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LESSON 1
THE Philippines: It’s Location & Territories
In studying the history of a country, we have to analyze first its geography.
The Study of History- History may be defined as the study of the records of significant events, and people in the past.
The Study of Geography- In the Study of geography, one must be familiar with using a globe or map.
The idea of location- There are two related but really quite different kinds of location –absolute and relative.
Latitude- a great circle is the largest circle that can be drawn on the surface of a sphere; it divides the sphere into two equal halves or hemispheres.
Longitude- is the line connecting the North and South Poles and is called meridian. A meridian is half of a great circle.
International Date Line (IDL)- the horizontal line with 180 degrees.
Location, Size and Shape of the Philippines The Philippines is located in Southeast Asia. The Philippines is bounded by the following. North-South China Sea, East-Pacific Ocean, South-Celebes Sea and the coastal water of Borneo and at the West is South is China Sea. The Philippines The Philippines is composed of 7,107 islands some with names and most are unnamed. It has big and small islands. Some of the big islands in the Philippines are Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Mindanao, Leyte, Cebu, and Bohol. Theories on the Origin of the Philippines Theory of Continental Drift- Alfred Wegener in 1912 formed the Theory on Continental Drift. He claimed that 200 million years ago all of the land masses of the earth were grouped together and formed a super continent called Pangaea. The Pacific Theory-the Pacific Theory or the Submarine Rim-and-Disc Theory was advocated by Dr. Bailey Willis. He claimed that the Philippines Archipelago was formed through volcanic eruptions under the sea. Asiatic Theory- According to Dr. Leopoldo A. Faustino, the origin of the Philippines was based on the Asiatic Theory that the Philippine was formed as a result of diastrophism.
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The Theory of Land Bridges The process of diastrophism, tectonic and volcanism influenced the formation of the archipelago since the Permian Revolution 200 million years ago. Fig. 1.10-Land Bridges connecting the Philippines with the mainland of Asia and Indonesian Islands The following prove that land bridges existed: 1. Philippine-Taiwan-mainland of Asia-there are similarities in plant species like pine trees and among the animal species such as the rat of Cordillera which is similar to those of Taiwan: and the rhinoceros found in small island in the Philippines. 2. Mindanao-Celebes – the similarities of lizards, snakes, and other amphibians and some plants. 3. Mindanao-New Guinea– similarities of reptiles and amphibians. 4. Borneo-Sulu-Mindanao– the similarities of freshwater fishes called cyprinid. Philippines Territories
Treaty of Paris of 1898 After the Spanish-American War of 1898, the treaty of Paris was signed on
December 10, 1898. Agreement between United State and Britain Additional territories were added when the United Stated and Great Britain signed an agreement on July 2, 1930 regarding the Turtle Islands and Mangsee Islands.
Presidential Decree 1596 In 1978, through Presidential decree 1596, President Ferdinand Marcos announced that Kalayaan (Spratly Islands) is a part of the Philippines.
Philippines Constitution of 1935 In the Philippines Constitution of 1935, Article 1 provided that Philippines territories are all territories included in the treaty of Paris signed between the United State and Spain on December 10, 1898 and those islands as agreed in Washington D.C by the United State and Spain in 1900 and those islands as agreed by the United State and Great Britain in 1930 and all other territories under the Philippines Young Ji International School / College
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jurisdiction during the Commonwealth period.
Philippines Constitution of 1973 Under Article 1 of the 1973 Constitution, the Philippine territories included all the islands and water surrounding it and all territories legally owned by the Philippines including the sea. Internal waters in between islands, the soil beneath and the aerial spaces.
Philippines Constitution of 1987 The national territories comprised the Philippine Archipelago, with all the islands and water embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and serial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarines areas. Article I – National territory Section 1. The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves and other submarine areas. The water around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines. Article I of the 1987 Constitution clearly pointed out the national territory of the Philippines. It states that the national territory of the country is composed of (1) the Philippine archipelago (2) other territories under the jurisdictions or sovereignty of the Philippines (3) territorial seas and (4) internal waters of the Philippines. The Philippine archipelago is composed of all the islands stipulated in the following treaties:
Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898; Treaty signed on November 7, 1900 stating that Cagayan, Sulo and the island of Sibutu were no longer covered in the Treaty of Paris.
Treaty signed on July 2, 1930 signed by the United States and great Britain covering the Turtle islands and the Mangsee Islands; and
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All the islands in Batanes that were not covered in the Treaty of Paris but were stipulated in the 1935 constitutions.
Archipelagic Doctrine and Exclusive Economic Zone The Archipelagic Doctrine sets the limit national territory of the Philippines. The country’s national territory then is the totality of the land, water and aerial domains within and in-between them. The waters found in between islands which are far from each other still form part of the territory of the Philippines. The Convention of the Law of the Sea was signed in Jamaica on December 10, 1982, by the members of the United Nations setting the 12-mile baseline water territory of a country. It also established the 200 mile exclusive economic zone from the baseline of a country. Likewise the convention of the law of the Sea recognizes the Archipelagic Doctrine and the same time acknowledges the right of sea vessels of other countries to enter the territorial seas and insular shelves of a country subject to the country’s internal policies. Land forms Different land forms like plains, mountains, mountain ranges, volcanoes, hills, valleys and cliffs are found in the Philippines. A plain is a wide and low mass of and. It is a land form good for planting rice. The Central Plain of Luzon or region III is the largest plain in the country. As a high; and form, mountains serve as barrier for strong winds and rains that enter the Philippines. Mt. Apo is the highest mountain peak in the Philippines, which measures 9, 690 fee high or 2,956 meters and is found between the provinces of Davao and Cotabato. Mt. Dulang-dulang in Bukidnon, which is the second highest mountain in the country, is 2, 938 meters high. Some of the famous mountains in the Philippines are Mt. Makiling in Laguna, Mt. labo in camarines Norte, Mt. malinao in Albay, Mt. Halcon and Mt. Baco in Mindoro, Mt. Banhaw in Laguna and Quezon. A long, series of connecting mountains is called a mountain range. The four major mountain ranges in the Philippines are the Cordillera, Caraballo, Siera madre and Zambales.
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A volcano is also a mountain with a crater where molten lava, lahar, rocks come out when it erupts or heats. There are at least 200 volcanoes in the Philippines but only 24 are active. Active volcanoes in the Philippines Name 1. Babuyan Claro 2. Banahaw 3. Biliran 4. Binubulauana 5. Bud Dajo 6. Bulusan 7. Cagua 8. Camiguin de babuyanes 9. Didicas 10. Hibok-hibok 11. Iraya 12. Iriga 13. Kanlaon 14. Leonard Kniaseff 15. Makaturing 16. Matutum 17. Mayon 18. Musuan 19. Parker 20. Pinatubo 21. Ragang 22. San Pablo Volcanic Field 23. Smith 24. Taal
Elevation (m) 1080 2158 1301 2329 620 1565 1133 712 244 1552 1009 1196 2435 1190 1940 2286 2462 646 1824 1486 2815 1090 688 400
Locations Babuyan Island Quezon Biliran Kalinga Sulu Sorsogon Cagayan Camiguin Cagayan/babuyan islands Camiguin Batanes Camarines Sur Negros Occidental Davao del Norte Davao del Sur South Cotabato Albay Bukidnon Cotabato Tarlac, zambales, pampanaga Lanao del Sur, Cotabato Laguna, batangas Cagayan Batangas
Bodies of water 1. Ocean - An ocean is the largest body of water. The largest ocean in the world is the Pacific Ocean which measures 64, 000 square miles or 165, 760, 000 square kilometers. It covers the continents of Asia, Amrica, Australia and other islands in the easternmost part including the Philippines. The Atlantic Ocean is found between Europe and America while the Indian Ocean surrounds the coast of India near Africa and eastern Asia. The southern part of the Antarctic Ocean is covered with ice. 2. Sea
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A sea is smaller than an ocean. Some of the seas found in the Philippines are the Sibuyan Sea in the western part of the Visayas, Visayas Sea, Samar Sea, Camotes Sea and Mindanao Sea. 3. River A river is a body of water that flows from a mountain and other high places going to lower places like seas, lakes and other rivers. There are 421 river basins in the Philippine, 19 of which are large. Cagayan River is the largest river in the country, which covers the provinces of Cagayan. 4. Lake A lake is a large body of water that is far from the coastline. There are 59 lakes in the Philippines that provide fresh fish to people. Laguna Lake is the largest lake in the country and is found in Southern tagalong which measures 922, 142 square kilometers. Lanao Lake is the second biggest lake.
5. Bay A bay is a body of water which is surrounded by land. It forms a curve on the coast which serves as haror for ships. The largest and famous bay in the Philippines is the manila bay.other bays in the Philippines are Balayan Bay in Batangas, Tayabas bay and Lamon bay in Quezon, Ormoc bay in Leyte, Taytay Bay in Palawan, Sarangani Bay in Sarangani and South Cotabato and Subic Bay in Zambales. 6. Gulf A gulf is a body of water is smaller than a sea and bigger than a bay. The different gulfs found in the Philippines are Lingayen Gulf in Pangasinan, Moro Gulf in Mindanao, Davao Gulf, Panay Gulf, Leyte Gulf, lagonoy Gulf and Albay Gulf. 
Climate Climate in the different parts of the archipelago vary because of the following: a. Amount of rays of the sun b. Location of big bodies of water c. Direction of the wind d. Mountains

Natural Resources
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Water Resources The Philippines has a long coastline which is twice as that of the United states. It has a water territory measuring 220 million hectares. There are 132 important rivers in the country excluding the small springs and streams that overflow during rainy season. There are different kinds of fish in the country. There are also sponges corals and seawater found in Philippine seas. Land Resources Many Filipinos depend on the country’s land resources. Farmers plant, palay, fruits, tobacco, abaca and corn. Land resources should be taken care of to prevent erosion or landslide and floods that deplete nutrients in soil. Pollution, illegal mining, illegal cutting of trees and kaingin system should be avoided in order to preserve our land forms. Kinds of Soil in the Philippines a. Dry and fertile soil. This soil is good for grains and fruit trees. b. Dry with acid but fertile soil which comes from eruption of volcano. This is similar with dry and fertile soil but needs a lot of care. c. Dry but not fertile. This soil is used for root crops and grains but needs tender care and conservation. d. Wet and always underwater. This is used in aqua-culture. e. Wet soil. It is suited for planting rice. f. Rough soil and rises easily. This is good for palay planting but needs good tilling. g. Dry but sandy soil. This is good for root crops and fruit trees. Human Resources
Population Population is the total number of people living in place. The National Statistics Office (NSO) takes charge with the study of population in our country.
Population of the Philippines Sex
According to NSO census, the high assumption male population is a little higher than the female population in the year 2010. There are 47, 435, 600 males and 46, 914, 00 females. It is very important to know the number of males and females in the country so that the government can make programs for their welfare and development. Equal opportunities and motivation to be productive citizens should be given to both sexes. Young Ji International School / College
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Growth rate Growth rate is defines as the increase and decrease of the number of people every year. Work Force Work force is the ability of the people to produce goods and services. Labor force covers the wide skills, efficiency and other qualities of people which will help in the progress of a country.
Theories about the Origin of the Philippines What is the origin of the Philippines? Consider the following explanations. The phenomena try to explain the origin of the Philippines: 1. Diastrophism is the movement of the plates in the first layer in the crust of the earth, resulting in the opening of other layers. An earthquake of tectonic origin is an example of the effects of diastrophism. Volcanism is the movement of molten lava from beneath the earth to the surface. The eruption of a volcano shows the phenomenon of volcanism. Graduation is the levelling of a land surface, resulting from the concerted action of erosion and deposition. 1. Asiatic Theory According to Leonaldo Faustino, the Philippine archipelago was formed by the process of diastrophism. The process involves the movement of the earth’s crust resulting in the rising up of the other parts of the earth and the sinking of some parts. 2. Pacific Theory Bailey Willis was the first scientist who theorized that the Philippine archipelago was formed by the eruption of volcanoes under the Pacific Ocean in the eastern boundary of Asia. 3. Continental Drift Theory
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Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist stated that two hundred million years ago, pangea or pangara the only existing continent was divided into two Laurasia in the northern hemisphere and the Gondiwanaland in the southern hemisphere. 4. Land Bridges Theory According to the land Bridges Theory, the main islands of the country were all connected to each other and to other countries of Southeast Asia Palawan, Mindanao and Sulu were connected with Borneo and Borneo was connected with other countries in Asia. Exploration List down the information asked for the following: A. Three phenomena about the origin of the Philippines B. Four theories about the origin of the Philippines C. Five land bridges that were formed after the Ice Age according to the land Bridge Theory. ARCHIPELAGIC DOCTRINE The Philippines as an archipelago is composed of many islands and such as is exposed to danger. TERMS OF IDENTITY Latitude Longitude Geography
History Map Globe
Girds Hemisphere Volcanism
Absolute location International Date Line Archipelago
Diastrophism Lava
Prime Meridian Relative location
Follow up Question 1. Why do we need to study history? 2. Explain the importance of the strategic location of the Philippines. 3. With the aid of the map, explain the differences between relative and absolute location. 4. With the aid of the map, explain the World Standard Time Zone Young Ji International School / College
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System. 5. Discuss the relative and absolute location of the Philippines.
Evaluation Identify the following: _____1. It is a small-scale model of the earth. _____2. It is a representation of all or a portion of the earth’s surface. _____3. It is a line from the Prime Meridian going to the right or left. _____4. It is lines from the Equator going to the north or South Pole. _____5. What is the total area of the Philippines? _____6. He advocated the Theory of Continents Drift. _____7. Island added to the Philippines by President Marcos. _____9. Famous German philosopher who said that geography is the basic of history. _____10. ―Pearl of the Orient Sea’
LESSON 2:
Physical Features of the Philippines
Topography refers to the science of representing in maps and charts the surface features of a region. LANDFORMS There are several landforms in the country like plains, valley, mountains, mountain ranges, volcanoes, plateaus and peninsula. Plain- Plain refers to the land without noticeable elevation or depression. Mountains and mountain ranges.- A mountain is of high elevation with steep slopes. Volcano A volcano is an opening in the earth’s surface surrounded by an accumulation of ejected material, forming a hill or mountain, from which heated matter is or has been ejected. Plateau A plateau is an elevated land with flat formation. Peninsula It is a piece of land almost surrounded by water, and connected with the mainland by an isthmus. Cagayan Region
- Cagayan Valley, Chico River Valley, Magat River Valley
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Ilocos Region CAR NCR Bicol Region Western Visayas
- Abra Valley, Laoag Valley - Trinidad Valley - Marikina Valley - Bicol River Valley - Sibalom River Valley, Aklan Valley
Central Mindanao Mindanao CARAGA
- Cotabato Valley - Zamboanga Valley - Agusan Valley
WATERFORMS Rivers-Since ancient times rivers have played an important role in the development of civilization. Underground River Examples of Rivers: Ilocos region Cagayan Valley Pangasinan Central Luzon NCR
Amburayan, Abra, Laoag Rio Grande de Cagayan - it is the longest river in the Philippines Agno River Pampanga, Angat, Penanranda Pasig River, Marikina river Laguna - Pagsanjan river
Bicol Region Capiz Palawan Lanao Mindanao
Bicol River Panay River Underground River Agus River Rio Grande de Mindanao- River in the Philippines
Springs- Spring refers to the natural flow of water from the earth’s surface. Waterfalls- When water from elevated land falls over a cliff we call it waterfalls. Lakes- Lakes are inland water surrounded by land. Deltas- Deltas are alluvial typical triangular shaped silt deposits at the mouth of a river. Straits- Straits are narrow bodies of water between two lands connecting two large bodies of water. COASTLINE The Philippines has an irregular coastline that extends to about 10,800 statute miles, twice as long as that of the United States. Young Ji International School / College
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Terms to Identify Topography Plain Lake Volcano Spring
Plateau Peninsula Straits Mountain Ranges Waterfalls
Follow up Question 1. Identify the landform in the Philippines and give examples for each. Locate on the map the province where each is located. 2. Categorize the water form in the Philippines and give examples for each classification. Locate the province where each is located. 3. How are deltas formed? Locate on the map examples of deltas in the Philippines. 4. Differentiate a mountain from a volcano. Give examples and locate the place where they are located. 5. Show how landforms and water forms influenced the life of the Filipinos. 6. What is a plateau? On the map, show the places where examples could be located. In what way are they useful? Explain. 7. How are springs useful to man? Explain. Activity 1. Identify the following landform and water forms. 2. Make a scrapbook showing the famous landform and water forms in the Philippines. 3. On a separate sheet, show how you can contribute in preventing pollution in water forms. Matching type. Match column A with Column B. Write only the letter. A
B
_____1. Smallest volcano on earth _____2. Rise granary of the Philippines _____3. Longest mountain range
A. Maria Cristina B. Zamboanga C. Mayon
_____4. Highest peak in Philippines _____5. Plateau used as pineapple plantation
D. Cagayan E. Taal
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_____6. Peninsula in southern Philippines _____7. Famous valley in Region 2 _____8. Longest river in the Philippines _____9. Waterfalls used to generate electricity _____10. Volcano with perfect one-shape
F. Central Luzon G. Bukidnon H. Hibok-Hibok I. Sierra Madre J. Pagsanjan K. Mt. Apo L. Cordillera
LESSON 3:
Regional divisions of the Philippines
Generally, the Philippines are divided into three big regions. NATIONAL CAPITAL REGIONS Cities Caloocan City Las Pinas City Makati City Malabon City Mandaluyong City
Muntinlupa City Paranaque City Pasay City Pasig City Quezon City
Manila Marikina City Navotas city
Valenzuela City San Juan City Taguig City
Pateros
Municipality Ethnic GroupsMajority of the people residing in the National Capital Region are Tagalogs. Trade and Industry- The National Capital Region is the center of commerce and trade in the country. Seat of GovernmentLegaspi.
Manila was proclaimed as capital of the Philippines by
Educational Institution- Many public and private universities and colleges are also found in Manila. Historical Places and Tourist Attractions- Some historical monuments found in Manila are those of Rizal, Magellan, Legaspi, Urdaneta and the three Filipino priestsGomez, Burgos and Zamora.
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Province Abra Apayao Benguet Ifugao
Capital Bangued Kabugao La Trinidad Lagawe
Kalinga Mountain Province
Tabuk Bontoc
City Baguio City Ethnic Groups- Most of the people in the Cordillera are known as Igorots. Trade and Industry- Although there is limited land for cultivation, the region is basically agricultural. Historical Places and Event-. The Ifugao are famous for their rice terraces which are recognized today as one of the world heritage sites. Other Tourist Attraction-. Other attractions in Baguio City are Mines View Park, Crystal Caves, Lourdes Cathedral and Burnham Park. REGION I
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ILOCOS REGION
Province Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur -
Capital Laoag City Vigan City
La Union Pangasinan -
San Fernando City Lingayen
Other Cities Alaminos City Dagupan City San Carlos City Urdeneta City Batac City Candom City Ethnic Groups- The ethnic groups that live in the region are the Ilocanos and Pangasinenses. Trade and Industry- Their main crop is rice. Historical Places and Event-. Ilocos Region is known for its several Catholic Churches of classical architecture.
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REGION II
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CAGAYAN VALLEY
Provinces Batanes Cagayan
Capital Basco Tuguegarao City
Isabela Nueva Vizcaya Quirino
Ilagan Bayombong Cabarroguis
Other Cities: Santiago City Cauayan City Ethnic Groups-The original inhabitants of Cagayan Valley are the Gaddangs, Itawis, Ibanags, Yogods and Isnegs. Trade and Industry- Region II is an agricultural area Historical Places and Event-. The region has a significant role in the nation’s history. REGIONAL III
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CENTRAL LUZON
Province
Capital
Aurora Bataan Bulacan Nueva Ecija Pampanga
Baler Balanga City Malolos City Palayan City San Fernando City
Tarlac Zambales
Tarlac City Iba
Other Cities San Jose del Monte City Cabanatuan City
Gapan Munoz City
Angeles City Olongapo City Meycauayan City
San Jose City
Ethnic Group- There are three major ethnic groups- the Tagalogs, Ilocanos and Pampanguenos (Pampango). Young Ji International School / College
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Commerce and Industry- Majority of the people in Region III are farmers. Historical Places and Events- the Dambana ng Kagitingan is a war memorial dedicated to the brave Filipino soldiers who died during World War II. Region IV –B Province Marinduque Occidental Mindoro Oriental Mindoro Palawan Romblon Cities Calapan City
MIMAROPA Capital Boac Mamburao Calapan City Puerto Princesa City Romblon
Puerto Princesa city
Region IV-B is composed of several islands in the southwestern part of Luzon. Ethnic Groups- Generally, the people of the region are Tagalogs. Production of Marbles in Romblon Trade and Industry- Mindoro is an island which is not only an ideal place for fishing but, also as pasture lands. Historical Place and Event-. Marinduque has a world famous religious practice which attracts many tourists, both local and foreign. REGION V
-
THE BICOL REGION
Province
Capital
Albay Camarines Norte Camarines Sur
Legaspi City Daet Pili
Catanduanes Masbate Sorsogon
Virac Masbate City Sorsogon City
Other Cities Irigan City Naga City Ligao City Tabaco City Young Ji International School / College
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Ethnic Groups- Majority of the people in the region are Bicolanos, except those in Masbate, where the population is composed mostly of Visayans. Trade and Industry-The region is mainly agricultural because of the fertility of the soil, especially in areas near Mayon Volcano, which frequently erupts. Trade and Industry- The region is known as the center of the sugar industry. Historical Places and Events- The first Malay community was established in the region by the ten Bornean datus under the leadership of Datu Puti and Datu Sumakwel. REGION VII
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CENTRAL VISAYAS
Provinces Bohol Cebu
Capital Tagbilaran City Cebu City
Negros Oriental
Dumaguete City
Siquijor
Siquijor
Other Cities Bais City Canlaon City Danao City Lapu-lapu City Mandaue City Toledo City Talisay City Bayawan City Tanjay City REGION VIII
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EASTERN VISAYAS
Province Biliran
Capital Naval
Eastern Samar Leyte Northern Samar Southern Leyte
Borongan City Tacloban City Catarman Maasin City
Samar (Western)
Catbalogan City
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Other Cities Ormoc city Calbayog City REGION IX
-
Province Zamboanga del norte Zamboanga del Sur Zamboanga Sibugay Basilan
ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA Capital Dipolog City Pagadian City Ipil City of Isabela
Other Cities: Dapitan City Zamboanga City REGION X
–
NORTHERN MINDANAO
Provinces Bukidnon Camiguin Lanao del Norte
Capital Malaybalay City Mambajao Tubod
Misamis Occidental Misamis Oriental
Oroquieta City Cagayan de oro City
Other Cities Ozamis City Iligan City Gingoog City Tangub City Valencia City El Salvador City REGION XI
-
DAVAO REGION
Province Compostela Valley
Capital Nabunturan
Davao del Norte Davao Oriental
Tagum City Mati City
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Davao del Sur
Digos City
Other Cities Panabo City Davao City Samal City REGION XII
–
SOCCSKSARGEN
Province Cotabato ( North )
Capital Kidapawan City
Sarangani South Cotabato Sultan Kudarat Cotabato City
Alabel Koronadal City Isulan
Other Cities General Santos City Tacurong City REGION XIII
–
CARAGA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION
Province Agusan Del Norte Agusan del Sur Surigao del Norte Surigao del Sur
Capital Cabadbaran City prosperidad Surigao City Tandang City
Dinagat Islands
San Jose
Other Cities Bislig City Butuan City
Bayugan City
AUTONOMOUS REGION OF MUSLIM MINDANAO (ARMM) Province
Capital
Basilan Lanao del Sur
Isabela City Marawi City
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Maguindanao Sulu Tawi-tawi Shariff Kabunsuan
Shariff Aguak Jolo Bongao Datu Odin Sinsuat
Other Cities Lamitan City TERMS TO DEFINE 1. Region2. Decentralization-
6. Ethnic7. Language-
3. Culture4. Park5. Terrain-
8. Trade9. Landlock10. Event-
Follow up Question 1. Why was the Philippines divided into regions? 2. Explain the bases in dividing the country into regions? 3. Discuss the following regions as to their A. Composition B. People C. Economic Condition D. Historical Importance Evaluation Matching type. Match Column A with B. Write only the letter. A ______1. Region I ______2. Region I
B A.CALABARZON B.Western Visayas
______3.Region III ______4.Region IV-A ______5.Region IV-B
C.Norther Mindanao D.MIMAROPA E.Davao
______6.ARMM ______7.Region V ______8.Region VI ______9.Region VII
F.Central Visayas G.SOCCSKSARGES H.National Capital I.Bicol Region
______10.Region VIII ______11.Region IX
J.Zamboanga Peninsula K.Ilocos
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______12.Region X ______13.Region XI ______14.Region XII ______15.Region XIII
L.Central Luzon M.Eastern Visayas N.Cagayan Valley O.Cordillera Administrative Region P.Caraga Administrative Region Q.Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
LESSON 4:
Philippines Resources and Climate
Natural resources refers to the things found in nature which can be utilized by man in order to meet his needs LAND RESOURCES Land resources include not only the cultivated areas and the land in which homes and buildings are constructed but embrace also the pasture lands, forests reservations, as well as springs, waterfalls, streams, rivers, lakes, gulfs and seas. FOREST RESOURCES Forests cover all forested areas of any size or tree species. Forest resources in the country are divided into the following. 1. Standing tree- like logs, plywood, veneer, pulp, paper and other woodbased products. 2. Minor forest product include firewood, charcoal, bamboo, rattan, resin 3. Wildlife- It consist of game animals like deer, tamaraw, wild pigs, and gamebird 4. Denuded forest lands are the bush and open lands 5. Croplands, plantations and grazing lands that have been abandoned 6. All areas with exposed soil FISHERY RESOURCES ď Ź Marine resources can be found in total area of about 1,666,000 square kilometers of which 266,000 square kilometer are coastal areas. ď Ź Inland fishing resources are composed of 31,000 hectares of rivers, 31,000 hectares of reservoirs, 200,000 hectares of lakes, 208,000 hectares of brackish water and freshwater fishponds.
