SOCIAL STUDIES 5

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 1

UNIT 1 EARLY FILIPINOS LESSON 1 OUR EARLY BEGINNINGS Study of Prehistory Prehistory means the time before written history. It covers the whole period of unwritten past events.

Prehistoric period

o o o o

ďƒ˜ Old Stone Age (Paleolithic period) It refers to a time when the early humans used crude stone tools.

They lived in caves or a rock and wooden shelters.

They survived by hunting wild animals fishing and gathering fruits and edible plants.

They lived a nomadic life.

Homo erectus philippinenses -earliest human inhabitants in the Philippines..

Homo sapiens (Tabon Man) the earliest evidence of modern man in the Philippines found in tabon caves in Palawan.

ďƒ˜ New stone Age(Neolithic period) o Considered the last part of the Stone Age. o During this time, the early human used more polished stones.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 2

o They made rectangular , elongated or triangular stone tools.

o It was used in making boats, in chopping wood and in building shelters. o They learned agriculture and started practicing kaingin or the slash-andburn farming method.

o It helped them improved their harvest and had a stable supply of food. o Pottery was introduced in the northern and southern part of the Philippines.

ďƒ˜ Metal Age-500 B.C. up to 1 A.D.

o o o o o

The time when early humans used metal objects.

His period was subdivided into copper, bronze and iron ages.

Iron tools had sharper edge and much longer than a stone tool.

Iron artifacts was found in the Manunggul cave in Lipuun pt. in Palawan It significantly increased their harvests.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 3

Earliest settlers in the Philippines  Negritos According to some anthropologists and historians, the earliest settlers in the Philippines were the Negritos. Some believed they were the original people of the Philippines or the aborigines of our islands. Many also consider them as the ancestors of the present-day Aetas. However, there is still no strong evidence to support this claim.

 Austronesians Some social scientists also believed that a group of seafaring people have settled in our country. They were referred to as Austronesians. The Austronesian‘s travelled from the south coast of China to Taiwan and Batanes between 5,000 and 4,000 B.C. Using big boats called balangays, the Austronesians travelled by clans, carrying with them their most valuable possessions. At that time, the Philippines was already inhabited by the Negritos and the early native population that came from the Tabon men.

Over the next thousand years, the Austronesians spread throughout the Philippine islands while some farther travelled outside the country.

Activity 1 Directions: Fill in the blank with the corrct term to complete the sentence.Choose answer from the words listed in the box.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 4

Austronesians Cagayan valley Homo sapiens Palawan

kaingin New stone age Copper Old stone age

bronze Iron Homo erectus Philipinenses Angono petroglyphs

1._________ is the period in prehistory when early humans already used more polished tools.

2. The earliest evidence of a modern man is _______________.

3._______, _________, and ________ are what metal age was subdivided into.

4. ______________ were the engravings found in the caves of Angono ,Rizal.

5._________________ is the farming method that was started by early humans.

6. The period when early humans used flake and pebble-cobble stones is __________.

7. It is considered as the cradle of the Philippine civilization____________ 8. _____________ were believed to be the earliest human inhabitants of the Philippines.

9._____________ are considered to be among the most important archaeological site in the Philippines.

10. ____________ a seafaring group of people who travelled to many parts of the world and spread their language and culture.

LESSON 2: EARLY FILIPINO HISTORY The early Filipino society was called barangay. The word barangay originated from balanghai-a kind of boat used by a group of Austronesians that sailed and migrated to the Philippine Archipelago.

Each balangay usually carried a whole clan, this the members of each barangay were usually to each other by blood. Each barangay was an independent community of 30 to 100 families. The members of the barangays lived in harmonious relationship with one another.

Since the Philippines is surrounded by water, the early Filipino communities developed near the rivers and coastal areas. Travel was primarily by boat and fishing was one of the main sources of livelihood.

For the most part of the later prehistoric period, the early Filipino society was already a developing civilization. Its growth was further hastened at the time when YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 5

the early Filipinos established contact with the people from other lands. These people were mostly merchants who engaged our ancestors in trade. Hundreds of years later this contact with people from foreign lands resulted to the assimilation of different cultures.

Political life of Early Filipinos o Each barangay is ruled by a chieftain called datu. A datu possessed executive, judicial and military powers. He has a personal adviser called atubang.

o The early Filipinos followed written and customary laws. o There were three major social classes in the Philippine precolonial society:  The nobles-composed the highest social class in the early Filipino society. The datu and his families belonged to this group.  The freemen- were the intermediate social class in the Precolonial society. The members of this class were composed of commoners and freemen who were related to the datu. 

The dependents composed the lowest social class in the Philippine Precolonial society.In the Tagalog regions they were called alipin. Two kinds of dependents in the Tagalog region: Aliping namamahay and aliping sanggigilid. In the Visayas regions: Tumataban,tumarampok

Freemen

Alipin

o Women were highly respected in the Precolonial Philippines. Babaylan, or women priests performed rituals for rites of passage like childbirth and wedding, and even burial.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 6

o Our early ancestors had the type of house such as tree house, stilt houses like the bahay kubo that we have nowadays.

In farming they practiced, the slash-and-burn technique called kaingin.

Deepwater rice technology was also practiced. o They had the system of writing called alibata or baybayin, mostly used in the tagalong region. It consists of seventeen letters, fourteen of which are consonants and the rest are vowels. o

o Laguna Copperplate Inscription, the earliest written document found in the country. o Some examples of the literature of early (riddle)sawikain (saying)sabi-sabi(maxim)uyayi talindaw(boat songs).

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Filipinos were bugtong and hele(lullabies)and

Page 7

o They used many instruments like bamboo, kudyapi gangsa and kubing. Some of their dances were macasla of the tagbanuas in Palawan, Kinnoton and kinnalogong of the Ilocanos, and the balitaw and dandansoy of the Visayans.

o Their clothings were: kangan and bahag for men and putong. Tapis for women. Wearing jewelries were also customary. Tattooing was also a common practice not just as body ornament but to show person‘s war record. o Our ancestors practiced nature worship, beliefs in the Supreme being and other deities. o

It was also a common practice to carve representations of their deities in wood. In the Visayas region they called this tawo-tawo, bata-bata or ladaw.

Activity 1 Identify what is being described in each sentence .Choose from the word listed in the box.

Datu

barangay

Laguna Copperplate Inscription

Nobles

Freemen

aliping namamahay

Umaluhokan

babaylan

alibata

atubang

____________1.This describes the society of the early Filipinos and was also considered the earliest form of government of our ancestors.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 8

____________2. He was the ruler of the barangay in the early Filipino society. ____________3. This was the highest social class in the early Filipino society. ____________4. This was the ancient Filipino alphabet. ____________5.This refers to the women priests in the early Filipino society. ____________6. This was the earliest written document found ever found in the country. ____________7. This refers to the personal adviser of the datu. ____________8. This was the class of dependents in the ancient Tagalog society that could own properties. ____________9. This was the town crier of the ancient Filipino society whose task was to announce the newly-created laws formulated for the barangay. ____________10. This was the intermediate social class in the Philippines.

LESSON 3: ARRIVAL OF ISLAM IN THE PHILIPPINES Islamic faith Islam ,along with Judaism and Christianity ,is one of the world‘s major religion that started in the middle East. Islam is an Arabic word which means ‗‘peace‘‘. In its religious sense, the word Islam means ‗‘submission‘‘ or total surrender to Allah, the supreme God of the Muslims.

Islam originated in Mecca, Saudi Arabia and was founded by prophet Mohammed. The Islamic faith spread later on o to Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Before it reached the Philippines, Islam was first introduced and propagated in Old Malaysian the middle of the 14th century by an Arab scholar named Makhdum. By the 15th century, Arab missionaries reached Sulu and introduced Islam to the natives. Because of its great influence on the Filipinos, Islam eventually became an important cultural force in the Philippines.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 9

Introduction of Islam in the Philippines The introduction of Islam in the Philippines started during the time when the Arab traders and missionaries reached our islands. In 1380, an Arab missionary named Shariff Karim l-Makhddum arrived in Sulu. The term ‗‘Shariff‘‘ is used to denote lineage to Prophet Mohammed. Makhdum built his first Mosque in the island of Simunul in Tawi-Tawi and started propagating the Islamic faith among Filipinos in the neighboring villages.

In 1390, Karim ul-Makhdum was followed by Rajah Baguinda from Sumatra.

Rajah Baguinda continued spreading the Islamic faith.His marriage to a local princess made him a chief and led to the conversion of many natives.

Sultanate of Sulu In 1450, Shariff ul-Hashim or Abubakr arrived in Sulu and continued the work started by Rajah Baguinda. He united all the communities in SULU and founded its first sultanate in 1457.He and his wife Putri Paramisuli, the daughter of Rajah Baguinda, became the first sultan and sultana of Sulu. Abubakr continued the mission of propagating Islam after the death of Rajah Baguinda. He later on became successful in converting many natives in Sulu into the Islamic faith.

Eventually the sultanate of SULU grew until it included Tawi-tawi, Basilan and some parts of Zamboanga and Palawan. In the early 18th century, Sabah also became part of the sultanate of Sulu after it as given by the Sultan of Brunei to the Sultan of Sulu.

Sultanate of Maguindanao In 1515, the Sultanate of Maguindanao was founded by Shariff Mohammed Kabungsuan. The sultanate of Maguindanao included a big part of the island of Mindanao. Later on, its influence expanded to Zamboanga, Davao and Sarangani Bay. As a Muslim missionary, Shariff Mohammad Kabungsuan also propagated the Islamic faith to all the territories controlled by the sultanate he founded.

The political structure of the sultanates as well as the people‘s strong and loyal adherence to Islam were the main reasons why the Spaniards did not conquer Mindanao during its colonization of the Philippines.When the Spaniards first arrived in Luzon in 1570, Manila was already a Muslim kingdom.

Teachings of Islam Islam ranks among the religions of the world with the greatest number of followers. The followers odf Islam are called Muslims.The word ‗‘Muslim‘‘ literally means‘‘ one who submits to the will of Allah‘‘.

Muslim follow the teachings of Allah contained in their sacred book called Qurán or Koran. They believed that God, whom they called Allah, is the supreme God and Mohammed is his prophet.

Muslims obey two sets of Islamic Tenets: The Five Pillars of Islam and the Six Articles of Faith.

The Five Pillars of Islam 1. Shahada. This states that there is no God but Allah and Mohammed is his prophet.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 10

2. Salat. This requires followers of Allah to pray five times a day, except on Fridays.

Each salat is done facing the east, to the direction of Mecca.

3. Zakat. This states that followers of Allah must give aid to those who are in real need.

4. Hajj. This states that followers of Allah must undertake a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime .Mecca is the place where Mohammed was born. It is considered the holy land of the Muslims. The Kaaba , or the ‗‘house of Allah‘‘ can also be found in Mecca.

The Six Articles of Faith 1. To believe in Allah, the only God. 2. To believe and put into practice the teachings of the Qurán 3. To believe in Mohammed as prophet of Allah 4. To believe in angels 5. To believe in life after death 6. To believe that Allah is just, powerful and has no beginning and no end (Muslims call this Qadar)

LESSON 4: SPANISH EXPEDITIONS TO THE PHILIPPINES The Spanish expeditions to the Philippines were a result of the European explorers obsession to reach the East for economic and political gains. During that time, Spain and Portugal became the e two most powerful European countries that competed against each other. Both launched different maritime expeditions and engaged in trade to the farthest corners of the world. Their serious rivalry soon resulted to agreements called treaties that divided the non-Christian world between them. One such example is the Treaty of Tordesillas that divided the newly ‗‘discovered‘‘ worlds between Spain and Portugal.

Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer who led the first Spanish expedition that reached the Philippines. When the major trade was closed Magellan had in mind a difficult route that no other earlier expeditions to the East had never YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 11

used. Upon King Manuel I of Portugal disapproval he went to King of Spain, King Charles V and presented the same proposal whom gambled with Magellan‘s idea.

With the purchase of five ships namely: San Antonio, Conception, Victoria and Santiago the expedition finally started on September 20,1519 with 200 crew and trading goods to seek out new lands in the East.

Magellan’s expedition route : The voyage -Magellan had face mutiny from the Spanish ship captains who refused to trust his leadership since he is a Portuguese. Magellan suppressed them and had them imprisoned inside the ship.

-Santiago was lost due to bad weather. Afterwards they came upon a vast ocean which he named Mar Pacifico (Pacific Ocean) YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 12

-decreasing food supply and the crew starved and got sick.

-On March 16, 1521, the Spanish Expedition reached Homonhon Island in Samar.

Magellan‘s group were given food. I return he gave gifts like a mirror, a comb, a red cap and small bells. After the Spaniards rested, they sailed off and landed on Limasawa Island.

-On March 31,1521, The Spaniards celebrated the first Catholic mass on the island of Limasawa officiated by Fr. Pedro Valderama. The ruler of Butuan, Kolambu and Raja Siagu were resent during the mass.

-Magellan was introduced to Raja Humabon and his wife, who accepted Christianity as their new faith and agreed to be baptized. Rajah Humabon was given the name ‗‘Carlos‘‘ and his wife‘‘Hara amihan was named ‗‘Juana‘‘, in honor of the king of Spain. Rajah Kulambu and his wife were given an image of the Sto. Nino .

- not everyone had recognized his authority, and it was Lapulapu, a ruler in the neighboring island of Cebu. Upon hearing it , Magellan prepared a battle with Lapulapu.

-On April 27,1521, .with sixty men behind him Magellan fought Lapulapu with an army of more than a thousands. Magellan was killed and his body was left by his fleeing men. Lapulapu was hailed as the first Filipino hero.

-Conception was burned only the Victoria ship went back to Spain.It arrived home on September 6, 1522 with only 18 surviving crew led by Sebastian del Cano, the ship‘s captain. Because they left the Philippines by way of Africa, Del Cano and his men became the first Europeans who were able to circumnavigate the globe.

However, some historians give this honor to Ferdinand Magellan who spearheaded the expedition.

Later Spanish expeditions to the Philippines 1525-Loaysa expedition 1526-Cabot expedition 1527-Saavedra expedition 1542-Villalobos expedition 1564-Legazpi expedition YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 13

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi headed the Spanish expedition to the Philippines that eventually led to its conquest. His expedition was ordered by King Philip II, with four ships and 380 soldiers. His crew landed or islands on February 13, 1565. He befriended the natives and had a blood compact with Datu Sikatuna of Bohol.

