jars that could have been used at around 500 years B.Cto 500 years A.d. The jars were evidences that the early Filipinos believed in the afterlife. As the population of the early Filipinos grew, they formed communities and inhabited places where their needs would be met. Some built communities near rivers, coasts, while others stayed n the mountains and valleys. From cave dwellings, the early Filipinos built houses on stilts made of nipa and bamboo. Farming, fishing and raising animals like chicken, dogs, and pigs became their main source of livelihood. Some engaged n pottery and weaving. Material and non material culture Material culture refers to object or artifacts that were left by past cultures. The material culture of the early Filipinos can be seen in the many artifacts that were discovered in Cagayan, Palawan. Sarangani and other places. Some of these artifacts include the burial jars, the tools that our ancestors used their jewelry, their balangays, and other objects that they left behind. Nonmaterial culture refers to the knowledge beliefs, values, attitudes, practices, and behaviors of a culture the nonmaterial culture. It can be interpreted from the artifacts of the early Filipinos.the early Filipinos had some form of belief system or religion because of the way they buried their dead. Language is also a form of nonmaterial culture. According to ecxperts our present-day Filipino languages are of Austronesian origin. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Letâ€&#x;s Work A. Write true on the blank if the statement is true based on the reading. Write false if otherwise. ___________________ 1. Human fossil records show that the Philippines may have been inhabited for thousand of years. ___________________ 2. The tabon man was found in the tabon caves of Palawan. ___________________ 3. The Negritos were the earliest inhabitant of the country. ___________________ 4. Based on artifacts the Homo erectus philippinensis were the early Filipinos. __________ 5. The Austronesians came from Australia __________ 6. The tabon man is an example of Homo sapiens. __________ 7. The Manunggul jar gives evidence that the early Filipinos had a religion/
__________ 8. The balangay is a boat. __________ 9. All Filipinos are of Austronesian origin. __________ 10. Filipinos have the same ancestors as the Malays, Indonesians, and Pacific Islanders. B. Identify the group of people being described in each sentence. Choose your answer from the list in the box. Write your answer on the blank. Answers may be repeated. a. Tabon man b. Negritos c. Austronesians ____ 1. They came to the Philippines in balangays. ____ 2. They were the ancestors of the Aeta Filipinos. ____ 3. They brought farming to the Philippines. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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____ 4. They were the oldest human fossils in the Philippines. ____ 5. They used stone tools. ____ 6. They lived a nomadic life. ____ 7. They lived in caves for thousand of years. ____ 8. They were expert hunters. ____ 9. Most Filipino languages originated from the language of this group of people. ____ 10. They brought domesticated animals like chickens, dogs, and pigs.
C. Answer the following questions. 1. How do you think the Negritos were able to reach the Philippines? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ __________________ 2. How do you think the Tabon men lived? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ __________________ 3. According to Jocano, why is it hard to prove that the Negritos were the first inhabitants of the Philippines? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ __________________ 4. How did the Ausronesians reach the Philippines? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ __________________
LESSON 11: EARLY FOREIGN RELATIONS Our early Filipino culture Ancient Filipino culture was vibrant even before the early Filipinos had contacts with other civilizations like the Hindus, Chinese and Arabs. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Early settlements and economic life Our ancestors were already living in communities called barangays. We had settlements near the coastal waters, near rivers, plains, valleys and mountains. Those near bodies of water, especially the seas, were engaged mostly in fishing, aquatic activities like pearl-diving and inter-island state.Those in the mountains, plains and valleys developed their own system of farming. Our ancestors knew how to adapt to their environment. Early social structure Each community had its own leader. He was called the datu.The datu had the council of nobles called maginoo or maharlika.This council was composed of freemen who had property. Most of the early Filipinos living in the barangay were freemen. Called timawa. However, there was a group of descendants called aliping namamahay or tumarampuh.They worked in the fields. They could own property but they were required to give the datud half of their produce. They serve on the datuâ€&#x;s farm. The aliping sanguiguilid or ayuey were war captives. They served in the household of the datu or the maharlikas. Women generally enjoyed equal status with men. They had rights and privileges as men. They owned properties. They engaged in agriculture and trade. Many women were expert weavers and potters. Some women even took roles as religious leaders called catalonan or babaylan. Early religion In the ancient times ,our ancestors practiced the worship of spirits or anitos.The anito could be the spirit of a thing or of a dead person.It could be good or bad spirit.The Ifugaos made wooden sculptures called bulol.They believed that the anito could inhabit a bulol.
Early literature The early Flipinos had songs,poems and stories.These stories and poem s were shared andpassed on to thenext generation through a word of mouth.An example is the epic poem, Biag ni Lam-ang.It is an Ilocano epic about an extraordinary man who went on a jjourney to look for his father an to court a
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beautiful maiden.This epic showed the culture of the Ilocanos before the coming of the Spaniards.
Biag ni Lam-ang Contacts with foreigners The Hindus, the Chinese, and the Arabs came and traded products with the early Filipinos. They also brought with them their own culture. As a result, our native culture was enriched through trade and commerce.
Influences from the Hindus During the ancient times, our ancestors in Sulu and other parts of the archipelago traded with the Hindus who came to the Philippines. They exchanged their textiles with our deep sea pearls from Sulu Sea. Our culture and traditions had been greatly influenced by the long period of relationship with the Hindus.These are seen in some words which we use everyday and in some of our customs and traditions.These words include bathala (Supremebeing),asawa,bahala,balita,katha,mahaltala,puri,diwa,ahas,dalaga,maharli ka,mana,hari,lakambini,ganda and aga. According to philologists or experts in literature and language studies, these ords came from the ancient language of the hindus. Many of the early Filipino leaders were given titles like Lakan or Rajah. These titles are of Hindu origin. Some of our customs, traditions and superstitious beliefs were adopted from the Hindus. The following are some of them. The appearance of a comet is considered as a bad sign. War, famine, and calamity may happen. A single woman will marry a widower if she sings while cooking. We give sampaguita garlands to guests and visitors to honor them. The use of veil and cord is a popular pactice in many Filipino weddings. Throwing uncooked rice at the newly weds as they leave the church is still practiced by many. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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The putong or turban and sarong are commonly used in southern Philippines. Influences from the Chinese The lives of the early Filipinoswere also influenced by the Chines who came to the Philippines.They taught us the use of porcelain wares,tin cans,umbrellas ,silver,gongs anfdthe manufacture of gunpowder. The Chinese introduced to our tastebuds certain foods like ,pansit, lumpia,siopao, siomai, mani, misua and roasted pig.
Some Chinese words enriched our native language, too. Among these words are susi, ate, pinggan, gunting, kuya, mangkok, sangko and sipit. The Filipinos also learned from the Chinese how to play sungka and kite-flying.