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MINERAL RESOURCES Various minerals, both metallic and non-metallic are scattered throughout the archipelago. Minerals in the Philippines are classified into metallic and non-metallic. These are found both in land and in water. Our metallic minerals include gold, nickel, chromium, silver, pyrite, mercury, lead, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, uranium, platinum, cobalt, palladium and cadmium Gold mining Copper Coal
Non- metallic minerals Manganese Adobe stone Sulphur
FAUNA In the Philippines we have more than 60 species of bats and many other species of animals such as monkeys, deer, horses, water buffaloes (carabao), dogs, cats, cattle, pigs, squirrels and sheep. 1. Tarsier- a unique primate found in Bohol 2. Tamaraw-cross between carabao and the boar is found in Mindanao 3. The mouse deer, which is small forest-dwelling animals resembling the deer is found in Palawan. FLORA The Philippines is also rich in plant life. We have about 10,000 species of flowering plants and ferns. The famous Philippines fruits are: the sweet lanzonesqueen of Philippines fruits: mango – czarina of Philippines fruits: and durian- the king of the jungle fruits. Mango is our national fruits. ENERGY RESOURCES
Geothermal Sources Water Power Solar Power Vegetation Sources
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HUMAN RESOURCES Human Resources are essential to the development of the country. Factors That Determine the Quality of Population There are several factors to consider in determination the kind and quality of population Structure of the Population Sex Age distribution Population Destin POPULATION GROWTH 1. Birthrate 2. Death rate 3. Migration Term of Identify 1. Resources2. Marine3. Aquatic4. Climate5. Weather6. Species-
7. Natural Resources8. Human Resources9. Mineral10. Agriculture11. Forest12. Monsoon-
Follow up Question 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Show the difference between natural resources and human resources. Why are natural resources important to a nation? Human resources? Identify the land products of the different regions. What product do we get from the forests? Aside from fishes, what other marine products do we have in the Philippines?
Activity A. Make an economic map of the Philippines, Indicate the product for each region or province. Young Ji International School / College
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LESSON 5 Early Migrations There are several theories presented as to the origin of the Filipinos, but none is said to have been completely established. The Negritos. The first people believed to have settled in the Philippines were the Negritos. The Indonesians. The second group of settlers to arrive in the Philippines was the Indonesians. The Malays. The third group to arrive in the Philippines were the Malays, who arrived also by boat known as balangay. The Orang Dampuan. A group of people came from the present-day southern Annam. The Banjarmasin. The people of Sulu were famous as pearl divers and this interested the Banjarmasin merchants and adventures. The Coming of the Chinese. The trade relations between the Philippines and China started in the year 982 A.D. during the Sung dynasty. INFLUENCES OF THE HINDUS Many Filipino ways could be traced to the influence of the Hindus. The Arabs The Arab traders brought their metal and cloth in the Philippines and traded them with Philippines and traded them with Philippines products like spices, logs and other products Term to Identify 1. 2. 3. 4.
Pleistocene AgeHomo SapienceHomo erectus Neolithic Age-
Follow up Questions 1. How did we know about our ancestors? Describe them. 2. Trace how the Negritos came and lived in the Philippines 3. Compare the Indonesians from those of the Malays. 4. Show why the men of Banjar succeeded in establishing good relationship with the people of Sulu than Orang Dampuan Young Ji International School / College
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5. In what ways did the Chinese the Hindus and the Arabs influence the early Filipinos? Activity A. In a separate sheet, show the early civilization affected the present Filipinos. Evaluation: Identify the following _______1.The earliest people who walked straight and who had broad forehead _______2.The aborigines of the Philippines _______3.Ancestors of the Christian Filipino _______4.Meaning of Orang Dampuan _______5.Introduced the use of sarong and putong ______6.Boat used by the Malays in coming to the Philippines from Borneo. ______7.Form of government introduced by the Arabs ______8. What Bicolano epic influenced by the Hidus?. ______9.Introduced Islam to the southern part of the Philippines ______10. What name given to the Philippines by the Chinese?
Lesson 6
Early Communities
“Taong Tabon” In 1962 the group of Dr. Robert Fox discovered bones of man in Tabon Cave in Palawan. They called these skeletons, ―Taong Tabon.‖ The bones were estimated to be 22, 000 to 24,000 years old. The bones were good evidence that there were already people who lived in the Philippines 24,000 years ago. It was believed that the ―Taong Tabon‖ belonged to Homo sapiens or Modern man. They were hunters and gathered fruits and other plants for their food. Negritos About 30,000 years ago, the Negritos setteled in the islands. They were the ancestors of such tribes of the Philippines a sthe Aeta, Agta, Ayta, Ati, Dumagat and other tribes of the Philippines today, making up about .003% of the total Philippine population. Young Ji International School / College
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Indones They arrived in the Philippines from Southeast Asia in bancas. There were two groups of Indones who came to the Philippines; the First group was fair in complexion, with high bridge nose, slim body and thin lips. The second group was dark-skinned, with thick lips, big jaws, big nose, rounded eyes and well-built body. The Indones stone. Unlike the Negrito, the Indones had permanent dwellings, had knowledge in agriculture, and tended animals that can be eaten like pigs, chicken and cows. Their houses were round and were made of wood with roof made of grass or cogon. From this group of Indones came the people who made the rice terraces in the Cordillera region. Malays The Malyas were the third group of people who arrived in the Philippines using a boat called balangay. They had a better form of living than Indones. They use irrigation in farming and had knowledge about mining and metallurgy. The Malays knew how to make ammunitions and weave cloth. It was believed that they were the ones who brought porcelain to the Philippines. They already had their own laws, arts, science and literature. The Malays belonged to Malay race, a reason why they are considered to be the closet ancestors of the Philippines. Relations of the early Filipinos The early Filipinos learned to relate to foreign which resulted in the country’s rich culture, customs and traditions. The Philippines has a rich culture because of the mixture of the different foreign influences brought by these relations. Relations with the Orang Dampuans. ORANG Dampuans or People from Champa came from North Annam (Vietnam). They reached the Philippines by boat in the years 900 and 1200 A.D. they were seamen, fishermen, merchants and pirates. They were feared by ships sailing in China and Indonesia. The Hindus had a big influence in the culture of Orang Dampuans. They built a center of trade in Sulu because their purpose was to transact business with the natives. However, a light between the Buranon, natives of Sulo, and the Orang Dampuans resulted to the death of some of the people from Champs. The Orang Dampuans avenged the death of some of their people before they left Sulu and went back to Champa. Relations with Orang Banjar Young Ji International School / College
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Orang Banjar was a group of people from Bandjarmasin, one of the territories occupied by the Sri-Vijaya Empire. They traded with the natives of Sulo. They were different from the Orang Dampuans because they knew diplomacy. To gain the trust wives of the Buranon. Soon, a better relationships existed between the natives and the orang Bandjar. This relationship enabled the Orang banjar to put the Buranon under their power. They required the natives to pay taxes, and later relegated them to the forests. As a result, the Orang Bandjar increased in number in the island. Sulo prospered and became the center of trade in Southeast Asia. Relationships with the Japanese Relationship between the Philippines and Japan already existed before the Spaniards came to the Philippines. It was belived that the Japanese who came to the Philippines were traders. In 1570, martin de Goti discovered that there were already forty Chinese and twenty Japanese in the islands. According to Legaspi, the natives of Cebu wrote him that Chinese and Japanese businessmen came to Luzon and Mindoro every year to trade. The Japanese learned to make friendly ties with the natives and built community and trade centers in Manila. They first lived in a place called Dilaw whch is now known as San Miguel, at the bank of the Pasig River. There were also Japanese who lives in Northern Luzon particularly in Agoo, La Union and at the mouth of the River. Relations with the Chinese The Chinese arrived at the Philippines in 900 A.D. they came to our country to trade. Chao Ju-Kua wrote in his book ―Chu-Fan-Chi’ in 1225, that the Filipinos were honest in their business transactions with the Chinese traders. They exchanged products like umbrella, gong, nickel, porcelain and silk with pearls, wood, gold, cotton and rattan. The Chinese were medium in height, had small chinky eyes and yellowish skin. While trading with the natives, the Chinese increased in number until they were able to build a Chinese community in our country. The Chinese are good traders and up to now, they own the big businesses in the country. There are at least 1,500 Chinese words adapted into the Filipino language, like lumpia, ampaw, pansit, kuya, susi, sangko, tanso, at sanse. Relations with the Hindus The Hindu-Malays arrived in the Philippines in 1100 A.D. during the period of the Shri-Vishaya Empire in Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Ceylon, Java, Celebes and Young Ji International School / College
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Borneo. We learned from the Hindus the industry of cotton weaving, ship building and mining wearing of sarong and putong and putting lei or garland to visitors. The Development of Filipino Civilization During the Paleolithic Period, the Homo Sapiens and Homo Erectus live d in the wide savannas and swamps. They used objects made of stone and knew how to make and use fire and lived by means of hunting and gathering foods from nature. At the start of the Neolithic period, the islands sank and the Austronisian moved from one island to another from the Philippines to South China. People of the period knew already how to plow the field, made boat for fishing and sailing, kaingin system of farming and planted rice. In 1500 up to 1565 B.C. the people formed communities near the rivers and plains in elevated places. Exploration Early Filipino Physical Way of Way of Implements influences Features Dressing Life Tools Used
1. Negritos
2. Indones
3. Malay
Introspection 1. Which of the characters of the earliest Filipinos are worth emulating? Why? 2. Can you answer the traces of the traits of the early Filipinos in our own today? Prove your answer. 3. How do the Aetas in the mountains of Zambales adapt themselves to modern time? Young Ji International School / College
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Lesson 7
Early Society Government
The barangay served as the unit of government of the early Filipinos. The word barangay is derived from balanghai or balangay, the name of the boat used by the Malays when they arrived in the Philippines. The barangay is composed of 30 to 100 families. The barangay occupied a placed called town. The people in the barangay lived near each other to defend and help one another in times of war. They were united in friendship and family ties and they fought their enemies in war. Every barangay was headed by a datu who was also called king, hadji or rajah. He was the executive, law-maker, judge and head of the enemies in war. The datu was respected and obeyed by the people. A person would be punished if he uttered bad words against the datu, his wife or children. If the son of the datu would follow his footsteps, he would inherit his powers; however, he must be brave and should have the ability to defend his people and domain. There were instances when anybody could be a datu, if one was strong, intelligent and wealthy. The existence of many barangays was a proof that there was no national government or central government when the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines. The people were unite d and they established confederations in the barangay to help one another if enemies attacked them. A confederation was a combination of many barangays, which was headed by the most powerful datu. Society The family was composed of the father, mother, children and relatives of the father or mother. It was the basic groups of society of our ancestors. The head of the family was the father who was a fisherman, farmer, hunter or the one who provided food for the family. The mother took good care of the children and looked after the welfare of the family. The daughter helped the mother in the household chores while the sons were taught by their father to work and to be a brave warrior. Aside from the highest degree of position where the datu or ―maginoo‖ belonged, the society of the early Filipinos was composed of the three kinds: nobles, timawa and slaves. Laws The laws of the early Filipinos were composed of tradition and sayings that were strictly followed. In criminal cases, the datu was the sole judge but with help of the elders in the barrio who gathered together as council. The council would suggest to the people involved to settle the case. If no settlement is reached, those involved would promise to accept whatever the council would decide. Young Ji International School / College
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The punishment for the crime committed depended on the person’s status in society who committed the crime and the victim. If the victim was a datu, all the members of his family and would wage war against the perpetrator. The war would only end if the price of gold to be paid to the victim would be set by the council. Religion The early Filipinos believed in bathala as well as other gods and goddesses. Bathla was equivalent to God the father whom they believed made heaven and earth and was the highest of all gods. The gods and the goddesses had their own duty according to the everyday life of the believer. Some of the gods and goddesses they believed in were: a. Agni- god of fire b. Zalahon- goddess of harvest c. Siginaguran- god of hell d. Diyan masalanta- god of love e. Sidapa- god of heaven f. Huyo- god of the sea The early Filipinos had also their ceremony or ritual in giving honor to their gods. This ritual was headed by the calalonan or babaylan. Ways of dressing The early Filipinos were well dresses. They were fond of wearing colorful dresses gold necklaces and shiny bracelets. Before the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines, the men wore tsina or chaleco, G-string or bahag and putong. The women were baro, a kind of dress with sleeves that was multi-colored. They also wore white cloth folded from the waist to the feet and other colorful covering of the body like the shawl. Types of Houses The houses of the early Filipinos were built to adapt to warm climate. It was made of wood, bamboo and nipa. The lower part of the house was fenced with bamboo which served as pig pen or chicken coop. there were times when pounding of rice was done in the lower part of the house and where the palay was also cleaned of its husk. Marriage Customs and Traditions Traditions of marriage in Luzon and Mindanao were similar. The first part in courting was called panalanguini or agreement to mary. During this part, a group of Young Ji International School / College
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the tribe of the fiancé would visit the fiancée. The spokesperson of the would announced the marriage proposal to the parents of the fiancé. The parents in turn would ask the advance of their relatives about the proposal. The decision would be relayed to the leader of the bareno, who would be one to inform the parents of the fiancé about the decision of the fiancee’s family and relatives. If the fiancé accepted the decision the next part would immediately follow which is called ―pedsungud‖ or agreement for the giving of the dowry. There were seven kinds of dowry. 1. Kawasateg- a big amount of money given by the close relatives of the bride. 2. Siwaka- materials made of silver and money to be given to the people who would help arrange the wedding. 3. Enduatuan- materials made of silver, money or animals which would be give to the leader or head of the barrio. 4. Pangatulian- the jewelry to be given to the uncle of the bridge. 5. Langkad- a big amount of money to be given to the parents of the bridge as a fine if she would get married ahead of her elder sister, if she had any. 6. Tatas- asword to begiven to the uncle of the bride. 7. Lekat0 ten pesos or more for the helper of the bride. Folk Beliefs Even before the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines, the early Filipinos already believed that diseases were results of the wrath or anger of the spirits of their relatives. Such a belief made to honor the memory of their dead relatives by carving their images to stone, gold or bronze which they called ―likha‖ or ―larawan‖. Memories of the dead relatives were adored as if they were alive. If someone proved that their relationships extended beyond death. System of Writing Our ancestors already had system of writing even before the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines. They wrote in a standing manner starting from the top downward, from left to right. They scribbed in the bank of trees, leaves of plants and branches of bamboo. They used knife, pointed stick and metal in writing and their ink was sap with clor from trees. Only very few samples of the writings of the early Filipinos were obtained from bark of trees, leaves of plants and branches of bamboo. This was because the Spaniards destroyed them since they wanted to spread Roman Catholicism in the Islands. The Spaniards considered these manuscripts as evil. Our ancestors also used Alibata as their means of communications.
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Language According to Ethnologue, there are about 180 languages spoken in the Philippines. The Constitution of the Philippines stipulates Filipino (which is based in Tagalog) as the national language and Filipino and English as the official languages. Regional languages are designed as auxiliary official languages. Other major and minor languages I the country include Bicolano, Cebuano, Ilokano, Hilagaynon or Ilonggo, waray, Kapampanagn, Pangasinan, Tausug, Maguindanao, Maranao, Kinaray-a, Chavacano and Spanish. Literature Ancient Philippine literature was classified into two: spoken and written. Tagalong literature was composed of maxims, sayings, riddles, street songs, boat songs, song of revelry, love song, dirges, war songs, lullabies, bridal songs, mournful songs, rowing songs, household songs and chants by the blind. In many instances, songs were accompanied by dances until the songs and dance including drama prospered at the same time. There were also instances when verses were spoken. The kind of songs and verse was progressive but present verses are mixed with Spanish influence. Islam was the literary inspiration of the Maranaos. Maranao literature was composed of folk tales, short love poems, sayings and proverbs, dramas, riddles or puzzles, and epic poetry. Islamization More than two hundred years before the spread of Christianity in the Philippines. Arab traders had already reached palwan, Visayas and Mindanao. Until the 13th century, trade between the Arabia and Europe to the east. Islam spread to Sulu through Arab trade and from some Arabs who did not return to their country and instead married the natives. When Moluccas fell into the hands of the Portuguese, Arab families in the Philippines increased in number. Islamization therefore was a cultural process which brought Islamic culture into the mainstream of Filipino culture. Islam Muhammad was the founder of Islam. Born in 570 B.C. in Mecca, he was a trader who received a revelation from Allah while he prayed on a hill near Mecca. The Qur’an or Koran is the holy book of the Muslim. Like the Holy Bible of the Christians, the Koran contains messages of Allah written in Arabic. It constains, 114 surak or chapters in the form of poems. Young Ji International School / College
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5 Pillars of Islam 1. Shahada- it is an expression of faith or praying; ―There is no other God to be adored except Allah and Muhammad is the prophet,‖ Shrink or relating God to any human being or object is a grave sin. It was that the first word uttered by a newborn is Shahada and it is also the last word utters by a dying person. 2. Salat- this is an everyday prayer said live times. Salat is prayed before dawn, at noon, mid-afternoon, during sunset and before midnight. 3. Zakat- it is the giving of alms which is not only an act of charity but also a duty and an obligation. It is a principle of social duty wherein wealth should be shared to others. 4. Saun- Saun is fasting during the month of Ramadan, done by all Muslims who are in the right age. Eating and drinking are prohibited the whole day for thirty days from sunrise to sunset. However, fasting is not done by sick people, the elderly, breastfeeding mothers and travelers. 5. Haadji- it means joining a pilgrimage. Every Muslim is expexted to join the pilgrimage to Mecca even once in his lifetime. Mecca is the holy city of the Muslims where the great Mozque is found. Kaabah, the holy building also located in Mecca. The blank store belived to have been built by Abraham and Ismael is also found in Kaabah. Muslim Culture
Arts Islamic arts are an expression about the creation of the world and Islam’s part in it. There are four media of Muslim arts; wood carving, works in metal or metallurgy, embroidery and mat and basket weaving. The Badjaos are known for their boat carving, the Yakans for their colorful cloth weaving, the Samals for their colorful mat and the Maranos for their brasswork.
Music Muslims adapt their music and dance to their rituals and celebrations. They called this folk Islam performed with instruments and songs. Some of the Muslim instruments used are kulintang, which has become a part of their everyday living; kudyapi, a musical instrument with chords and 40 to 46n inches long; and the kudyapi, a little harp made of bamboo. The kudyapi is played by men by string a bamboo to the three fingers of their right hand.
Dance Based on the darangan, Muslim dance is similar to the other early rituals of
the Muslims like the singkil. This dance features the movements of the body and Young Ji International School / College
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hands which tell of the story of adventure of the heroes of an epic. The dance and music of the Muslim sustained the relationship of the Filipino Muslims and the natives of Southeast. Instrospection 1. How will you value Filipino heritage? 2. Do you agree with the marriage traditions of the early Filipino? Explain? 3. If you are a datu, how will you show humility to your people? Provide the needed information for the following: 1. Muslim epics 2. 3. 4. 5.