Later on, Legazpi established the first permanent settlement in Cebu. He named it, Villa del Santissimo Nombre de Jesus(Town of the Most Holy Name ) Legazpi arrived in Manila formed a peace pact with the native rulers Rajah Sulayman, Rajah Lakandula and Rajah Matanda.

Rajah Sulayman On June 24, 1571, Legazpi established the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines and became the first Spanish governor-general.

During the period when the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines was being established, the Franciscans and Augustinian friars converted the natives to the catholic faith.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 14

A. Write T if the statement is true and write F if the statement is false.

1.

Ferdinand Magellan was a Spanish explorer.

2.

The first mass in the Philippines was celebrated by the Spaniards in the islands of Limasawa. On March 13,1 521.

3.

The first Spanish settlement in the Philippines was built in Manila.

4.

The Indian ocean was named by Ferdinand Magellan.

5.

After the Spanish conquest of Manila, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi declared it as the capital of the Philippines.

B.

Which does not belong to the group? Encircle your answer.

1. Rajah Kulambu

Rajah Sulayman

2. Ferdinand Magellan

John Cabot

3. Rajah matanda

Antonio Pigafetta

4. Limasawa

Ilocos

5 .Miguel

Rajah Lakandula Miguel Lopez de Legazpi Rajah Lakandula Cebu

Juana

Carlos

LESSON 5: SPANISH COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION When the Spanish colonizers, also referred as conquistadores, finally secured the colonial authority of spain over the archipelago, they began to consolidate their power. The Spanish Empire became determined to colonize the Philippines because of the following objectives.

Spanish crown seal  Secure a share in the spice trade in the Moluccas  Establish a base in the Pacific to enhance Spanish trade in the East  Exploit a rich source of raw materials that would supply the Spanish trade and commerce  Propagate the catholic faith

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 15

Spanish Colonial Government  



 



THE SPANIARDS AS COLONIAL MASTERS Spain reigned over the Philippines for 333 years, from 1565 to 1898.Since Spain was far from the country, the Spanish king ruled the Islands through the Viceroy of Mexico, which was then another Spanish colony.

When Mexico regained its freedom in1821, the Spanish king ruled the Philippines through a Governor General, built schools and other public workscollected taxes maintained peace and order .

THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE Spain established a centralized colonial government in the Philippines that was composed of a NATIONAL GOVERNMENT and the LOCAL GOVERNMENTS that administered provinces, cities, towns and municipalities.

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT: Had the power to appoint and dismiss public officials, except those personally chosen by the King Royal decrees and laws emanating from Spain were implemented in the Philippines. The Kings representative and the highest-ranking official in the Philippines THE GOVERNOR GENERAL Issued proclamations to facilitate the implementation of laws ,exercised certain legislative powers, supervised all government offices and the collection of taxes The governor general requirement: must be a peninsulares or a `Spaniard born in Spain The Governor General and other government officials had so much power that it was commonly abused. To investigate the abuses, there were bodies created: The Residencia, The Visita, and The Royal Audencia THE RESIDENCIA. This was a special judicial court that investigates the performance of a Governor General who was about to be replaced. The Residencia, of which the incoming Governor General was usually a member, submitted a report of its findings to the King.

THE VISITA. The Council of the Indies in Spain sent a government official called the VISITADOR GENERAL to observe conditions in the colony. The Visitador General reported his findings directly to the King.

The Archbishop and other government officials sent a yearly report to Spain .The Audiencia also audited the expenditures of the colonial government Had the power to check and report on his abuses Served as an advisory body to the Governor General .

The highest court in the land THE ROYAL AUDENCIA was the highest court or tribunal in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period.it was established in 1583 by King Philip II of Spain.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 16



THE ROYAL AUDENCIA Despite all these checks, however, an abusive governor general often managed to escape stiff fines, suspension, or dismissal by simply bribing the Visitador and other investigators.

THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT. The Spaniards created Local Government Units (LGU)for the provinces.

There were two types of local government units: ALCALDIA and CORRIGIMIENTO o The ALCADIA, led by the Alcalde Mayor governed the provinces that had been fully subjugated: under spanish control already salary: p300 a month o the provincial government duties of the alcalde mayor:



o they represented the Spanish king and the governor-general they managed the day-to-day operations of the provincial government implemented laws and supervised the collection of taxes o The CORREGIMIENTO, headed by Corregidor governed the provinces that were not yet entirely under Spanish control The ALCADIA and the CORREGIMIENTO Though they were paid a small salary, enjoyed privileges such as the INDULTO DE COMERCIO or the right to participate in the GALLEON TRADE. THE MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT Each province was divided into several towns or pueblos headed by GOBERNADORDCILLOS (Little Governor)

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 17





MAIN DUTIES: Efficient governance and tax collection. Four lieutenants aided the Governardorcillo: the Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant),the Teniente de Policia (police lieutenant),the Teniente de Sementeras (lieutenant of thefields) they had small salaries but were exempted from paying taxes qualifications: any native or chinese meztizo 25 years old literate in oral or written spanish cabeza de barangay for 4 years ex: Emilio Aguinaldo CABEZA DE BARANGAY OR (Barrio Administrator or Barangay Captain) Responsible for the peace and order of the barrio -Recruited men for public works QUALIFICATIONS: Cabezas should be literate in Spanish Have good moral character and property Cabezas who served for 25 years THE CITY GOVERNMENT Larger towns became cities called: AYUNTAMIENTO It became the center of trade and industry. The ayuntamiento had a city council called the CABILDO is composed of: ALCALDE (MAYOR) REGIDORES (COUNCILORS) ALGUACIL MAYOR (POLICE CHIEF) ESCRIBANDO (SECRETARY) The Union of the Church and State A union of the church and State existed during the Spanish rule in the country. Catholicism was the state religion. Church authorities and state officials shared powers and governed together.

While Spanish officials administered the colony, they too had power over the Church officials. On the other hand, Church authorities also influenced the affairs of the country. In fact many Church officials held various administrative positions in the colonial government. There were times when a Church official held the position of governor-general.

Activity A. Identify what is being described in each sentence. Write your answer on the blank. ___________1. He is the head of the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of the Spanish colonial administration. ___________2.A public investigation against any outgoing Spanish official called residenciado. ___________3.The highest administrative position a native could occupy in the Spanish colonial government. ___________4. The highest judicial body in the colony. ___________5.A secret investigation conducted by the investigating official called visitador. ___________6.It replaced the barangay and the sultanate governments of the natives. ___________7. He managed the municipal government which includes the towns or pueblos. ____________8. A ruler of every barangay or barrio.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 18

LESSON 6: LIFE OF THE FILIPINOS DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD Political Life  When the Spaniards colonized the Philippines, the indigenous political system of the early Filipinos was changed drastically and replaced by the Spanish system of governance. A highly socialized form of government was instituted to replace the fragmented barangay governments and some sultanates.  



The datus who once a leader became member of the ordinary citizen.

The sector of privileged Filipinos were called the Principalia. They became a new social class of native Filipino noble elite. Some of them who were former maharlikas served as local registrars and civil guards (guardias civil).Soon they became rulers and landlords. Because of their wealth they were able to send their children to school.

Some of these educated children were able to study in manila and in Europe. Most of the ilustrados that founded the Filipino Propaganda movement came from the Principalia class.

Economic life o Encomienda system was one of the earliest economic systems established by the Spaniards in the Philippines. Under the system the Spanish Encomienda system , the Spanish conquistadores who participated in the initial stages of colonization of the Philippines were rewarded by the crown with lands to manage. These lands were called encomienda. Those who received lands became encomienderos. They had the right to collect the lands produce and the power to tax the people. In return,it was their duty to protect the people in the encomienda, to maintain peace and order using military force if necessary and to propagate Christianity. o Tribute The Spanish colonial government required the natives to pay tributes or taxes to the government. Tributes can be paid either in cash ,as service or in the form of agricultural products.

This opened an avenue for exploitation. The Spanish authorities devalued the products, so the natives often ended up paying much more than they should. o Polo y Servicio or forced labor It was a form of forced labor imposed by the Spaniards on all male natives with ages ranging from 16 to 60.This 40-day mandatory labor was not paid and was done every year. The male natives were required to work on various government projects like construction of roads,bridges, government buildings, and ships. Those who wanted to be exempted from polo must pay a fine called falla. The Spaniards did not even provide good working conditions. Many labourers died from hunger and sickness. In many instances,the cruel conditions in the labor camps forced the natives to revolt. o Galleon Trade The galleon trade in Manila began in 1565.Trading ships called galleon travelled between Manila and Acapulco in Mexico, another Spanish colony. The galleons from Manila to Acapulco carried Chinese goods like silk, textiles and porcelain. From YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 19

Acapulco, the galleons would return with minted gold and silver coins and gold bullions to be used for the purchase of more Chinese goods. This was how the colonial government earned income.

Spanish Programs in Economic Development Tobacco Monopoly was instituted in 1782.Wide tracts of land were devoted to planting tobacco. The tobacco monopoly allowed the colony to be self-sufficient.

Regular financial aid from Mexico lessened.

Hacienda system in the 19th century was introduced. Sugar became the leading exports of the Philippines. Countries like Great Britain, North America, France and Netherlands began to import products such as sugar, tobacco and abaca. To sustain a steady supply of these products, the hacienda system was instituted. Haciendas or vast tracts of agricultural lands were devoted solely for the production of these products.

Role of the Chinese merchants The economic opportunities brought by the galleon trade resulted in the migration of Chinese merchants to the Philippines. They later formed an important economic community in Manila during the 1590‘s. They helped create new opportunities in exports. They helped finance the trade despite the Spaniards desire to control their presence in the country.

Socio-cultural life The Spanish established resettlement areas for the natives. It is called reduccion.

Small barangays that used to independently co-exist with other barangays were collected in an area under the sound of the church bell or bajo de campana. This means that that settlements and governments offices were established near or around the church.

In the 17th century many roads were built which paved the way in the introduction of Karwahe or Karitela .The people then started to domesticate horses for these wheeled vehicles.

Local commerce developed with the opening of Tiangge. This replaced the barter system-wherein goods were traded for other goods. Town markets were held in the cabiseras or the most urbanized towns. Spanish officials and friars lived in Cabiseras. It had the plaza where the most important structures and establishments like the church and municipal buildings could be found.

Christian religion o The Spanish missionaries converted many Filipinos to Christianity. They used the church rituals and religious celebrations to compel the natives to embrace the Catholic faith and develop the Hispanic culture. This very strong culture of devotion to Church traditions like religious processions, celebrations of fiestas or doing personal acts of penance during Holy Week. o A fiesta is celebrated in honor of the patron saint of a certain place. People pray the rosary and novenas. They celebrate through joyous festivities that include extravagant food preparations. The Spaniards also introduced

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 20

different Spanish dishes for the Fiesta like menudo, caldereta, arroz caldo paella and tinola. o The Spaniards also introduced different forms of entertainment such as cockfighting, lottery and gambling. Early forms of entertainment like epics of Biag ni Lam-ang, Bantugan and Hudhud were also replaced by Komedya and Moro-moro. Spanish dances were also introduced like La Jota,Fandango, and Curacha. o The local languages were also influenced by the Spaniards. Most Filipino words are of Spanish origin. Examples are krus, lamesa, diyaryo and eskwela. Spanish names were also adopted like Juan de la Cruz, Antonio and Ricardo. o Spanish religious orders opened the first schools in the country primarily to teach the Christian doctrine to the natives. The Spanish friars became teachers in the schools. Later on, colleges like San Juan de Letran and universities like University of Sto. Tomas and Ateneo were established.

Schools of women like the Colegio de Santa Isabel and Colegio de la Concordia were also established.

Activity: __________1. It replaced the barangay and sultanate governments of the natives. __________2.They became the teachers in the schools opened by the religious orders. __________3. This is also known as the Manila-Acapulco trade. __________4. This was the new class of native noble elite that developed during the Spanish period. __________5.They were granted with encomienda along with the Spanish missionaries. __________6. This is the Spanish term for forced labor. __________7. This is an example of a Spanish dance. __________8. They migrated to the country and later on formed an economic community in Manila. __________9.This is a festive event celebrated in honor of a patron saint.

LESSON 7: SOME EARLY FILIPINO RESISTANCE AGAINST SPAIN Filipinos are freedom-loving people. When the Spaniards colonized the Philippines, our ancestors resisted the foreign domination. While some were forced to accept the Spanish authority, many fought to safeguard their freedom.

The first known Filipino resistance against the Spanish colonizers was the battle of Mactan.

By the time the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines, Islam had already taken foothold in the many islands of the archipelago especially in the south. The early Muslim natives bravely resisted the Spanish domination. Their resistance continued throughout the Spanish colonial administration.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 21

The resistance of Sultan Kudarat Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat (1581–1671) was a Sultan of Maguindanao in the Philippines. During his reign, he successfully opposed the Spaniards who attempted to conquer his land and hindered the Christianization of the island of Mindanao much like the other Muslim rulers of the southern Philippine Archipelago. He was a direct descendant of Shariff Kabungsuwan, a Malayanborn Arab Muslim missionary who brought Islam to the Philippines between the 13th and 14th century.

Sulayman Revolt Rajah Sulayman was a native Muslim king, who ruled with Rajah Matanda and Lakan Dula, the king of the Tondo area, a large population of Tagalogs on the southern part of the Pasig River and the city of Manila, during the 16th century. Sulayman welcomed the Spanish conquistadors, Martín de Goiti and Juan de Salcedo soon after they arrived. He befriended and offered them spices and women as gifts. But as the weeks passed on, the Spaniards began to abuse him and he soon realized that they were not there just to visit the Islands, but to take control and steal the rich resources of his land. He opposed the Spanish settlements and led a coup to throw the Spaniards out of the city.

On the morning of May 24, 1570, the Battle of Bangkusay, a district of present day Tondo, took place between thousands of native warriors against 300 Spanish soldiers. Defenceless against steel, and also the fury of rival and Christianized tribes, the Spaniards quickly defeated Sulayman, Lakandula and Matanda‘s armies and burned the city to the ground.

The 3 kings, were captured and held as a prisoners by Martín de Goiti. Sulayman‘s surviving troops along with Rajah Lakandula and Matanda‘s defeated warriors, retreated to the jungles of Manila and later organized a rebellion were they laid numerous sieges on the Spanish settlement for several months. The Spaniards eventually drove them out and on June 24, 1571 after many months of fighting, the natives surrendered soon after the Spanish General, Miguel López de Legazpi arrived. They were converted to Roman Catholicism and served as a puppet-ruler for the Spanish government.