Our ancestors way of dressing was also influenced by the Chinese. They wore loose style of dressing. Some wore white clothing for mourning.
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Influences from the arabs The arabs greatly influenced the people of Mindanao. Their most important contribution was the Islamic religion. This faith was first introduced by an Arabian scholar named Karim Ul-Mahkdum. He built the first mosque in Sulu. All the teaching of islam are found in the holy book, the Koran. Muslims are faithful and obedient to the teachings of the Koran. It is a Muslim tradition, to go on pilgrimage to Mecca, a holy place in Saudi Arabia. Muslim Filipinos in Mindanao adopted the sultanate form of government from the Arabs. The Arabic system of writing and the Arabic numbers are used until today. The Arabic words like sukat, sulat, pilat, kali,apo, hukom, salamat and bukas became part of the Filipino language.
Activity A. Write under the correct column the contributions of the following Asians. Umbrella
Islam
Sarong
lumpia Koran
Gong
pancit HINDU
sungka
sulat CHINESE
YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
pilat kasal
numbers
mahal turban
veil and cord ARAB
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Lesson 12: FILIPINO CULTURE DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD The first Westerners that colonized our country were the Spaniards.They came to the Philippines to put up a trading post and to expand their territory. Expeditions to the Philippines were sent by the King of Spain after the successful return to Spain of the remaining ship of Magellan‟s expedition. Our ancestors were conquered eventually by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565.The Philippines became a colony of Spian for more than 300 years. This event brought about many reforms in religion, education, the economy ,politics and other sociocultural aspects of life.The Spaniards, made considerable contributions to ur culture and traditions . Religion The most important contribution of the Spaniards to tehFilipinos is the catholic religion. This religion makes the {hilippines the only Catholic country in Asia. Spanish missionaries were sent to the Philippines to spread Christianity. They introduced religious images and saints to our ancestors as they taught them Christian beliefs. While the greater majority of Filipinos became Catholics, some native practices were retained. Filipinos were allowed to ear amulets called anting anting. Some babaylan rituals were still practiced. The colonizers did no alter the beliefs of our ancestors regarding the mysteries of life. Also thw Spanish missionaries were not successful in converting most of our Filipino brothers to Catholicism. Islam was deeply rooted in most Muslim communities in the archipelago, especially in Mindanao. The religious practices that were introduced by the Spanish colonizers still exist today. Among these are family prayers, praying for the souls of the dead, visiting the cemetery on All Souls day, singing the „‟pasyon‟‟ during Lenten season, gift-giving during important occasions like birthdays, Christmas, baptism and wedding. Processions, fluvial parades, and fiestas are also of Spanish origin.
UNIT III LESSON 11 EARLY FOREIGN RELATIONS Our early Filipino culture
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Ancient Filipino culture was vibrant even before the early Filipinos had contacts with other civilizations like the Indians, Chinese, and Arabs. Early settlements and economic life Our ancestors were already living in communities called barangays. We had settlements near the coastal waters, near rivers, plains, valleys and mountains. Those communities near fishing, aquatic activities like pearl diving and interisland trade. Those plains, valleys and mountains developed their own system of farming. Our ancestors were able to adapt to their environment. Early social structures Each community had its own leader, he was called the datu. The datu had a council of nobles called maginoo or maharlika. This council was composed of freemen who had property. Most of the early Filipinos living in the barangay were freemen called timawa. However, there was a group of dependents called aliping namamahay or tumarampuk. They worked in fields. They could own property but they were required to give tga datu haf of their produce, they served on the datus farm. The aliping saguiguilid or ayuey were war captives. They served in the household of the datu or maharlika. Women enjoyed equal status with men. They had rights and privileges as men, they owned properties. They engaged in agriculture and trade. Many women were expert weavers and potters. Some women even took roles as reliqous leaders called catalonan or babaylan Early religion In the ancient times, Our ancestors practiced the worship of spirits or anitos. The anito could be the spirit of dead. It could be good or bad. The ifugaos made wooden sculptures called bulol. They believed that the anito could inhabit a bulol. Early literature The early Filipinos had songs, poems, and stories. These stories and peoms were shared and passed on to the next generation through word of mouth. Biag ni Lamang is an Ilocano epic about an extraordinary man who went on a journey to look for his father and to court a beautiful maiden. This epic showed the culture of Ilocano before the coming of Spaniards. Contacts with foreigners The Indians, the Chinese and the arabs came and trade products with the early Filipinos. They also brought with them their own culture. As a result, our native culture was enriched through trade and commerce. Influence from Indians YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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During the ancient times, our ancestors in sulu and other parts of the archipelago traded with the Indians who came to the philipppines. They exchanged their textiles with our deep sea pearls from sulu sea. Our culture and traditions had been greatly influenced by the long period of relationship with the Indians. Words like Bathala, asawa, bahala, balita, katha, mahal, tala, puri, diwa, ahas, dalaga, maharlika, mana, hari, lakambini, ganda and aga came from indians. Many of the early Filipino leaders were given titles like Lakan or Rajah. Some of our customs, traditions, superstitions, beliefs were adopted from the Indians. The appearance of a comet is a bad sign for war, famine and calamity. A single woman will marry a widower if she sings while cooking. We give sampaguita garlands to honor guests and visitors. The use of veil and cord in Filipino weddings Thrwing uncooked rice at the newly weds as they leave the church. The putong or tuban and sarong are commonly used in southern Philippines Influence from Chinese Chinese taught us th use of porcelain wares, tin cans, umbrellas, silver, gongs, and the manufacture of gunpowder. The Chinese introduced us to foods like pansit, lumpia, siiopao, siomai, mani, misua, and roasted pig. Some Chinese words are susi, ate, pinggan, gunting, kuya, mangkok, sangko, and sipit. Chinese games are sungka, and flying kites They wore loose style of dressing. Some wore white for mourning. Influence from arabs The arabs greatly influenced Mindanao people. The Islamic religion was the most important contribution, introduced by an Arabian scholar named Karim Ul-Makhdum. He built the first mosque in sulu. The holy book. Koran, have all the teachings of islam, to which muslims are fithful and obedient. To go to a holy place in Mecca, Saudi Arabia is a muslim tradition.
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Muslim Filipinos in Mindanao adopted the sultanate form of government from the arabs. So as the Arabic system of writing and Arabic numbers. Sukat, sulat, pilat, kali, apo, hukom, salamat, and bukas are Arabic words. Letâ€&#x;s work A. Write under the correct column the contributions of the following Asians. Umbrella
Islam
Sungka
Numbers
Mahal
Sarong
Lumpia
Koran
Pilat
Turban
Gong
Pansit
Sulat
Kasal
Veil cord
INDIAN
CHINESE
and
ARAB
B. Put a check (/) on the blank if the statement is correct; put a cross (x) if not. 1. Our ancestors in Sulu traded with Indians. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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2. Our trade relationship with the Indians happened for a short period of time. 3. The appearance of a comet is a good sign according to Indians. 4. The practice of wearing white clothing for mourning came from the Chinese. 5. Eating roasted pig during celebrations is a uniquely Filipino culture. 6. Muslims go to Mecca for a pilgrimage. 7. Koran is the holy book of Muslims. 8. The Arabic system if writing was introduced by the Chinese. 9 Muslims are faithful and obedient to the teachings of Islam. 10. Our ancestors had no culture of their own when the other Asian. civilizations reached our shores.