Ilocano songs for different occasions Elements of Tagalog literature Kinds of story Kinds of slaves in the Visayan region
LESSON 8
Early Culture of the Filipino
Long before the coming of the Spaniards in the Philippines the Filipino had already developed their own civilization. Early Customs and Traditions House-The early houses were built of nipa, wood, bamboo and cogon. Food – The early Filipinos had rice and fish as their main dish. Wine – Filipino wines during the early period include tuba which are extracted from coconut palm and was famous in the Tagalog region Way of Dressing– The male attire of the early Filipino consisted of a short, collarless and short-sleeved jacket known as kangan, for the upper part. Ornaments – The early women used personal adornments like armlets called kauimbigas, pendants, bracelets, gold ring earrings, and leglets Filipino Society- The early Filipino were classified into three classes; the nobles or maharlikas, the freemen or timawas, and the slaves or alipin. The Position of Women Marriage Cleanliness Young Ji International School / College
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Laws Judicial Process
Trial by Ordeal Burial Practices
Divination and Magic Charms Filipinos were fond of interpreting signs in nature, like the flight of birds, the barking of dogs, the singing of lizards and others. Religion Economic life Pre-Colonial Culture Education- the education of early Filipinos was informal. The boys were taught by the father how to chop wood, repair the house, and fetch water. For livelihood, the boys were taught how to do farming, fishing, mining and hunting. Science and Mathematics Alphabet – The alphabet of the only Filipinos was composed of three (3) vowels and fifteen (15) consonants. The three vowels were (a), (e, o, I) and (o, o, u). The consonant letters were b, d, j, k , l, m, n, ng, p, r, s, t, u, and y. Language – In the Philippines, there are more than a hundred languages and dialects with eight of them considered to the major languages. Literature – The early Filipino literature are classified into oral and written literature. Music and Dance– Filipinos are born musicians and they love music. Though many did not go to a normal music school, they could easily learn tunes by ear. Terms to Identify Customs Kangan Soothsayers Morotal
traditions society balangay
culture dowry amulets
maxim
riddle
Follow up Question 1. Describe the early culture of the early Filipinos on the following aspects. a. house c. wine d. way of dressing b. food Young Ji International School / College
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2. Discuss the early society of the Filipinos. 3. Show the different practices of the Filipinos regarding their marriages. 4. Illustrate how the Filipinos observe the following. a. cleanliness b. respectfulness 5. Analyze the Philippine pre-Spanish government. 6. How do early Filipinos make laws and how do they inform their constituents? 7. Describe their judicial process. How do they implement laws? 8. Explain their burial practices. 9. Give examples of their belief on divination and charms. 10. Describe their means of livelihood during the pre-Spanish period. 11. Is their educational system formal or informal? Explain. 12. Show how they develop their science and mathematics. 13. What alphabet was used by the early Filipinos? Describe their language and literature. 14. It is true that the Filipinos are musically-minded people? Identify their musical instrument, their songs and their dances. Activity A. Compare the following by drawing: a. Bahay kubo
b. Spanish house
B. Interview your parents or other relatives about their places of origin and relate to you their experiences on the following: a. marriage customs b. burial practices c. divination of magic charms Prepare a skit on marriage customs of the Philippines C. Research work. Make a research on the practice of slavery during pre-Spanish period. Did it really exist? Prove it. D. Make a list of Filipino maxims, saying, and riddle. E. Prepare a skit on ―kundiman.‖
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Evaluation Identify the following. Choose the answers form the words below: Kudyapi
bothoan
bultong
Pamulinawen Sipol Hudhud and alim
anitos morotal
tuba umalahokan
__________1. Pointed iron used for writing __________2. Spirits of early Filipinos ancestors worshipped by them. __________3. Mourning custom for women __________4. Ifugao’s wrestling ordeal __________5. Stringed instrumental smaller than a guitar __________6. Ilocano love song __________7. Ifugao epic __________8. Formal education founded in Panay __________9. Barangay crier __________10. Filipino wine extracted from coconut palm
LESSON 9
Introduction of Islam in the Philippines
The spread of Islam to old Malaysia was the result to the activities of the Arab traders, missionaries, and teachers who introduced their religious beliefs among the Malays brought this to the Philippines. Sulu Islands During the early period Sulu became the center of trade in the southern part of the Philippines. Islam Islam was founded by Prophet Mohammed. They believed that Allah is the one and only God. They also believe in their sacred scripture known as the Koran. The major beliefs of Muslims are based on the Five Pillars: 1. Allah is the only God and Mohammed is His Prophet. Young Ji International School / College
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2. To pray (salat) five times a day facing Mecca. 3. To give alms (zakat) to the poor. 4. To observe fasting during the month of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Muslim Calendar. 5. To make a pilgrimage (hadji) to Mecca once in their life time. Mecca is the sacred city of Islam where Kaaba, their sacred stone, is located. Islamic Missionaries Due to their trade activities, the Arabs who reached Jolo did not leave the place. Instead they intermarried with the natives. Sultanate Government The Muslims became successful in organizing the sultanate form of government in Sulu and Mindanao. Arabs Contribution The following were the contributions of the Arabs to Filipino culture: 1. The sultanate form of government and laws based on the Koran, the sacred scripture of Islam 2. The Arabic alphabet 3. The Arabic calendar and Muslim festivals 4. Customs like prohibition of eating pork and drinking wine giving alms to the poor. 5. Prohibition of the practice of slavery and divorce Terms to Identify Islam Allah Koran
Tarsila Mohammed Sultanate
Follow up Questions 1. How was Islam introduced in the Philippines? 2. Name of five pillars that guide every member pf the Islam religion. 3. Name the early Arabs who established their foothold in the southern part of the Philippines and their achievement. 4. How did Islam, as a religion, influence the Filipinos in the southern part of the Philippines? Young Ji International School / College
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Activity A. Make a comparison between Islam and Christianity. B. Interview one Muslim and one Christian as to their belief and practices. Relate their story in class. C. Collect pictures regarding the Islam religion. Show the said pictures in class and discuss them. Evaluation Identify the following 1. Allah 2. Mohammed 3. Ramadan 4. Hadji 5. Koran
______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________
6. Rajah Baginda 7. Sharif Kabungsuwan 8. Abu Bakr 9. Tarsila 10. Qu’ramiko
______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________
LESSON 10
Coming of the Europeans
Before the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines, the Filipino knew only the Asian as their neighbor. They didn’t know the existence of other groups and communications in other parts of the world. Factors that led to the coming of the Western Powers in Asia The period of exploration and colonization took place in the 15th and 16th centuries. The rival powers were Spain and Portugal, both located at the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean, in area known as the Iberian Peninsula Rivalry over the Moluccas The first two colonizing powers of Europe were Spain and Portugal was busy building colonies in Asia, Spain on the other hand was establishing its colonial empire in the New World, particularly in the American continents. Young Ji International School / College
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FERDINAND MAGELLAN (Fernando de Magallanes) Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese and at the age of 25 rendered military service in the Portuguese crown possessions in the East Indies. First, he was with Alfonso de Almeida in India in 1505 and in 1512 to Malacca. King Charles signed the terms of agreement authorizing Magellan and Ruy Faleiro to head the expedition and the salient terms were: 1. For ten years, Magellan and Faleiro would have exclusive right to the searoute followed by them. 2. Under no circumstances were they to travel thought the zone reserved to Portugal by the demarcation line. 3. Both were to receive the title ―Adelantado‖ and governors of the place discovered and whose titles were transferable to their successors. 4. They were entitled to one-twentieth of whatever profit or benefit they were to derive from the lands they might find in their route. 5. Both were authorized to import from or export to, said places to be discovered up to a thousand ducats. 6. After assigning to the King the first six islands they were to find, they could choose two islands for themselves, to which they are entitled to 15%from whatever benefit they may derive. 7. They are to receive five per cent of whatever assets they might find in the first trip. Expeditions After Magellan After the expedition of Magellan, Spain was motivated to send more expedition to the east, with their endless desire to control Maluku (Moluccas) Islands. Treaty of Zaragoza The Treaty of Zaragoza was signed in 1529 wherein King Charles V ceded his right to Maluku to Jhon III of Portugal for the amount of 350,000 ducats. Villalobos Expedition (1542-1546) Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, with six ships and crew of 350 men, left Juan Gallego, Mexico, in November 1542. Legazpi’s Expedition On November 2, 1564 Legazpi led an expedition to the Philippines with Fr. Young Ji International School / College
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Urdaneta as the chief navigator. Their ships were: San Pedro, San Pablo, San Juan, and San Lucas. They sailed from Navidad, Mexico. First Spanish Settlement On January 1, 1571, Legazpi founded the city of Cebu, giving it the name of Villa of the child Jesus.Cebu was the first Spanish permanent settlement in the Philippines. Spanish in Manila Martin de Goiti, together with 600 Filipinos and 120 Spaniards were sent to Manila by Legazpi. He was instructed to establish friendly relation with the inhabitants of the place. Legazpi in Manila When Legazpi learned of the failure of Goiti’s trip to Manila he decided to undertake a personal visit. The Spaniards in Central and Northern Luzon Marshall de Goiti, accompanied by Rajah Lakandula of Tondo, was able to establish good relationship expect in Betis, Pampanga where the people refused to be under the Spanish power. Terms to Identify Exploration Colonization Crusade Voyage Expedition
astrolabe compass map blood compact settlement
Follow up Question 1. Explain the factors that led to the coming of the western powers in Asia. 2. Why and how did Spain and Portugal become bitter rivals in discoveries and colonization? 3. What were the primary objectives of Magellan’s expedition? Was it a success? Give the signification of Magellan’s voyage. 4. Show how the Spaniards successfully colonized the Philippines.
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LESSON 11
Spanish Government In the Philippines
After setting up settlement in the Philippines the Spaniards established their colonial government. SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES CENTRAL GOVERNMENT On the national level, the government was headed by a Governor/ Captain General with its seat in Manila (Intramuros) as representative of the King of Spain. ADVISORY BODIES Board of Authorities (Junta de Autoridades). It was the cabinet established by the royal decree of April 16, 1850. CHECKS ON GUBERNATORIAL POWERS The King of Spain formed bodies to check the Spanish officials assigned in the Philippines The Royal Audiencia. In order to check the powers of the governor-general and as protection to the Filipinos from the abuses of the Spanish officials, a royal decree of May 5, 1583 was promulgate creating the first Royal Audiencia in Manila. The Residencia. The Residencia was a special court presided by the incoming governor-general which investigated the conduct of the outgoing governor-general at the end of his term. Visitador. The Visitador differed from the residencia in that it was conducted by a visiting investigator sent from Spain. LOCAL GOVERNMENT The Provinces. The Philippines was divided into province and district to facilitate internal government and administration. City Government. Several large pueblos in the Philippines were organized into cities and were given a special form of government called ayuntamiento . The Municipal Government. The pueblo or municipio were headed by a gobernadorcillo (in 1894 this was changed to captain municipal) or little governor. Barrio Governor. A barrio was headed by the Cabeza de Barangay whose main role was to be a tax and contributions collector for the Young Ji International School / College
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gobernadorcillo. ECCLESIASTICAL ADMINISTRATION For purpose of administration, the Philippines were divided into dioceses (Bishoprics), parishes, and missions. The whole colony was classified as an archdiocese. Term to Identify 1. Government2. Colonial3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
SovereignAdelantadoAudienciaAyuntamientoCorregimientos
8. 9.
OiderRoyal Patronage-
10. 11. 12. 13.
VisitadorIndultoRegidoreEcclesiastical-
Follow up Question 1. Give and explain the powers of the following: A. Governor-General B. Provincial Alcaldes- mayors C. City Alcaldes D. Gobernadorcillos E. Cabeza de Barangay F. President of the Royal audiencia 2. Name some of the Spaniards who became governors- general of the Philippines 3. Explain the functions of the advisory bodies to the Spanish governor-general 4. What were the bodies formed by the King of Spain to check the Spanish officials assigned in the Philippines? How did to operate? 5. Show how the loyal government functioned during the Spanish period. 6. Explain how religion influenced the Spanish administration in the Philippines. Evaluation Matching type. Match column A with column B. Write only the letter. A. _______1. Justice _______2.Supreme Court
B. A. ayuntamiento B. cabildo
_______3.City government
C.Corregimientos
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_______4. City Council _______5. Unpacified provinces
D. Oider E. Quinto F. Royal Audiencia G. Tenietes de justicia
LESSON 12
Philippine Economy Under Spain
The Filipinos, during the early period of Spanish were living in scattered barangays, either along waters route or river banks and mountain ridge. THE ENCOMIENDA Encomienda refers to a great from the Spanish crown to a Spaniards to exercise control over a specific place, including its inhabitants. 3 kinds of encomienda in the Philippines: 1. royal or crown 2. ecclesiastical 3. the private 
Royal encomienda were lands reserved for the crown and included here were principal town’s cities, and ports.
THE TRIBUTE The paying of tribute was started by Governador-General Miguel Lopez de Legaspi. Many Filipino suffered. TOBACCO MONOPOLY Governor-General Jose Bacso Y Vargas introduced the tobacco monopoly to try to improve the economic condition of the Philippines. In this system, the tobacco industry was managed by the government from planting to production to marketing. BANDALA SYSTEM The Spanish officials, in their desire to increase the government income, introduced the bandala system. In the bandala syatem, the Filipinos were given the quata for the products they produce. Young Ji International School / College
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THE MANILA-ACAPULCU GALLEON TRADE (1565-1815) The Manila-Acapulco galleon trade lasted for two hundred fifty years with two vessels-one outgoing and one incoming. 
Obras Pias were funds intended for social works but because of the clergy`s desire to earn more they lent the money to businessmen with big interest most especially those involved in the galleon trade.
ROYAL ECONOMIC SOCIETY OF THE COUNTRY The Royal Economic Society of the Country was formed on May 6, 1781 and the first President was Ciriaco Gonzales Carvajal. POLO Y SERVICIO PERSONAL The polo system was patterned after the Mexican repartimiento or selection for forced labor. REAL COMPANIA DE FILIPINAS Real Compania de Filipino was organized on March 10, 1785 with 25 year charter. TRADE AND INDUSTRIES The Spaniards tried to improve the economic conditioned of the Philippines by introducing some agricultural plants such as coffee, cabbage, cacao, corn, and other. Terms to Identify 1. Galleon Trade2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
BandalaObras PiasFalla Industry EncomiendaPolo-
8. Monopoly9. trade10. tribute-
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Terms to Identify 1. What do we mean by encomienda? Characterize the three classifications of encomienda 2. Who paid tributes? How much do they pay? 3. Why was tobacco monopoly introduced? Was it advantageous or disadvantageous to the Filipino? 4. Explain the effects of the bandala system. 5. Show how the galleon trade affected the efficiency of government officials.Explain its advantages and disadvantages to the Spaniards and the Filipinos? Evaluation Arrange the following in chronological order. Write 1-5 in the boxes. I. ____ a. Cebu port was opened to the world ____ b. Started mail service between Manila and Cavite ____ c. First bicyle appeared in the streets of Manila ____ d. Telephone started in Manila ____ e. First telegraph line between Manila and Corregidor II. ____ a. Espanol Filipinos known as BPI ____ b. Monte de Piedad ____ c. Chartered Bank of China ____ d. Obras Pias ____ e. Hongkong and Shanghai Bank
Lesson 13
The Coming of Spain
In the 16th century, the Philippines was invaded by the Spaniards. They made our country into colony Spain. A colony is a country that is ruled by foreigners from another land. The coming of the Spaniards changed our history. Through Spain we became catholic in religion. We also got a new and more advanced culture from Europe and Mexico. But, for the first time in our history, we lost our freedom and independence to foreigners. It took 300 years before we could our freedom back again. Young Ji International School / College
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Why the Spaniards came. The Spaniards came to the Philippines and Asia because of these reasons: 1. God. The first aim of Spain was to spread the Roman Catholic religion. At the time, Spain was the greatest champion of Catholicism in the world. The Spanish king spent vast sums of money to convert more people to Catholicism. 2. Gold. The second aim of Spain was to get rich. It wanted to control the spice trade in Asia because spices (peppers, ginger, garlic, etc.) were very much in demand in Europe. If Spain could control the spice trade it would be the richest nation in the world. But it did not succeed in this aim. 3. Glory. The third aim of Spain was to get political glory. When Spain conquered the Philippines in Asia, it became the greatest Philip II was the first king to boast that the sun never set on his kingdom, because when it was sunset in manila it was also sunrise in Madrid, Spain. Magellan’s Voyage. The coming of Magellan to the Philippines was not an accident. He really planned and wanted to find the Philippines because he heard that it was a very rich land. So Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer, asked the Portuguese king, King Manuel, to finance a project to sail to the laughed at Magellan and told him to go away. Magellan travelled to the next country, Spain, and talked the king and queen of Spain into supporting his expedition to Asia. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel of Spain, who ruled jointly, became interested because Magellan and jointly, became interested because Magellan said he could find a new route to the east by sailing through a secret passage in the west. At that time, the rich lands of Asia were closed to Spain. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel ordered an expedition to accompany the brave Magellan on his historic voyage. His fleet consisted of five ships and 265 men. On September 20, 1517, the expedition of Magellan left Spain for the east. They sailed westward across the Atlantic Ocean down to the tip of South America. Here they crossed the secret passage that was known only to Magellan. This secret passage is now called the Strait of Magellan. Then they crossed the Pacific Ocean and hopped from island to island until they reached the Philippines.
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Identify the terms which mean the following: ___________________ 1. Head of a province ___________________ 2. Head of a city ___________________ 3. Head of a town ___________________ 4. Head of a barangay ___________________ 5. Head of the central government in the Philippines Answer the following questions. 1. What were the duties of the governor-general? Compare these duties with those of the President of the Philippines? What do you observe? 2. Why did the governors-general become abusive of their power (s) Introspection 1. Why was corruption rampant during the Spanish regime? 2. If you were a governor-general, how would you improve the economics of the Philippines? Encircle the correct answer. 1. Geography is the study ofa. The areal differentiation of the earth’s surface b. The natural relationships between people and their environment c. The physical features of the earth’s surface and the various human activities that take place on it d. All of the above 2. Living on earth is made possible because of the ______. a. Sun b. Moon
c. inner planets d. outer planets
3. The solar radiation that reaches the earth makes possible the process ofa. Erosion c. photosynthesis b. Deposition d. weathering 4. The map that shows the boundaries, capitals and important landmark in a particular region is the – a. Relief map c. political map b. Product map d. cultural thematic map Young Ji International School / College
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5. What explains the different symbols or signs used on the map? a. Direction c. legend b. Scale d. title 6. The earth is the ____ planet from the sun. a. second c. fourth b. third d. fifth 7. maps and globes are considered the most valuable tools of the – a. anthropologist c. geographer b. sociologist
d. psychologist
8. The average distance of the earth from the sun is about ____ million kilometers. a. 100 b. 110 c. 130 d. 150 9. The water portion of the earth which covers about 71% of the earth is thea. atmosphere c. lithosphere b. hydrosphere d. biosphere 10. The gaseous envelop that surrounds the earth’s surface is thea. atmosphere b. hydrosphere
c. lithosphere d. biosphere
11. The solid portion of the earth is thea. atmosphere b. lithosphere b. hydrosphere
d. biosphere
12. The life sphere which is composed of plants and animals is thea. atmosphere b. lithosphere b. hydrosphere d. biosphere 13. The study of the earth in relation to the cultural activities of man refers to __ geography. a. cultural c. social b. economic d. Political
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14. The study of the earth in relation to the political activities of man refers to ____ geography. a. cultural c. social b. economic d. political 15. The study of the earth in relation to the productive activities of man refers to __ geography. a. cultural c. social b. economic d. political 16. The study of the earth in relation to the social activity of man refers to ___ geography. a. cultural b. economic
c. social d. political
17. The exact position of a place on the earth’s surface is referred to as the ____ location. a. Absolute b. relative
c. regional d. local
18. What fixes the permanent position of a place on the surface of the globe? a. Elevation c. direction b. location
d. destination
19. The imaginary line which divides the globe n to the northern and southern hemisphere at zero latitude is the ____. a. Equator c. tropic of cancer b. Prime meridian d. Tropic of Capricorn 20. The imaginary line at zero longitude which divides the globe into the eastern and western hemisphere is the ____. a. Equator c. tropic of cancer b. Prime meridian d. Tropic of Capricorn 21. What is the imaginary line extending through the earth from the two geographic poles, the North Pole and the South Pole around which the earth rotates? a. Axis c. meridian b. Parallel
d. IDL
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22. The tilting of the earth on its axis at about 23 a. Environment b. Production
affects the ____ of the planet.
c. position d. Climate
23. The earth spins on an imaginary line called axis from a/an ____ direction. a. East to west c. north to south b. West to west d. south to north 24. The earth revolves around the sun in a/an ____ direction. a. Northward b. Southward
c. eastward d. westward
25. What are the lines running around the earth in an east-west direction maintaining the same distance from each other? a. Parallels b. Meridians
c. Arctic Circle d. Antarctic Circle
26. The parallel that lies 23 1/3 ° south of the equator which makes the southernmost limit of the sun’s vertical rays in the northern hemisphere is the ___. a. Tropic of Cancer c. Arctic Circle b. Tropic of Capricorn d. Antarctic Circle 27. The northern hemisphere is the portion of earth above the ______. a. Arctic Circle c. Equator b. Antarctic circle d. Tropic of Capricorn 28. What region of the world is located between the tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn with a generally hot climate? a. Tropics c. Polar b. Mid Latitude d. none of the above 29. The 180° Meridian lying opposite the Prime Meridian (0°) and where one either losses or gains a day when crossing it is called the a. Antemeridian c. special meridian b. IDL d. none of the above Young Ji International School / College
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30. The usual pattern of weather events in an area over a long period of time refers to ____. a. Season c. temperature b. Climate d. tropics 31. The supercontinent that broke into the different continental masses approximately 2500, 000, 000 years ago is ____. a. Laurasia c. Pangaea b. Gondwanaland d. planetoid 32. A narrow piece of land connecting two larger pieces of land is called_____. a. Strait b. Isthmus
c. hill d. Plateau
33. A piece of land surrounded by water on the three sides is a _____. a. Strait c. hill b. Plateau
d. peninsula
34. A flat landform where the surface is raised above the surrounding land, with a steep cliff on one side is a _____. a. Plain c. plateau b. Valley d. hill 35. A depositional plain formed at the mouth of a river as it enters a lake or an ocean is a ____. a. Cape c. valley b. Plain d. delta 36. The equator is located __________. a. 0째 c. 90째 longitude b. 90째 d. 180째 longitude 37. If the reference point is the equator Australia and Antartica are located in the _____ hemisphere. a. Southern c. western b. Northern d. eastern 38. If the reference point is the equator, the Philippines is in the _______ hemisphere. Young Ji International School / College
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Matching Type. Match column A to column B. Column A
Column B
_____ 1. Korea _____ 2. Japan _____ 3. Thailand _____ 4. Myanmar _____ 5. Laos _____ 6. Vietnam
a. Forerunner of Civilization b. Little Kingdom in the Peaceful Monarchy c. Land of the Seven Shiekdom d. Country in Search of Self-Industry e. Red Dragon of Asia f. Land of the Cavalier
_____ 7. Malaysia _____ 8. Indonesia _____ 9. Philippines _____ 10. Mongolia _____ 11. China
g. Pearl of the Orient Sea h. the Great Archipelago i. Cradle of the Malay race j. Where Wars Never End k. Kingdom of the Million Elephants
_____ 12. Taiwan _____ 13. Quatar _____ 14. Oman _____ 15. Lebanon
l. The Golden land m. Land of the Free n. The Land of the Rising Sun o.The Land of the Morning Clam p. The Richest Republic in the former Soviet Union
A. Identify the following. __________________ 1. Region I __________________ 2. Region II __________________ 3. Region III __________________ 4. Region IV-A __________________ 5. Region IV-B __________________ 6. Region V __________________ 7. Region VI __________________ 8. Region VII __________________ 9. Region VIII __________________ 10. Region IX __________________ 11. Region X __________________ 12. Region XI __________________ 13. Region XII __________________ 14. Region XIII __________________ 15. ARMM Young Ji International School / College
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B. Identify the following questions. __________________1. Volcano with perfect cone-shape __________________2. Waterfalls used to generate electricity __________________3. Longest river in the Philippines __________________4. Highest peak in the Philippines __________________5. Rice granary of the Philippines __________________6. Where did you find the bamboo organ? __________________7. Summer capital of the Philippines __________________8. Famous church in Manaoag Pangasinan __________________9. Where you can find the famous hundred islands? __________________10. Famous Pagsanjan Falls is found in ______. __________________11. Smallest fish in the world __________________12. The famous festival in Bacolod __________________13. The famous festival in Iloilo __________________14. Famous festival in Marinduque __________________15. Famous Magellan’s Cross Answer the following questions. ( 5 points each) 1. Explain the bases in dividing the country into regions? 2. Why do we need to study history? 3. Explain the importance of the strategic location of the Philippines. 4. Why was the Philippines divided into regions? Enumeration 1-4 Provinces in Region I 5-9 Provinces in CALABARZON 10-15 Provinces from the Bicol Region
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LESSON 14
Cultural Growth Under Spain
When the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines, Filipino culture was already influence by their Asian neighbors like the Chinese, the Hindus, and the Arabs. EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM UNDER SPAIN The first teachers of the Filipinos during the Spanish regime were the Spanish missionaries. A. SCHOOL FOR GIRLS The first school established by the Spaniards was intended for the orphan Spanish girls. B. EDUCATIONS FOR THE BOYS The first school for boys was founded by the society of Jesus and exclusively for the sons of the Spaniards. SOCIAL ASPECTS OF SPANISH INFLUENCES SOCIETY During the Spanish period, Filipinos were classified based on their economic status and positions held. RELIGIONS The introduction of Christianity is the most important legacy of the Spaniards to the Filipinos. FILIPINO FAMILY NAME In 1849, during the time of Governor Narciso Claveria, Filipino was ordered to adopt Spanish family names after the saints, flora and fauna or geographical names. DRESSING The Filipino mode of dressing was changed during the Spanish period. HOUSE AND FOOD Some Filipino during the Spanish regime still dwelt in the original bahay kubo.