The revolt of Tamblot (1621-22) In 1621, Tamblot exhorted his people to return to the faith of their forefathers and gain independence from the Spanish,[5] and convinced them "that the time has come when they could free themselves from the oppression of the Spaniards, in as much as they were assured of the aid of their ancestors and diuatas, or gods."

Around 2000 Boholanos responded to Tamblot's war call and began the uprising at a time when most of the Jesuit fathers, the spiritual administrators of the island, were in Cebu celebrating the feast of the beatification of St. Francis Xavier.

As soon as news of the revolt reached Cebu, Don Juan de Alcarazo, the alcalde or magistrate there, rushed an expedition to Bohol, consisting of 50 Spaniards and more than 1,000 Cebuanos. On New Year's Day, 1622, the government forces began the campaign against the rebels. In a fierce battle, fought in a blinding rain, Tamblot and his followers were crushed.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 22

Another version of the history says that in the following battle, fought out in a torrential rain at Malabago, Cortes, Bohol, the mayor was wounded and the Spanish had to retreat. Six months later, in a second attempt, the rebels where victorious again, but then some Spanish priests from Loboc managed to enter the camp of Tamblot and assassinate him. Then, without their leader, the insurgents were easily defeated, and Spanish power was restored. After these events, the Spanish more firmly established their power in Bohol. [3] Sumuroy Revolt (1649-50) In what is today the town of Palapag in Northern Samar, Juan Ponce Sumuroy, a Waray, and some of his followers rose in arms on June 1, 1649 over the polo system being undertaken in Samar. This is known as the Sumuroy Revolt, named after Juan Ponce Sumuroy.

The government in Manila directed that all natives subject to the polo are not to be sent to places distant from their hometowns to do their polo. However, under orders of the various town alcaldes, or mayors, Samarnons were being sent to the shipyards of Cavite to do their polo, which sparked the revolt. The local parish priest of Palapag was murdered and the revolt eventually spread to Mindanao, Bicol and the rest of theVisayas, especially in places such as Cebu, Masbate, Camiguin, Zamboanga, Albay, Camarines and parts of northern Mindanao, such as Surigao. A free government was also established in the mountains of Samar.

The defeat, capture and execution of Sumuroy in June 1650 led to the end of the revolt.

Dagohoy revolt in Bohol The Dagohoy Rebellion was one of two significant revolts that occurred in Bohol during the Spanish Era. The other was the Tamblot Uprising in 1621 led

by Tamblot, a babaylan or native priest from Bohol which was basically a religious conflict.

Unlike the Tamblot revolt, the Dagohoy rebellion was not a religious conflict.

Rather, it was like most of the early revolts which were ignited by forced labor (polo y servicios), bandala, excessive tax collection and payment of tributes. On top of these injustices of the Jesuit priests, what triggered Dagohoy most was the refusal of the Jesuit priest to give a Christian burial to his brother who died in a duel. This caused Dagohoy to call upon his fellow Boholanos to raise arms against the oppressors. The rebellion outlasted several Spanish Governors-General and several missions.

In 1744, Gaspar Morales, the Jesuit curate of Inabanga, ordered Francisco's brother, Sagarino, who was a constable, to capture an apostate fugitive. Sagarino pursued the fugitive, but the latter resisted and killed him. Morales refused to give Sagarino a Christian burial because he had died in a duel, a practice banned by the Church.

Infuriated, Francisco instigated the people to rise in arms. The signal of the uprising was the killing of Giuseppe Lamberti, Italian jesuit curate of Jagna, on January 24, 1744. The rebellion rolled over the whole island like a typhoon; Morales was killed by Dagohoy afterwards. Bishop Miguel Lino de Espeleta of Cebu, who YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 23

exercised ecclesiastical authority over Bohol, tried in vain to mollify the rebellious Boholanos.

Dagohoy defeated the Spanish forces sent against him. He established the Bohol Republic a free government in the mountains of Bohol on December 20, 1745, and had 3,000 followers, which subsequently increased to 20,000. His followers remained unsubdued in their mountains stronghold and, even after Dagohoy's death, continued to defy Spanish power.

The Francisco Dagohoy Cave in Danao was the headquarters of Dagohoy.

One of the many crystal-studded passages within Dagohoy's cave had an underwater route leading to dry land, and it is said that every time Spaniards searched the cave, Dagohoy would swim underwater through this passage to hide in the breathing space.. Twenty Spanish governors-general, from Gasper de la Torre (1739–45) to Juan Antonio Martínez (1822–25), tried to quell the rebellion and failed.

In 1825, General Mariano Ricafort Palacin (1825–30), a kind and able administrator, became governor-general of the Philippines. Upon his order, Alcalde-mayor Jose Lazaro Cairo, at the head of 2,200 Filipino-Spanish troops and several batteries, invaded Bohol on May 7, 1827.

The Boholanos resisted fiercely. Cairo won several engagements, but failed to crush the rebellion. In April 1828, another Spanish expedition under Captain Manuel Sanz landed in Bohol. After more than a year of hard campaign, he finally subdued the patriots. By August 31, 1828, the rebellion had ceased. In a chivalric move, Governor Ricafort pardoned 19,420 survivors and permitted them to live in new villages at the lowlands. These villages are now the towns of Batuan, Cabulao, Catigbian, and Bilar.

Silang Revolt (1762-63) Arguably one of the most famous revolts in Philippine history is the Silang Revolt from 1762 to 1763, led by the couple of Diego and Gabriela Silang. Unlike the other revolts, this revolt took place during the British invasion of Manila.

On December 14, 1762, Diego Silang declared the independence of Ilocandia, naming the state "Free Ilocos" and proclaimed Vigan the capital of this newly-independent state. The British heard about this revolt in Manila and even asked the help of Silang in fighting the Spanish.

However, Silang was killed on May 28, 1763 by Miguel Vicos, a friend of Silang. The Spanish authorities paid for his murder, leading to his death in the arms of his wife, Gabriela. She continued her husband's struggle, earning the title "Joan of Arc of the Ilocos" because of her many victories in battle. The battles of the Silang revolt are a prime example of the use of divide et impera, since Spanish troops largely used Kapampangan soldiers to fight the Ilocanos.

Eventually, the revolt ended with the defeat of the Ilocanos. Gabriela Silang was executed by Spanish authorities in Vigan on September 10, 1763.

Activity A. Identify the leader of the revolt described in each item Diego Silang Francisco dagohoy

Lapulapu Rajah Sulayman

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 24

Gabriela Silang

Sultan Kudarat

Agustin Sumuroy

Tamblot

_____________1. He led the Cebuanos in the famous Battle of Mactan. _____________2. He urged the Boholanos to return to their old faith. _____________3. She took over the leadership started by her husband. _____________4. He le the longest revolt in the Philippines. _____________5. He was a famous Muslim Sultan of Maguindanao. _____________6. She became the leader of a revolt in Ilocos. _____________7.He led the natives in the Battle of Bangkusay. _____________8. He protested against the sending of Waray polistas to the shipyards of Cavite. _____________9. Two years after he died, the Boholanos still continued their uprising. _____________10. He conspired with the British to overthrow the Spaniards in the Philippines.

LESSON 8 : FILIPINO NATIONALISM AND THE PROPAGAND MOVEMENT Growth of Filipino Nationalism As the administration of Spanish colonial government turned from bad to worse, a sense of nationalism started to develop among the native Filipinos. They began to realized their common bond a s people, their common struggle for political, social, and religious rights, and their common aspiration for equality.

Consequently , the Filipino Propaganda Movement was born to signal the start of a bolder Filipino clamor for change.This was spearheaded by the Ilustrados, a group of educated,brilliant and young Filipino men whose nationalistic fervor drove them to directly campaign for reforms in Madrid,Spain.

Entry of Liberal ideas In 1869,the Suez Canal in Egypt was opened and the transportation became faster. During that time, Europe was in the Age of Liberalism. This age marked the spread of new ideas like the rights of man, revolution, and new forms of government.

Liberal ideas entered in the Philippines through books and other propaganda materials. The liberal ideas advocated in these materials allowed some Filipinos with the progressive ideas that they had read or heard. Eventually this gave them enough knowledge and courage to question the Spanish rule in the country and ask for reforms.

Administration of Governor –General Carlos Maria de la Torre In 1869 until 1871, the liberal administration of Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre gave Filipinos a chance to enjoy their democratic rights under a liberal Spanish colonial government.

De la Torre‘s assignment to the Philippines came after a successful revolution in Spain that ousted the Spanish monarchy which was replaced by a republican government.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 25

During his administration in the Philippines, de la Torre implemented democratic and liberal ideas and instituted significant reforms.

His liberal administration scandalized many Spaniards but he endeared himself to the Filipinos. During his term, the Filipinos enjoyed for the first time the exercise of their political rights which included the freedom of speech and freedom of expression.

In 1871, when the monarchy in Spain was restored to power, the liberal Spanish administration in the Philippines ended. Governor –General de la Torre was replaced by Governor –General Rafael de Izquierdo, a conservative Spaniard.

Although Governor-General de la Torre served for a brief period his liberal administration made the Filipinos to realize their basic rights and privileges as Filipinos as people. When he left the Philippines, he already helped develop the Filipino national consciousness.

Execution of Gomburza

Collectively called Gomburza, the three priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Apolonio Burgos and Jacinto Zamora were active leaders of th Filipino secularization movement. This movement fought for the right of the Filipino priest to be allowed to administer parishes. As a result, powerful religious orders like the Dominicans, Augustinians, Franciscans and the Recollects were threatened by his this proposal.

The Spanish priests derived wealth and political influence from the administration of parishes. As such to allow secularization would curtail their sources of income.

On January 20, 1872 when Filipino workers and soldiers in Cavite mutinied for losing the privileges enjoyed under the administration of Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre ,the Spanish friars saw a chance to suppress the seculariziation movement.After the mutiniy was crushe,many innocent Filipinos were arrested and implicated in the mutiny..Among those arrested were the three priests.While others were banishe,the three priests were sentenced to die by garrotte for the false charge of masterminding a rebellin against the Spaniards in the Philipines.

On February 17,1872, the public execution of the three martyr priests,Gomburza,awakened the spirit of nationalism of the Filipinos.

Birth of the Propaganda Movement Inspired by the events in the Philippines and armed by the ideas from their studies and experiences in Europe and their home country, the sons of wealthy Filipinos called Ilustrados founded the Filipino Propaganda movement in 1882.Ilustrado in Spanish means ― enlightened one‖. It also referred to the group of educated Filipinos in the late 1800s. The aim of the movement was to demand for social and political reforms in the Philippines.I ts members , popularly known as propagandists, brought their cause directly to Spain and solicited support from liberals in Europe.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 26

The Filipino propagandists did not particularly seek the independence of the Philippines from Spain but they demand for some reforms to be instituted in the Philippines. The following were some of their demands.

1. Spain should assimilate the Philippines as a Spanish province and not as a colony.

2. The Philippines should be represented by a Filipino in a Spanish cortes.

3. The Filipinos should be treated equally with the Spaniards and be allowed to enjoy the same rights and privileges in the Philippines.

4. The Filipino secular priests should be allowed to administer parishes in the Philippines.

5. Social reforms for the Filipinos should be implemented in the Philippines such as freedom of the press and freedom of expression.

Leading Propagandistas and their works The Propaganda Movement also aimed to inform and educate the Filipinos about their real condition in the Philippines. They wanted the Filipinos to realize the hardships they live with, suffer and endure everyday. To carry out this purpose, the Filipino propagandistas wrote books and publications which they smuggled to the Philippines for secret distribution.

Jose Rizal was born on June 19,1861 in Calamba ,Laguna. He first studied in Binan, Laguna. Then he enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila and later on at the University of Santo Tomas. In 1882, he further pursued his studies abroad and took up Medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid.

While in Europe, Rizal became a leader of the Propaganda Movement that campaigned for political and social reforms in the Philippines. There he wrote his two famous novels-Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo-which both inspired and contributed to the political education of his countrymen. Because of this novels,he angered the Spaniards in the Philippines.

When Rizal returned to the Philippines, he founded the socio-civic organization called La Liga Filipina. Three days after its founding, it was declared by Spanish authorities as rebellious. This led to the arrest of Rizal and his detention at Fort Santiago. He was later exiled to Dapitan in Zamboanga.

When the Philippine Revolution broke out in 1896,he was on his way to Cuba.

However he was again arrested for having been implicated in the revolution. He was again detained at Fort Santiago. There he was tried and sentenced to death by firing squad. In the morning of December 30,1896,Jose Rizal was shot at Bagumbayan Field(now Luneta Park) in Manila.

Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo Jose Rizal‘s novels Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo exposed the social injustices commited by the Spaniards and friars in the Philippines. While he narrated the oppressed condition of the Filipinos in the Philippines, Rizal also expressed in his YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 27

novels the aspirations of his countrymen. Through these novels, Rizal awakened the spirit of patriotism in the hearts of the Filipinos.

In Noli Me Tangere, Rizal showed the sufferings of the Filipinos at the hands of the Spaniards and how abusive the government and church officials had become.

In El Filibusterismo, Rizal predicted the outbreak of the revolution but also warned about its failure because he believed the Filipinos were not yet ready.

In these two novels, Rizal also criticized the bad habits of the Filipinos that resulted from the hispanization of the Filipino culture.He also attacked other Filipino who collaborated with the Spaniards in the oppression of their fellow Filipinos to keep their social status.

La Liga Filipina Rizal founded the La liga Filipino on July 3, 1892 in Tondo, Manila. Their motto was Unus instar Omnium or ‗‘One Like All‘‘The following were the aims of the La Liga Filipina: o To unite the whole archipelago o To peacefully demand that the government put an end to injustices and abuses. o To encourage reforms for the good of the country.

Among the first members of La Liga Filipina were Apolinario Mabini, Deodato Arellano and Andres Bonifacio who later on became leaders of the Katipunan, a revolutionary organization that led the Philippines revolution.

A few days after the La Liga Filipina was founded, the Spanish authorities declared it a subversive organization. On July 6,1892,Jose Rizal was arrested upon the order of Governor-General Eulogio Despujol. Rizal was first detained at Fort Santiago and later, exile to Dapitan, Zamboanga.