LESSON 12: FILIPINO CULTURE DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD Our Spanish Influence The first Westerners that colonized our country were the Spaniards.They came to the Philippines to put up a trading post and to expand their territory. Expeditions to the Philippines were sent by the King of Spain after the successful return to Spain of the remaining ship of Magellanâ€&#x;s expedition.Our ancestors were conquered eventually by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565.The Philippines became a colony of Spain for more than 300 years.This event brought about many changes to the Filipino way of life as the Spaniards imposed many reforms in religion,education the economy,politics and other socio-cultural aspects of life.The Spaniards made considerable contributions to our culture and traditions.
Religion The most important contribution of the Spaniards to the Filipinos is the catholic religion. This religion makes the Philippines the only Catholic country in Asia. Spanish missionaries were sent to the Philippines to spread Christianity. They introduced religious images and saints to our ancestors as they taught them Christian beliefs. While the greater majority of Filipinos became YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Catholics, some native practices were retained. Filipinos were allowed to wear amulets called anting anting. Some babaylan ritual were still practiced. The colonizers did not alter the beliefs of our ancestors regarding the mysteries of life. Also, the Spanish missionaries were not successful in converting most of our Muslim Filipino brothers to Catholicism. Islam was deeply rooted in most Muslim communities in the archipelago, especially in Mindanao. The religious practices that were introduced by the Spanish colonizers still exist today. Among these are family prayers, praying for the souls of the dead, visiting the cemetery on All Souls‟day, singing of the „‟pasyon‟‟ during Lenten season, gift-giving during important occasions like birthdays, Christmas ,baptism, and weddings. Processions fluvial parades and fiestas are also of Spanish origin.
Education The missionaries also built schools, colleges and universities. These schools and universities taught Christian doctrines but they also taught reading, writing, arithmetic, western music, arts and trade. The Latin alphabet and the Spanish language were also introduced. Most of the teachers were Spanish priests. Some rich Filipinos were enable to enrich their knowledge because of these schools.A number of them became literate in the Spanish language. The oldest school in the country was a school for boys. It was established by the Augustinian priests in Cebu in 1565.The Colegio de San YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Ildefonso was established by Spanish Jesuits in 1595.it later on became the University of San Carlos in Cebu. Some of the other schools established by Spanish priests are the University of Santo Tomas, the Ateneo de Manila University and San Juan de Letran. Schools for girls were also established like the Colegio de Santa Potenciana, Colegio de Santa Catalina, and the Colegio de Santa Isabel.
Ateneo de Manila University during Spanish period Economy Livelihood program were organized under the Spanish colonizers. The farmers were taught Western ways of agriculture. The planting of different crops like coffee, beans , peas, tomatoes and corn was taught .Production of poultry and livestock were encouraged. Useful tools and machines were also introduced and developed. The people were made to produce products for trade. Plantations of sugarcane and tobacco were also put up. The galleon trade was established and Manila was opened to world trade especially with Mexico, which is another Spanish colony.
Political life YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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The Spaniards officially called our country Las isles Filipinas to honor King Philip II of Spain. King Philip was just a prince when the Spanish explore Ruy Lopez de Villalobos named some islands of the Philippines after him. Later, the Spanish colonizers adopted the name „‟Philippines‟‟ for the whole country. The country was originally divided into encomiendas. The encomiendas were were rights given by the Spanish crown to the conquistaderos. These conquistadores were esteemed Spanish soldiers. They were given the right to rule over portions of land throughout the country. The native inhabitants of the lands were put under control. They were also given the right to collect taxes and products from the people. Some portion of the taxes went to the Church and the Spanish government. The government structure ws organized into the national government, the provincial government, the municipal government and the government at the village level or the barangay. The national government was headed by the King of Spain himself through his representative, the Governor-General. At the provincial level, the alcalde mayor or the provincial governor headed the government .Provinces that had been pacified by the colonizers were called alcaldias. Unpacified provinces were called corregimientos and were ruled by corregidores instead of alcaldes mayors. City governments were called ayuntamientos and were headed by alcaldes or city mayors. The national and provincial leadership were positions held by Spaniards. The gobernadorcillo or the little governor headed the municipal government in towns called pueblos.This portion was given either to a rich native or a Chinese ,who could read, write and speak Spanish fluently.
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Gobernadorcillo At the village level, the cabeza de barangay headed the village government. He could be a native who could read, write and speak Spanish fluently. At the village level, the cabeza de barangay headed the village government he could be a native who could read, write and speak Spanish. He also must own some property. A cabeza de barangay could also be chosen to take the post of a gobernadorcillo.
Other socio-cultural influences The culture of the west can be seen in almost all aspect of the lives of the Filipinos during the colonial period. This is true even up to the present. The Filipinos learned to celebrate fiestas in honor of patron saints. Spanish dishes and delicacies became part of the Filipino diet. Ham, bread, paella and estofado were some of it. Contests, games, parties and celebrations became common activities. Concerts and cultural shows were common attractions in town plazas. Anew mode of dressing replaced the old ways. The men learned to wear socks, shoes, hats, coats, trousers, shirts and pants. The women wore chemise, blouse and skirt called baro’t saya, shoes or sandals and socks. They also learned to use fans and hair ornaments like the payneta. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Spanish surnames were ordered by the colonial government to be adopted. This explains why we have surnames like Cruz, Santos, Reyes, Lopez, Arguelles and many others.Names of saints like Maria, Juana, Ana, Tomas, Pedro,Veronica and Clara were given to the natives. Foreign made products were usually preferred over the local products because the Filipinos were made to believe that local products were of low quality. Foods like ham, bread, sardines, coco, chorizo, longanisa, asado,menudo, puchero, estofado and lengua became part of our diet.
Our ancestors learned some dances like Curacha, La Jota, Pandango, Surtido, and Carinosa. Stones, bricks and hard wood were incorporated in building houses. The house terrace or azotea is a Spanish architectural design. Our way of pending leisure time was also influenced through the games cara y cruz, juego de prenda, juego de anillo, palosebo and hitting the clay pot. Taking siesta or an afternoon nap is also a Spanish influence. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Activity A. Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. Agriculture Spanish priests Manila Galleon Spanish Catholicism encomiendas territory fiestas imported 1. The Spaniards came to the Philippines to expand their____________so they
will
become powerful. 2. _______________ is the most important contribution of the Spaniards to the Philippines. 3. The ___________ also became teachers. 4. The farmers were taught the Western ways of______________. 5. The ___________ Trade was adopted. 6._______________ was opened to the world trade. 7.The country was originally divided into______________. 8. The Filipinos learned to celebrate_________________. 9.______________surnames were used. 10. ____________products were often preferred over the local products.