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PRINTING PRESS The art of printing was introduced by the friars in the Philippines to facilitate their work of converting the Filipinos. LITERATURE Literatures during the Spanish period were God-centered. PAINTING The first famous painter in the Spanish period was Damian Domingo, director of the Academia de Dibujo from 1827 to 1833. SCULPTURING Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay was considered the first Filipino engraver, Juan de los Santos of San Pablo de los Montes (San Pablo City) sculpted the baroque altar of San Agustin Church in the Walled City in the early part of the eighteen century. MUSIC The Franciscans used music in converting the Filipino to the Christian religion. THEATER Early theaters during the Spanish period were Teatro Filipino in Calle Enchague (now Carlos Palanca) in Quipo: Circo de Bilibid the Teatro Zorillo at Calle Iris (now Recto Avenue): and Teatro Colon. Terms to Identify: 1. school2. Illustrado3. Principalia4. Cacique5. sculpturing-
6. harp7. fiesta8. printing9. theater10. painting
Follow up Question 1. Explain the educational system introduced in the Philippines by the Spaniards. Give some of the schools established by them. Do these schools still exist? 2. How were the Filipinos classified during the Spanish period? Show their difference 3. Describe the different communities developed by the Spaniards in Manila Young Ji International School / College
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4. How did religion influence the Filipinos? Why was it easier for the Filipinos to accept Christianity? Show the effects of religion in the daily life of social life of the Filipinos. 5. Why did the Filipinos accept the Spanish surnames? Evaluation: Matching type. Match column A with column B. Write only the letter A _____1. He painted the Spolarium _____2.Adoption of Surnames _____3.Prince of Tagalog Poets _____4.Author of Noli me Tangere _____5.First famous painter _____6.First Filipino engraver _____7.Built the Bamboo Organ _____8. First painter to win worldwide recognition _____9. Wrote Urbano at Deliza _____10. Wrote a book on Tagalog
B. a. Dr. Diego Cerra b. Nicolas Bagay c. Modesto de Castro d. Juan Luna
g. Jose Rizal h. Juan Nepomuceno I .Francisco Baltazar j. Narcisco Claveria
e. Fr. Blancas de Castro f. Jose de la Cruz
k. Mariano Madrinan I. Damian Domingo
Changes in the Living Conditions of the Filipinos The life and culture of the Filipinos were influenced by the Spaniards. The family names, music, language, food, education and literature of Filipinos are evidence of Spanish influences. The commercial trade of the Philippines, Spain, Mexico and other countries of the world improved because of the opening of Manila to world trade. The spread of Christianity proved successful because Roman Catholics in the Philippines increased in number. The faith which the Spaniards sowed in the heart of the Filipinos made them to face all their problem. The galleon trade, tobacco monopoly Young Ji International School / College
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and Real Campania de Filipina were some of the institutions established by the Spaniards aimed at improving the economy of the Philippines. Economy A free trade existed between the Filipinos and other Asians even before Magellan arrived in the Philippines. It was adopted by the Spaniards and they made manila the center of trade in the East. Products which came from manila were sold at low prices so traders from Cadiz and Seville complained to Spain because products from Manila competed with theirs. The King of Spain then ordered that products from China be banned but allowed the entry of merchandise from Spain and other European countries. Chinese products were sold for high prices which started the limitations of products in 1593. Galleon Trade The Galleon Trade started when two Chinese junks came and transacted business with the group of Legazpi. The Spaniards bought silk and other goods from the Chinese and brought them to Mexico on board the galleon from Manila. Products which came from Mexico included wax, cotton, cinnamon, gold from Mindanao and cotton cloth. When the port of Manila was closed to other countries except for Mexico as a limit for outside trade, the Manila-Acapulco Trade began. It was a government monopoly consisted of two galleons or ships-one from Acapulco going to Manila and the other one from manila going to Acapulco. A galleon travelled from Acapulco to manila for 120 days. Participation in the galleon trade was supervised by the government through the issuance of the boleta. A boleta was a ticket given only to selected people like the governor-general, friars, bought the products from the galleon and sold them to the people. Before the galleon would leave, the officers of the ship and government officials would hear mass at the cathedral while the businessmen would welcome the coming galleon. When the galleon would be near Manila bay, the lighthouse in Corregidor would give a sign and the cathedral would then play the Te Deum if it had already anchored. It would signal the coming of the galleon. Advantages of the Galleon Trade 1. It strengthened Filipino-Mexican ties. 2. It gave additional income for the country because of the profit gained by the government. Young Ji International School / College
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3. It paved the way for modern ideas and thinking of the Filipino aside from those about commerce and trade. 4. The mining industry of the country was not developed which brought advantages to our country because the invaders would just drain our gold mines. Disadvantages of the galleon Trade 1. Farming and other industries were neglected because Spanish officials focused their attention in the import and export of products. 2. People went to live in the cities and neglected the progress of the provinces. 3. Only those who had privileges were benefited and eventually got rich. 4. Corruption and abuses were rampant. The galleon trade resulted in more disadvantages than advantages to the Filipinos since only the government benefited from it. The galleon trade which lasted for 200 years was eventually dissolved by the King of Spain on April 23, 1815 and gave way to trading among Manila, California, Mexico and Peru. The ship Magellan’s was the last galleon which sailed from manila to Acapulco in 1811. Tobacco Monopoly The Tobacco Monopoly was established on December 13, 1781 by GovernorGeneral Jose Basco y Vargas. It was formerly declared on February 9, 1780 upon the order of King Carlos III to avoid bankruptcy of the colonial government. Declared to be exclusively planted with tobacco were Tondo and the provinces of Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Pampanaga, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Ilocos and Cagayan Valley. As a result, people from other provinces were prohibited to plant tobacco. Harvest were given to inspectors of the government who controlled the prices of tobacco leaves. The government earned much because of the tobacco monopoly which made the Philippines the biggest supplier of tobacco in the world. But in spite of the benefits brought by the monopoly many people still experienced hunger because food was scarce. The lands once planted with palay and vegetables were already planted with tobacco. The Tobacco Monopoly was a success because the following measures were undertaken. 1. Prohibition of the planting of tobacco to places not included in the exclusive zone for planting. 2. Implementation of the quota for the product 3. Prohibition of smuggling 4. Selling of tobacco products exclusively to the government Young Ji International School / College
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5. Close monitoring of growing parts 6. Segregating products according to type 7. Producing cigarette and other tobacco products exclusively by the government 8. Selling of harvest to other places which were not territories of the monopoly. The monopoly succeeded and added revenue to the government. The tobacco industry also developed and became famous revenue to the government. The tobacco the source of malpractices like acts of cruelty and cheating of officials. Farmers were not paid the right price and worse, no payments for the products were made. The Tobacco Monopoly ended during the term of Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera. At present, tobacco is still grown in some provinces in Northern Luzon. Real Compania de Filipinas The Real Compania de Filipinas was founded by Governor General Jose Basco on March 10, 1785. It aimed to create direct trade between Spain and the east like the British, French and Dutch companies. The Royal Philippine Company (Real Compania de Filipinas) was a government-owned corporation. The company also aimed at directing trade from manila to the ports of Spain and at strengthening agriculture. Products from the Philippines which entered Spain were taxed. Naval products were cheap while ships carried products for sale were given the right to anchor to various Asian ports. However, said situations failed to bring profit to the company due to the incompetence of the company’s officers and the disunity of the Spanish and Filipinos traders. The businessmen got bankrupt which led to the company’s eventual closure. The Union of the Church and the State The right of the King to the patronato real introduced the principle of the union of the Church and the State. It was granted by the Pope to the King of Spain as a token for the latter’s help in fighting against the Muslims in Spain. Based on the patronato real, the King was the patron of the church and also the governor-general of the colony. The governor-general had the power to assign priests in parishes. He was also the one who decided the parish to be created. A parish priest received salary from the government. Bishops and archbishops could functions as governor-general if circumstances called for it. The State patronized the Church and the Church Young Ji International School / College
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patronized the State at the same time. This special relationship was called Frailocracia, a term coined by Marcelo H. Del Pilar. The Missionaries The Missionaries helped in spreading Christianity in the islands. The church and the State did not fail in spreading Christianity because the natives accepted the new religion which made the Philippines the first and only Catholic country in Asia. The Augustinian friars extended their mission in Visayas, Ilocos, Pangasinan and pampanag: the Dominicans in Cagayn and pangasinan while the Franciscans in camarines and other places in Laguna de bay. The Jesuits on the other hand spread the Catholic faith in Manila, Cebu. Leyte, Samar, Bohol and other places in the Visayan while the recoletos reached Mindanao. The Government of the Church The Church also had a centralized government like the government in the colony. The Archbishop of Manila was the highest official of the church. He was appointed by the Pope upon the recommendation of the King. The Archbishops’ had religious, political and judicial powers. He had the duty to supervise the spread of religion and teachings of the church. He appointed parish upon the recommendation of the governor-general. The country was divided into dioceses and each was headed by s bishop. The dioceses of Cebu, Nueva Caceres in Bohol, Nueva Segovia in Cagayan and Jaro in Iloilo were the first dioceses established in the Philippines in 1595. Each diocese was divided into parishes established in the towns. Land Ownership At first, the friars were prohibited to own lands because the government and the parishes provided for their needs. In the long run, the friars changed their views. Bishops Domingo Salazar, the Dominican and Augustinian friars, requested the King to allow them to own lands so they would not depend on the help of their parishioners. The King granted their request with the belief that they would discharge their duties well of they had bounty of food supply and other needs. Because the friars were not farmers, the supervision of the lands was given to the inquilinos. The inquilinos then rented the lands to the farmers and the rent was given to the friars. The harvested products were divided equally between the inquilinos and the farmers after deducting the rent. In the passing of time, the inquilinos became powerful like the encomenderos. Besides the high rental, the inquilinos received higher share than the farmers and other workers in the field. Young Ji International School / College
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It was estimated that more than 185, 000 hectares of land were owned by the friars in the country before the end of the Spanish conquest. The Dominicans owned vast lands in Manila, Naic, Calamba, Binan, Sta. Rosa in Laguna and in Lololmboy Pandi and Orani in Bataan. The Augustinians also owned vast hectares of land in Cagayan, Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya. The recollects on the other hand owners vast lands in Imus, cavite and Mindoro.
Lesson 14:
The Awakening and Development of Filipino national Consciousness
For a while, the nationalistic feeling of the Filipinos was not evident during the Spanish era. It look a long time for them to develop their awareness as one people and as one race. They used to focus their attention to their tribes or fellow residents in their barangay. Such a lack of national consciousness was due to the geography of the country as well as the political conditions prevailing during the Spanish era. The Philippines is an archipelago composed of 7, 107 islands. Communication then, was a problem and the Filipinos didn’t know the situation in other places. The Spaniards made them fight each other. They did not have a leader who would unite them and would lead them in expressing their grievances. Because they spoke different dialects, they did not understand each other even though they were all Filipinos. According to Dr. Jose Rizal, the small rebellions that broke up were done by fanatics or rebellious official who wanted to deceive, persuade or trick their followers just to achieve their personal goals. They all failed. The Pampanga Rebellion In 1583, many natives of Pampanga were sent by the Spaniards to work in the gold mines in Ilocos. They were not allowed to go home during the planting season. Because of this, there was food shortage in Manila and Pampanga the following year. More than one thousand people died of starvation in Lubao, pampnaga. Because of the starvation that they experienced in 1584, the kapampanagns decided to revolt. They asked the help of the Boremeans of the plan to invade they Spaniards in Manila. Unfortunately, native women married to a Spanish soldier divulge the planned revolt. Many Kapampanagans were arrested and hanged. The Bohol Revolts Young Ji International School / College
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The Bohol revolt happened on December, 1621 and was led by Tamblot, a babaylan or native priest. According to Tamblot, a fairy appeared to him and promised to give the people a prosperous life without paying taxes to the government and giving contributions to the church. Such life, according to the fairy, can achieve if the Boholanous would revolt against Spain, would denounce their Catholic faith and would barrious administered by the Jesuits revolted. They burned their barrios and their churches. It took an expedition with 50 Spaniards soldiers and one thousand natives’ troops from Pampanga and Cebu to sop the revolt. But before the troops succeeded, they were first attacked by 1, 500 Boholanos armed with different native arms like sharpened bolos, stones and arrows. The longest revolt during the Spanish period was led by Francisco Dagohoy of Bohol from 1774 to 1829. Known as the Dagohoy revolt, it took place because of Dagohoy’s personal hatred against Padre Morales, a Jesuit priest who ordered the arrest of his brother. Dagohoy’s brother resisted band fought. Unfortunately he died. The priest refused to give the man a Catholic burial for reasons that the Catholic religion prohibited the giving of final blessings to people who died of duel. Dagohoy swore to avenge his brother. Three thousand Boholanos joined him in this revolt. The number grew to twenty thousand with the passing of years. When Dagohoy died, the Boholanos still continued the fight against the Spaniards. The Leyte Revolt The revolt of the Leytenos in 1621 was led by their leader Bankaw. Bankaw welcomed Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565 in their province and was eventually baptized as a Roman Catholic. He wanted to return to his old religion so he destroyed the church and erected a temple for their goddess. Strengthened by their belief, the Leytenos which included women and children, fought against the Spaniards. When they were defeated, Bankaw was beheaded and as a warning for everybody, his head was placed in a pole. His son was also beheaded while his daughter was captured by the Spaniards. The Panay Revolt The Panay revolt happened in 1663, a revolt that reflected the desire of the people to be free from poverty under the Spaniards. The revolt was led by Tapar which attracted many followers through his stories about his conservation with the devil. He made them believe that the mountains would rise against their enemies, their enemies’ rifles would not shoot and even if they do, bullet would hit the one holding the gun and nay native who de would live again. They were able to kill a Young Ji International School / College
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Spanish priest which resulted to succeeding bloody attacks from the Spaniards until the revolt ended Tapar was caught and beheaded. The Samar Revolt This revolt in 1649 was led by Juan Sumuroy of Palapag, Samar, Governor, General Diego Fajardo ordered the sending of laborers from Samar to the shipyards in cavite. Built it was against the law of the king of Spain to send workers away from their provinces and their families. Because of this, the warays revolted. Almost all the warays, who lived near the barrios and coast revolted. They burned the churches. The rebels gathered in the mountains and builtr their fort there. In the end the Spanairds used the people of Lutao in Zamboanga who were then new converts to Roman Catholicism to attacks the fort of the rebels. The revolt ended with the surrender of the rebels carrying the head of their leader, Sumuroy. The Mindanao Revolt The Mindanao revolt was led by Dabao, a Manobo leader. It was the result of an order to send workers to the shipyard in Cavite. Davao used a different way of recruiting members. He deceived the prist by pretending that he agreed to be baptized and to entrust his daughter under the tutelage of a priest. He was then able to mingle freely with the new Christians whom he successfully persuaded to join him in his plan to kill the priest and his entire plan when some men stole con and rice. The Pangasinan Revolt The revolt for only a month, from December 15, 1660 to January 17, 1661. This was led by Andres Malong, a ―maestro de campo‖. Taxation and forced were the reasons why Malong revolted against the Spaniards. This revolt was unique because of the number of those who joined it which reached 4, 000. But Malong’s men were no match to the superior arms and skills of the Spanish soldiers. Eventually the rebels surrendered and Malong was arrested and hanged in his hometown of Binalatongan, (now Binalongan) Pangasinan. Another revolt against the abuses of the government officials and priests by Juan de l aCruz Palaris from Mangaldan, Calasiao, Dagupan, San Jacinto, Sta. Barbara, Manaoag, Bayombong, Malasiqui andPpaniqui. All the Spaniards, including the friars were driven out of the town by the rebels and for more than a year Palaris became the master of Pangasinan. In the beginning of 1764, the rebels needed to leave the towns to go to the mountains. The Palaris revolt ended in march of the same year. Palaris ws hanged on January 1765. Young Ji International School / College
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The Ilocos revolt In Ilocos, Diego Silang revolted against the English on December 14, 1762. Thinking that the revolt was against the government, Antonio Zabala, the alcalde mayor, ordered for Silang’s imprisonment. When he was freed. Silang started his revolt against the spanairds. Although it lasted for only five months, Silang’s revolt was very significant for the ilocanos since it paved the way for their demand to remove zabal as alcalde mayor because of the grave abusues he commited in handling the indulto de comercio. The indulto de comercio was a privilege given to an alcalde mayor to engage in trade in his territory. Vigan at that time was the center of the Ilocos region which had a prospering economy. Philippine revolts against Spain During the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, there were several revolts against of the Spanish colonial government by indigenous Moro, Lumad, Indians, Chinese and Insulares, often with the goal of re-establishing the rights and powers that had traditionally belonged to Lumad Timawa, Maginoo Rajah, Moro Datus, Chinese settler traders and even foreign Criollo Settlers. Most of these revolts failed because the majority of the local population sided up with the Spanish colonial government and fought with the Spanish as foot soldiers to put down the revolts. Its also worthy to mention that in Mindanao and Sulu, a continuous revolt was sustained by the Bangsamoro for whole duration of Spanish rule (300 years). Maniago/Pampanga Revolt (1660-1661) The Maniago Revolt was an uprising in Pampanga during the 1660s. It was a revolt against the Spanish during the colonial period and was named after its leader, Francisco Maniago. During that time, Pampanga drew most of the attention from the Spanish religious Orders because of its relative wealth. They also bore the burden of more tribute, forced labor, and rice exploitation. They were made to work for eight months under unfair conditions and were not paid for their labor and for the rice purchased from them. Their patience was put to the limit and they signified their intention to revolt by setting their campsite on fire. The fight soon began and because the Spaniards were busy fighting against the Dutch, they were badly depleted by the Kapampangans. Maniago was very clever and was able to make his fellows believe in the idea of attaining freedom if they revolt. He succeeded not only in the attempt of having his natives believe in his speeches but also the Pangasineses, Cagayanons and the Ilocanos. But sometimes, Maniago lied and exaggerated his claims to boost their Young Ji International School / College
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confidence. He once told his followers that a group of Pamapangos entered Manila and killed all the Spaniards there. However, he was very confident that he can actually persuade the chieftains of each town in Pampanga to kill the Spaniards and free the province from them. Although their motives were already executed, a Spanish governor named Sabiniano Manrique de Lara was able to neutralize the rebellion by using the "divide and rule" trick. He began with a "show of force" directed at Macabebe, one of the more affluent towns in the province at that time. The Macabebe was intimidated and became friendly towards the Spaniards, who responded in the same way. This strategy was also done to other towns in the province and in the end, Maniago and his followers did not have a choice but to agree in making peace with Governor de Lara. The Governor also tricked Maniago into leaving Manila with a bribe of being appointed as a master of camp in the Pampango regiment in the city. Maniago was never heard from again and according to one account, he was shot months later in Mexico, Pampanga. The Maniago revolt was the start of a much bigger and even bloodier revolt in Pangasinan. This battle was led by a man named Andres Malong who had heeded the call of Maniago to revolt against the Spaniards. Malong Revolt (1660-1661) The Revolt of Malong in 1660, under the leadership of Andres Malong, a native of Binalatongan (San Carlos), the people rose up in arms. Almazan Revolt (January 1661) A part of the chain to the Malong Revolt was the Ilocos Revolt led by Don Pedro Almazan, illustrious and wealthy leader from San Nicolas, Laoag, Ilocos Norte. The letters sent by Don Andres Malong ("King of Pangasinan") narrating the defeat of the Spaniards in his area and urging other provinces to rise in arms failed to obtain any support among the natives. During the revolt, Don Pedro Almazan proclaimed himself "King of Ilocos", but was later captured and executed. He also had a son which the Ilocanos proclaimed their prince Chinese Revolt of 1662 Fearing an invasion of Chinese led by the famous pirate Koxinga, the garrisons around Manila were reinforced. An increasing anti-Chinese sentiment grew within much of the population. In the end, the invasion did not materialize, but many locals massacred hundreds of Chinese in the Manila.
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Panay Revolt (1663) The Panay Revolt was a religious uprising in 1663 that involved Tapar, a native of the island of Panay, who wanted to establish a religious cult in the town of Oton. He attracted some followers with his stories about his frequent conversations with a demon. Tapar and his men were killed in a bloody skirmish against Spanish and colonial foot soldier troops and their corpses were impaled on stakes. Zambal Revolt (1681-1683) A group of chieftains from Zambales had refused to accept the authority of the Crown over their realm and staged a revolt. The Spanish were very swift to respond and sent a colonial force of 6,000 foot soldiers to suppress the uprising. After 2 years of conflict, the Spanish had pacified the entire area of Zambales and all of the chieftains who participated in the revolt were executed. Exploration I.