After Rizal‘s arrest ,the organization was dissolved. It was later reorganized

by Anders Bonifacion, Deodato Arellano and Domingo Franco. However the liga broke into two factions: The Cuerpo de los Compromisos that continued to support the propagandists‘ campaign for reform, and the Katipunan that aimed for armed revolution.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 28

Graciano Lopez Jaena Graciano lopez Jaena was born on December 18,1856 in Jaro, Iloilo. At an early age, he already showed great talent in oration .He was sent by his mother to a seminary but he later left itfor he wanted to become a physician. He tried to enrol at University of Santo Tomas but was rejected for lack of academic qualifications. He then went on to work as apprentice at San Juan de Dios Hospital. Due to lack of financial support, he was forced to return home to Iloilo where he assisted his townmates for their medical needs. It was during that time that Jaena got exposed to the abuses of the Spaniards. Because of the injustices he saw, Jaena used his talent in writing and criticized the Spaniards. Fray Botod was one of his famous works at that time, a satire about the abusive Spanish friars provoked by his writings, the Spanish friars ordered his arrest. To escape the wrath of the Spaniards, Jaena left for Spain where he became one of the pillars of the Propaganda movement along with Jose Rizal and Marcelo H. Del Pilar.

He later became known for being a great orator and journalist. It was at this time that he founded the newspaper La Solidaridad, the official publication of the Propaganda movement. On January 20, 1896, Graciano Lopez Jaena died of tuberculosis.

La Solidaridad La Solidaridad was the official publication of the Propaganda Movement.it was founded on February 15, 1889 by Graciano Lopez Jaena who was also its editor.Jaena was later succeeded by Marcelo H. del Pilar among the contributors of the La Solidaridad were Jose Rizal, Mariano Ponce, Antonio Luna, Pedro Paterno, and Isabelo de los Reyes.

This publication lasted for five years and carried the aims of the propagandistas. Unfortunately, its readership was limited because it used the Spanish language which was not easily understood by the Filipino masses.

Marcelo H. del Pilar  



He was born on August 30, 1850 in Bulacan.

He first studied at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran and then at the University of Santo Tomas.He obtained his law degree in 1880.  In 1882,he founded the newspaper Diariong Tagalog. In this paper, del Pilar used the native language in his writings so that the Filipino masses can understand his message.  Through his writings, del Pilar openly attacked the tyranny of the Spanish officials as well as the the hypocrisy of the Church officials in the Philippines.During his time he was popularly known by the pen name‘‘Plaridel‘‘.

Del Pilar later faced persecution because of the continued criticisms he threw against the Spaniards.This forced him to leave for Spain in 1888.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 29

   

In Spain, he became one of the leading members of the Propaganda movement.In 1890, Graciano Lopez Jaena transferred the editorship of La Solidaridad to him.

In his later years beforw he died,he became indifferentot the original aims of the Propaganda Movement.

He spent his last days convinced that only an armed revolution could free the Filipinos from the hands of the Spaniards.

He died in Spain on July 4, 1896 due to tuberculosis.

Failure of the Propaganda Movement Despite the glorious works of the Propagandists and the great contribution of the Propagada Movement to the growthof Filipino nationalism,the reforms sought for the Philippines did not come.The following reasons account for its insufficiency.

1. The lack of better source of fund for publication of materials.

2. The Spanish officials and friars in the Philippines had used their influence to block them, not to be heard by the Spanish government.

3. The Spanish officials in Spain considered the Philippine affairs of little importance compared to their own political problems.

4. The division between the Propagandists caused by differing principles broke the much needed unity in their campaign for reforms.

Activity 1.

Put a check(/ ) before each number if the statement is true and put a cross(x) if it is false. ____1.Gomburza stands for the three martyred priests, Gomez, Burgos and Zamora. ____2. The La Liga Filipina aimed to unite all Filipinos. ____3.The Cuerpo de los Compromisos supported the radical Filipinos who wanted to have armed revolution. ____4. Apolinario Mabini was a follower of Jose Rizal‘s views. ____5. Gregorio Del Pilar became the second editor of the La Solidaridad. ____6. Bonifacio was a founding member of La Liga Filipina. ____7. Graciano Lopez Jaena was the first editor of La Solidaridad. ____8.The Propaganda Movement was inspired by Rizal. ____9.The La Liga Filipina’s aim was to lead the Filipinos to revolt against Spain. ____10. Rizal‘s novels articulated the Filipinos desire for freedom

LESSON 9: THE KATIPUNAN AND THE 1896 REVOLUTION Founding of the Katipunan In the following days after Jose Rizal was arrested, some patriotic Filipinos were already convinced that the call for reforms already failed. They knew that the Spaniards would never implement social and political reforms. Although they recognized the great contribution of the Propagandists, they believed that a revolution for the independence was the only solution to end the Spanish tyrannical rule in the Philippines.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 30

On July 7, 1892, Andres Bonifacio lead the founding in Manila of a nationalistic and revolutionary society that aimed to oust the Spaniards from the Philippines. This secret society was the Katipunan or the Kataas-taasan, Kagalang galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan.

(KKK) Bonifacio‘s co-founders were Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano, Valentin Diaz,Teodoro Plata and many others.They were former members of the La Liga Filipina.

The Katipunan‘s organization included the Kataastaasan Sanggunian (Supreme Council), the Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council) and the Sangguniang Barangay known as the (Barangay Council) .It also had a judicial council known as the Sangguniang Hukuman.

The Katipunan had four aims, namely:    

to develop a strong alliance with each and every Katipunero to unite Filipinos into one solid nation; to win Philippine independence by means of an armed conflict (or revolution) to establish a republic after independence

The rise of the Katipunan signaled the end of the crusade to secure reforms from Spain by means of a peaceful campaign. The Propaganda Movement led

by Rizal, del Pilar, Jaena and others had failed its mission; hence, Bonifacio started the militant movement for independence.

Organization Administration The Katipunan was governed by the Supreme Council (Tagalog: Kataastaasang Sanggunian).] The first Supreme Council of the Katipunan was formed around August 1892, a month after the founding of the society. The Supreme Council was headed by an elected president (Pangulo), followed by the secretary/secretaries (Kalihim); the treasurer (Tagaingat-yaman) and the fiscal (Tagausig). The Supreme Council also had its councilors (Kasanguni); the number varied through presidencies.[ To distinguish from presidents of lower sanggunian or councils (below) the president of the Supreme Council was called the Supreme President (Tagalog: Kataastaasang Pangulo; Spanish: Presidente Supremo).

OFFICE

NAME

TERM

Supreme Leader

Deodato Arellano

1892 - February 1893

Roman Basa

February 1893 - January 1895

Andrés Bonifacio

January 1895 – 1896

Comptroller/Intervenor Andrés Bonifacio

1892 - August 1893

Fiscal

Ladislao Diwa

1892 - February 1893

Andrés Bonifacio

February 1893 – 1895

Emilio Jacinto

1895

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 31

Secretary (of State)

Pio Valenzuela

December 1895

Teodoro Plata

1892 - February 1893

Jose Turiano Santiago February 1893 - December 1895 Emilio Jacinto

December 1895 – 1896

Secretary of War

Teodoro Plata

1896

Secretary of Justice

Briccio Pantas

1896

Secretary of Interior

Aguedo del Rosario

1896

Secretary of Finance

Enrique Pacheco

1896

Treasurer

Valentin Diaz

1892 - February 1893

Vicente Molina

February 1893 - December 1895

Triangle system and grades It was the original plan of Bonifacio to increase the membership of the Katipunan by means of sistemang patatsulok or triangle system. He formed his first triangle with his two comrades, Teodoro Plata and Ladislao Diwa. Each of them reinstituted Katipunan thoughts into another two new converts. The founder of the triangle knew the other two members, but the latter did not know each other. On December 1892 the system was abolished after proving it to be clumsy and complicated.[27] A new system of initiation, modelled after the Masonic rites was then adopted.[28] When the Katipunan had expanded to more than a hundred members, Bonifacio divided the members into three grades: the Katipon (literally: Associate) which is the lowest rank, the Kawal (soldier), and the Bayani (Hero or Patriot). In the meeting of the society, Katipon wore a black hood with a triangle of white ribbon having the letters "Z. Ll. B.", corresponding to the roman "A. N. B.", meaning na ng Bayan (Son of the People, see below). Kawal wore a green hood with a triangle having white lines and the letters "Z. LL. B." at the three angles of the triangle, and also wore a green ribbon with a medal with the letter (ka) in Baybayin script above a depiction of a crossed sword and flag. The password was Gom-Bur-Za, taken from the names of the three martyrs Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora. Bayani (Hero) wore a red mask and a sash with green borders, symbolizing courage and hope. The front of the mask had white borders that formed a triangle with three Ks arranged as if occupying the angles of a triangle within a triangle, and with the letters "Z. Ll. B." below. Another password was Rizal. Countersigns enabled members to recognize one another on the street. A member meeting another member placed the palm of his right hand on his breast and, as he passed the other member, he closed the hands to bring the right index finger and thumb together.

Women of the Katipunan At first, Katipunan was purely a patriotic society for men. Owing to the growing suspicion of the women regarding nocturnal absences of their husbands, the reduction of their monthly earnings and "long hours of work", Bonifacio had to bring them into the realms of the KKK. A section for women was established in the society: to become admitted, one must be a wife, a daughter, or a sister of a male YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 32

katipunero. It was estimated that from 20 to 50 women had become members of the society.

Gregoria Álvarez de Jesús (9 May 1875 – 15 March 1943), also known as Aling Oriang,[1] was the founder and vice-president of the women's chapter of the Katipunan of the Philippines.[2] She was also the custodian of the documents and seal of the Katipunan. She also created a simple red flag for the Katipunan.

Marina Dizon Also guarded Katipunan documents.She became the women‘s group secretary.She also helped in the recruitment of many women members of the Katipunan.

Melchora Aquino , also known as ‗‘Tandang Sora‘‘ was considered Mother of the Katipunan‘‘. She greatly helped the Katipuneros during the revolution.She did not only eelcome the revolutionaries at her home but also attended to their medical needs,especislly the wounded Katipuneros.

Teresa Magbanua She is known as the ‗‘Visayan Joan of Arc, was a member of a Panay branch of the Katipuan. She led some successful military attacks against the Spaniards.

Trinidad Tecson Another important member of the Katipunan. She showed outstanding dedication to the ideas of the Katipunan. She became a general and led the attacks against the Spaniards at Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan.

Among the first Katipuneras were Rizal‘s sisters, Josefa and Trinidad Rizal.

The early flag of the Katipunan Kalayaan The Kalayaan was the official publication of the Katipunan.It first came out in March 1896.It contained the revolutionary ideas of the Katipunan. To conceal from the Spanish authorities the identities of the writers, they used pen name. Andres Bonifacio used the pen name Agapito Bagumbayan, Emilio Jacinto used Pingkian and Dimas-ilaw, while DR. Pio Valenzuela used Madlangawa. Emilio Jacinto was the editor of Kalayaan. Although the Kalayaan did not last long, it served its purpose by attracting new members to the Katipunan.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 33

Discovery of the Katipunan Before the end of 1895, the Spanish authorities already suspected that there was a secret society leading a revolutionary cause against them. But except for the rumors, they lacked evidence to proved its existence.

In August 1896, the quarrel between Katipuneros Teodoro Patiño and Apolonio Cruz, finally led to the discovery of Katipunan. At that time they were both working in the Diario de Manila printing office. It was said that Patiño revealed the existence of the Katipunan to his sister who lived at an orpanaged in Manila. Upon hearing the story, her sister cried which was overheard by a man who wasted no time to find out what distraught Patiños sister. Patiño was forced to confess to Father Mariano Gil, the parish priest of Tondo, Manila. The friar went to the Spanish authorities .On August 19, 1896, Diario de Manila was raided where they discovered enough evidence about Katipunan‘s existence. Spanish authorities raided homes and arrested members of the secret organization.

Cry of Pugadlawin/Cry of Balintawak On 24 August 1896, Bonifacio called Katipunan members to a mass gathering in Caloocan, where they decided to start a nationwide armed revolution against Spain. The event was marked by a mass tearing of cedulas (community tax certificates) accompanied by patriotic cries. The exact date and location are disputed, but two possibilities have been officially endorsed by the Philippine government: August 26 in Balintawak and later, August 23 in Pugad Lawin. Thus the event is called the "Cry of Pugad Lawin" or "Cry of Balintawak". However the issue is further complicated by other dates such as August 24 and 25 and other locations such as Kangkong Bahay Toro and Pasong Tamo. Furthermore, at the time "Balintawak" referred not only to a specific place, but also a general area that included some of these proposed sites like Kangkong.

Upon the discovery of the Katipunan Bonifacio sent a circular to all Katipunan councils to a meeting in Balintawak or Kangkong to discuss their situation. This is dated by historian Teodoro Agoncillo to August 19 and by revolutionary leader Santiago Álvarez to August 22.

On August 21, Katipuneros were already congregating in Balintawak in Caloocan. Late in the evening amidst heavy rain, the rebels moved to Kangkong in Caloocan, and arrived there past midnight. As a precaution, the rebels moved to YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 34

Bahay Toro or Pugad Lawin on August 23. Agoncillo places the Cry and tearing of certificates at this point the house of Juan Ramos at Pugad Lawin. Alvarez writes that they met at the house of Melchora Aquino (known as Tandang Sora, and mother of Juan Ramos) in Bahay Toro on that date. Agoncillo places Aquino's house in Pasong Tamo and the meeting there on August 24. In any case, rebels continued to congregate and by August 24, they were over a thousand strong.

Outbreak of the Revolution On August 24, it was decided to notify the Katipunan councils of the surrounding towns that a general attack on the capital Manila was planned for August 29. Bonifacio appointed generals to lead rebel forces to Manila. Before hostilities erupted, Bonifacio also reorganized the Katipunan into an open revolutionary government, with him as President and the Supreme Council of the Katipunan as his cabinet.

On the morning of August 25, the rebels came under attack by a Spanish civil guard unit, the rebels having greater numbers but the Spanish being better armed.

The forces disengaged after a brief skirmish and casualties on both sides Another skirmish took place on August 26, which sent the rebels retreating toward Balara. At noon, Bonifacio and some of his men briefly rested in Diliman. In the afternoon, civil guards sent to Caloocan to investigate attacks on Chinese merchants — done by bandits who had attached themselves to the rebels — came across a group of Katipuneros and briefly engaged them. The commander of the guards, a Lieutenant Ros, reported the encounter to the authorities and this report drove Governor-General Ramón Blanco to prepare for coming hostilities. General Blanco had about 10,000 Spanish regulars by the end of November and the gunboats Isla de Cuba and Isla de Luzon5 From August 27 to 28, Bonifacio moved from Balara to Mt. Balabak in Hagdang Bato, Mandaluyong. There, he held meetings to finalize plans for the Manila attack the following day.