LESSON 13: FILIPINO CULTURE DURING THE AMERICAN AND JAPANESE PERIODS The coming of the Americans
After more than 300 years, the Spanish colonial rule weakened. The Americans attacked the Spanish forces in Manila on May 1, 1898. Commodore George Dewey led the attack on board an an American cruiser USS Olympia. The YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Spaniards surrendered in just few hours of Battle. This was the famous Battle of Manila Bay.
Emilio Aguinaldo led the proclamation of Philippine independence on June 12, 1898 in Kawit, Cavite. The Philippine flag was flown for the first time at the balcony of Aguinaldoâ€&#x;s house. The flag was sewn by Marcella Agoncillo, he daughter Lorenza, and Delfina Herbosa de Natividad. Delfina was the niece of Jose Rizal. The national anthem composed by Julian Felipe was also played for the first time during this occasion. On August 13, 1898, the Spaniards retreated after a mock battle with the American troops. Some of the Filipino revolutionaries then believed that the Americans came to help them fight for independence. However, the Americans took over the Philippine territory from Spain. They did not recognize our declaration of independence.
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The Spanish American war was finally concluded with the signing of Treaty of paris by both parties on December 10, 1898. The treaty provided that Spain would transfer the Philippines to the United States and receive 20 million after the approval of the treaty. This treaty officially justified the American expansion in the Philippines.
The Philippine-American War
The Philippine-American war began when Private William Greyson shot and killed a Filipino soldier, Corporal Anastacio Felix of the Fourth Company, Morong Battalion. It happened on Sociego street in Santa Mesa , Manila. Corporal Felix and his to other companions were ordered to halt. The Filipino soldiers ordered Greyson who then fired a shot killing Felix. Private Robert Miller shot the other Filipino soldier. Greyson claimed that he also shot the third Filipino soldier. This event ignited the Philippine-American War on February 4, 1899. Under the leadership of General Emilio Aginaldo, the first president of the Philippine Republic,Filipino soldiers and free fighters bravely fought the Americans even though they were outnumbered and outgunned. Antonio Luna and Gregorio Del Pilar who led the Filipino soldiers, used all kinds of tactics in fighting the American soldiers. Gregorio Del Pilar fought and died during the battle at Tirad Pass near Candon, Ilocos Sur.
Apolinario Mabini who was called the Brains of the Revolution, was later captured and exiled to Guam.
On March 23,1901, Emilio Aguinaldo was captured in Palanan, Isabela. Other leaders surrendered to the Americans including Miguel Malvar who laid down his arms on April 16,1902 in Lipa, Batangas.T his ended the Philippine-American war and the First Philippine Republic. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Capture of Aguinaldo Our Filipino culture during the American period
If the Catholic religion is the most important contribution of the Spaniards, we can say that the Americans educated the Filipinos to embrace a democratic form of government The people in government positions in the Spanish government were mainly appointed unlike many government positions in the American colonial government. During the early part of the American colonization, the country was ruled by a military governor, which was later replaced by a civil governor who headed the Philippine Commissions. The commission was a group of Americans who were appointed by the president of the United States to make, change, and abolish laws. These actions were called legislative functions. The Philippine Commission formed the House of Senate or the upper house of the two-chamber legislature (bicameral legislature). It was also given limited power to enact laws and administer the country. These actions were called executive functions. A Philippine Assembly was elected to form the lower house of the bicameral legislature. The assembly was composed of Filipinos. A Supreme court was also established to head the countryâ€&#x;s system of courts.
The judiciary functions included the interpretation of the laws and dispensing of justice.The appointed Chief Justice was always a Filipino but most members of the Supreme Court were American justices.
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Complete Filipinization of the Supreme Court was finally achieved during the Commonwealth Period in 1935.The Commonwealth government was established as a ten-year transitional government before the Americans grant full independence. The government then was composed of entirely Filipinos. It exercised executive powers under the leadership of president Manuel Quezon; legislative powers under a unicameral national Assembly, and judicial powers under a unicameral National Assembly, and judicial powers under the Supreme Court. The presidency, the National Assembly, and other government positions were all elective.
With freedom of religion, Protestant Christianity was introduced. Protestant missionaries like the Methodists, Presbyterians and Baptists came to the Philippines. Filipinos were allowed to choose their own faith. The Church and the state were separated. Catholicism was no longer imposed as the religion of the government.
Education became accessible to all with the introduction of the public school system under the Department of Public Education. The Filipinos learned the English language since it became the medium of instruction. Thomasites taught a number of Filipinos how to read, speak, and write in English. They were a group of about 500 pioneer American teachers sent by the US government. They were called Thomasites because they were brought in the country on board the transport vessel, the USS Thomas. Many English words like jeep, candy, football, hamburger, cake, boxing and beefsteak were included in the daily vocabulary of the Filipinos. One of the schools founded during the American period was the University of the Philippines. It was established in 1908.
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The Americans encouraged agricultural production. Farm tractors were introduced. Products like raw sugar, tobacco and copra were exported to the United States. Several factories that manufactured tobacco, coconut oil, alcohol, candies, softdrinks, and sugar were established. Many Filipino started to work in factories. The Americans introduced new technology in mining activities. They started to own mining operations in the country. A number of Filipinos were able to improve their way of life. With a wide range of economic opportunities compared to the Spanish period, some Filipinos left farming to work in the cities. Public health and sanitation were given focus. Clinics and hospitals were constructed. There were hospitals especially for the lepers and those with tuberculosis. Cleanliness and good hygiene became part of the school curriculum.
The
Americans
improved
the
system
of
transportation
and
communication. More buses, cars, and taxis lined the streets. Telephones, telegrams and radios were introduced. Music and dances like Rock nâ€&#x;Roll , Boogie, Jazz ,Tango, Cha-cha, Polka and Rhumba were also introduced by the Americans. New modes of YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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dressings like the wearing of a dress, high-heeled shoes, polo shirt, ties and jeans were adopted by the Filipinos. English movies and games like table tennis, basketball, volleyball ,boxing and football became the favorite past time of the Filipinos. Food like ice cream, cakes, beefsteak, hotdog, hamburger, sandwiches, cookies and doughnuts became regular items in the Filipino menu. Many Filipinos developed a „‟stateside‟‟ mentality. Also known as colonial mentality, it treated imported products as better in quality than locally made products. At times some Filipinos considered the Foreigners superior to the Filipinos.