Write PR if the cause of the revolt is religious and PE if economic. ______1. Silang Revolt ______2. Tamblot revolt ______3. Hernando Pule Revolt ______4. Dagohoy revolt ______5. Tapar revolt ______6. Maninaga revolt ______7. Bankaw revolt ______8. Sumuroy revolt ______9. Dabao revolt ______10. Maling revolt
II.
Write the date of each revolt on the blank provided. 1. Malong Revolt- ___________________________________ 2. Palaris Revolt- ___________________________________ 3. Tamblot Revot- __________________________________ 4. Sumuroy Revolt- _________________________________ 5. 6. 7. 8.
Dagohoy Revot- _________________________________ Hernando Pule Revolt- _____________________________ Tapar Revolt- _____________________________________ Silng Revolt- _____________________________________
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III.
Point out the role(s) of the following personalities in the development of Filipino nationalism. 1. King Charles IV 2. Francisco Bringas 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Ventura de los Reyes Ferdinand de Lesseps Archibishop basillio santos Justa Monsignor Pedro Pelaez Rafael de Izquierdo Gamburza
9. La Madrid 10. Francisco Zaldea
LESSON 15
Foreign Challenges to the Spanish Rule
During the 15th and 16th centuries, the two Christian countries of the Ilerian Peninsula. Portugal and Spain became the greatest rivals in world colonization. THE PORTUGUESE The Portuguese were the first threat to Spanish rule in the Philippines. It was at the later part of the 16th century when the Portuguese claimed their rights to the Philippines. THE CHINESE The Philippine-Chinese relations started long before the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines. Both the Filipinos and the Spaniards recognized the importance of Chinese labor and business. Lim-Ah-Hong’s Invasion of the Philippines- Lim-Ah-Hong was a powerful Chinese kingdom-builder, who the Spaniards called a ―pirate.‖ The Parian- the rapid influx of Chinese in Manila alarmed the Spaniards. The Dutch- Netherland is located at the western part of Europe and it was Protestant in religion. First Dutch Attacks- In 1600 Admiral Oliver van Noort made the first attack on the Philippines. Second Dutch Attacks- The second attack of the Dutch on the Philippines was made by Vice-Admiral Francisco de Wittert in October 1609 in Iloilo. Young Ji International School / College
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Continuing Fight for the Dutch- the Dutch failure to take the Philippines from the Spaniards did not discourage them. The Dutch in Cavite- From Batavia, Admiral Martin Gertzen entered Manila Bay on June 10, 1647 THE JAPANESE The first Japanese seen by the Spaniards in the Philippines were the twenty Japanese residents in Manila under Soliman. One of these Japanese was Pablo, a converted Christian. Spanish Trade with the Japanese- when the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines, they found the town of Agoo a flourishing center of Japanese trade. Japanese residents- the twenty Japanese residents found by Marshal Goiti in 1570 later increased in number. Japanese Towns in Manila- since the Japanese were a thread to Spanish rule; they were not allowed to live within the walls of manila. Plan of Hideyoshi to invade the Philippines- Hideyoshi, the ―Napoleon of Japan‖ planned of invading the Philippines. Revolts of the Japanese (1606 and 1607) - the first revolt of the Japanese occurred in 1606 when the Royal Audencia decided to deport the Japanese from the Philippines. Services of the Japanese to Spain- notable service were rendered by the Japanese to the Spaniards, Terms to Identify 1. blockade2. junks3. Dilao4. Sepoy5. vassalage6. influx7. Parian8. artisan9. pirate10.fortification
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Follow up Questions 1. Why did the Portuguese claim the Philippines? What was the result? 2. Discuss the role of the Chinese in the Philippine economy under Spain. Explain the circumstance that led to the conflict between the Chinese and the Spaniards 3. Describe the Parian. Why was it established? 4. Describe Plaza Dilao. 5. Why was the Philippines invaded by the British? 6. How did the British rule the Philippines? 7. Explain the results of the British invasion. 8. Explain the significance of ―La Naval de Manila‖
LESSON 16
Growth of Filipino Nationalism
Simply, nationalism rulers to one’s love of country or the feeling of oneness. FACTORS THAT GAVE RISE TO NATIONALISM Several factors contributed to the development of nationalism among the natives. Opening of the Philippines to World Trades. Before the 19th century, only Asian ships were allowed to come to the Philippines. The Rise of Middle Class. With the opening of the Philippines to world trade, the economy of the colony was improved. The Secularization Movement. The secularization movement was a campaign waged by the secular priests to win control of the parishes which were under the control of regular priests or missionaries Liberal Rule of Governor De la Torre. The Philippines was affected by the Spanish Revolution of 1868 The Cavite Mutiny of 1872. Sergeant La Madrid led by Gov. Izquierdo of the privileges enjoyed by them Young Ji International School / College
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since 1740, including the exemption in Cavite on January 20, 1872 THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT The new class of Filipinos known as Illustrados became the spokesman of the masses. The Propagandists. These propagandists were not after the separation of the Philippines from Spain. 1. Equality between the Filipino and the Spaniards 2. Abolition of the hated tribute and the force labor 3. Restoration of Philippines representation to the Spanish Cortes 4. Secularization of Philippine parishes and 5. Restorationof the human and political right of the Filipino La Solidaridad. La Solidaridad was the official newspaper of the Propaganda Movement Result of the Propaganda Movement. The main reforms being asked by the propagandist w ere no granted. La Liga Filipina, When Rizal returned to the Philippines in 1892, he was determined to continue the peacefull campaign for reforms and so organized a civic association known as La Liga Filipina ( Philippines League ) on July 3, 1892 at a house in Tondo. Terms to Identify 1. nationalism2. Creoles/insulare3. Illustratos4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
magnifiedsecularizationpeninsularesmestizopropaganda-
Follow up Question 1. Explain how the following contributed to the development of Filipino nationalism a. Opening of at the Philippines to world trade b. The rise of middle class c. Secularization movement Young Ji International School / College
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d. Liberal rule of Government de la Torre e. Cavite Mutiny or Execution of Gomez, Burgos. Zamora 2. Discuss the Propaganda Movement of their newspaper. 3. Explain the aims of the movement. 4. Describe their leader and their contribution 5. Why did the reform movement fail? 6. Who organized the La Liga Filipina? Was it a success or not? Why?
Lesson 17
The Katipunan and the Philippine Revolution
THE KATIPUNAN – was a secret revolutionary society formed on July 7, 1892 after Rizal was arrested by the Spanish authorities. The secret society was known as Kataastasan, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, KKK. Andres Bonifacio – was born on November 30, 1863 in Tondo, Manila. He was an orphaned and had to work hard to support his three brothers and two sisters. The writings of Bonifacio include his poem entitled Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan (Love of Motherland) and his articles in the Katipunan Decalogue, Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan. Emilio Jacinto – was born on December 15, 1875 in Tondo, Manila. He came from a poor family, but his parents were able to send him to school. He studied at San Juan de Letran and finished his bachelor of arts. He continued his studies at the University of Santo Tomas and took up law. At an early age of 18, he gave up his law studies to devote his time energy to the Katipunan. Known as the ―Brains of the Katipunan‖. Membership in the Katipunan – The first method adopted by the Katipuneros was the ―triangle system‖ Under this system, a Katipunero was required to recruit two members to form a triangle, but the new members did not know each other. There were (3) three classes of membership in the Katipunan. The first degree was the KATIPON whose password was ―ANAK NG BAYAN‖ (Son of the People). The second degree was the KAWAL (Soldier) and its password was Gombur-Za.‖ The third degree was called BAYANI (Patriot) whose password was ―Rizal‖. Young Ji International School / College
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Getting Degree for the War- As membership in the organization crew, they also started to prepare for the war. Katipuneros gathered bolos, lances, and other firearms that could be used and stored them in a secret place. For their headquarters, they chose one of the caves of Montalban in Rizal. On April 10,1895. Discovery of the Katipunan – On August 19, 1896 the KATIPUNAN was discovered by the Spanish authorities. The revelation was done by Teodoro Patino, a Katipunero who is also a worker at the Diario de Manila. The Outbreak of the Revolution – Bonifacio, together with Jacinto and other top leaders of the Katipunan went to the North of Manila. A few days after, a mass meeting of Katipuneros was held in the yard of a son of Melchora Aquino known as Tandang Sora in the sitio of Pugad Lawin in Balintawak. Rizal’s Execution – As the revolution spread, thousands of Filipinos were imprisoned. Rizal was the famous Filipinos to be arrested, while in Dapitan, Dr. Rizal volunteered to serve in Cuba, where a cicil war broke out in 1895 . He was accepted, but on his way to Spain he was arrested on charges of rebellion and sedition and he was tried by military court and found guilty and sentenced to death by firing squad. In his prison cell at Fort Santiago, Rizal wrote Mi Ultimo Dios while waiting for execution. At dawn of December 30, 1896 a Spanish firing squad executed Rizal where his monument stands to honor his memory. The Rise of Aguinaldo – belonged to a middle class family in Cavite. He was 25 years old when he joined the Katipunan. August 31, 1896 – revolution started under the command of Emilio Aguinaldo, he attacked the Spanish garrison in Kawit Cavite and won. Downfall of Bonifacio – In the Tejeros assembly. Bonifacio lost the leadership of the revolution that he had started and the Katipunan he created was abolished and replaced by a revolutionary government. Emilio Aguinaldo was elected the president of the new government. When Bonifacio left the assembly he was determined to continue the Katipunan under his leadership in Naic Cavite. Bonifacio was taken to Maragondon he was tried by military court of Aguinaldo’s revolutionary Young Ji International School / College
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government presided by Gen. Mariano Noriel. He was tried for treason and sedition on May 4, 1897. He was found guilty and was sentenced to death. The Pact of Biak-na-Bato – After the death of Bonifacio , the Katipuneros continued to suffer defeat after another as the fresh Spanish forces from Spain arrived. Made up of three documents which were signed on December 14 and 15 1897. As provided for in their agreement, the forces of Aguinaldo would lay down their arms and be granted an amnesty and be allowed to their homes. Aguinaldo and his top officials would go on voluntary exile to Hongkong. They will receive from the Spanish government the amount of P800, 000.00 to be paid in three installments: P400,000.00 upon having the Philippines, P200,000.00 when atleast 700 arms have been surrendered to the Spanish authorities, and the balance 200,000.00 upon the declaration of general amnesty and Spain would pay the civilians the amount of P900,000.00 for their losses as a result of the revolution. Results of Pact of Biak-na-Bato – It was not a success, it was only a shortlived. Both parties violated the provisions of the agreement. The Filipinos were suspicious so did not surrender all their arms. The Spanish authorities failed also to fulfill their promises, the total amount they gave to the Filipinos was only P600,000. Instead of the total amount of P1.7 million. Terms to Define 1. 2. 3. 4.
revolutionrecruitmentimplicatedcedula-
5. Katipunan6. treason7. Katipunan8. triangle system9. orphanage10. martial law11. faction12. seditionFollow up Questions 1. Trace the founding of the Katipunan. Why was it formed? 2. Who was Emilio Jacinto? What role was played by him in the Katipunan? Young Ji International School / College
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3. Illustrate their recruitment produced for membership. 4. Why did they include the women? What services were rendered by the women in the organization as members? Name some of their famous members. 5. How did the Katipuneros prepare for a war? 6. How was the Katipunan discovered 7. Relate the outbreak of the revolution. 8. Discuss the execution of Rizal. 9. Trace the rise of Aguinaldo as the leader of the Katipunan 10. What incident signaled the fall of Bonifacio? 11. Describe the execution of Bonifacio. 12. Discuss the pact of Biak-na-Bato. In what way did both the Katipunan and the Spaniards violate the provisions of the Pact? 13. Which was referred to as the second phase of Philippines Revolution? 14. Why his return to the Philippines 15. Upon his return, what form of government did he establish? True or False: write true if the statement is correct and write false if it’s not. _______1. The second groups of settlers to arrive in the Philippines were the Indonesians. _______ 2. Negritos were short in height with thick lips, flat nose and kinky hair. _______ 3. Homo erectus was followed by a group known as Homo sapiens, the intelligent man. _______ 4. The first people believed to have settled in the Philippines were the Indians. _______ 5. The tribes of Iraya, Hammoo and Naujan of Mindoro and batak of Palawan originate from the Indonesians. _______ 6. Physically, the Indonesians were of medium height, with hair complexion flat nose and straight hair. _______ 7. The third group arrive in the Philippines were the Malays who arrived also by boat known as balanagay. _______ 8. The people of Davao were famous as pearl divers and this interested the Banjarmasin merchants and adventurers. _______ 9. Early Filipino literature was influenced by the Hindu’s famous epic Mahabharata and Ramayana. _______10. The trade relations between the Philippines and China started in the year 982 A.D. during the Sung dynasty. Young Ji International School / College
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_______11. The use of sarong and putong and loose pants came from the Hindus. _______12. The Chinese traders brought their metals and cloth in the Philippines and traded them with Philippine products like spices, logs, and other products. _______13. The Arabs introduced their alphabet and their form of writing. _______14. The title of Filipino heads of communities came from the Arabs, such as Maharlika, Lakan or hari. _______15. Long before the coming of the Spaniards in the Philippines, the Filipinos had already developed their own civilization. Multiple Choices: Encircle the correct answer. 1. Filipinos wines during the early period include _____ which are extracted from coconut palm and was famous in the Tagalog region. a. tuba b. lambanog c. tapuy d. basi 2. It is a kind of wine extracted from young coconut. a. tuba b. lambanog c. tapuy d. basi 3. Visayan wine extracted from rice. a. tapuy b. basi c. lambanog d. pangasi 4. The male attire of the early Filipinos consisted of a short, collarless and shortsleeved jacket. a. patadyong b. kangan c. bahag d. putong 5. The women wore baro or camisa, and ______ for the lower part. a. pintados b. kalumbigas c. saya d. Putong 6. Among the Filipinos, the most tattooed people were the called ______. a. pintados b. kalumbigas c. saya d. putong 7. The early women used personal adornments like armlets called ______, pendants, bracelets, gold rings earrings, and leglets. a. Basi b. kalumbigas c. putong d. camisa 8. They _____________ had their own family, their own house and served their master during planting and harvesting season, rowed for them, helped in the construction of their house or helped when there was a visitor. a. Aliping namamahay b. aliping saguiguilid c. all of these 9. It was given to the wet-nurse who fed the bride during her infancy with milk from her own breast. a. Panghimuyat b. Bigay-suso c. pamumulungan d. sambon 10. It served as the reimbursement for the amount spent in feeding the bride during infancy. a. Himaraw
b. babaylan
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11. After rendering the required services, the family of the man was asked to give a dowry, known as bigaykaya or ______. a. Himaraw b. babaylan c. dote d. dota 12. It was the duty of the man’s parents to make the final arrangement for the marriage and this stage was known as ___________. a. Pamumulungan b. ayuey c. tumabang d. timawa 13. The couples were married in the house of the datu with the event officiated by their priest known as _________. a. Alipin b. babaylan c. dota d. boyet 14. Filipinos were known for their cleanliness. They used ____ for their hair and later applied oil. a. Gugo b. balanagay c. rajah d. putong 15. A barangay is composed of 30 to 100 families. The head of the government was known as ______. a. Balangay b. lakan/datu c. umalahokan d. cases 16. The _____ was chosen based on the strength, intelligence, leadership and wealth. a. Datu b. hereditary c. court d. Laws 17. The chief’s relatives and descendents were exempted from tributes and _____. a. Buwis b. laws c. chieftain d. judgment 18. Among the Ifugaos they used the wrestling ordeal called _____ where the defeated man was proclaimed guilty. a. Mangkukulam b. gayuma c. bultong d. belief 19. The mourning custom for woman was known as _______. a. Morotal b. gayuma c. bultong d. belief 20. The mourning custom for men it was known as ________. a. Mangkukulam b. gayuma c. bultong d. maglahi 21. The act of avenging the death of a relative was known as ______. a. Balata b. pasiyam c. asuwang d. tikbalang 22. Among the Tagalog they showed their mourning by fasting and limited the vegetables they eat in a tradition called ______. a. sipa b. pasiyam c. asuwang d. tikbalang 23. The ninth night after the death of a person was celebrated and it is still known as ____. a. Balata b. pasiyam c. asuwang d. tikbalang 24. They believed in the existence of ____, who could change his from man to a dog, horse, or pig. Young Ji International School / College
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a. Balata b. pasiyam c. asuwang d. tikbalang 25. Who uses a needle to prick the body of person to cause harm? a. Mangkukulam b. manggagaway c. gayuma d. sagabe Answer the following questions. (5 points each) 1. Discuss the early society of the Filipinos. 2. How do early Filipinos make laws and how do they inform their constituents? 3. Explain the factors that led to the coming of the western powers in Asia. 4. Explain how religion influenced the Spanish administrations in the Philippines. 5. How did transportation and communication help in the economy of the country? Identify the following: (2 points each) 1. Qu’ramiko _______________________________________________________. 2. Tarsila ________________________________________________________ 3. Abu Bakr ________________________________________________________. 4. Sharif Kabungsuwan ________________________________________________________ 5. Rajah Baginda ________________________________________________________ 6. Koran ________________________________________________________ 7. Hadji ________________________________________________________ 8. Ramadan ________________________________________________________. 9. Mohammed _______________________________________________________. 10. Allah ________________________________________________________ Young Ji International School / College
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Identify the following. Choose the answer from the words below. Polo
directorcillo
Junta de Autoridades
Justicia Royal Audiencia
Audiencia
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
Ferdinand magellan
Allah
kaaba
kudyapi
Bothoan
Bultong
Pamulinawen
anitos
Tuba
Sipol
morotal
umalahokan
Hudhud and Alim ___________________ 1. Filipino wine extracted from coconut palm ___________________ 2. Barangay crier ___________________ 3. Formal education founded in Panay ___________________ 4. Ifugao epic ___________________ 5. Ilocano love song ___________________ 6. Stringed instrument smaller than a guitar ___________________ 7. Ifugao’s wrestling ordeal ___________________ 8. Mourning custom for women ___________________ 9. Spirits of early Filipino ancestors worshipped by them ___________________10. Pointed iron used for writing ___________________11. Mecca is the sacred city of Islam where ____. ___________________12. The only one God of Muslims ___________________13. Fernanado de Magallanes ___________________14. The first Governor-general of the Philippines ___________________15. Spanish supreme court ___________________16. Supreme Court ___________________17. Oider ___________________18. Board of Authorities ___________________19. Secretary ___________________20. Polo Give the significance of the following. (5 points each) Young Ji International School / College
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1. June 7, 1494 ____________________________________________________. 2. May 4, 1493 ____________________________________________________. 3. March 11, 1576 __________________________________________________. 4. January 1, 1571 __________________________________________________. 5. September 16, 1522 ___________________________________________________ 6. April 27, 1565 ____________________________________________________. 7. March 31, 1521 ____________________________________________________ 8. March 17, 1521 _____________________________________________________ 9. May 22, 1520 _____________________________________________________. 10. September 19, 1519 _____________________________________________________ Enumeration 1- 3 Three Spanish expeditions after Magellan are who sailed from Mexico. 4-8 Five Pillars of Muslims 9-11 Kinds of encomienda in the Philippines 12-20 Filipino literature oral and written
Lesson 18
Coming of the Americans
Long before the forces of Commodore George Dewey arrived in Manila Bay on May 1, 1898. Young Ji International School / College
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Outbreak of the Spanish-American War. Cuba, located at the south of Florida, is the largest island of West Indies in the Carribean Sea And The Battle of Manila Bay. On April. 25, 1898 Commodore Dewey received an order to proceed to the Philippines and fight the Spanish forces * Arrival of American Troops in the Philippines. At the end of June 1898, the United state sent the first American expeditionary force led by Brig. Gen. Thomas Anderson which landed in Cavite. End of Spanish-American War. When the American forces invaded Cuba and the Spanish bastion in Santiago fell in July 1898, it marked the end of the Spanish resistance. Treaty of Paris of 1898. In October 1898, peace negotiators met in Paris, the capital of France. THE PHILIPPINES-AMERICAN WAR The victory of the American in the Philippines was interpreted by the American leaders as part of their ―manifest destiny,‖ that the Philippines was theirs to govern. Reactions of the Filipinos after the Battle of Manila. While Commodore Dewey was waiting for the arrival of the American troops, the Filipino troops besiegned for the arrival of the American troops arrived ready to attack Manila, General Merritt asked the Filipino troops to leave the trenches that separated the city from the American camp. Started of the Philippine-American War- The war started when an American soldier, Pvt. Robert W. Grayson, fired at and killed a Filipino soldier who was trying to cross the bridge into the American lines and failed to heed Grayson`s halt order.