The conventional view among Filipino historians is that Bonifacio did not carry out the planned Katipunan attack on Manila on the following day and instead attacked a powder magazine at San Juan del Monte. However, more recent studies have advanced the view that the planned attack did push through; according to this view, Bonifacio's battle at San Juan del Monte (now called the "Battle of Pinaglabanan") was only a part of a bigger whole — a "battle for Manila" hitherto unrecognized as such.

Hostilities in the area started on the evening of August 29, when hundreds of rebels attacked the Civil Guard garrison in Pasig, just as hundreds of other rebels personally led by Bonifacio were massing in San Juan del Monte, which they attacked at about 4 AM on the 30th. Bonifacio planned to capture the San Juan del Monte powder magazine along with a water station supplying Manila. The defending Spaniards, outnumbered, fought a delaying battle until reinforcements arrived. Once reinforced, the Spaniards drove Bonifacio's forces back with heavy casualties.

Elsewhere rebels attacked Mandaluyong, Sampaloc, Sta. Ana, Pandacan, Pateros, Marikina, and Caloocan as well YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 35

as Makati and Taguig. Balintawak in Caloocan saw intense fighting. Rebel troops tended to gravitate towards fighting in San Juan del Monte and Sampaloc. South of Manila, a thousand-strong rebel force attacked a small force of civil guards. In Pandacan Katipuneros attacked the parish church, making the parish priest run for his life.

After their defeat in Battle of San Juan del Monte, Bonifacio's troops regrouped near Marikina, San Mateo and Montalban, where they proceeded to attack these areas. They captured these areas but were driven back by Spanish counterattacks, and Bonifacio eventually ordered a retreat to Balara. On the way, Bonifacio was nearly killed shielding Emilio Jacinto from a Spanish bullet that grazed his collar. Despite his reverses, Bonifacio was not completely defeated and was still considered a threat.

South of Manila, the towns of San Francisco de Malabon, Noveleta and Kawit in Cavite rose in rebellion days after. In Nueva Ecija, north of Manila, rebels in San Isidro led by Mariano Llanera attacked the Spanish garrison on September 2–4; they were repulsed.

By August 30, the revolt had spread to eight provinces. On that date, GovernorGeneral Blanco declared a "state of war" in these provinces and placed them under martial law. These were Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas, and Nueva Ecija. They would later be represented in the eight rays of the sun in the Filipino flag.

The rebels had few firearms; they were mostly armed with bolo knives and bamboo spears. The lack of guns has been given as a possible reason why the Manila attack allegedly never materialized. Also, the Katipunan leaders from Cavite had earlier expressed reservations about starting an uprising due to their lack of firearms and preparation. As a result, they did not send troops to Manila but attacked garrisons in their own locales. Some historians have argued that the Katipunan defeat in the Manila area was (partly) the Cavite rebels' fault due to their absence, as their presence would have proved crucial. In their memoirs, Cavite rebel leaders justified their absence in Manila by claiming Bonifacio failed to execute prearranged signals to begin the uprising such as setting balloons loose and extinguishing the lights at the Luneta Park. However, these claims have been dismissed as "historical mythology"; as reasoned by historians, if they were really waiting for signals before marching on Manila, they would have arrived "too late for the fray". Bonifacio's command for a simultaneous attack is interpreted as evidence that such signals were never arranged. Other factors for the Katipunan defeat include the capture of his battle plans by Spanish intelligence. The Spanish concentrated their forces in the Manila area while pulling out troops in other provinces (which proved beneficial for rebels in other areas, particularly Cavite). The authorities also pre-empted a mass defection of 500 native troops by transferring their regiment to Marawi, Mindanao, which later rebelled there.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 36

Execution of Jose Rizal

In 1896 before the outbreak of the revolution, Rizal was accepted to work as a doctor in the Spanish army in Cuba. When the katipunan was discovered, he was already on his way to Spain . Implicated in the revolution he was ordered to be detained in Spain. He was deported to Manila to face trial for the charges of masterminding the revolution.

It is worth noting that when Rizal was still an exile at Dapitan, Andres Bonifacio and hi counselors decided to enlist his support for the revolution. To know Rizal‘s opinion, Andrs Bonifacio sent Pio Valenzuela to Dapitan. During their talk , Rizal told Valenzuela that the Filipinos were not yet ready and the time was not yet ripe for a revolution.

In the later part of 1896, the court ruled that Rizal was guilty of having a hand in the revolution . He was sentenced to die by firing squad. On December 30, 1896, he was executed at Bagumbayan Field in Manila.

The execution of Rizal added fire to the revolution. After his death, the Katipuneros often shouted in battles the words,‘‘ Mabuhay ang Katagalugan! Mabuhay si Dr. Jose Rizal!‘‘ Katipunan factions in Cavite

Before the end of 1896, Cavite became the center of the revolution. When the Spaniards Kstarted to deploy large forces in Cavite, the Katipuneros suffered heavy losses. Worst, the Katipunan in Cavite split into two factions: The Magdiwang faction headed by Mariano Alvarez, and the Magdalo faction headed by Baldomero Aguinaldo.

The Magdalo faction wanted to transform the Katipunan into a revolutionary government. The idea was opposed by the Magdiwang faction. As a result of disagreement, the Katipuneros from one faction refused to reinforce the Katipuneros from the other faction during battles. Because of this, the Katipunan in Cavite suffered more losses.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 37

In December 1896, Andres Bonifacio was requested to help solve the conflict between two factions. However, the call for the two factions to unite was disregarded.

Tejeros Convention On December 31, an assembly was convened in Imus to settle the leadership status. The Magdalo insisted on the establishment of revolutionary government to replace the Katipunan and continue the struggle. On the other hand, the Magdiwang favored retention of the Katipunan, arguing that it was already a government in itself. The assembly dispersed without a consensus.

On March 22, 1897, another meeting was held in Tejeros. It called for the election of officers for the revolutionary government. Bonifacio chaired the election and called for the election results to be respected. When the voting ended, Bonifacio had lost and the leadership turned over to Aguinaldo, who was away fighting in Pasong Santol. Instead, he was elected to Director of the Interior but his qualifications were questioned by a Magdalo, Daniel Tirona. Bonifacio felt insulted and would have shot Tirona had not Artemio Ricarte intervened. Invoking his position of Supremo of the Katipunan, Bonifacio declared the election null and void and stomped out in anger. Aguinaldo took his oath of office as president the next day in Santa Cruz de Malabon (present-day Tanza) in Cavite, as did the rest of the officers, except for Bonifacio.

Execution of Bonifacio In Naic, Bonifacio and his officers created the Naic Military Agreement, establishing a rival government to Aguinaldo's. It rejected the election at Tejeros and asserted Bonifacio as the leader of the revolution. When Aguinaldo learned of the document, he ordered the arrest of Bonifacio and his soldiers (without Bonifacio's knowledge). Colonel Agapito Benzon met with Bonifacio in Limbon and attacked him the next day. Bonifacio, and his brother Procopio were wounded, while their brother Ciriaco were killed. They were taken to Naic to stand trial.

The Consejo de Guerra (War Council) sentenced AndrĂŠs, and Procopio Bonifacio to death on May 10, 1897 for committing sedition and treason. Aguinaldo commuted the punishment to deportation, but withdrew his decision following pressure from Pio Del Pilar and other officers of the revolution.

On May 10, Major Lazaro Makapagal, upon orders from General Mariano Noriel, executed the Bonifacio brothers at the foothills of Mount Buntis, near Maragondon.

AndrĂŠs Bonifacio, and his brother were buried in a shallow grave marked only with twigs.

Republic of Biak-na-Bato

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 38

The Philippine negotiators for the Pact of Biak-na-Bato Augmented by new recruits from Spain, government troops recaptured several towns in Cavite. As argued by Apolinario Mabini and others, the succession of defeats for the rebels could also be attributed to discontent that resulted from Bonifacio's death. Mabini wrote: This tragedy smothered the enthusiasm for the revolutionary cause, and hastened the failure of the insurrection in Cavite, because many from Manila, Laguna and Batangas, who were fighting for the province (of Cavite), were demoralized and quit...

In other areas, some of Bonifacio's associates like Emilio Jacinto and Macario Sacay never subjected their military commands to Aguinaldo's authority.

Aguinaldo and his men retreated northward, from one town to the next, until they finally settled in Biak-na-Bato, in the town of San Miguel de Mayumo in Bulacan.

Here they established what became known as the Republic of Biak-na-Bato, with a constitution drafted by Isabelo Artacho, and Felix Ferrer and based on the first Cuban Constitution.

With the new Spanish Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera declaring, "I can take Biak-na-Bato. Any army can capture it. But I cannot end the rebellion," he proffered the olive branch of peace to the revolutionaries. A lawyer named Pedro Paterno volunteered as negotiator between the two sides. For four months, he traveled between Manila and Biak-na-Bato. His hard work finally bore fruit when, on December 14 to December 15, 1897, the Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed. Made up of three documents, it called for the following agenda: • The surrender of Aguinaldo and the rest of the revolutionary corps.

• Amnesty for those who participated in the revolution..

• Exile to Hong Kong for the revolutionary leadership.

• Payment by the Spanish government of $400,000 (Mexican peso) to the revolutionaries in three installments: $200,000 (Mexican peso) upon leaving the country, $100,000 (Mexican peso) upon the surrender of at least 700 firearms, and another $100,000 (Mexican peso) upon the declaration of general amnesty.

In accordance with the first clause, Aguinaldo and twenty five other top officials of the revolution were banished to Hong Kong with $400,000 (Mexican peso) in their pockets. The rest of the men got $200,000 (Mexican peso) and the third installment was never received. General amnesty was never declared because sporadic skirmishes continued.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 39

The revolution continues Not all the revolutionary generals complied with the treaty. One, General Francisco Makabulos, established a Central Executive Committee to serve as the interim government until a more suitable one was created. Armed conflicts resumed, this time coming from almost every province in the Philippines. The colonial authorities on the other hand, continued the arrest and torture of those suspected of banditry.

The Pact of Biak-na-Bato did not signal an end to the revolution. Aguinaldo and his men were convinced that the Spaniards would never give the rest of the money as a condition of surrender. Furthermore, they believed that Spain reneged on her promise of amnesty. The Filipino patriots renewed their commitment for complete independence. They purchased more arms and ammunition to ready themselves for another siege.

Activity 1 A. Put a check( /) in the blank if it is true and put a cross (x) if it is false. _______1. Jose Rizal was executed on December 31, 189. _______2. Emilio Aguinaldo was the ‗‘Brains of the Katipunan‘‘. _______3. The Katipunan was exclusively a male organization. _______4. The Tejeros Convention established the Republic of the Philippines. _______5. Jose Rizal was fully supportive of the plans of the Katipunans.

Activity 2 Encircle the name that does not belong to the group.

1. Gregoria 2. Aguinaldo 3. Ciriaco 4. Cavite 5. Patiño

Marina Trias Andres Manila

Isabel Ricarte Procopio

Bulacan Diwa

Teresa Tirona Baldomero

Bataan

Jacinto

Plata

Activity 1 B. Put a check( /) in the blank if it is true and put a cross (x) if it is false. _______1. The Katipunan was exclusively a male organization. _______2. Gregoria de Jesus designed the flag of the Katipunan. _______3.Melchora Aquino was the ,mother of Benigno Aquino. _______4. The secrets of the Katipunan was disclosed by Teodoro Patiño.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 40

_______5. Kalayaan ws the official publication of the Katipunan. _______6. Emilio Aguinaldo was the ―Brains of the Katipunan‖. _______7.Unus Instar Omnium was the motto of La Liga Filipina.

LESSON 11: THE PHILIPPINES UNDER THE AMERICAN RULE After a strong and brutal military campaign , the Americans successfully weakened the Filipino resistance. The death, capture, and surrender of most of the Filipino revolutionary leaders considerably destroyed all serious military challenges against the American occupying forces. Following this development, US president William Mc Kinley immediately ordered the total control of archipelago. This eventually buried hopes for independence legitimately won by the Filipinos against the Spaniards. It also signalled the start of the American rule in the Philippines.

Philippine Commissions As a preparation for the complete colonization of the Philippines, President William Mc Kinley appointed the Philippine Commission in 1901.Originally,this was a fact-finding body order to investigate and study the situation in the Philippines. Its mission was to send back recommendations for the creation and implementation of American policy in the country. Later on, it played a new role as the powerful administrative body that paved the way for the establishment of an American government in the Philippines.

First Philippine Commission( Schurman Commission) The first Philippine Commission was the Schurman Commission. It was headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman. Its members included Admiral George Dewey, Dean Worcester, Charles Denby, and Major General Elwell Otis. It was appointed by President William Mc Kinley on January 20, 1899, just a month before the FilipinoAmerican War broke out.The Schurman Commission was ordered to research about the social, political and economic conditions of the country and make some recommendations.

After less than a year of study and consultations,especially with the proAmerican ilustrados , the Schurman Commission reported that the Filipinos wanted independence more than anything. However, it also concluded that the Philippines was not not yet ready to stand on its own. Pro- American members of the Malolos Congress like Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, Benito Legarda, and Felipe Buencamino , who by the time had abandoned Aguinaldo, testified before the commission that the Filipinos were not capable of independent government and recommended instead the Americanization of the Philippines.

Because an American military government was in effect at that time, the Schurman Commission also stressed the importance the importance of establishing a civilian government in the country . It also recommended the establishment of a ligeslature, autonomous governments in provinces and municipalities, and a public school system that would give free education to the Philippines.

Second Philippine Commission

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 41

On March 16, 1900, President William Mc Kinley appointed the Second Philippine Commission, known as the Taft Commission . it was headed by William Howard Taft.

When President Mc Kinley placed all the pacified areas in Luzon and the Visayas under civilian rule on July 4, 1901, The Phili[pine commission was granted executive power. This ended the rule of the American military regime. The administrative power in the colony was replaced by the authority of the newlyestablished civil government.

On September 1, 1901, the Taft Commission was given legislative power. In two years time, it issued 499 laws. It also established a judicial system that included a Supreme Court. A legal code was also drafted which replaced the Spanish ordinances. Civil Service was also organized.

Also in 1901, The Philippine Constabulary was created. The Americans used it to suppress the remaining Filipino revolutionaries who continued fighting.

First Filipino members of the Philippine Commission In September 1901,three Filipinos became members of the Philippine Commission .They were Benito Legarda, Trinidad Prdo de tavera,and Jose Luzuriaga. In time, other Filipino like Juan Sumulong, Gregorio Araneta, Vicente Mapa , Jaime C. de Veyra, Vicente Ilustre , Vicente Singson, and Rafael Palma also became members of the commission.