The coming of the Japanese
The Philippines, as an American colony, was greatly affected when the Second World War broke out. The Second World War was a military conflict between the Axis and allied powers. The Allies were primarily composed of the United Kingdom, United States and Russia while the Axis powers included Germany, Italy and Japan. Wars were originally fought in Europe and China. The bombing of Pearl Harbor, a US naval base in Hawaii, on December 7, 1941.On December 26,1941 government officials declared Manila as an open city. The Battle of Bataan started in January 1942.American and Filipino soldiers fought side by side against the Japanese. The Philippine Commonwealth government was transferred to the island of Corregidor. President Roosevelt of the United States advised President Manuel L. Quezon and his family to leave Corregidor. President Quezon and Vice President Sergio Osmeña left for Australia and then went to the United States. In March 1942, General Douglas MacArthur likewise left for Australia. He was then the general of the US Army and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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On April 9, 1942 the Bataan forces surrendered. This surrender is now known as the Fall of Bataan. After Bataan was taken over by the Japanese soldiers, the Death March followed. The war prisoners, both Filipinos and Americans, started their Death March from Mariveles Bataan up to Capas , Tarlac. The Filipinos suffered from hunger, disease and fatigue. They were not given food and water. Instead they were cruelly beaten by the Japanese soldiers.
Death March Route
On May 6, 1942, General Jonathan Wainwright surrendered to the Japanese. This was the start of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. To gain the sympathy of the Filipinos, the Japanese granted the Filipinos independence under the presidency of Jose P. Laurel. The Second Republic was inaugurated on October 15, 1943.
The Filipino way of life during the Japanese occupation The Filipinos led miserable lives during the Japanese occupation. They lived in poverty. Many died of hunger. prices of products increased everyday. Most Filipinos ate less than three meals a day due to rice shortages. This situation forced many Filipinos to become resourceful and enterprising. To earn money they engaged in the buying and selling of different products. They bought stuff that could be sold at a profit. Some people left the towns and cities and went to the rural areas where they planted crops for food.
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The zona system was practiced were all males were forced to work without pay. They were made to shine shoes , wash soldier uniforms, clean the barracks, and do all sort of services to the Japanese military. Anybody who opposed the Japanese military was either killed, tortured or imprisoned.
Everything was censored. Most cinemas were closed especially those that
showed
American films.
The
Japanese
culture
was taught
in
the
schools.Livelihood was emphasized in vocational schools. The Japanese language, Niponggo, was a compulsory subject. However, the Tagalog language was encouraged as well as indigenous, non-western practices.
The return of the Americans Many guerrilla movements were organized to fight the Japanese military.Many Filipino soldiers and civilian fought side by side each other. The movement known as Hukbalahap(Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon) was organized. A number of Filipinos became members of this organization. They fought the Japanese. They destroyed enemy tanks,trucks,ammunitions warehouses and communication lines. On October 20,1944, General Douglas MacArthur landed on Leyte with American and Filipino troops to recapture the Philippines from the Japanese. One battle after another was fought to regain freedom. On January 9,1945, the group went to Lingayen ,Pangasinan and on February 3, 1945,they reached the City of Manila. A month-long battle ended with the defeat of the Japanese. A lot of prisoners of war were released.
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The landing of General MacArthur and his troops on Leyte
The commonwealth government was established under President Sergio Osmena. He took over the presidency on February 29, 1945 when president Manuel Quezon died on August 1, 1944.
Post-war Philippines
The Tydings-McDuffie Act or the Philippine Independence Act was approved on march 24 1934 in the United States Congress. This law provided the drafting of the Philippine Constitution and guidelines for the ten-year transitional government, which was called the Commonwealth of the Philippines. It also provided for the granting of full Philippine Independence after ten years. Thus, originally Philippine independence was scheduled on July 4, 1944.However, it was put on hold when World War II started. After the war, on April 23, 1946, a national election was held and Manuel A. Roxas won as President. On July 4, 1946, the Philippine was granted its independence and the Philippine flag was hoisted alone for the firat time without the American flag beside it. The Philippine Republic became the first democratic country in Asia.
Activity Write true on the blank if the statement is correct and write false if it is not. _________1. Some Filipino revolutionaries believed that the mericans came to help us fight the Spaniards. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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_________2. The Filipino soldier won their battles against the Americans. _________The democratic form of government is one of the most important contributions of the Americans to our culture. ________3. The Filipinos enjoyed some rights during the American period. ________4. Public education became accessible to many Filipinos under the American colonial government. ________5. The Americans helped improved the economic life of some Filipinos. ________6. The Filipinos learned to eat American foods like hamburger and hotdog. ________7. Many Filipinos believed that „â€&#x;stateside products have better quality. ________8. The lives of most Filipinos improved during the Japanese occupation. ________9. The democratic form of government is onr of the most important contributions of the Americans to our culture. ________10. Forced labor was practiced during the Japanese military rule.
LESSON 14: OUR PRESENT FILIPINO CULTURE
Enriched Filipino Culture Our Filipino culture at present is a mixture of our ancient culture and the influences of all the foreigners who settled in, traded with and invaded the Philippines. Our culture identifies us as nation. It is composed of all the customs, traditions, practices, beliefs, skills, values arts and institutions that we have acquired through time. Culture can be retained, transmitted, preserved and developed.
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Kinds of Culture There are two kinds of culture: material and non-material culture. Material culture refers to actual objects of culture. Examples of these are houses, buildings, bridges, jewelries, clothing, decorations, cars, toys, electric devices, food items and many others. Nonmaterial culture refers to ideas, traditions, customs, practices, values and attitudes, language, poetry, stories, dances and songs. These are transmitted from one generation to another, sometimes by word of mouth. The enriched Filipino culture is composed of our native practice and borrowed traditions from foreign visitors and colonizers. It has greatly enriched our waysof living. The following are some examples of our cultural influences. Food YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Over the years, Filipinos have learned to eat Spanish, American, Chinese, Indian, Japanese, and other international cuisine. Some Filipinos are even trained to cook and prepare these international delicacies and dishes..Here are some examples. CHINESE FOOD Noodles siopao dimsum SPANISH adobo paella
AMERICAN FOOD
INDIAN curry
JAPANESE FOOD sushi sashimi tempura ITALIAN pizza spaghetti
Clothing Presently, most Filipinos have come to prefer the western style of dressing. Our native baro’t saya and barong tagalog are now used for special occasions only.
Religion The country is still predominantly Catholic. However many Filipinos have embraced other religious beliefs like Aglipayan, Protestantism and muslims. There are even cultural communities that still practice ancient religious rituals, like those performed by the Mumbaki of the ifugaos. The mumbaki is an Ifugao „‟sayer of prayers‟‟.