American Victory in the Philippines- It took the Americans three year before they finally defeated the army of the First Philippines Republic. Attempts Made by the Filipinos to Have Peace- Several attempts were made by Gen. Aguinaldo to stop the war. Conflict among the Filipinos- One important factor that affected the Filipinos fight Young Ji International School / College
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against the American was the absence of unity among them, most especially their leader. End of the First Philippines Republic. The Filipino army lost in many battles and most of them were demoralized. Term to Identify: 1. explosion2. Flagship3. Benevolent4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Presidential Parliamentary Justices Law Written law
Follow up Questions: 1. What event led to the outbreak of Spanish-American War? What even ended it? What treaty formally ended the war? 2. Describe the Battle of Manila. 3. Why did the Filipinos resent the acts of the Americans during the Battle of Manila? 4. Trace the start of the Philippines-American War. 5. Discuss the conflicts between the Filipino during the Philippines-American War. 6. Trace the route taken by Aguinaldo to escape the American authorities. 7. Show the circumstances that led to the end of the first Philippines Republic
Lesson 19
American Rule in the Philippines
During the 4th session of the 67th United State Congress, President Williams Mckinley stated American`s aims regarding the Philippines. AMERICAN MILITARY GOVERNMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES Young Ji International School / College
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After the Spaniards surrended Manila in August 1898 to the Americans, President McKinley ordered the established of a military government in the Philippines. THE PHILIPPINES COMMISIONS The First Philippines Commision. Jacob Schurman headed the first Philippines Commisions sent to the Philippines by President McKinley. The Second Philippines Commision. The Second Philippines Commisions was created on March 16, 1900 by President McKinley to carry out the recommendations of the First Philippine Commission. American Civil Government in Philippines. On July 4, 1901, the civil government replaced the military government in the Philippines, Judge William H. Taft became the first Civil Governor in the Philippines, changing the title to that of Governor-General. THE PHILIPPINES BILL OF 1902 The first organic law enacted for the Philippines by the United States Congress was the Philippines Bill of 1902 known as Cooper Act because it was sponsored by U.S. The Philippines Assembly. The election for the members of the first Philippines Assembly took place on July 30, 1907. Resident Commissioners. The Philippines Bill of 1902 granted the Filipino the right to have two Filipino resident commissioners in the United State Congress, and these commissioners could speak out for or against any bill in the Congress affecting the Filipino but had no right to vote. Rise of Political Parties. Political parties organized in the Philippines advocating nationalism during the American period were not permitted to exist. The Filipinization of the Government. In line with their objective to train the Filipinos for self-government, the Americans appointed qualified Filipinos to government positions. Jones Law of 1916. The Filipinos did not stop working for their independence from United State. PROGRESS UNDER AMERICAN RULE Economic development. The economic growth in the Philippines was faster during the American period compared to that of the Spanish regime. Young Ji International School / College
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Transportation. When the Philippines economy grew, the American started to construct more roads and bridges and those constructed during the Spanish period were repaired and improved to facilities the movement of people and products. Communications. The Americans introduced the modern telephone system in Manila in 1905. Education. The Educational systems introduced by the Spaniards and the American differed in concept. Religion. With the coming of the American, they brought with them a new belief, the Protestant religion, which is a branch of Christianity. The Aglipayan Church. Isabelo de los Reyes, a scholar and a writer, founded the Philippines Independent Chruch on August 3, 1902. Health conditions under the Americans. The Americans, unlike their predecessor, the Spaniards, did improve the life of the Filipinos in such a short period. Cultural influences of the Americans. The English language is one of the greatest contributions of the Americans. Term to Identify: 1. commission2. friar lands3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
organic lawPhilippines AssemblyThomasitesPhilippines Legislaturetelegraphy-
8. propagate9. Pensionados10. Council of States
Follow up Questions: 1. Discuss the Form of government established by Americans. 2. What was the first Philippines Commision? Give the recommendations submitted by the body to the U.S President. 3. Why was the First Philippines Commission different from the Second Philippines Commission? Give their achievements. 4. Give the provisions of the Philippines Bill of 1902. How was it Young Ji International School / College
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implemented in the Philippines? 5. Trace the rise of the political parties. Activity: A. In a sheet of paper, compare the Roman Catholic Church with the Aglipayan Church. B. In a sheet of paper, compare the educational system introduced by the Spaniards with that of the Americans. C. Make a research on why Filipinos were regarded as‖
Lesson 20
Road to Philippines Independence
The movement for Philippines independent during the American period never became bitter or resulted in a bloody struggle as experienced during the Spanish period. Early struggle for independence. Though the Filipino accepted the changes introduced by the Americans, their nationalistic feelings did not die. Independence Mission. The Filipinos in their campaign for independence sent special independent missions to Washington to convince the U.S. OSROX MISSION. The Philippines Legislature or learning the victory of the Democratic Party in the congressional seat of the 1930 election, sent another mission. Tydings-McDuffie Act. The tydings-McDuffie Act entitled ― An Act to Provide for the Complete Independence of the Philippine Island, to provide for the Adoption of a Constitution and a Form of Government for the Philippines Islands.‖
THE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES Constitutional Convention. In accordance with the provisions of the Tydings-McDuffie Act, a constitutional convention was called to frame the constitution for the Philippines Commonwealth. The Philippines Constitution of 1935. Under the 1935 Constitution, the Philippines form of government established was republican in form. Commonwealth Government of the Philippines. After the Constitution was Young Ji International School / College
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ratified by the Filipinos and approved by President Roosevelt of the United States, the first elections were held to elect President, VicePresident and members of the National Assembly on September 17, 1935. Political changes under the Commonwealth Reorganization of the government. President Quezon reorganized the government. Women Suffrage. The right of women to vote was granted during the time of Gov. Gen. Frank Murphy and for the first time they voted during the plebiscite of May 14, 1935 for the ratification of the Constitution of 1935. Constitutional Amendments. The Constitution of 1935 was amended twice before the outbreak of World War II. Presidential Election of 1941. The first election under the amended constitution was held on November 11, 1941. Cultural and Social Changes Educational System. The support given by the Americans to education continued during the Commonwealth period. Social Development. The 1935 Constitution provided the ―the promotion of social justice to ensure the well-being and economic security of all the people should be the concern of the state. Economy During the Commonwealth Trade and Industry. Several measure were taken by the government to improve the economy of the country. Trade Relations with the United States. The system of free trade between the Philippines and United states was provided for in the TydingsMcDuffie Act and later incorporated in the 1935 Constitution. Agricultural Reforms. The agricultural sectors experienced also economic growth through the efforts exerted by the government. Term to Identify 1. 2. 3. 4.
Independence Mission Commonwealth government Constitutional Convention Adult Education
5. Constitutional Amendments Young Ji International School / College
6. 7. 8. 9.
survey suffrage Constitution transition
10. Republic form Page 87
Follow up Questions: 1. Explain: Sedition Law and Flag Law 2. Discuss the first Independence Mission to Washington. Give their 3. 4. 5. 6.
functions, their members and the result Explain what happened to the succeeding missions sent to the United States. Name the members and accomplishment. Who led the OSROX Mission? What happened? Why was the Hare-Hawes Cutting Law rejected? Give the significant provision of the Tydings-McDuffie Law.
7. Describe the Constitutional Convention of 1934. 8. Illustrate the government structure under the 1935 Constitution. 9. Name the changes made under the Commonwealth. A. Political changes B. Cultural and social changes C. Economy D. Agricultural reforms E. Foreign trade relations Identify the following: 1. Claro M. Recto ________________________ 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Manuel L. Quezon ____________________ Sergio Osmena ______________________ Manuel Roxas _______________________ Franklin Roosevelt __________________ February 8, 1935 __________________
7. November 15, 1935 _________________ 8. July 4, 1946 ________________________ 9. September 17, 1935 __________________
Lesson 21
Japanese Occupation of the Philippines
As provided for in the Tydings-McDuffie Law, the Philippines Commonwealth was supposed to last for ten years. ď Ź The Start of World War II. The first step toward World War II was the rearmament of Germany. ď Ź The Philippines at the start of the war.Military preparations were being Young Ji International School / College
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made by the Philippines government as tension rose between the United States and Japan. Start of War in the Pacific. In September 1941, Japan sent Admiral K. Nomura to Washington to discuss American-Japanese problem in peaceful manner. The Japanese Attack on the Philippines. In the Philippines the Japanese bombed several places simultaneously. Quezon in Corregidor. With the indiscriminate bombing of the Japanese, thousands were killed and thousands were hospitalized for wounds received. The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor. Gen. McArthur, together with his American and Filipino forces, retreated to Bataan while waiting for the reinforcement from the United States. THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT Reorganization of the Government. On January 3, 1942, a day after Manila was occupied by the Japanese, General Masahura Homma, the Commander-Chief of the Japanese Imperial Forces, announced the end of the American occupation. Educational Re-Orientation. Embodied in Military Order No.2 dated February 17, 1942. The Philippines Republic under the Japanese. To get the sympathy of the Filipinos, Premier Hideki Tojo in his address on January 21, 1942 before the Imperial Diet, said: ― Japan will gladly grant the Philippines its independent so long as it cooperates and recognized Japan`s program of established a Great East Asia Co- Prosperity Sphere ― The Kalibapi. The Japanese Military Administration dissolved all existing political parties in the Philippines. Economic Condition. During the Japanese occupation economic activities were limited, commerce and trade suffered Social Conditions under the Japanese. When the Japanese succeeded in occupying the whole country, the Kempeitai (Military Police) started to disregard respect for human lives. Cultural Aspects. Aside from the slapstick comedies presented, there were also movie theaters which presented pre war American films. Guerrilla Warfare. After the fall of Bataan and Corregidor, it also ended the organized Filipino-American forces. Guerrilla Newspapers. The Filipino had a hard time knowing the real Young Ji International School / College
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status of the war because the Japanese controlled the press and the radio. The Liberator. Was put out and edited by Leon Ty of the Philippines Free Press. THE HUKBALAHAP. Put out the newpapers Ing Masala (The Light) The Liberation The three years of Japanese rule were years of resistance movement. The Commonwealth in the United State. On April 19, 1942, Quezon and his party left for the United State on board the ship President Coolidge. The Battle of the Philippines Sea. After the Battle of Midway in June 1942, the war turned against Japan. The Leyte Landing. As planned, Gen. MacArthur would begin the liberation of the Philippines by landing at Leyte on October 20, 1944. Landing in Luzon. After their success in Leyte, the American prepared for the attacks of Luzon. Manila was liberated. There were about 4,000 American and Allied prisoners of war and civilian internees who were held by the Japanese inside the University of Sto. Tomas. The Japanese Surrendered. One by one, the major islands in the Philippines were liberated by Gen. MacArthur. Terms to Identify: 1. rearmament2. aggressor3. allies4. Death March-
5. Imperial Diet6. Kamikaze7. reinforcement-
9. 9. KALIBAPI10. restoration-
8. emancipate-
Follow-up Questions: 1. Trace the causes of World War II. 2. How the Filipinos did showed their loyalty to the Americans during World War I? 3. 4. 5. 6.
Describe the coming of the Americans. Explain the steps taken by the Americans to transfer the Commonwealth Why did the Americans surrender Bataan and Corregidor? Describe the Philippine Republic under the Japanese. How did the Filipinos react?
7. Name the government officials who served under the Japanese. Young Ji International School / College
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8. Describe the social and cultural conditions of the Filipinos during the Japanese regime. 9. Discuss the following a. guerrilla warfare b. guerrilla newspaper 10. Show how the Philippines were liberated. 11. What led to the end of World War II? Evaluation: 1. Gen. Jonathan Wainwright 2. 3. 4. 5.
Gen. Masaharu Homma Jorge B. Vargas Benigno Aquino Jose P. Laurel
Lesson 22
6. Gen. Douglas MacArthur 7. Jose Yulo 8. Col. Guillermo Nakar 9. Gen. Edward King 10. Quintin Paredes
Philippines Under the New Republic
The transition period of 10 years as provided for in the Tydings-McDuffie Law ended in 1945, the same year that World War II came to an end. World War II was the biggest and the most destructive war in the history of the world. The Commonwealth government which was in exile during the war was restored in the Philippines after the defeat of the Japanese. End of the Commonwealth Government- The members of the bicameral Congress elected in November 1941 failed to meet in session because a month later, World War II broke out and the Philippines was occupied by the Japanese. Birth of the 3rd Republic of the Philippines- Philippine Independence was formally recognized by the United States on July 4, 1946 during its inauguration at the Luneta Problem encountered by the Third republic The Philippine Economy- The rehabilitation of the country’s economy was the most urgent problem encountered by the government. The Hukbalahap Movement- Filipino communist organized their guerilla army during the Japanese occupation and called it Hukbo ng Bayan Laban saHapon, or Hukbalahap Collaboration Issue- The collaboration issue refers to what to do with the Filipinos who served under the Japanese-sponsored government. Graft and corruption in the government- Many officials took advantage of Young Ji International School / College
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their position to enrich themselves. Foreign relation of the new Republic- The foreign policy established by President Roxas was pro-American and it was strongly against communists. ELPIDIO QUIRINO Vice- President Elpidio Quirino became the President of the Philippines on April 17, 1948. He completed the four-year terms of Roxas. RAMON MAGSAYSAY In the 1953 election, Ramon Magsayasy was the presidential candidate of the Nacionalista Party. CARLOS P. GARCIA Vice-President Carlos P. Garcia succeeded President Magsaysay on March 18, 1957. He continued the policies of the late President Magsaysay. DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL In the election of 1960, Doisdado Macapagal won as President of the Philippines and Emmanuel Pelaez as vice-president. FERDINAND E. MARCOS The sixth 3rd Republic was Marcos. He was first year term in 1965, in 1969 for a second the expiration of his declared martial law 1972. Terms to Identify 1. Hukbalahap2. Transition3. Austerity-
4. communist5. Land Reform 6. Idol of the
Masses-
Follow-up questions 1. Explains the achievements of the following presidents: a. Manuel Roxas b. Elpidio Quirino c. Ramon Magsaysay d. Carlos P. Garcia e. Diosdado Macapagal Young Ji International School / College
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f. Ferdinand Marcos 2. How did president Roxas solve the question on collaboration? 3. Why did they call Magsaysay the ―Idol of the Masses?‖ 4. Explain why the Philippines were interested in Sabah during the time of President Macapagal or a second term. Constitution Amendments Survey Suffrage Transition Republican form Answer the following questions. 1. What was the situation of the Philippines after the Second World war? Describe it. 2. What made the proclamation of Philippine independence in 1946 significant? 3. Why was bell Trade Act disadvantageous to Philippine interest? 4. Why was the ―parity rights‖ clause in the Bell Trade Act unacceptable?
Lesson 23
Martial Law in the Philippines
From 1972-1986 the Philippines was under the dictatorship of the President Ferdinand Marcos. He was a dictator for 14 years. Re-election of Ferdinand Marcos- In the November 1969 election, Ferdinand Marcos was re-elected President for a second term. Proclamation of Martial Law- Proclamation No. 1081 placed the entire country under martial law. It was signed by Marcos on September 21, 1972 but the announcement was made on September 23, 1972. Marcos Program of Government under Martial LawP- peace and order L- land reform E- economic development D- development of moral values G- governments reforms E- educational reforms S- social services Young Ji International School / College
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* Peace and Order * Land Reform- On October 21, 1972, Marcos issued PD 27 declaring the landless rice and corn farmers owners of the land they were tilling. * Government Reforms- Upon the proclamation of martial law, Marcos started to recognize the government. * Educational reforms- In line with the economic programs of Marcos, new policies were introduced in the field of education. * Social reforms- During his administration, Marcos adopted measures to make life easier for the people, especially the poor. The Constitution of 1973 Adoption of a New Constitution. In 1970 a constitutional convention was called to draft a new constitution. Important Provisions of the 1973 Constitution- in the Transitory Provisions of the 1973 Constitution, Marcos was made a dictator. The 1973 Constitution had a total of 17 articles: Article I- The National Territory Article II- Declarations of Principles and State Policies
Article IX- The Prime Minister & the Cabinet Article X- The Judiciary
Article III- Citizenship Article IV- Bill of Rights Article V- Duties and Obligation of Citizens Article VI- Suffrage
Article XI- Local Government Article XIIThe Constitutional Commissions Article XIV- The National Economy and the Patrimony of the nation
Article VII- The President and Vice President Article VIII- The National assembly
Article XV- General Provisions Article XVI- Amendments Article XVII- Transitory Provisions
Election and the Political Parties- Before the declaration of martial law, elections were held every two years. The two major political parties were the Nacionalista party and the liberal Party. The Legislative Body- When martial law was declared, the Congress under the 1935 Constitution was abolished. President Marcos promulgated law in the form of presidential decrees, letters of instruction, general orders and proclamation. Other Reforms under president Marcos Young Ji International School / College
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1. The role of the youth. 2. Foreign Policy Martial Law was lifted- President Marcos issued Proclamation No.2045 lifting martial law in the Philippines on January 17, 1981 after 8 years, 3 months, and 26 days of existence. The Visit of Pope John Paul II- On February 17-22, 1981, less than a month after the lifting of martial law, Pope John Paul II visited the Philippines. It was the second visit made by the Pope. The President Election of 1981EVENTS THAT LED TO THE FALL OF PRESIDENT MARCOS Aquino’s Assassination Investigation and trial of Aquino’s Assassination EFFECTS OF THE AQUINO ASSASSINATION Economy after the assassination of Aquino- at the time of the Aquino assassination, the Philippine economy was already experiencing hard times. The Decline of Marcos- Because of the worsening conditions in the country- decline of the economy and the NPA activities, pressure were exerted by IMF-World Bank, the United States and other foreign creditors to institute reforms. The Snap Election Corazon C. Aquino as Presidential Candidate for the Snap ElectionCorazon Aquino was born in manila on January 25, 1933 The Issues During the Snap Election- Both candidates during the snap election presented their issues. Campaign period- During the campaign period, the rival parties used their distinct slogans and symbols. 1986 Presidential Election. February 7, 1986 was the day of the snap election. Proclamation of Marcos. On February 15, 1986, the Batasang Pambansa convened and proclaimed Ferdinand Marcos and Arturo Tolentino as dulyelected president and vice-president respectively. Terms to Identify: 1. radical group2. assassinationYoung Ji International School / College
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3. 4. 5. 6.
snap electiondictatorboycottfraudulent-
7. authoritarian8. cronyFollow up Questions: 1. What events took place in the Philippines during the Marcos period prior to Martial Law? 2. Trace briefly the rise and growth of the communist insurgency problem during the Marcos era 3. How did the secessionist movement in Mindanao start? 4. When and how did Marcos become a dictator? 5. Describe briefly the reforms that President Marcos carried out under martial law. 6. Analyze some of the evil characteristics of the new society that was created under Martial Law. 7. Explain the historical significance of the assassination of former Senator Benigno Aquino. 8. What prompted Pres. Marcos to call for a snap presidential election? 9. Explain the major issues of the 1986 presidential election. Give their significance. Activity: A. Present a skit on the following 1. 2. 3. 4.
Declaration of Martial Law Assassination of Aquino at MIA Campaign period of snap election Cory Aquino`s civil disobedience movement
B. Collect pictures on the achievements of Marcos under the New Society. C. Research on Batasang class.
Pambansa under Marcos. Report your finding in
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Lesson 24
Restoration of Democracy
The Philippines was under the dictatorship of President Ferdinand Marcos for twenty years. THE END OF MARTIAL LAW The Philippines on the Eve of the Revolution of 1986. The civil disobedience launched by Corazon Aquino was supported by the majority of the Filipinos. In their sentiments against the dictatorship of Marcos. Revolution of 1986. On February 22, 1986, the revolution began when Enrile and Ramos announced at a press conference in Camp Aguinaldo that they were breaking away from the dictatorship of Marcos and that they were throwing their support to Mrs. Corazon Aquino. People Power. Enrile and Ramos knew that if they will be attacked by troops loyal to Marcos, they had no change at all. Significant Role of People Power. People power played an important role during the revolution. Marcos Dictatorship End. About several hundred loyalists remained on the side of Marcos and the rest had gone to the side of the Reformists. The Uniqueness of the Philippines Revolution of 1986. The Philippines Revolution of 1986 has its significant features such as : 1. It was a revolution strongly supported by the religious groups. Nuns and priests came in full force to join the People power. 2. It seemed to be a celebration because families went there as if there was an outing bringing food and drinks. 3. It was a bloodless revolution because there were no major arm clashes, only about two or three soldiers were killed and a handful of soldiers and civilians were killed Filipinos overthrew their dictator by means of people power, showing their determination to restore their freedom and democracy in the country. THE REVOLUTIONARY COVERNMENT When Marcos left the Philippines a revolutionary government was established under Mrs. Corazon C. Aquino, the first woman president of the Philippines. Inauguration of Corazon C. Aquino. The revolutionary government came into Young Ji International School / College
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existence on February 25, 1986. Provisional Government of President Aquino. When she took over as President, Mrs. Aquino reorganized the government. The Freedom Constitution No. 3 was issued by President Aquino adopting a temporary constitution to implement reforms mandated by the people. The seven articles of the Freedom Constitution were the following: Article I - Adopting of certain Article IV - Existing Laws, Treaties, and provision of the 1973 Constitutions as Contracts amended Article II - The President, the VicePresident and the Cabinet Article III - Government Reorganization
Article V - Adoption of a New Constitution Article VI - Holding of Election Article VII Affectivity Date
CONSTITUTION OF 1987 Framing of the 1987 Constitution- President Aquino issued Proclamation No. 9 in April 1986 creating a constitutional commission to draft a new constitution. The commission was composed of 48 members appointed by the president. All sectors of the Philippines were represented such as labor, youth, business and industry, women, mass, media, education, agriculture, military, religious sector, cultural minorities and cause-oriented groups. Ratification of 1987 Constitution- After the draft of the 1987 Constitution was signed by the members of Constitutional Commission. It was presented to the Filipinos on February 2, 1987 for their ratification. The Significant Features of the 1987 Constitution- The new Constitution contains 18 article, 306 section and more than 20.000 words. The Government under the 1987 Constitution- The form of government under the new constitution is a presidential system. First National Election under the 1987 Constitution- May 11, 1987 was the first national election under the new constitution and the first to be elected were the 24 senators and 200 members of the House of Representative. Young Ji International School / College
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First Congress under the New Constitution- on July 27, 1987, the first Congress of the Philippines under the 1987 Constitution was convened. With the convening of the Congress, President Aquino lost her legislative powers. First Local Election under the 1987 Constitution- On January 18, 1987 the first local election was held. The positions that were to be filled up were those provincials governors, vice governors, city and municipality mayors and vice mayors, and members of the Sanguniang Panlalawigan, Sanguniang Panlungsod, and Sanguniang Bayan. THE AQUINO ADMINISTRATION The Communist problem. Philippine Economy under the Aquino Administration. Foreign Relation under President Aquino. Other Events during the Aquino Administration. The Achievements of the President Aquino The restoration of democracy, freedom, and justice in the Philippines. Presidential Commission on good government.
FIDEL V. RAMOS The 1992 general elections was the most extensive and hotly contested election in the country’s history. Inauguration of Fidel Ramos- the oath taking of Fidel Ramos as the Political Condition. The Filipinos had proven the full restoration of democracy in the country by the peaceful turnover of government from President Aquino to President-elect Ramos as a result of the 1992 election. Peace and Order. President Ramos adopted the policy of reconciliation by inviting various secessionist groups for peace talks. Philippine Economy. One of the programs under Ramos was to provide employment to every Filipino. Educational Reforms. Some of the reforms introduced in the Philippines educational system were: increase in the number of hours of instruction for English, Mathematics, and Science in the Elementary and secondary level: increase in the number of school days from 185-205; achievement test were administered to both grade six and fourth year high school Young Ji International School / College
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student. Health Program. The health program of the government gave priority to the prevention of sickness rather than to its cure. Sustainable Environment. One of the areas in Metro Manila which was transformed from a garbage dump into a commercial and residential area is the Smokey Mountain, known to be a dumping area. Philippines Centennial Celebration. In preparation for the centennial celebration of Philippines Independence, President Ramos created the National Centennial Commission which would take charge of the grand celebration in 1998. Foreign Policy. President Ramos is known to be the most-traveled Philippine President in recent history JOSEPH EJERCITO ESTRADA Former Vice President Joseph Ejercito Estrada, a politician and an actor, won the May 1998 election. Term to Identify: 1. provisional2. human right3. rebellion4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
anomaliestransitionpolitical prisonerscoup d` etatplotters-
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Follow up Question. 1. Trace briefly the events that led to the February revolution. 2. Explain the role played by people power in the downfall of Marcos as dictator. 3. Why is the 1986 Philippines Revolution considered to be unique? 4. What type of government was established by President Aquino after Marcos left the country. 5. Name the problems inherited by Aquino from the Marcos rule.