Establishment of the civil government In 1901, when the US Congress passed the Army Appropriations Act, it carried an amendment that called for the establishment of a civil government in the Philippines. This was called the Spooner Amendment. It was purposely inserted into the bill by US Senator John Spooner so that it could no longer be opposed. After the passage of the Spooner Amendment, the administration of the country was effectively transferred from the hands of the US President to the authority of the Congress.

On July 4, 1901, the civil government in the Philippines was inaugurated and officially put in effect. William Howard Taft, being the head of the Philippine Commission, was appointed as the first civil governor of the country.

American Governors-General from 1901-1921 The head of the Phillippine Commission was given the title governor- general.

After William Howard Taft, the other American governors –general . After William Howard Taft, the other American governors-general who served in the Philippines were Luke Wright (1904-1906) , James Smith( 1906-1909) William Cameron Forbes(1904-1913), AND Francis Burton Harrison ( 1913-1921).

Philippine Organic Act After the civil government in the Philippines was formally established, the US Congress passed in July 1902 the Philippine Organic Act. US Representative Henry Cooper authored the bill before it was signed into law. It was originally called Philippine Bill of 1902.

The Philippine Organic Act of 1902 stated that two years after the achievement of peace in the country, A Philippine Legislature would be established.

It would be composed of the Lower House or the Philippine Assembly and the Upper House or the Philippine Commission. The Act also extended the United States‘ Bill of YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 42

Rights to the Filipinos. It also authorized the Philippine Legislature to send two Filipino resident commissioners to Washington to represent the Philippines in the United States Congress.

LESSON 12: THE AMERICAN LEGACY After more than four decades of colonial rule in the Philippines, the United States of America left a lasting legacy on the life of the Filipinos. Throughout the period of colonization, the American colonists effectively changed the political, economic, social and cultural landscape of the country.

Education for the Filipinos America‘s most important legacy in the country was the system of education. As part of the American colonial policy during the occupation period, education was aggressively promoted. As early as 1898, seven American schools had been established in Manila. The enrollment of children in public schools was also made compulsory. From the year 1899 to 1900, more than 100,000 Filipino children were recorded enrolled in different public schools in the country.

The first public school teachers in the Philippines were the ‗‘Thomasites.‘‘ They were the American teachers who arrived in the country on board the ship SS Thomas. After a few years of instituting education in the Philippines, the Americans started sending deserving students to the United States for further study. These Filipino scholars were called the pensionados.

They composed an elite group of Filipinos who were trained to become future teachers and civil servants in the Philippines.

Improvement in public health Duringtheir occupation of the Philippines, the Americans implemented scientific programs for public health and welfare.They also established the Quarantine service which helped prevent the spread of diseases and epidemics that came from other countries.

In 1901, the Board of Public Health was established.This further improved the public health system in the Philippines. It educate the Filipinos on modern medical findings and practices which eventually challenged their superstitious beliefs regarding health and diseases.

The direct result of the emphasis on public health initiated by the Americans was significant. For example, before the American occupation, the average height of the Filipinos was between 5‘2 and 5‘4.Whent the Americans introduced their diet and modern medicine, this average became 5‘4 to 5‘6 .More importantly, the mortality rate of infants was also reduced.

Improvement in transportation and communication The American introduction of modern-day modes of transportation became an important step towards the country‘s economic improvement. New roads, bridges and ports were built all over the country. Road mileage increased more than tenfold.While the number of bridges rose from mere 2,600 in 1898 to 8,100 in 1935. More importantly, the old means of transportation like calesas, carretelas, and bancas were replaced by cars, trucks, trains,boats and

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 43

airplanes.This resulted to faster transport of people and distribution of products from one place to another.

Filipinos were taught English The teaching of English language to the Filipinos was another significant American policy in the Philippines. When the English language became the medium of instruction in schools, a new world was opened to the Filipinos.

They learned more about science, math and technology.

Eventually the use of the English language easily assimilated the Filipinos to the American culture. They started giving their children names like Peter, John and Mary instead of the Spanish names Juan, Pedro and Maria. According to historian Teodoro Agoncillo, the American introduction of the English language caused many Filipinos to suffer a partial loss of their native heritage.

Let‘s Check this Out Did you know that the coming of the Americans ushered in a new religion called Protestantism?

On September 6, 1899, Christian bibles were first distributed in Manila.Soonafter, religious sects came to the country and introduced their religions to the natives.Among these were the Baptist Church (1900) United Brethren and Disciple of Christ (1901), Congregationalists (1902). Seventh-day Adventist (1905), and Methodist Episcopalian (1908).

Unlike the Spaniards the Americans did not forced the Filipinos to embrace any of the new religions. What they promoted was the right and freedom to choose any religion. In fact, Indigenous religion grew during this period. On example was the establishment of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI) or the Aglipayan Church. It was established on August 3, 1902 by the members of the first federation of labor unions, union Obrera Democratic. (UOD) headed by Don Isabelo de los Reyes. Father Gregorio Aglipay was nominated as the Supreme bishop of this new church. Even with the new religions, Catholicism still remained the religion of the majority of the Filipinos.

Activity Write T on the blank if the statement is true and write F if the statement is false _____1. The first public school teachers in the Philippines were the pensionados. ______2. The Quarantine Service established by the Americans in the Philippines helped prevent the spread of epidemics that came from other countries. _____3. Don Isabelo de los Reyes was the first Supreme Bishop of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente. ____4. The Americans improved the public health system in the Philippines. ____ 5.Modern-day modes of transportation were introduced by the American in the Philippines.

A. Encircle the word that does not belong to the group.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 44

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

calesas, carretelas,cars,bancas John,Peter,Mary, Ernesto science,math,technology,faith healing public school system,Quarantine Service telephone Catholicism.

Methodist, Baptist,Aglipayan, Seventh-day Adventist.

LESSON13: COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT

Independent Missions Osmeña –Roxas mission The failure of the independence missions since 1918 did not discourage the Filipino leaders. In 1931, they sent another mission. This time, it was headed by Senator Sergio Osmeña and speaker Manuel Roxas. This was known as the OSRox Mission.

Unlike the previous independence missions, the Os-Rox Mission faced a favorable condition. During that time some American groups from the agricultural industry and labor sector felt threatened by the entry of the cheaper Philippine agricultural products in the US and the coming of the Filipino laborers willing to work at a lower wages. These groups believed that if the Philippines would be granted its independence, The Philippine agricultural products entering the US would be taxed and the Filipino laborers would be limited.

Another group was also worried that if the Philippines continued to be a US colony, it might bring the US into a war against Japan. Japan at that time was already invading countries in the pacific. Due to these concerns, the American groups helped the Os-Rox Mission lobby in the US Congress for the granting of the Philippine independence.

Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act The Os-Rox missionfinally succeeded when the US Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act in 1932. This law provided for a ten-year transition period before the granting of Philippine independence. It also called for the creation of aCommonwealth government that would be ran by Filipinos under the guidance of Americans.

Tydings Mc Duffie Law He know despite the success of the OS-Rox mission Senate President Manuel Quezon did not like the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act. Some historians said that Quezon was threatened politically by the success of Sergio Osmeña. He knew that once Osmeña run for the presidency in the Commonwealth government, he would surely win on account of securing the date of the Philippine independence.

Nonetheless,Quezon went to the US and negotiated for another law.Whenhe learned that it was no longer possible, he sought the support of Senator Millard Tydings and Representative John Mc Duffie. Through these two members of the US Congress, the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law was reenacted after making only minor changes.This was signed into law by US President Franklin Roosevelt and become known as the Tydings-McDuffie Act or the Philippine IndependenceAct.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 45

Establishment of the Commonwealth government In September 1935, a general election was held to elect the leaders of the new government. In this election, Manuel Quezon and Sergio Osmeña won the positions of president and vice president, respectively. On November 15, 1935, The Commonwealth government was inaugurated. It was a government in transition, preparation for the country‘s independence.

During the Commonwealth period, the running of the country was placed in the hands of Filipinos except on matters related to foreign relations and the currency.

Quezon himself said on his inaugural speech that the Commonwealth government was‘‘ just a means to an end‘‘.

Challenges to the Commonwealth government After the Commonwealth government was established, it immediately faced many challenges. The Philippine sat that time was in great economic crisis.

Almost all of the industries and businesses in the country were controlled by the Chinese Japanese and Americans. The Philippine economy had difficulty recovering because it was mainly dependent on the United States of America.

Social problems also confronted the Commonwealth government. Most of these were rooted on the different agrarian issues that worsened since the American Occupation.

The Commonwealth government also faced a national security problem.The threat was posed by the looming Japanese invasion. During that time, Japan had already invaded some countries in the Pacific and was posing a great threat to its neighboring countries including the Philippines. Because our country lacked military capability to defend the territory against the Japanese offensives.

Achievements of the Commonwealth government Since its establishment in1935 until the outbreak of war in 1941, the Commonwealth government was also able to create somepositive changes in the country. Foreign trade improved during this period,transportation facilities were developed, the number of vehicles in the country increased. The Commonwealth government also provided telephone services and it started radio broadcasting in the country. Government companies and agencies were also established. However, this relative development was abruptly stopped when the Second World War brokeout in 1941.

Activity A. 1.

Why did the Filipino leaders create the Philippine IndependenceCommission? Explain its purpose. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________.

2. What were the reasons cited for the failure of the first series of independence missions? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________.

3.What contributed to the success of the Os-Rox Mission?

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 46

___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ _______________________________.

1. What was the reason for the establishment of the commonwealth governemnt is just ‗‘ a means to an end‘‘?‘‘ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ __________________________.

LESSON 14: JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF THE PHILIPPINES Outbreak of the Second World War The self-rule of the Filipinos under the Commonwealth government was shortlived when the Second World War broke out in 1941. During that time, Japan was already expanding its power in Asia. The Japanese presented themselves as the liberator of Asians from Western colonizers. They wanted to establish a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Its aim according to the Japanese was to unite Asians against the western influences. With the rising power of Japan, it pose a threat to the Philippines and other neighboring countries controlled by Western powers.

On December 8, 1941 (Hawaiian was December 7), Japanese fighter planes bombed the American fleet in Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. Immediately, after the attack, the US Congress, through the recommendation of President Franklin Roosevelt, declared war against Japan.

As a colony of the United States, the Philippines became the next target of the Japanese invading forces. Just a few hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese planes flew over the Philippines and dropped bombs at Camp John Hay. President Manuel Luis Quezon was then in Baguio City. The next day, Manila was heavily bombed. Two days later, invading Japanese troops arrived in Luzon.

On December 26, President Manuel Quezon and General Douglas Mac Arthur, then already designated as the commander of the US Army Forces in the Far East(USAFFE) agreed to save Manila from destruction by declaring it an ‗‘open city.

This meant that the government of the city already abandoned defensive efforts against possible attack from the enemy. Thus the attacking army will be expected to desist from bombing the city. However, the Japanese invading forces did not honor the ‘‘open city‘‘ declaration and continued to drop bombs in Manila. The Japanese ground forces entered Manila on January 2, 1942. At the same time, other Japanese troops also landed in many places in northern and southern Luzon.

Quezon in exile Because of the expected fall of Manila, President Manuel Quezon and VicePresident Sergio Osmeña and their families retreated to Corregidor. On December 30, President Quezon, then already suffering from an illness, took his oath of office in Corregidor for his second term as president of the Commonwealth government.

To save the leaders of the Commonwealth government, US President Roosevelt asked Quezon and Osmeña to move to Australia together with their families. He also ordered General Douglas MacArthur to retreat to Australia.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 47

Before Quezon left for the US, he travelled to different provinces of the country and made his proclamations on radio. He went from town to town because the Japanese soldiers were after him. And because he was well loved in the island of Panay, Quezon issued an executive order stating that should he and Vice=President Osmeña be unable to fulfill their duties, the Secretary to the President, Manuel Roxas, would be President.

Fall of Bataan and Corregidor The strong and ruthless advance of the Japanese forces forced the Filipino and American defenders of the Philippines to retreat to Bataan and Corregidor. These places became the last stronghold of the Philippine defending forces.

On January 3, 1942. General Masaharu Homma, the Commander of the Japanese Imperial Forces, proclaimed the end of American colonialism. He also vowed to emancipate the Filipinos from the oppressive domination of the Americans.

Meanwhile, the besieged Filipino and American soldiers were awaiting reinforcement‘s form the United States of America. They did not know that the US government already abandoned the Philippines since it decided to focus its war efforts in Europe. In the following months, the Filipino and American troops bravely defended Bataan and Corregidor. However, the advantage in numbers and stronger firepower of the Japanese forces repelled all the efforts of the Philippine defenders. Starved, wounded and demoralized by the lack of American reinforcements, the Filipino and American troops finally surrendered. Bataan fell at the hands of the Japanese in April 9, 1942.Corregidor followed on May 6, 1942.

Death March After the fall of Bataan and Corregidor, the Japanese soldiers brutally forced the Filipino and American survivors into the infamous‘ ‘Death march‘‘. The vanquished Philippine defenders were forced to walk from Bataan to a prison camp more than 100 kilometers away. It was estimated that the Japanese held 80,000 Filipino and American prisoners of war. More than 10,000 of them died due to diseases, malnutrition and violent treatment by the Japanese.

Puppet government Before leaving Manila, President Quezon designated Jorge Vargas to act as mayor of the city. He was instructed to follow Japanese orders and run a civilian government because it would protect the people. However, he was also strictly ordered not to make an oath of allegiance to the Japanese.

When Vargas talked to General Masaharu Homma, his suggestions were turned down. Instead, the Japanese general issued an order directing Vargas to arrange a Philippine Executive Commission to which Vargas will act as chairman. This would be a civilian government acting upon the orders of the military government of Japan. On January 23, 1942, Jorge B. Vargas was made the chairman of the Executive Commission, which was tasked to oversee the chairman the different departments of the new government. Each commission was ran by a Filipino; however, there was a Japanese adviser who served as a Japanese spy.

The political parties that were established during the early years of the American period were dismantled. The only political party allowed was the Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas or KALIBAPI. In 1943, the Japanese inaugurated the Second Philippine Republic. Jose P. Laurel was elected as president and was sworn into office on October 4, 1943 Earlier in the YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 48

war ,Laurel was instructed by Quezon to remain in the Philippines because of his prewar relationship with Japan. Since he received an honorary doctorate from Tokyo University, he was a good choice to interact with the Japanese forces.