Family The family is the basic unit of society. The father and the mother earn money to support the family‟s needs. Older children sometimes leave their homes to work and help the family. They come home during important occasions and holidays like Christmas and family reunions. The role of the grandparents is still important nowadays. They help take care of the family if they are able. When grandparents grow older, some YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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families take care of them.However, there are some families who bring their aging parents to institutions like the Home for the Elderly and Golden Acres.
Houses and buildings The architectural designs and matrial used in construction have improved over the years. Most houses especially in the cities and towns of Spanish and American designs. In th barrios and remote areas, however, we can still see nipa huts. The nipa hut is a comfortable dwelling place especially uring the hot summer months.
Recreational activities Some of our native games dances and songs are still popular. These are usually shown during fiestas, school celebrations or other community celebrations. However, in other celebrations like birthdays and other occasions, western dances and songs are commonly preferred. Games like basketball, baseball and volleyball are still favorite pastimes of many Filipinos. We either participate in such games or simply enjoy to watch others play in the game.
Arts, music and dances Filipinos have a natural knack for singing and dancing. Many of us are skilful in playing musical instruments like the guitar, gong, drum, flute and other instruments. Our dances and songs depict our history, feelings, emotions, beliefs and values as a people. Government Our form of government has gone through several changes. Prior t the coming of the Spaniards, our forefathers organized themselves into barangays. When the Spaniards came, the Philippines was centralized into one government. Under the Americans the Filipinos learned the democratic way of governance. Today, Filipinos observe the rule of the majority which is one of the features of democracy. The President and the Cabinet members make up the executive branch of the government. They have the task to manage the country and implement YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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laws. The Legislative branch of the government is composed of the House of Senate and the House of Representatives. Their task is to make laws. The Judiciary includes the Chief Justice, Justices of the Supreme Court, and all the other court judges in the country. They interpret laws and decide on cases brought to the courts. Together these branches of government make sure that democracy is at work. The three branches of government have equal powers.
Activity Classify and write the following words under the proper column.
Earrings
bayanihan
MalacaĂąang Palace hat
Santacruzan decorations
riddles
Proverbs
rosary
wedding
Baptism
post office
Material culture
tinikling language
mattress
Nonmaterial culture
B. Put a check mark (/) on the blank if the item belongs to our ancient native culture.Put a cross(x) if otherwise.
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_______1. Nipa hut
_______6. Caring for our grandparents
_______2. Pinakbet
_______7. Sipa
_______3. Hamburger
_______ 8. Blue jeans
_______4. T-shirt
_______9. Home for the Aged
_______5. Noodles
_______10. Sushi
UNIT IV DEVELOPING OUR FILIPINO CULTURE LESSON 15: PRESERVING OUR NATIONAL CULTURE Let us meet some significant people who made significant contributions to our culture. Painting In the field of Painting , Juan Luna became famous for his work Spoiarium.In 1884, Luna won a gold medal for this painting in Spain. The other prominent painters who have been elevated to National Artist status are Fernando Amorsolo, Carlos „‟Botong‟‟ Francisco, Victorio Edades, and Vicente Manansala.
Fernando Amorsolo Juan Luna Carlos’’botong’’ Francisco Sculpture
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Guillermo Tolentino shared his talent when he carved the „‟oblation‟‟ of the University of the Philippines and the monument of Bonifacio in Caloocan. He became famous because of these work of art.Some of the other famous Filipino sculptors are Napoleon Abueva and Eduardo Castrillo. GuillermoTolentino Music We have several national artists for Music. Lucresia Kasilag was a composer and music teacher. Jovita Fuentes was a well-known opera singer who performed in many European stages since 1925.Antonio Molina was the first musician to get the National Artist award. Our other distinguished musicians are Levi Celerio, Cecille Licad, and Lea Salonga. Levi Celerio is a famous composer and lyricist. Cecile Licad is a worldrenowned pianist, and Lea Salonga is a well-known singer actress.
Lea Salonga
Cecile Licad
Literature In the area of Philippine literature. Dr. Jose Rizal made a significant contribution with his famous novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Francisco Balagtas YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
Lucresia Kasilag
wrote Florante at Laura. The epic Biag ni Lam-ang had been recited by the Ilocano community long before the Spaniards arrived. Around 1640, Pedro Bukaneg preserved it in writing. Lope K. Santos who wrote Balarila ng Page 98
Wikang Pambansa, is the „‟Father of Filipino grammar.‟‟
Dance Lisa Macuja is famous throughout the world as a ballet dancer. The bayanihan Dance troupe and Barangay Dance Troupe travel around the world to perform our native dances.Other dances who interpret our native songs through native dances are Francisca Reyes-Aquino and Leonor Orosa Goquinco.
The Bayanihan Dance Troupe Theater and Film In the field of theatre and film,the following have received local and international awards: Lamberto Abellana, Gerardo De Leon, Lino Brocka, Honorata‟‟ atang‟‟ dela Rama,and Wilfredo Maria Guerrero. Atang de la Rama was the first Filipina film actress. She is also known as the Queen of Kundiman and Zarzuela.‟‟ Several films have been acknowledged worldwide for their artistic achievement. Example are Ora Pro Nobis (France,1989) ,Magnifico, (Berlin,2004), and Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros (Canada, 2005). YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Sports Many Filipinos excel in sports and the Philippines is proud of them. In boxing, Manny „‟pacman‟‟ Pacquiao has brought honor to the country for having wonfive boxing titles.in billiards, Efren „‟Bata‟‟Reyes and Django Bustamante are world champions.Lydia de Vega and Elma Muros are famous track and field stars. Lydia was given the title „‟Asia‟s fastest woman‟‟ in the 1980s , while Elma Muros was named as the Sountheast Asian Games heptathlon queen in 1997.Eugene Torre is a world-renowned chess Grandmaster.Robert jaworski,Alvin patrimonio, and james Yap are famous basketball players. Other famous personalities in sports are Paeng Nepomuceno who has been enshrined in the International Bowling hall of fame; Bong Coo who holds the World Bowling Writers International Hall of fame title; Bea Lucero who was a medallist for gymnastics and taekwondo; Eric Buhain, Leo Najera, Lee Concepcion, Ryan Papa, and Akiko Thompson are outstanding swimmers who have represented the country in several international competitions. Let’s Check this Out Did you know that when Antonio Luna won first place in the Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes in Madrid in 1884, the second place was also a Filipino? Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo won the silver medal with his The Christian Virgins Exposed To The Populace. He was one of the great Filipino painters of the late 19th century. He used oil, water color, pastel and charcoal as media.