Lesson 25
An Introduction to the Study of Government
Every hour of the day, every one of us is influenced by the government. From the time a person is born to the time one dies, he will feel the continues effect of government upon his life. Since you are under the influence of government 24 hours a day, it is but natural that one has to know something about government, what it is, how it operates, and how it affects you. Importance of the Study of Government. There are several why the study of government is very important. Knowledge of government will make us good citizens of the country. One must know the structure, functions, and activities of the government. People vote for the candidate whom they believe could run the government efficiently. As citizens it is also our responsibilities to pay taxes in return for the services we received from the government like education, defense and economic programs. Through the study of government, we would be able to know what makes person qualified in a certain position. And in case the people made the wrong decision in voting, then there is the next election to change the candidate. It is through the study of government that we learn what to expect from the elected government officials. Since we are Filipinos, no other people will be interested in our government than us, the Filipinos. ď Ź Importance of the Study of Government. The are several reasons why the study of government is very important. ď Ź Definition of State. Part of understanding the concept of government knows what the state is. Young Ji International School / College
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People- It is the most important element of a state. There cn be no state without people. There is no specific number that would constitute a state. Vatican City is the smallest state. In terms of population, the biggest is China with more than 1 billion people. Territory- There is no definite size of land required for a geographical unit to be called a state. It is important for state to have n area sufficient to feed its people. They are of a state my increase or decrease but will not affect its status as state. The smallest state in terms of territory is the Vatican, and the biggest is Russia. Government- It is the social institution through which the state carries all its will. The word came from the Latin word gubernaculums meaning rudder. The government guides the state and its officers steer the control. Government- It is the social institution through which the state carries all its will. Origin of the State. There are several theories regarding the origin of the state 1. Divine right Theory- It is the oldest known theory about the origin of the state. 2. Social Contract Theory- The social Contract theory was popular during the 17th and 18th centuries and was proposed by JeanJacques Rousseau, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. 3. Patriarchal or Matriarchal- This theory claimed that the state is the extension of the family, because the family is the basic unit of society Forms of Government Government may be classified into several kinds. 1. Monarchy. This is a form of government wherein sovereignty resides in one person 2. Aristocracy. It is a form of government wherein sovereignty resides in a small group of people who are generally rich and powerful and oftentimes called the elite group. 3. Dictatorships, Authoritarian, and Totalitarian. It is the form of government wherein a person or a group of persons have imposed their will on the people by force. 4. Democracy. Democracy is a government of the people by the people, and for the people. Young Ji International School / College
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THE PHILIPPINES AS A STATE Section 1, Article II of the 1987 constitution state that the Philippines ―is a democratic and republican state 1. A community of person, more or less numerous. The Philippines has population of about 80 million. 2. A definite territory occupied by the people. The Philippines has a land area of 115,830 square miles. The composition of the territory of the Philippines is described in Article I of the 1987 Constitution 3. Independent of external control. The Philippines is an independent country for its independence was recognized by the international community on July 4, 1946 4. It possesses an organized government. The Philippines has a government and that government has been established under 1987 constitution. RIGHTS OF A STATE The Philippines is a state and is a member of the Family of Nations. 1. The right of equality is the right of state to enjoy similar privileges and immunities under international law. 2. The right to independence is the right of a state to be free from external control. 3. The right of jurisdiction is the power of the state over its citizens, institutions and property within its territory. 4. The right of property is the right of the state to own, hold and use property as provided for in the 1987 Constitution. Constitution may be classified as: 1. Written or unwritten. A written constitution is usually prepared by a constitutional convention and ratified by the citizenry while an unwritten constitution is composed of customs, traditions, and political practices. 2. Flexible or rigid. A constitution is flexible if it is easy to change: and rigid if a convention is needed in order to amend it. Development of the Philippines Constitution The Philippines did not have a constitution during the Spanish period because Spain then was a monarchy. Young Ji International School / College
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Definition of State. Part of understanding the concept of government knows what the state is. A state refers to a group of group of people, occupying a definite territory, having an organized government, and enjoying independence and freedom from external control from other countries. Terms to Identify 1. State2. Territory3. Patriarchal4. Aristocracy-
5. Government6. movereignty7. monarchy8. Dictatorship-
Follow up Questions: 1. Why is the study of government important? 2. Explain the four important element of a state. 3. Explain the different theories regarding the origin of the state. 4. Name and describe the different forms of government based on the number of people who hold power in the country. 5. Why is the Philippines considered as a state? 6. Define a constitution. What are its parts? 7. Trace the development of the Philippines Constitution. Evaluation Define the following 1. state _________________ 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
government __________ monarchy ____________ democracy ____________ dictatorship ___________ constitution ___________ Preamble _____________
8. territory _____________ 9. sovereignty ___________ 10. aristocracy _____________
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Lesson 26
Filipino Citizens
As a Filipino citizen one should what her/his right and privileges are. Meaning of citizen. A citizen is an individual who has full right and obligation in a state. Kinds of Citizen. There are two kinds of Filipino citizens: the natural-born and the naturalized citizen. Naturalized Citizen. An act of the state granting an alien the right and privileges of citizenship is called naturalization. Qualification for Naturalization. The following qualification is needed in the order to apply for naturalization. Disqualification for Naturalization. The following persons are disqualified to apply for naturalization. Loss of Citizenship. A Filipino may lose his citizenship in the following ways: 1. Voluntary A. Expatriation-by renouncing ones citizenship and taking on the citizenship of another country. B. By taking the oath of allegiance to another country upon reaching the age of majority: C. By entering the military service of a foreign country 2. Involuntary A. By cancellation of his naturalization by the court: B. By being convicted of desertion in the Philippines armed forces in times of war. Reacquisition of Citizenship. A person who lost his Philippines citizenship may reacquire it by means of naturalization: by an act the Congress or by repatriation-taking a new oath of allegiance Right of Filipino Citizens. Under the 1987 Constitution, Filipinos are granted their right which the government is expected to respect and guarantee. These right of the Filipinos may be classified as: 1. Civil right- Right of the Filipinos not related to the administration of government. 2. Political right- These are the right created by law: Example are the freedom of speech, press and assembly 3. Social right- These are the right related to dealing with other members of the society to promote contentment and happiness among the people. 4. Economic right- These are the right related to earn a living. ARTICLES III- Bills of Rights Sec.1. No person shall not be deprived of life, liberty, or property without the due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws. Sec.2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may Young Ji International School / College
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produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the person or things to be seized. Sec.3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the courts, or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law. Sec.4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assembly and petition the government for redress of grievances. Sec.5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of region, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. Sec.6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Sec.7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Sec.8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purpose not contrary to law shall be not be abridge Sec.9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. Sec.10. No law impairing the obligation of contrasts shall be passed. Sec.11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason. Sec.12. (1)Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of this own choice. Sec.13. All persons, except those charge with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. Sec.14. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offence without due process of law. Sec.15. The privilege of the writ of herbas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it Sec.16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies. Sec.17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. Sec.18. No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and Young Ji International School / College
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aspirations. Sec.19. Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Sec.20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax. Sec.21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. Sec.22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted. Suffrage- Suffrage is the right to vote and to run for public office. Social Justice and Human Rights. Article XIII of the 1987 Constitution contains special provisions on social and human rights. 1. to promote social justice; 2. to protect local and overseas labor and promote full employment: 3. to undertake a program on agrarian and natural resources reform: 4. to provide an urban land reform and housing program in cooperation with the private sector: 5. to adopt a comprehensive health program, including free medical care for the poor, food and drug regulation, and a special agency for the disabled: 6. to protect working women: 7. to consult with and respect the rights of independent people’s organization at all social, political and economic levels. Commission on Human Rights. Art. XIII, Sec. 17 of the 1986 Constitution created an independent Commission on Human Rights which will be composed of a chairman and four members and will continue the work of the President Committee on Human Rights. All Filipino citizens have certain duties and obligation to the state. 1. To be Loyal to the Republic. 2. To Honor the Flag and Public Officials. 3. To Defend the Country. 4. To contribute to the Development and welfare of the Country. 5. To Cooperate with Government Authorities. 6. To Vote Honestly during Elections. Terms to Identify: 1. citizen2. naturalization3. civil rights4. political rights5. suffrage repatriation6. expatriation7. social rights8. economic rights9. Bill of AttainderFollow-up questions: Young Ji International School / College
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1. Differentiate the kinds of citizens. 2. How can a person be a naturalized citizen in the Philippine? Who are disqualified to become a naturalized citizen? 3. Explain the provisions of the Bill of Rights. 4. Explain the powers of the Commission on Human Rights. 5. What are the duties and obligation of a Filipino citizen to the Philippine Constitution? Answer the following: 1. Differentiate a natural-born from a naturalized citizen. 2. Name some rights of a citizen. 3. Name the duties and obligations of citizens to the state. Lesson 27
Suffrage and election
Suffrage is defined as the right to vote in an election and also the right to be voted as a public official. Qualification of Voters. According to the 1987 Constitution, the following are the qualifications of a voters: 1. a citizen of the Philippines; 2. 18 years old and above 3. a resident in the Philippines for at least one year and in the municipality where he votes at least six months immediately preceding the election. Person Who Cannot Vote. The person disqualified to vote are: 1. those who violated their allegiance to the republic of the Philippines: 2. 2. insane or feeble-minded persons; 3. those who have been sentenced by the court to imprisonment of not less than one year and have been pardoned by the President. ď Ź Commission on Elections- the constitutional body that supervises the elections is the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) which is composed of a chairman and six commissioners. Kinds of Elections: 1. General elections- it is an election for all national and local officials held simultaneously on the same day. 2. National Elections- a national election is an election for national officials, such as the President, Vice President and members of the Senate and the House of the representatives. 3. Local Elections- Local elections are held to elect local officials in the regions, provinces, cities and municipalities. 4. Special elections- When elections are held on a date different from the scheduled regular elections we call it special elections. ď Ź Elections to elect members of the Constitutional Convention- these elections are held to elect the delegates to a constitutional convention who will make the constitution of the country. ď Ź Plebiscite is held to present a certain question to the public wherein their approval or disapproval is need like the ratification of the 1935, 1973, and 1987 Constitutions. Young Ji International School / College
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Recall is a procedure to remove an elected official before the expiration of his term of office. Initiative is the direct participation of the electorate in law-making. POLITICAL PARTIES Definition of Political party. A political party is an organization formed by people who believe in the same political ideas or set of ideas and seek to have this idea or ideas accepted by as many of the people as possible. The 1987 constitution and Political parties. Based on the 1986 constitution, a free and open party system shall be allowed to evolve according to the free choice of the people; that no votes cast in favor of political party, organization, or coalition shall be valid, except for those registered under the party-list system; and no political parties, or organizations or coalitions registered under the party-list system, shall not be represented in the voters’ registration boards, boards of election inspectors, boards of canvasser, or other similar bodies. Terms to Identify: 1. election2. COMELEC3. referendum4. political party5. recall6. plebiscite7. initiativeFollow-up Questions: 1. Give the qualifications of a voter. 2. In what way can a person be disqualified? 3. Explain the different kinds of elections. 4. Cite the importance of political parties, its advantages and disadvantages. 5. Explain the function of the COMELEC.
Lesson 28
Structure of Philippine Government
Our country is officially known as the republic of the Philippines. Art. II Sec. 1 of 1987 Constitution says; ―The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT The 1987 Constitution provides that ―the executive power shall be vested in the President of the Philippines.‖ The President of the Philippines is considered the highest official of the government. Qualifications of the President Term of Office Privileges of the President The rule on presidential Succession 1. The Vice President takes over the Presidency. 2. In case the Vice President is not available, the Senate President acts as President. Young Ji International School / College
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3. If the Senate President is not available, the Speaker of the House of Representatives becomes the President. 4. If the Speaker of the house is not available, any member of the Congress may be elected by both houses of Congress to act as President. The President’s Powers. The powers of the President are expressly granted under the 1986 Constitution and are called constitutional powers. Limitations on the Powers of the President- the new Constitution has limited the powers of the President. Impeachment- Impeachment is the removal from office before the expiration of the term of the office of a high government official. 1. bribery 2. graft and corruption 3. betrayal of public trust 4. violation of the Constitution 5. treason 6. other high crimes Impeachment procedure- a member of the House of Representatives and even a private citizen may file a verified complaint for impeachment. The Vice Presidency- The qualifications and tenure of office of the Vice President is similar to that of the President. THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT The legislative power is the power to enact, or make laws. Laws are written rules which state what is acceptable or unacceptable for the people to do. The legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines. Philippine Congress- the Congress of the Philippines is a bicameral lawmaking body. It is composed of the Senate, sometimes called the Upper House, and a House of Representatives, called the Lower House. The Senate is composed of 24 senators, who are elected by the people who do not represent any particular area or region. The House of Representatives is composed of not more than 250 members and are elected by legislative districts. Qualifications and terms of Office of the Members of Congress. To be a senator, a person must be a natural-born citizen, at least 35 years old. Able to read and write, a registered voter, and a resident of the Philippines for at least two years before the election. Salaries and Funds- the Constitution says that the Senate President and the speaker of the Lower House shall receive yearly salaries of P240, 000 each and the members shall receive yearly salaries of P204, 000 each. Aside from their salaries, they also receive allowances for transportation, office staff, and supplies. Congressional Immunity- as a member of Congress, a person cannot be arrested even if you commit a crime, provided the punishment for that crime is not more than six years in prison. Session of Congress- the congress shall convene once every year on the fourth Monday of July for the regular session and shall continue to be in session for such number of days as it may determine until thirty days Young Ji International School / College
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before the opening of its next regular session, excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays. Disqualification of Members of the Congress- the members of Congress cannot hold office or employment in another branch of the government (Art. VI, Sec.13) How a Bill Becomes a Law- a bill is the draft of a law that is submitted to Congress. If a bill is adopted or passed by congress, it becomes a part of the law of the land. THE JUDICIARY The judicial power is the power to interpret the laws of the land in cases of conflicts. It is vested in the Supreme Court and in the lower courts as may be established by law. To be appointed as a member of the Supreme court, a person must have the following qualifications: 1. be a natural-born citizen of the Philippines 2. at least 40 years old 3. a judge engaged in the practice of law for at least fifteen years. Jurisdiction of the Supreme court- the 1987 Constitution defines the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court or the cases that only the highest court can hear and decide. The Court of Appeals- it is composed of a Presiding Justice and 50 associated justices who are appointed by the President. This Court hears civil and criminal cases appealed from the regional trial Courts. The Regional Trial Courts- the regional trial courts replaced the former courts of first Instance. There are 17 of these courts, one for each of the 17 regions. Metropolitan Trial Courts- these Municipal trial courts replaced the former city courts of the cities and municipalities. The special courts 1. The Court of Tax Appeals 2. The Sandiganbayan The Judicial and bar Council- the 1986 constitution created a special judicial body called the judicial and bar Council. The Ombudsman- the ombudsman (Art. XI, Sec. 7) acts as the prosecutor in bringing graft cases before the Sandiganbayan. CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS The Civil service Commission- The civil service shall be administered by the Civil service Commission composed of a Chairman and two Commissioners. Functions of the civil service commission- the Civil service Commission is the central personnel agency of the government. Its functions are: 1. to establish a career service: 2. to adopt measures to promote morale, integrity, responsiveness, and courtesy in the civil service: 3. to strengthen the merit and reward system: Young Ji International School / College
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4. to integrate all human resources development programs for all levels and ranks 5. to institutionalize management climate conductive to public accountability. Commission on Elections- The Commission on Elections (COMELEC) is composed of a Chairman and six Commissioners who shall be naturalborn citizens of the Philippines and, at the time of their appointment, at least thirty-five years of age, holders of a college degree, and must not have been candidates for any elective position in the immediately preceding elections. Political Parties- Political parties who receive financial contributions from foreign governments and their agencies shall be a ground for the cancellation of their registration with the Commission. Commission on Audit- the Commission on Audit is composed of a Chairman and two Commissioners, who shall be natural-born citizens of the Philippines, and at the time of their appointment, at least thirty-five years of age, certified public accountants with not less than ten years of auditing experience or members of the Philippine Bar who have been engaged in the practice of law for at least ten year. Terms to Identify 1. Privileges 2. Commission 3. Audit 4. Political parties 5. Civil service 6. Sandiganbayan 7. Umbudsman 8. Tax appeals 9. Presidential 10. Bribery Government Agencies The Government of the Philippines, also known as the Philippine Government is the national government of the unitary state of the Republic of the Philippines. It is a presidential, representative, and democratic republic where the President of the Philippines is both the head of state and the head of government within a pluriform multi-party system. The government has three interdependent branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch. The powers of the branches are vested by the Constitution of the Philippines in the following: Legislative power is vested in the two-chamber Congress of the Philippines—the Senate is the upper chamber and the House of Representatives is the lower chamber. Executive power is exercised by the government under the leadership of the President. Judicial power is vested in the courts with the Supreme Court of the Philippines as the highest judicial body. Legislative Department
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The legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines which consists of the Senate and House of Representatives. The upper house is located in Pasay, while the lower house is located in Quezon City. The district and sectoral representatives are elected for a term of three years. They can be re-elected but they may not run for a fourth consecutive term. Senators are elected to a term of six years. They can be re-elected but may not run for a third consecutive term. The House of Representatives may opt to pass for a vacancy of a legislative seat, which leads to a special election. The winner of the special election will serve the unfinished term of the previous district representative, and will be considered as one elective term. The same rule also applies in the Senate, however it only applies if the seat was vacated before a regular legislative election. The current President of the Senate is Franklin Drilon, while the current Speaker of the House of Representatives is Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. Executive Department The executive power is vested in the President of the Philippines. The old executive branch is headed by President Benigno S. Aquino III of the Liberal Party. The President is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, and is elected by popular vote to a term of six years. The president then appoints his or her cabinet over whom he or she presides. The executive seat of government is administered officially from Malacañang Palace in Manila. The president may not run for re-election unless he or she had become president through constitutional succession and had served for no more than four years. The president is assisted by his or her cabinet that is made up of different departments and is headed by a secretary. The president appoints the secretary with the consent of the Commission on Appointments. The second highest official, Vice President Jejomar Binay of the PDPLaban party is also elected by popular vote. The Vice-President is first in line to succession if the President resigns, is impeached or dies. The Vice-President usually, though not always, is a member of the president's cabinet. If there is a vacancy in the position of vice-president, the President will appoint any member of Congress (usually a party member) as new vice-president. The appointment must then be validated by a three-fourths vote of the Congress. Judicial Department The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court of the Philippines and lower courts established by law. The Supreme Court, which has a Chief Justice as its head and 14 Associate Justices, occupies the highest tier of the judiciary. The justices serve until the age of 70. The justices are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council of the Philippines. The sitting Chief Justice is Maria Lourdes Sereno, the 24th to serve in that position. Other court types of courts, of varying jurisdiction around the archipelago, are the: Lower Collegiate Courts: Court of Appeals Court of Tax Appeals Sandiganbayan Regular Courts: Court of Appeals Young Ji International School / College
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Regional Municipal Circuit Trial Courts Muslim Courts Sharia District Courts Sharia Circuit Courts Office of the Ombudsman The government and all three of its branches are independently monitored by the office of the Ombudsman (Filipino:Tanodbayan). The Ombudsman is given the mandate to investigate and prosecute any government official allegedly guilty of crimes, especially Graft and Corruption. The Ombudsman is assisted by six deputies: the Overall Deputy, the Deputy for Luzon, the Deputy for Visayas, the Deputy for Mindanao, the Deputy for the Armed Forces, and the Special Prosecutor. Administrative divisions
Local government hierarchy. The dashed lines emanating from the president means that the President only exercises general supervision on local government. The Philippines has four main classes of elected administrative divisions, often lumped together as local government units (LGUs). They are, from the highest to the lowest division: 1. Autonomous regions 2. Provinces (lalawigan, probinsiya) and independent cities(lungsod, siyudad/ciudad, dakbayan, lakanbalen) 3. Municipalities (bayan, balen, bungto, banwa) and component cities (lungsod, siyudad/ciudad, dakbayan, lakanbalen) 4. Barangays (also known as barrio) Beyond these, the national government groups provinces and independent cities into regions, e.g. Metro Manila or Region VI. The President has the prerogative to create, abolish and determine the composition of regions, which is done so most often in consultation with the local government units affected, with the exception of autonomous regions, where the residents of the local government units have to ratify in a plebiscite their inclusion in such a setup. Congress of the Philippines Young Ji International School / College
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The Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Kongreso ng Pilipinas) is the national legislature of the Republic of the Philippines. It is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate (upper chamber), and the House of Representatives(lower chamber) although commonly in the Philippines the term congress refers to the latter. The Senate is composed of 24 senators half of which are elected every three years. Each senator, therefore, serves a total of six years. The senators are elected by the whole electorate and do not represent any geographical district. The House of Representatives is composed of a maximum of 250 congressmen. There are two types of congressmen: the district and the sectoral representatives. The district congressmen represent a particular geographical district of the country. All provinces in the country are composed of at least one congressional district. Several cities also have their own congressional districts, with some composed of two or more representatives. The sectoral congressmen represent the minority sectors of the population. This enables these minority groups to be represented in the Congress, when they would otherwise not be represented properly through district representation. Also known as party-list representatives, sectoral congressmen represent labor unions, rights groups, and other organizations. The Constitution provides that the Congress shall convene for its regular session every year beginning on the 4th Monday of July. A regular session can last until thirty days before the opening of its next regular session in the succeeding year. The President may, however, call special sessions which are usually held between regular legislative sessions to handle emergencies or urgent matters. Spanish era When the Philippines was under Spanish colonial rule, the colony was not given representation to the Spanish Cortes. It was only in 1809 where the colony was made an integral part of Spain and was given representation in the Cortes. On March 19, 1812, the Constitution of Cadiz was approved, which led to the colony's first representatives at the Cortes in September 24, 1812 by Pedro Perez de Tagle and Jose Manuel Coretto. However, with Napoleon I's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, his brother Joseph Bonaparte was removed the Spanish throne, and the Cadiz Constitution was rejected by the Cortes on May 24, 1816 with a more conservative constitution that removed Philippine representation on the Cortes, among other things. Restoration of Philippine representation to the Cortes was one of the grievances by the Illustrados, the educated class during the late 19th century. Revolutionary era The Illustrados' campaign transformed into the Philippine Revolution that aimed to overthrow Spanish rule. Proclaiming independence on June 12, 1898, President Emilio Aguinaldo then ordered the convening of a revolutionary congress at Malolos. The Malolos Congress, among other things, approved the 1899 Constitution of the Philippines. With the approval of the Treaty of Paris, the Spanish sold the Philippines to the United States. The revolutionaries, attempting to prevent American conquest, launched the Philippine–American War, but were defeated when Aguinaldo was captured on 1901. American era Young Ji International School / College
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When the Philippines was under American colonial rule, the legislative body was the Philippine Commission which existed from 1900 to 1907. The President of the United States appointed the members of the Philippine Commission. Furthermore, two Filipinos served as Resident Commissioners to the House of Representatives of the United States from 1907 to 1935, then only one from 1935 to 1946. The Resident Commissioners had a voice in the House, but did not have voting rights. The Philippine Bill of 1902 mandated the creation of a bicameral or a twochamber Philippine Legislature with the Philippine Commission as the Upper House and the Philippine Assembly as the Lower House. This bicameral legislature was inaugurated in 1907. Through the leadership of the Speaker Sergio OsmeĂąa and then Floor Leader Manuel L. Quezon, the Rules of the 59th United States Congress was substantially adopted as the Rules of the Philippine Legislature. In 1916, the Jones Law changed the legislative system. The Philippine Commission was abolished, and a new bicameral Philippine Legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was established. Commonwealth and Second Republic era The legislative system was changed again in 1935. The 1935 Constitution, aside from instituting the Commonwealth which gave the Filipinos more role in government, established a unicameral National Assembly. But in 1940, through an amendment to the 1935 Constitution, a bicameral Congress of the Philippines consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was created. Those elected in 1941 would not serve until 1945, as World War II intervened. The invading Japanese set up the Second Philippine Republic and convened its own National Assembly. With the Japanese defeat in 1945, the Commonwealth and its Congress was restored. The same set up will continue until the Americans granted independence on July 4, 1946. Independent era Upon the inauguration of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4, 1946, Republic Act No. 6 was enacted providing that on the date of the proclamation of the Republic of the Philippines, the existing Congress would be known as the First Congress of the Republic. Successive Congresses were elected until President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law on September 23, 1972. Marcos then ruled by decree. As early as 1970, Marcos had convened a constitutional convention to revise the 1935 constitution; in 1973, the Constitution was approved. It abolished the bicameral Congress and created a unicameral National Assembly, which would ultimately be known as the Batasang Pambansa in a semi-presidential system of government. The batasan elected a prime minister. The Batasang Pambansa first convened in 1978. Marcos was overthrown after the 1986 People Power Revolution; President Corazon Aquino then ruled by decree. Later that year she appointed a constitutional commission that drafted a new constitution. The Constitution was approved in a plebiscite the next year; it restored the presidential system of government together with a bicameral Congress of the Philippines. It first convened in 1987. The powers of the Congress of the Philippines may be classified as: Young Ji International School / College
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General legislative power It consists of the enactment of laws intended as a rule of conduct to govern the relation between individuals (i.e., civil laws, commercial laws, etc.) or between individuals and the state (i.e., criminal law, political law, etc.) Implied powers It is essential to the effective exercise of other powers expressly granted to the assembly. Inherent powers These are the powers which though not expressly given are nevertheless exercised by the Congress as they are necessary for its existence such as: to determine the rules of proceedings; to compel attendance of absent members to obtain quorum to do business; to keep journal of its proceedings; etc. Specific legislative powers It has reference to powers which the Constitution expressly and specifically directs to perform or execute. Powers enjoyed by the Congress classifiable under this category are: Power to appropriate; Power to act as constituent assembly; (The Senate and the House of Representatives must convene and vote on joint or separate session to do this. Power to impeach; (to initiate all cases of impeachment is the power of the House of Representatives; to try all cases of impeachment is the power of the Senate.) Power to confirm treaties ;( Only the Senate is authorized to use this power.) Power to declare the existence of war; (The Senate and the House of Representatives must convene in joint session to do this.) Power to concur amnesty; and Power to act as board of canvasser for presidential/vice-presidential votes. (by creating a joint congressional committee to do the canvassing.) Power to contempt Blending of power Delegation of power Budgetary power Power to taxation Executive power Powers of the Congress that are executive in nature are: Appointment of its officers; Affirming treaties; Confirming presidential appointees through the Commission on Appointments; Removal power; etc. Director/Supervisory power Young Ji International School / College
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The Congress of the Philippines exercises considerable control and supervision over the administrative branch - e.g.: To decide the creation of a department/agency/office; To define powers and duties of officers; To appropriate funds for governmental operations; To prescribe rules and procedure to be followed; etc. Electoral power Considered as electoral power of the Congress of the Philippines are the Congress' power to: Elect its presiding officer/s and other officers of the House; Act as board of canvassers for the canvass of presidential/vicepresidential votes; and Elect the President in case of any electoral tie to the said post. Judicial power Constitutionally, each house has judicial powers: To punish its Members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of all its Members, suspend or expel a Member To concur and approve amnesty declared by the President of the Philippines; To initiate, prosecute and thereafter decide cases of impeachment; and To decide electoral protests of its members through the respective Electoral Tribunal. Miscellaneous powers The other powers of Congress mandated by the Constitution are as follows: To authorize the Commission on Audit to audit fund and property; To authorize the President of the Philippines to fix tariff rates, quotas, and dues; To authorize the President of the Philippines to formulate rules and regulations in times of emergency; To reapportion legislative districts based on established constitutional standards; To implement laws on autonomy; To establish a national language commission; To implement free public secondary education; To allow small scale utilization of natural resources; To specify the limits of forest lands and national parks; To determine the ownerships and extent of ancestral domain; and To establish independent economic and planning agency Lawmaking
Preparation of the bill The Member or the Bill Drafting Division of the Reference and Research Bureau prepares and drafts the bill upon the Member's request. First reading The bill is filed with the Bills and Index Service and the same is numbered and reproduced. Three days after its filing, the same is included in the Order of Business for First Reading.