Although Laurel headed the Second Philippine Republic, his government was known as a puppet governemnt. This was because the Filipino leaders of this government could not act fully based on their own personal convictions. The real administration of the country remained in the hands of the Japanese. This and the presidency of Jose P. Laurel one of the most controversial administrations in the history of the Philippines.

After the war, Laurel was arrested because of charges of collaborating with the Japanese. However, he was not put on trial after he received an amnesty from President Manuel Roxas.

Guerilla War After the Japanese forces successfully occupied the Philippines, many Filipino and Americans soldiers who escaped and survived the war fled to the mountains and formed guerilla units. The strongest of these units were the ones headed by Walter M. Cushing, Colonel Guillermo Nakar, and Colonel Parker Calcert. Thier group operated in Northern Luzon.

The most prominent among the guerillas were the HUKS or Hukbalahap ( Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon ). It was organized in Central Luzon under the leadership of Luis Taruc in 1942. The Huks were not soldiers but simple farmers who banded together and valiantly fought the Japanese invaders.

Life of the Filipinos during the Japanese Period One of the few benefits that the Japanese occupation brought to the Philippines was the importance given to the national language. In their desire to erase the influence of the Americans on the Filipinos, the Japanese allowed the Filipinos to use only the Pilipino and Niponggo languages. Pilipino became the language of instruction in schools and everyone was required to learn Niponggo. As a whole, the educational policy presented and ordered by the Japanese was the so-called moral transformation or ‗‘spiritual rejuvenation‘‘ of the Filipinos.

However, the demerits of the Japanese occupation outnumbered the merits. The major problem of the people during the Japanese occupation was security. The basic necessities became scarce because of the lack of economic activity in the country.

Even the money that circulated in the country during that time was printed in large quantities and not backed by gold. As such, it was called ‗‘Mickey Mouse‘‘ money for its apparent lack of value. At that time, people had to carry big bags full of this money just to be able to buy a few kilos of rice.The lack of food compelled the people to dependontherice rationed by the governemnt.Others who were eresourceful enough planted vegetablesin their backyards.Due to widespread poverty. Crime rate rose, disease spread at their worst, and chaos and disorder dominated the society.

The Filipinos also feared the Kempetai gained notoriety for committing atrocities in the country. Most often, they were the ones responsible for the deaths of many innocent Filipinos suspected as members or sympathizers of the guerilla movement.

Their abuses ranged from murder, rape ,torture and other inhumane acts.

Return of the Americans

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 49

In 1944, the Americans started its campaign against the Japanese forces in Asia.

The strength of the American offensives resulted to the recovery of many islands in the Pacific. Due to many loses in the war, Japan started to weaken militarily.

On October 20, 1944, the Americans landed in Leyte. Other allied troops soon landed in the islands of Mindoro, Surigao, Samar and Lingayen. Immediately after landing, the American forces advanced for a ground assault and recovered many places in the Philippines. In the battles that followed, the Japanese forces suffered heavy loss due to stronger military offensives of the Americans. On October 23, 1944, General MacArthur re-established the Commonwealth government and appointed himself as the military administrator.

General Douglas Mac Arthur who promised that he shall return, landed in Lingayen Pangasinan on January 9, 1945.He soon led the American forces in liberating the Philippines. From Lingayen, the liberation forces proceeded to recapture Manila. They successfully entered the city on February 3, 1945.

On February 27, 1945, General MacArthur turned over the administration of the Philippines to Sergio Osmena. Osmeña succeeded President Manuel Quezon who died in New York in 1944 due to an illness.

End of the war

By July 4, 1945, the entire country was liberated from Japanese control. Also at this time, the Americans started to direct its attack on Japan itself. After the heavy bombings they inflected on Japan‘s, America offered unconditional surrender. When Japan refused, America dropped the atomic bombs in the cities of Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan. This forced the Japanese to finally surrender on September 2, 1945.

Meanwhile, President Sergio Osmeña hoped that the Philippine independence would be granted earlier than the set date on August 13, 1945.

However, US President Franklin Roosevelt and the US Congress already fixed the date of the Philippine independence on July 4, 1946.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

1946 Philippine Independence ACTIVITY Fill in the blanks with the missing term.

Manila was declared an ‗‘open city‘‘ by ______________.

The ‗‘Death March‘‘ started from the province of ________________ The president of the Second Philippine Republic was_____________ The leader of the hukbalahap movement was_____________ The money that was introduced by the Japanese governemnt in the Philippines was called______________ because of its apparent lack of value.

The Japanese military police was called_______________ The Commonwealth government was reestablished by _____________ who appointed himself as its military administrator.

The President of the United States of the Philippines during the Japanese occupation was_______________ The Japanese language was______________ 10.The most prominent guerilla movement in the Philippines during the Japanese occupation was the ________________.

LESSON 12: THE AMERICAN LEGACY YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 50

After more than four decades of colonial rule in the Philippines, the United States of America left a lasting legacy on the life of the Filipinos. Throughout the period of colonization, the American colonists effectively changed the political, economic, social and cultural landscape of the country.

Education for the Filipinos America‘s most important legacy in the country was the system of education. As part of the American colonial policy during the occupation period, education was aggressively promoted. As early as 1898, seven American schools had been established in Manila. The enrollment of children in public schools was also made compulsory. From the year 1899 to 1900, more than 100,000 Filipino children were recorded enrolled in different public schools in the country.

The first public school teachers in the Philippines were the ‗‘Thomasites.‘‘ They were the American teachers who arrived in the country on board the ship SS Thomas. After a few years of instituting education in the Philippines, the Americans started sending deserving students to the United States for further study.

These Filipino scholars were called the pensionados. They composed an elite group of Filipinos who were trained to become future teachers and civil servants in the Philippines.

Improvement in public health Duringtheir occupation of the Philippines, the Americans implemented scientific programs for public health and welfare.They also established the Quarantine service which helped prevent the spread of diseases and epidemics that came from other countries.

In 1901, the Board of Public Health was established.This further improved the public health system in the Philippines. It educate the Filipinos on modern medical findings and practices which eventually challenged their superstitious beliefs regarding health and diseases.

The direct result of the emphasis on public health initiated by the Americans was significant. For example, before the American occupation, the average height of the Filipinos was between 5‘2 and 5‘4.Whent the Americans introduced their diet and modern medicine, this average became 5‘4 to 5‘6 .More importantly, the mortality rate of infants was also reduced.

Improvement intransportation and communication The American introduction of modern-day modes of transportation became an important step towards the country‘s economic improvement. New roads, bridges and ports were built all over the country. Road mileage increased more than tenfold.While the number of bridges rose from mere 2,600 in 1898 to 8,100 in 1935.

More importantly, the old means of transportation like calesas, carretelas, and bancas were replaced by cars, trucks, trains,boats and airplanes.This resulted to faster transport of people and distribution of products from one place to another.

Filipinos were taught English The teaching of English language to the Filipinos was another significant American policy in the Philippines. When the English language became the medium of instruction in schools, a new world was opened to the Filipinos. They learned more about science, math and technology.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 51

Eventually the use of the English language easily assimilated the Filipinos to the American culture. They started giving their children names like Peter, John and Mary instead of the Spanish names Juan, Pedro and Maria. According to historian Teodoro Agoncillo, the American introduction of the English language caused many Filipinos to suffer a partial loss of their native heritage.

Let’s Check this Out Did you know that the coming of the Americans ushered in a new religion called Protestantism?

On September 6, 1899, Christian bibles were first distributed in Manila.

Soon after, religious sects came to the country and introduced their religions to the natives. Among these were the Baptist Church (1900) United Brethren and Disciple of Christ (1901), Congregationalists (1902). Seventh-day Adventist (1905), and Methodist Episcopalian (1908).

Unlike the Spaniards the Americans did not forced the Filipinos to embrace any of the new religions. What they promoted was the right and freedom to choose any religion. In fact, Indigenous religion grew during this period. On example was the establishment of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI) or the Aglipayan Church. It was established on August 3, 1902 by the members of the first federation of labor unions, union Obrera Democratic. (UOD) headed by Don Isabelo de los Reyes.

Father Gregorio Aglipay was nominated as the Supreme bishop of this new church.

Even with the new religions, Catholicism still remained the religion of the majority of the Filipinos.

Activity Write T on the blank if the statement is true and write F if the statement is false _____1. The first public school teachers in the Philippines were the pensionados. ______2. The Quarantine Service established by the Americans in the Philippines helped prevent the spread of epidemics that came from other countries. _____3. Don Isabelo de los Reyes was the first Supreme Bishop of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente. ____4. The Americans improved the public health system in the Philippines. ____ 5.Modern-day modes of transportation were introduced by the American in the Philippines.

B. Encircle the word that does not belong to the group.

6. calesas, carretelas,cars,bancas 7. John,Peter,Mary, Ernesto 8. science,math,technology,faith healing 9. public school system,Quarantine Service telephone Catholicism.

10. Methodist, Baptist,Aglipayan, Seventh-day Adventist.

LESSON13: COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT Independent Missions

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 52

Osmeña –Roxas mission The failure of the independence missions since 1918 did not discourage the Filipino leaders. In 1931, they sent another mission. This time, it was headed by Senator Sergio Osmeña and speaker Manuel Roxas. This was known as the OSRox Mission.

Unlike the previous independence missions, the Os-Rox Mission faced a favorable condition. During that time some American groups from the agricultural industry and labor sector felt threatened by the entry of the cheaper Philippine agricultural products in the US and the coming of the Filipino laborers willing to work at a lower wages. These groups believed that if the Philippines would be granted its independence, The Philippine agricultural products entering the US would be taxed and the Filipino laborers would be limited.

Another group was also worried that if the Philippines continued to be a US colony, it might bring the US into a war against Japan. Japan at that time was already invading countries in the pacific. Due to these concerns, the American groups helped the Os-Rox Mission lobby in the US Congress for the granting of the Philippine independence.

Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act The Os-Rox mission finally succeeded when the US Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act in 1932. This law provided for a ten-year transition period before the granting of Philippine independence. It also called for the creation of a Commonwealth government that would be ran by Filipinos under the guidance of Americans.

Tydings Mc Duffie Law He know despite the success of the OS-Rox mission Senate President Manuel Quezon did not like the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act. Some historians said that Quezon was threatened politically by the success of Sergio Osmeña. He knew that once Osmeña run for the presidency in the Commonwealth government, he would surely win on account of securing the date of the Philippine independence.

Nonetheless, Quezon went to the US and negotiated for another law.Whenhe learned that it was no longer possible, he sought the support of Senator Millard Tydings and Representative John Mc Duffie. Through these two members of the US Congress, the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law was reenacted after making only minor changes.This was signed into law by US President Franklin Roosevelt and become known as the Tydings-McDuffie Act or the Philippine IndependenceAct. Establishment of the Commonwealth government In September 1935, a general election was held to elect the leaders of the new government. In this election, Manuel Quezon and Sergio Osmeña won the positions of president and vice president, respectively. On November 15, 1935, The YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 53

Commonwealth government was inaugurated. It was a government in transition, preparation for the country‘s independence.

During the Commonwealth period, the running of the country was placed in the hands of Filipinos except on matters related to foreign relations and the currency.

Quezon himself said on his inaugural speech that the Commonwealth government was‘‘ just a means to an end‘‘.

Challenges to the Commonwealth government After the Commonwealth government was established, it immediately faced many challenges. The Philippine sat that time was in great economic crisis.

Almost all of the industries and businesses in the country were controlled by the Chinese Japanese and Americans. The Philippine economy had difficulty recovering because it was mainly dependent on the United States of America.

Social problems also confronted the Commonwealth government. Most of these were rooted on the different agrarian issues that worsened since the American Occupation.

The Commonwealth government also faced a national security problem.The threat was posed by the looming Japanese invasion. During that time, Japan had already invaded some countries in the Pacific and was posing a great threat to its neighboring countries including the Philippines. Because our country lacked military capability to defend the territory against the Japanese offensives.

Achievements of the Commonwealth government Since its establishment in1935 until the outbreak of war in 1941, the Commonwealth government was also able to create some positive changes in the country. Foreign trade improved during this period, transportation facilities were developed, the number of vehicles in the country increased. The Commonwealth government also provided telephone services and it started radio broadcasting in the country. Government companies and agencies were also established. However, this relative development was abruptly stopped when the Second World War broke out in 1941.

Activity B. 1. Why did the Filipino leaders create the Philippine Independence Commission?

Explain its purpose. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________.

2. What were the reasons cited for the failure of the first series of independence missions? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ __________________.

3.What contributed to the success of the Os-Rox Mission? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ _______________________________.

2. What was the reason for the establishment of the commonwealth government is just ‗‘ a means to an end‘‘?‘‘ ___________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________.

LESSON 14: JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF THE PHILIPPINES YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 54

Outbreak of the Second World War The self-rule of the Filipinos under the Commonwealth government was short-lived when the Second World War broke out in 1941. During that time, Japan was already expanding its power in Asia. The Japanese presented themselves as the liberator of Asians from Western colonizers. They wanted to establish a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Its aim according to the Japanese was to unite Asians against the western influences. With the rising power of Japan, it pose a threat to the Philippines and other neighboring countries controlled by Western powers.

On December 8, 1941 (Hawaiian was December 7), Japanese fighter planes bombed the American fleet in Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. Immediately, after the attack, the US Congress, through the recommendation of President Franklin Roosevelt, declared war against Japan.

As a colony of the United States, the Philippines became the next target of the Japanese invading forces. Just a few hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese planes flew over the Philippines and dropped bombs at Camp John Hay. President Manuel Luis Quezon was then in Baguio City. The next day, Manila was heavily bombed. Two days later, invading Japanese troops arrived in Luzon.

On December 26, President Manuel Quezon and General Douglas Mac Arthur, then already designated as the commander of the US Army Forces in the Far East(USAFFE) agreed to save Manila from destruction by declaring it an ‗‘open city. This meant that the government of the city already abandoned defensive efforts against possible attack from the enemy. Thus the attacking army will be expected to desist from bombing the city. However, the Japanese invading forces did not honor the ‘‘open city‘‘ declaration and continued to drop bombs in Manila. The Japanese ground forces entered Manila on January 2, 1942. At the same time, other Japanese troops also landed in many places in northern and southern Luzon.

Quezon in exile Because of the expected fall of Manila, President Manuel Quezon and VicePresident Sergio Osmeña and their families retreated to Corregidor. On December 30, President Quezon, then already suffering from an illness, took his oath of office in Corregidor for his second term as president of the Commonwealth government.