Hidalgo‟s The Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace
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Felix Hidalgo was born on February,21, 1855 in Binondo, Manila. He studied Law at the University of Santo Tomas but never finished; however he received a bachelorâ€&#x;s degree in philosophy in 1871.he left for Spain to study fine arts in 1879. Activity Match the names under column B with their expertise under column A.Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank. ________1. Famous singer and actress
a. Botong Francsco
________2. Spoliarium
b. Cecile Licad
________3. Renowned pianist
c. Eric Buhain
________4. Florante at Laura
d. Francisco Balagtas
________5. Oblation
e. Guillerm tolentno
________6. Painting
f. Juan Luna
________7. Swimming
g. Lea Salonga
________8. Ballet
h.Liza Macuja
________9. Father of Filipino grammar
i.Lope k. santos
________10.Boxing
j. Manny Pacquiao
LESSON 16: THE GOVERNMENTâ€&#x;S ROLE IN PRESERVING THE FILIPINO CULTURE Role Of The Government The government has an important role in preserving and developing our cultural heritage.It enacts laws and organizes projects and programs for the promotion of our culture.The 1987 Philippine Constituion embodies some of these laws.There are also governemnt agencies that work for cultural enrichment,preservation and development. Article XIV, section 14 of the 1987 Philippine Constituion declares that: The state shall foster the preservation,enrichment, and dynamic evolution of a Filipino national clture based on the principle of unity in diversity in a climate of free artistic and intellectual expression. The following laws are likewise expressed in Sections 5,16,17,18 of Article XIV of the Philippine Constitution. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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1. The state shall conserve, promote and popularize the nation‟s historical and cultural heritage,resources and artistic creations. 2. The cultural trasure of the nation composed of the artistic and historic wealth shallbe under the protection of the state. 3. The state shall recognize, respect, and protect the cultures,traditions and instituions of indigenous cultural communities. 4. The state shall grant equal access to cultural opportunities through the educational system;scholarship grants and other incentives; and community cultural centers and other public venues.Likewise,researches and studies on arts and culture shall be encouraged and supported by the state. Aside from the constitutional provisions,there are other laws that help preserve and promote our culture.There are presidential Decree Nos. 60 and 375 which declare certain places as national shrines.These shrines should be respected,promoted,preserved and developed.Some of these shrines are Jose Rizal‟s monument at Rizal Park, Paoay Church in ilocos Norte, Rizal‟s Shrine in Fort Santiago, Aguinaldo Shrine in Cavite, Magellan‟s Cross in Cebu, Corregidor at Manila Bay, Bamboo organ at the St. Joseph‟s parish in Las Piňas, and the Shrine of the Sto.Niňo de Cebu. AGENCIES The government also has departments,agencies, and cultural centers that support its programs on enriching our culture. 1. Department of Education (DepEd) It is the responsibility of this department to promote our Philippine culture through the school curriculum.It specifies the study of Philippine songs,art, musical instruments,dances, science ,our national language and other national symbols.Workshops and training programs are organzed and conducted to sharpen the skills of students and teachers regarding Filipino culture.
2. Department of Tourism(DOT) The department of tourism is responsible for the promotion and development of tourism in the country.With program and projects for the country,the culture of the provinces and regions are promoted alng with our tourist and historical spots. 3.
National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA)
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The department of tourism is responsdible for the promotion and development of tourism in the country.With program and projects for the country, the culture of the provinces and and regions are promoted along with our tourist and historical spots. 4. National Library This agency preserves the historical records of our cultural heritage. 5. National Historical Institute (NHI) This institute preserves and take charge of the diffirent historical celebrations.It also takes care of and preserves historical places,shrines and monuments. 6. Commission on the Filipino Language ( Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino) This agency is responsible for the preservation and enrichment of our national language and other languages and dalects of the country. 7. Cultural Center of the Philippines(CCP) This center promotes and preserves the traditional festivities though concerts and ehibits of ancient and modern works of art.it also serves as a venue for dances, plays and other cultural events. 8. Folk Arts Theater Also known as Francisco Balagtas Theater, he Folk Arts theater is located at the CCP Complex.This is also a venue for showcasing our native dances,music, songs and other Philippine traditions and customs. 9. Rizal Park Open-Air Auditorium „‟The Concert at the Park‟‟ is held every Sunday.The show consists of songs,dances,music and Philippine stage plays.It reinforces and strengthens the cultural knowledge of the public.
MUSEUMS Relics of our ancient culture are collected stored and displayed in museums.At presnt, there are about 83 registered museum in the Philippines.he country‟s colorful past can be seen in the different museums.We can study about our history just by visiting museums. 1.
National Museum
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This museum was created though Republic Act No. 8492 as thecenter for safekeeping and display of all the relics and works of art of our historical heritage.it is located at the former Senate Building long Taft Avenue Manila. 2. Children’s Museum This unique museum is located at Roxas Boulevard,manila.Children watsh films,lsten to storytelling and see interesting dispays about our culture here. Most of the exhibis in the museum are interactive.
3.Ayala Museum This private museum is owned by the Ayala Corporation .It is located in Makati City.It showcase dioramas of our Philippine history,the artworks bought by H. Otley Beyer, paintings of Juan Luna, and the Chinese antique gusi. 4.Metropolitan Museum
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This museum houses relics and treasures from the Vatican. It also showcases precolonial items like pottery,gold and barter rings. They display paintings of famous painters and other works of art,The museum also hollds regular art workshops.
5.Father Jose Burgos Museum This museum is found in Vigan,Ilocos Sur. It displays the relics and memorabilia of Fathher Jose Burgos.It also showcases the ancient culture of the Ilocanos and the ethnic groups in Northern Luzon.
6.Money Museum of the Central Bank This museum displays the history of the use of money in the Philippines frm the ancient times to he present.The ommemorative coin of Pope John II when he visited the country is also displayed here. 7.Notre Dame College Museum of Jolo Museum This place is located in Jolo.It displays the culture of the Indonesians and Arabs. It shows our Arabic and Indonesian influences. The things used by the Chinese when they traded with our forefathers can also be seen here. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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8. University of Santo Tomas Museum The oldest museum in the outry in a school campus is found here.The first printing press used by Tomas Pinpin, the first Filipino printer, is displayed in the museum.Other collections from our Spanish colonial history are also found here.
9. Casa Manila This is Spanish colonial house turned into a museum.It is in Intramuros,Manila. The culture and way of life of the people wholived in Manila during the Spanish colonial period can be seen here.
10.Xavier university Museum This museum is found at Xavier University in Cagayan de Oro City where the cultures of the Christian and Muslim Filipinos are displayed.
ORGANIZATIONS YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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1.The Art Association of the Philippines was founded by Purita Kalaw Ledesma in 1948.It aims to promote art and culture in the local community. It supports painters,printmakers,photographers,digital artists,sculptors, and mixed media artists. 2.The Childeren’s Museum and Library Inc. (CMLI) Was organized by Attorney Fernanda Salcedo Balboa on February 25,1957. Its main objective is to empower the Filipino youthe through arts, communications and music.The youth are also empowered as stewards of children‟s rights. 3.The National Music Competitions for Young Artists Was founded in 1973 through Presidential Proclamation No. 1173 of President Marcos.He declared November 26 to December 12 as the National week for Young Artists. This event encourages the young artists to excel in music composition composition and performance.Itt helps preserve,develop, and promote Philippine music.