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On First Reading, the Secretary General reads the title and number of the bill. The Speaker refers the bill to the appropriate Committee/s.
Committee consideration / action The Committee where the bill was referred to evaluates it to determine the necessity of conducting public hearings. o If the Committee finds it necessary to conduct public hearings, it schedules the time thereof, issues public notices and invites resource persons from the public and private sectors, the academe, and experts on the proposed legislation. o If the Committee determines that public hearing is not needed, it schedules the bill for Committee discussion/s. Based on the result of the public hearings or Committee discussions, the Committee may introduce amendments, consolidate bills on the same subject matter, or propose a substitute bill. It then prepares the corresponding committee report. The Committee approves the Committee Report and formally transmits the same to the Plenary Affairs Bureau.
Second reading 1. The Committee Report is registered and numbered by the Bills and Index Service. It is included in the Order of Business and referred to the Committee on Rules. 2. The Committee on Rules schedules the bill for consideration on Second Reading. 3. On Second Reading, the Secretary General reads the number, title and text of the bill and the following takes place: Period of Sponsorship and Debate Period of Amendments Voting, which may be by 7. viva voce 8. count by tellers 9. division of the House 10. nominal voting Third reading 0. The amendments, if any, are engrossed and printed copies of the bill are reproduced for Third Reading. 1. The engrossed bill is included in the Calendar of Bills for Third Reading and copies of the same are distributed to all the Members three days before its Third Reading. 2. On Third Reading, the Secretary General reads only the number and title of the bill. 3. A roll call or nominal voting is called and a Member, if he desires, is given three minutes to explain his vote. No amendment on the bill is allowed at this stage. The bill is approved by an affirmative vote of a majority of the Members present. If the bill is disapproved, the same is transmitted to the Archives. Transmittal of the approved bill to the Senate The approved bill is transmitted to the Senate for its concurrence.
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* Senate action on approved bill of the House  The bill undergoes the same legislative process in the Senate. Conference committee 1. A Conference Committee is constituted and is composed of Members from each House of Congress to settle, reconcile or thresh out differences or disagreements on any provision of the bill. 2. The conferees are not limited to reconciling the differences in the bill but may introduce new provisions germane to the subject matter or may report out an entirely new bill on the subject. 3. The Conference Committee prepares a report to be signed by all the conferees and the Chairman. 4. The Conference Committee Report is submitted for consideration/approval of both Houses. No amendment is allowed. Transmittal of the bill to the President Copies of the bill, signed by the Senate President and the Speaker of the House of Representatives and certified by both the Secretary of the Senate and the Secretary General of the House, are transmitted to the President. Presidential action on the bill If the bill is approved by the President, it is assigned an RA number and transmitted to the House where it originated Action on approved bill The bill is reproduced and copies are sent to the Official Gazette Office for publication and distribution to the implementing agencies. It is then included in the annual compilation of Acts and Resolutions. Action on vetoed bill The message is included in the Order of Business. If the Congress decides to override the veto, the House and the Senate shall proceed separately to reconsider the bill or the vetoed items of the bill. If the bill or its vetoed items is passed by a vote of two-thirds of the Members of each House, such bill or items shall become a law. House of Representatives A voter has two votes in the House of Representatives: one vote for a representative elected in the voter's congressional district (first-past-the-post), and one vote for a party in the party-list system (closed list), the so-called sectoral representatives; sectoral representatives shall comprise not more than 20% of the House of Representatives. To determine the winning parties in the party-list election, a party must surpass the 2% election threshold of the national vote; usually, the party with the largest number of votes wins the maximum three seats, the rest two seats. If the number of seats of the parties that surpassed the 2% threshold is less than 20% of the total seats, the parties that won less than 2% of the vote gets one seat each until the 20% requirement is met. In what could be a unique setup, Congress' two houses meet at different places in Metro Manila, the seat of government: the Senate sits at a building shared Young Ji International School / College
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with the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) at Pasay, while the House of Representatives sits at the Batasang Pambansa Complex. Historically, when Congress is composed of two houses, it sat on one building. The Philippine Legislature convened at the Ayuntamiento in Intramuros, Manila from 1907 to 1926, when it transferred to the Manila Legislative Building outside Intramuros. In the Legislative Building, the Senate occupied the upper floors while the House of Representatives used the lower floors. However the Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan serve as a meeting place of unicameral congress of the First Philippine Republic. Destroyed during the Battle of Manila of 1945, the Commonwealth Congress convened at the Old Japanese Schoolhouse at Sampaloc. Congress met at the school auditorium, with the Senate convening on evenings and the House of Representatives meeting every morning. Congress would return to the Legislative Building, which will be renamed as the Congress Building, on 1949 up to 1973 when President Marcos ruled by decree. Marcos built a new seat of a unicameral parliament at Quezon City, which would eventually be the Batasang Pambansa Complex. The parliament that will eventually be named as the Batasang Pambansa (National Legislature), first met at the Batasang Pambansa Complex on 1978. With the overthrow of Marcos after the People Power Revolution, the bicameral Congress was restored. The House of Representatives inherited the Batasang Pambansa Complex, while the Senate returned to the Congress Building. On May 1997, the Senate moved to the newly constructed building owned by the GSIS on land reclaimed from Manila Bay at Pasay; the Congress Building was eventually transformed into the National Museum of the Philippines. Party control of Congress
Senate The Senate, when it is in existence, is always composed of 24 senators, including vacancies. The 1935 constitution abolished the Senate, but a 1940 amendment restored bicameralism. The 1978 constitution, the Senate was abolished a new in favor of a unicameral parliament; it was restored with the approval of the 1987 constitution.
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House of Representatives The House of Representatives (National Assembly/Batasang Pambansa) originally had 98 members; the 1935 Constitution limited the membership to 120. The adoption of the 1973 Constitution raised the membership to 200, while the 1987 constitution allowed increases from the 250-seat limit by means of statutes. First Republic Department of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce Department of Communications and Public Works Department of Interior Department of Foreign Relations Department of Public Education Department of Wars and Marine Commonwealth Period Department of Agriculture and Commerce Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Department of Commerce and Police Department of Health and Public Welfare Department of Finance and Justice Department of Instruction Department of Labor Department of Public Instruction Department of National Defense Third Republic Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Department of Commerce and Industry Department of General Services Department of Social Welfare Martial Law Era Ministry of Agriculture and Food Ministry of Education and Culture Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports Ministry of Human Settlements Ministry of Industry Ministry of Local Government and Community Development Ministry of Natural Resources Ministry of Public Highways Ministry of Public Information Young Ji International School / College
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Ministry of Public Works, Transportation and Communications Ministry of Social Services and Development Ministry of Trade and Tourism Ministry of Youth and Sports Development Fifth Republic Department of Education, Culture and Sports Department of Environment, Energy and Natural Resources Department of Land Reform Department of Local Nations Other agencies elevated to Department rank Budget Commission to Department of Budget and Management National Science and Technology Authority to Department of Science and Technology Office of Energy Affairs to Department of Energy
Lesson 29
The Local Government
The three major branches of our government- the legislative branch, represented by the Congress of the Philippines; the executive branch, headed by the President of the Philippines: and the judicial branch composed of the Supreme Court and the lower courts make up the national government. Provision on Local Government The 1987 Constitution, Article X, contains several provisions on local government in general. Elective Officials are: 1. Provinces: governor, vice governor, members of the Sanguniang Panlalawigan 2 cities: city mayor, city vice mayor, members of the Sangguniang Panlungsod 3. Towns/Municipalities: mayor, vice mayor,members of the sanggunian bayan 4. Barangays: punong barangay, members of the Sangguniang Barangay and members of the Sangguniang Kabataan.
1. 2.
3. 4.
Qualifications. All elective local officials shall possess the following qualifications: a citizen of the Philippines a registered voter in the province, city, municipality, or barangay where he or she intends to be elected or in the case of a member of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan, Snagguniang Panglungsod, or Sangguniang Bayan, the district where he or she intends to be elected. a resident of the LGU concerned for at least one year immediately preceding the day of the election able to read and write Filipino or any other Philippine language or dialect
Age requirement: 1. provincial officials-twenty three years of age on election day 2. city officials (mayor and vice mayor)- twenty one (21) years of age on election day 3. city officials (members of Sangguniang Panglungsod or Sangguniang BayanYoung Ji International School / College
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eighteen years of age on election day 4. barangay officials- eighteen years of age on election day 5. Sangguniang Kabataan- at least fifteen years of age but now more than twenty one years of age on election day Barangay Government. The barangay government is the basic and smallest unit of government in the country, and sometimes it is called a barrio. Barangay Courts. Every barangay has a barangay court (Lupong tagapayapa). Sangguniang Kabatan. The Katipunan ng Kabataan is an assembly of youth in every barangay. Municipal and City government. There is a difference between a municipality and city government. Mayor and Vice Mayor. The mayor is the chief executive of the city or town government. Sangguniang Bayan or Sangguniang Panlungsod Provincial Government Governor and Vice Governor Appointive Officials of the Province 1. Secretary 2. Treasurer 3. Assessor 4. Budget officer 5. Engineer 6. Agriculturist 7. Planning and development coordinator Sangguniang Panlalawigan. The provincial council is the lawmaking body of the province. Metro Manila Government Autonomous Regions Terms to Identify: 1. autonomous 2. urbanized3. regional4. local government5. barangay courts6. metropolitanFollow-up Questions: 1. What are the units of local government/ 2. Discuss the barangay government. Name their officials and their functions and responsibilities. 3. Discuss the municipality and city government. What are their differences and similarities? Give the functions and responsibilities if their officials. 4. Describe a provincial government including their officials and responsibilities. 5. Explain the workings of administrative and autonomous regions. 6. Illustrate the composition of the Metro Manila Development Authority. How does it function? Young Ji International School / College
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Activity: A. Interview the local government officials regarding their policies for the area, their problems and how they solve these local problems. B. Prepare skit showing the local government in session. Evaluation: Fill in the blanks. 1. The smallest unit of the government is the______________________________ 2. The chief executive of a city or a town is_______________________________ 3. The head of the province is the________________________________________ 4. The Ifugaos voted yes to the creation of the ___________________________ 5. The Muslin have the ______________________ Region in Mindanao
Lesson 30
Financing the Government
The government as an institution of the state is responsible for meeting the needs of its people, to deliver their basic needs. Sources of Government Income- The government’s income comes from the following: Taxes- are the compulsory contributions of the people for the operation of the government. The Budget- The term budget came from the French word bougette, meaning purse. It refers to the estimated income and expenditures of the government for a particular year. Under the 1987 Constitution, the following rules apply to budget legislation such as: 1. The President prepares the annual budget in consultation with the other government offices. 2. All budget and revenue or tariff bill shall originate in the House of Representatives. 3. Congress cannot increase the budget proposed but the President 4. The budget has to be specific. 5. A special appropriations bill should specify its purpose and must be certified by the National Treasurer that funds are available. 6. Transfer of funds is not allowed. However, the President, Senate President, House Speaker, Chief Justice and heads of the Constitutional Commissions may augment any item from savings in other items in their respective offices. 7. Vouchers must support the discretionary funds. Young Ji International School / College
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8. In case Congress failed to pass a budget for the next fiscal year, the budget for the preceding year shall remain in force. 9. The President may veto any particular item in the budget bill. ď Ź Government Expenditures 1. Economic Services- Economic service refers to the government utilities and infrastructure, agriculture, agrarian reform, natural resources and others. 2. Social Service- Social services include education, culture and manpower development, health services, social security and welfare housing. 3. Administrative Expensive- This includes expenditures for general administration. Terms to Identify: 1. debt2. budget3. veto 4. expenditure 5. tax 6. funds 7. manpower Follow-up Questions: 1. Name the sources of government income. 2. Why is the budget important? 3. Show the procedure in the preparation of budget. 4. Enumerate the expenditures of the government. 5. What is the role of Congress in the government budget? Activity: A. Prepare a simple budget for a school organization. B. On a separate sheet, explain why we need to pay taxes on time. Evaluation: Identify the following: 1. debt _____________________________________________________________ 2. budget _____________________________________________________________ 3. revenue _____________________________________________________________ 4. tax _____________________________________________________________ 5. VAT _____________________________________________________________ Lesson 31 Foreign Relations of the Philippines Young Ji International School / College
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The countries of the world have established good relationship with one another for the development and progress of their economic, political and social aspects. Diplomatic Relations- The art of communication between nations is called diplomacy. All nations are obliged to observe certain rules and regulations. Passports and Visas- A passport is an evidence of a nationality, certifying that the person is a citizen of the country which issues it, and requesting permission for him to come and go and to receive lawful and protection in the foreign country be intends to visit. Department of Foreign Affairs- The Department of Foreign Affairs, headed by a Secretary, handles the foreign relations of the Philippines. Among the functions are the following: 1. managers the foreign service 2. negotiates all kinds of treaties related to defense economics and cultural aspects 3. assists and protects the Filipinos in other countries 4. gathers information regarding the conditions abroad 5. arranges international conferences The officials who handle the external relations are: 1. Ambassadors who handle the political affairs 2. Consular and delegations officials who handle the commercial affairs 3. Foreign affairs officers 4. Civil service employees Foreign Policy of the Republic- Being under the Americans for more than the fifty years, the Philippines foreign policy was pro-American and anti-communist. Relations with Asian Countries Relation with China Relations with Japan- Philippine relations with Japan started as early as the 13th century. Relations with the United States the United States liberated the country from the Japanese and recognized our independence in 1946. Relations with other Asian nations- President Ramon Magsaysay hosted the organization SEATO- Southeast Asian Treaty Organization The Philippines and the ASEAN- On August 8, 1967, five Southeast Asian leaders- the foreign ministers of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand met together in the main hall of the Department of Foreign Affairs building in Bangkok, Thailand. Relations with the Arabs- The binding force between the Philippines and the Arabs was religion. Relations with Communist Countries- Before martial law, the Philippines had no official relations with communist countries. Relation with African Nations- the Philippines campaigned in the United nations General Assembly for the abolition of apartheid in Africa. Young Ji International School / College
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The Philippines and the Third World- the Third World refers to the lessdeveloped countries in the world. The Philippines’ relation with Europe. During the Ramos administration, the president visited several countries in Europe to discuss regional and international issues with Europe’s political. Relations with the Pacific Neighbors1. 17th RP-China Joint Trade Protocol 2. 10th RP-China Science and Technology 3. 1994-1995 RP-China Cultural Exchange Protocols The Philippines and the United Nations. Territorial Claims of the Philippines- the two territories being claimed by the Philippines are Sabah (North Borneo) and the Spratly Islands. Some of the Filipinos who played an important role in the United Nations were: 7. Carlos P. Romulo- signer of UN Charter, 1st UN Asian President, General Assembly 1949. 8. Geronima T. Pecson- 1st woman in the world to become a member of the UNESCO Board Paris in 1950. 9. Miguel Cuaderno- the first Asian to become president of both IMF and World Bank 1952. 10. Felixberto Serrano- the 1st Filipino to become President of the U.N. Commission on Human Rights 1959. 11. Salvador P. Lopez- served as U.N. Rapporteur on Freedom of Information and presided over sessions of the U.N. Commission on Human Rights in 1965. 12. Cesar Bengzon- the 1st Asian to serve as a member of the International Court of Justice at the Hague Netherlands. 13. Helena Benitez- the first Filipina to be elected Chairman of the Commission on the Status of Women 14. Narciso Reyes- became chief of the U.N. Development Program (UNDP) and simultaneously headed the U.N. Children’s Fund (UNICEF) 15. Rafael Salas- 1st to head the UN population Commission 16. Leticia Ramos Shahani – UN asst. Sec.-general for social and humanitarian affairs 17. Arturo Tolentino- campaigned for the approval of the UN Conference on the Law of the Seas in 1982.
Terms to Identify 1. diplomacy2. persona grata3. passport4. visa5. foreign policy6. ambassador7. consul8. immunity Follow-up Questions 1. Describe the classes of diplomats2. Explain the difference between a visa and a passport. Young Ji International School / College
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3. Explain the foreign policy of the Philippines before and during martial law. 4. Enumerate the functions of the Department of Foreign Affairs. 5. Why was the relationship between the Philippines and the United States considered to be special? 6. How did the Philippines maintain its good relationship with some countries of Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Pacific areas? 7. What made the ASEAN successful compared to the previous organizations formed in Asia? 8. Enumerate the achievements or contributions of the Philippines in the United Nations. EVALUATION Identify the following: ________________1. First Asian to become President of the UN General Assembly in 1949 ________________2. First Filipina to be elected Chairman of the Commission on the Status of Women ________________3. First to head the UN Population Commission ________________ 4. Place where the ASEAN was formed ________________5. President of the Philippines when the MAPHILINDO was formed ________________6. Place where the first Philippine embassy was established in a communist country ________________7. Association for developing countries ________________8. The US President who signed the RP- US extradition treaty ________________9. First Filipino to become President of the UN Commission on Human Rights in 1965 ________________10. President of the Philippines when SEATO was organized
Terms to Identify 1. Provisional 2. Human rights 3. Rebellion 4. Anomalies 5. Transition 6. Political prisoners 7. Coup d‖etat 8. Plotters Make a research on the following: 1. Achievements of the Philippine Commission on Good Government 2. NPA 3. NAMFREL A. Collect anecdotes/stories regarding the Philippine presidents. B. Make a chart comparing the 1973 Constitution and the 1987 Constitution. C. Interview people who participated or experienced being part of: 1. People Power I Young Ji International School / College
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2. People Power II Tell something about the following: 1. Corazon Aquino ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 2. Col. Gregorio Honasan ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 3. Gen. Fabian Ver ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 4. Justice Cecilia Munoz Palma ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 5. Salvador Laurel ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
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