Some NAMCYA winners include pianists Cecile Licad and Rowena Arrieta,the UP Singing Ambassadors and the Ateneo Glee Club. 4.The Young Artists Foundation of the Philippines Aims to discover and train young artists in the field of choral singing,piano,chamber some comedy choreography,family ensemble, and indigenous instruments like the Kudyapi and agong. 5.The Zarzuela Foundation of the Philippines is a cultural organization that was established to revive, propagate and present Philippine Zarzuelas here and abroad.A zarzuela is a musical comedy that features dance choreography. 6. The Philippine Educational Theater Association (PETA) Was founded by Cecile- Guidote Alvarez in 1967.it aims to develop theater arts as a powerful tool for social change.It hopes to shape the country‟theater history by providing training and exposure to Filipinos who manifest talents in theater arts. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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7. The Bayanihan Philippine Dance Company was founded by Dr. Helena Z. Benitez in 1958. Its name was derived from bayanihan,the Filipino value and tradition which means working together for the common good.it started as Bayanihan Folk Dance Group in 1956. It was formalized as bayanihan Folk Arts center in 1957bwith the Bayanihan Philippine Dance company as its performing arm. It aims to research and preserve indigenous Philippine art forms in music,dance,costumes and folklore.
Activity 1 Identify the museum being described.Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank. a.
Notre Dame of Jolo Museum
f.
b.
Casa Manila
g. g.National Museum
.
c.Xavier University Museum d.Father jose Burgos
e.University Museum
of
f.Ayala Museum
h. h.Childrenâ€&#x;s Museum i.i. i.Money Philippines
Sto.Tomas
Museum
of
the
j. j.Metropolitan Museum
_______________1. It shows the history of money. _______________2. It displays Indonesian and Arab culture. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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_______________3. The first printing press can be seen here _______________4. Formerly Spanish colonial house _______________5. Exhibits Christian and Muslim Filipino culture _______________6. An interactive museum for kids _______________7.It shows dioramas of Philippine history. _______________8 It exhibits relics and treasures of Vatican _______________9. The Story of the Filipino People is shown here _______________10. It displays artifacts of ancient Ilocano culture
.LESSON 17: OUR RIGHTS AND DUTIES
Rights Of Filipino Children A right is something that a person must have because he or she is a human being. We have many rights.This rights will ensure that we will live with dignity. Every Filipino enjoys rights that are stated under Article III, and Article XIV of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. The Philippine Constitution is the highest law of the land.It declares these rights for us to uphold, enjoy and respect. Right to Free Education The right to free education is stated in Article XIV of our Constitutio.The governemnt sees to it that ever Filipino child goes to school or gets some form of schooling. Schooling is important for us to lern about our history and culture.We also learn to develop our skills and talents in order to help promote our cultural heritage. Right to Proper Nutrition and Good Health It is the right of every citizen to have proper nutrition in order to grow healthy.Our parents and adult members of our family must provide he right kinds of food keepour bodies strong and help prevent illnesses.If we are healthy we can participate actively in cultural events. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression We have the right to carefully express our feelings and speak freely about our ideals, plans and activities.We can give comments on how to improve certain things about our culture. We can suggest ways on how to promote,preserve and enrich our culture. Right to Select oneâ€&#x;s Religion. Every person has the right to choose and practice his or her own religion. Religious ceremonies help enhance and promote our culture.
Right to Visit Museum Children and students have the right to visit museums for free or on discounted fees to enrich their knowledge of our culture. Right to Use Public Libraries Everyone has the right to borrow and use books,magazines ,references and other material fro public libraries to know more about our culture.Pulic libraries ae usually storehouses of the popular culture of a particular province,town or city.
Right to Form Organization We are free to form and join clubs and organizations.Joining organizations can help improve our abilities.Clubs nd organizations bring together people with similar cultural interests.
DUTIES OF FILIPINO CHILDREN Th rights we enjoy suggest corresponding duties.Duties are things that we must do for ourselves, for our family,our school,our community and our country as responsible Filipinos.There should be a balance between the enjoyment of our rights and the performance of iur duties in order tolive with dignity and pride as Filipinos. To Study Well
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It is our duty to study well and conscientously develop our talents,skills and abilities.By studying well, we learn more about a lot of things especially our culture.We can wisely help enrich our culture if we know more about it. To participate in Cultural Activities Everyone has the talent, skill or ability to share.We can further develop these by joining cultural ctivities and competitions.
To Maintain Good Health We have the duty to keep ourselves healthy.We can do this if we eat the right kind s of food., have enough rest, nd exercise.If we are healthy we can participate actively in promoting our culture. To Join Organizations It is our duty to participate in organizations that help promote our culture. By joining clubs related to our interests,we learn to develop our skills,talents and abilities.We can perform cultural shows or join competitions as a group.We can put up cultural events to promote our culture. To Practice our Customs and Traditions It is our dut to practice our customs and traditions.Our customs and taditions are part of our culture.They show our Filipino identity. To Join Cultural Shows We can join programs, presentations and competition that promote Filipino culture.Our school often provides these opportunities to showcase our talents. To Carefully Use Cultural Materilas In Libraries And Other Places It is our duty to respect all aspects of our culture.Thses include cultura materials from the library, museums and other places. To Maintain Cleanliness an ordeliness in Cultural Centers Cultural centers like museums, shrines and historical places have been put up to allow us to learn more about our history and culture.It is our duty to keep these places well-maintained and clean everytime we visit them. To Practice Desirable Behaviors
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Certain aspects of our culture identify us as Filipinos.We use po and opo in talking to our elders.We either kiss or place their hand on our forehead to show respect.We are hospitable to our guests.These and other desirable traits are traditions that have been passed to us by our ancestors.it is our duty to keep them alive in our presen times. Activity A. Identify the rights or duties being exercise or violated in the following situations. 1. Judith refuses to do her homework. __________________________________________________________ 2. Ronnie eats vegetables and drinks milk everyday. ___________________________________________________________ 3. Sandra is forced by her parents to take up piano lessons. ___________________________________________________________ 4. Philip attends the church service regularly. ___________________________________________________________ 5. Josephine shares her ideas for the school fair in meeting. ___________________________________________________________ 6. Each student paid the fll amount for the entrance fee when they had their field trip at the National Museum. ___________________________________________________________ 7.Dan was not allowed to borrow books from the public library. __________________________________________________________ .
8. Susan does not attend regular club meetings.
___________________________________________________________ 9.Eva always sleeps late at night 10.Larry gave suggestions on how to improve the schoolâ€&#x;s cultural shows. ___________________________________________________________
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