To save the leaders of the Commonwealth government, US President Roosevelt asked Quezon and Osmeña to move to Australia together with their families.

He also ordered General Douglas MacArthur to retreat to Australia.

Before Quezon left for the US, he travelled to different provinces of the country and made his proclamations on radio. He went from town to town because the Japanese soldiers were after him. And because he was well loved in the island of Panay, Quezon issued an executive order stating that should he and Vice=President Osmeña be unable to fulfill their duties, the Secretary to the President, Manuel Roxas, would be President.

Fall of Bataan and Corregidor

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 55

The strong and ruthless advance of the Japanese forces forced the Filipino and American defenders of the Philippines to retreat to Bataan and Corregidor. These places became the last stronghold of the Philippine defending forces.

On January 3, 1942. General Masaharu Homma, the Commander of the Japanese Imperial Forces, proclaimed the end of American colonialism. He also vowed to emancipate the Filipinos from the oppressive domination of the Americans.

Meanwhile, the besieged Filipino and American soldiers were awaiting reinforcement‘s form the United States of America. They did not know that the US government already abandoned the Philippines since it decided to focus its war efforts in Europe. In the following months, the Filipino and American troops bravely defended Bataan and Corregidor. However, the advantage in numbers and stronger firepower of the Japanese forces repelled all the efforts of the Philippine defenders. Starved, wounded and demoralized by the lack of American reinforcements, the Filipino and American troops finally surrendered. Bataan fell at the hands of the Japanese in April 9, 1942.Corregidor followed on May 6, 1942.

Death March After the fall of Bataan and Corregidor, the Japanese soldiers brutally forced the Filipino and American survivors into the infamous‘ ‘Death march‘‘. The vanquished Philippine defenders were forced to walk from Bataan to a prison camp more than 100 kilometers away. It was estimated that the Japanese held 80,000 Filipino and American prisoners of war. More than 10,000 of them died due to diseases, malnutrition and violent treatment by the Japanese.

Puppet government Before leaving Manila, President Quezon designated Jorge Vargas to act as mayor of the city. He was instructed to follow Japanese orders and run a civilian government because it would protect the people. However, he was also strictly ordered not to make an oath of allegiance to the Japanese.

When Vargas talked to General Masaharu Homma, his suggestions were turned down. Instead, the Japanese general issued an order directing Vargas to arrange a Philippine Executive Commission to which Vargas will act as chairman. This would be a civilian government acting upon the orders of the military government of Japan. On January 23, 1942, Jorge B. Vargas was made the chairman of the Executive Commission, which was tasked to oversee the chairman the different departments of the new government. Each commission was ran by a Filipino; however, there was a Japanese adviser who served as a Japanese spy.

The political parties that were established during the early years of the American period were dismantled. The only political party allowed was the Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas or KALIBAPI. In 1943, the Japanese inaugurated the Second Philippine Republic. Jose P. Laurel was elected as president and was sworn into office on October 4, 1943 Earlier in the war ,Laurel was instructed by Quezon to remain in the Philippines because of his pre-war relationship with Japan. Since he received an honorary doctorate from Tokyo University, he was a good choice to interact with the Japanese forces.

Although Laurel headed the Second Philippine Republic, his government was known as a puppet government. This was because the Filipino leaders of this government YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 56

could not act fully based on their own personal convictions. The real administration of the country remained in the hands of the Japanese. This and the presidency of Jose P. Laurel one of the most controversial administrations in the history of the Philippines.

After the war, Laurel was arrested because of charges of collaborating with the Japanese. However, he was not put on trial after he received an amnesty from President Manuel Roxas.

Guerilla War After the Japanese forces successfully occupied the Philippines, many Filipino and Americans soldiers who escaped and survived the war fled to the mountains and formed guerilla units. The strongest of these units were the ones headed by Walter M. Cushing, Colonel Guillermo Nakar, and Colonel Parker Calcert. Thier group operated in Northern Luzon.

The most prominent among the guerillas were the HUKS or Hukbalahap ( Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon ). It was organized in Central Luzon under the leadership of Luis Taruc in 1942. The Huks were not soldiers but simple farmers who banded together and valiantly fought the Japanese invaders.

Life of the Filipinos during the Japanese Period One of the few benefits that the Japanese occupation brought to the Philippines was the importance given to the national language. In their desire to erase the influence of the Americans on the Filipinos, the Japanese allowed the Filipinos to use only the Pilipino and Niponggo languages. Pilipino became the language of instruction in schools and everyone was required to learn Niponggo. As a whole, the educational policy presented and ordered by the Japanese was the so-called moral transformation or ‗‘spiritual rejuvenation‘‘ of the Filipinos.

However, the demerits of the Japanese occupation outnumbered the merits. The major problem of the people during the Japanese occupation was security. The basic necessities became scarce because of the lack of economic activity in the country.

Even the money that circulated in the country during that time was printed in large quantities and not backed by gold. As such, it was called ‗‘Mickey Mouse‘‘ money for its apparent lack of value. At that time, people had to carry big bags full of this money just to be able to buy a few kilos of rice. The lack of food compelled the people to depend on therice rationed by the government. Others who were resourceful enough planted vegetables in their backyards. Due to widespread poverty. Crime rate rose, disease spread at their worst, and chaos and disorder dominated the society.

The Filipinos also feared the Kempetai gained notoriety for committing atrocities in the country. Most often, they were the ones responsible for the deaths of many innocent Filipinos suspected as members or sympathizers of the guerilla movement.

Their abuses ranged from murder, rape ,torture and other inhumane acts.

Return of the Americans In 1944, the Americans started its campaign against the Japanese forces inAsia.

The strength of the American offensives resulted to the recovery of many islands in the Pacific. Due to many loses in the war, Japan started to weaken militarily.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 57

On October 20, 1944, the Americans landed in Leyte. Other allied troops soon landed in the islands of Mindoro, Surigao, Samar and Lingayen. Immediately after landing, the American forces advanced for a ground assault and recovered many places in the Philippines. In the battles that followed, the Japanese forces suffered heavy loss due to stronger military offensives of the Americans. On October 23, 1944, General MacArthur re-established the Commonwealth government and appointed himself as the military administrator.

General Douglas Mac Arthur who promised that he shall return, landed in Lingayen Pangasinan on January 9, 1945.He soon led the American forces in liberating the e Philippines. From Lingayen, the liberation forces proceeded to recapture Manila. They successfully entered the city on February 3, 1945.

On February 27, 1945, General MacArthur turned over the administration of the Philippines to Sergio Osmena. Osmeña succeeded President Manuel Quezon who died in New York in 1944 due to an illness.

End of the war

By July 4, 1945, the entire country was liberated from Japanese control. Also at this time, the Americans started to direct its attack on Japan itself. After the heavy bombings they inflected on Japan‘s, America offered unconditional surrender. When Japan refused, America dropped the atomic bombs in the cities of Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan. This forced the Japanese to finally surrender on September 2, 1945.

Meanwhile, President Sergio Osmeña hoped that the Philippine independence would be granted earlier than the set date on August 13, 1945.

However, US President Franklin Roosevelt and the US Congress already fixed the date of the Philippine independence on July 4, 1946.

1946 Philippine Independence ACTIVITY Fill in the blanks with the missing term.

10. Manila was declared an ‗‘open city‘‘ by ______________.

11. The ‗‘Death March‘‘ started from the province of ________________ 12. The president of the Second Philippine Republic was_____________ 13. The leader of the hukbalahap movement was_____________ 14. The money that was introduced by the Japanese governemnt in the Philippines was called______________ because of its apparent lack of value.

15. The Japanese military police was called_______________ 16. The Commonwealth governemnt was reestablished by _____________ who appointed himself as its military administrator.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 58

17. The President of the United States of the Philippines during the Japanese occupation was_______________ 18. The Japanese language was______________ 10.The most prominent guerilla movement in the Philippines during the Japanese occupation was the ________________.

UNIT IV THE FREE PHILIPPINES LESSON 15: THIRD PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC The Philippines after the war When the Second World War ended in 1945, the Philippines was greatly devastated. Many buildings and infrastructures in the country were toppled to the ground. The railways were out of operation, roads and bridges were destroyed, and businesses were at a standstill. Poverty also became widespread and the peace and order situation got worse. The need to recover was the foremost task, but the people and the government had no money.

The birth of the third Philippine Republic In a ceremony held in Manikla on July 4, 1946, the United States of America officially proclaimed the independence of the Philippines. In that event, the symbolic rising of the Philippine flag while the American flag was being lowered signaled the end of American rule in the Philippines and the start of the Third Republic.

Following the conditions provided in the 1935 Philippine Constitution, the Commonwealth government was immediately dissolved after ‗‘the final and complete withdrawal of the sovereignity of the United States and the proclamation of Philippine independence.‘‘ It was replaced by the new government called the Philippine Republic.

The Philippine government created in 1946 was a presidential and democratic form of government.This government was created under the authority of the 1935 Constitution which declared the following: 1. The Philippines is a republican state.

2. This government shall have three equal but independent branches: executive, legislative and judicial.

3. The executive branch shall be headed by the president who shall hold office for four years.

4. No one should serve as president for more than eight consecutive years.

5. The president shall be the commander-in-chief of all armed forces of the Philippines.

6. The legislative branch of government, called Congress, shall be composed of a House of Senate and a House of Representatives.

7. The senate shall be composed of twenty-four senators who will serve a six-year term of office.

8. The House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than 0ne hundred and twenty members, each representing a province or a district and shall serve a four-year term of office.

9. The Senate shall be headed by an elected president and the House of Representatives by an elected speaker.

10. The judicial branch of government shall be the Supreme Court.It shall be composed of a chief justice and ten associate justices.

Coat of arms of the Philippine Republic

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 59

The coat of arms of the Philippine government shows the same elements that can be found in our national flag. It has the three stars that represent the three major islands that comprise our archipelago: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. It also features the eight rays of the sun which signify the first eight provinces that revolted against Spain during the 1896 Revolution.

A bald eagle which represents the United States of America is placed on the blue field on the left side, and the lion represent our colonial heritage. The words‘‘ Republika ng Pilipinas‘‘ are written in a scroll below the top symbols.

The coat of arms of the Philippines is used in official government documents.

It was approved on July 3, 1946 through Commonwealth Act No. 731.

The administration of Manuel Roxas(1946-1948)

Manuel Roxas was the Senate president when he won the presidency in 1946.His victory made him the last president of the Commonwealth government and the first president of the Republic of the Philippines.

When Manuel Roxas assumed the presidency, the Philippines needed rehabilitation. Because the government had no money, they sought the support of the US government. The US agreed to provide financial aid to the Philippines.

However, in exchange of the promised aid, the Philippines must accept the bell Trade Act and the Tydings Rehabilitation Act. Both laws contained disadvantageous provisions for the Philippines.

Bell Trade Act and Tydings Rehabilitation Act The Bell Trade Act or the Philippines Trade Act was passed by the Philippine Congress on July 2, 1946.This act stipulated that the free trade agreement between the United States of America and the Philippines would continue until 1954.It also gave the Americans ‘‘parity rights‘‘ or equal economic rights in the country with regard to the use and exploitation of Philippine natural resources. Although this provision violates the mandate of the 1935 Constitution which reserved such right only to the Filipinos, The Philippine government had to accept the law. The nonapproval of the Bell Trade Act meant the cancellation of American financial aid in the country. Only the passage of the Bell Trade Act in the Philippines secured the Tydings Rehabilitation Act ( Tydings War Damage Act. Because the bell trade was against Philippine interest, it created a rift in national politics. Many patriotic Filipino leaders strongly opposed the law. However, the pressure exerted by the US government forced President Roxas to back up the YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 60

bell Trade Act. His allies in Congress successfully amended the Constitution to suit the parity clause contained in the act. Through a plebiscite held in the country on March 11, 1947, the parity rights amendment was approved in the Philippines.

Nonetheless, the negative impact to the Philippine economy of the Bell Trade Act was felt in 1950.The law discouraged the establishment of local industries and the struggling Philippine economy further declined.

US Military Bases Since the creation of the Philippine Republic, American influence continued to define the key decisions in the government. In March 1947, President Manuel Roxas committed the Philippines into another disadvantageous agreement with the United States of America..He signed the US-RP Military Bases Agreement which allowed the Americans to control 23 military installations in the country including Clark Air field.

Hukbalahap rebellion After the end of the Second World War, the United States of America turned against the Hukbalahap ( Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon) for its socialistic and anti-American ideology. It also belittled the contribution of the Huk guerillas during the war and disqualified them from any compensation. When the government ordered the Hukbalahap guerillas to disarm, Huk Supremo Luis Taruc and some of the other leaders followed the call and joined the election in 1946. The other guerillas hid their weapons while many stayed in the mountains. When Luios Taruc and five of the Huk members of the Democratic Alliance won congressional seats, they were blocked from assuming office.This force them to go back underground and fight against the Americans and the newly-formed republic.

From being an anti-Japanese force,the Hukbalahap later on transformed into a rebel movement.It also changed its name to Hukbong Magpapalaya ng bayan (HMB0.It later grew in strength and found mass support in th\e countryside.The lack of attention from the government pushed many depressed peasants to join the Huks.It only caught the governemnts‘s full attention when the rebel started to launch attacks against landlords and government forces.

In March 1948, just two years since he assumed office, President Roxas died of heart attack.

The administration of Elpidio Quirino( 1948-1953)

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 61

Elpidio Quirino was one of the politicians who sided with President Manuel L. Quezon during the time of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act controversy. He also refused to have a position in Jose P. Laurel‘s government during the Japanese occupation.

In 1946, at the inauguration of the Third Philippine republic, he was elected as vicepresident and was appointed as Secretary of Foreign Affairs.

On April 17, 1948, just two days after the date of president Manuel Roxas, Vicepresident Elpidio Quirino formally assumed the presidency. He promised economic stability, peace and order and to bring back he people‘s trust in the government.

Negotiation with the Huks During his term, President Quirino inherited the ‗‘Hukbalahap problem‘‘. But unlike the combative stance displayed by President Roxas against the Huks, President Quirino used a more peaceful approach. He offered amnesty to all the rebels who would surrender within 50 days. This amnesty bargain was made official when he signed Proclamation No. 76 on June 21, 1948.However, on the last day of surrender , hostilities broke out once again. Despite the efforts of the Quirino administration , it did not solve the Huk rebellion.

Foreign Exchange Control With the Bell Trade Act in effect, tons of cheap imported American goods entered the Philippines. The country‘s dollar reserve was mismanaged and wasted only on luxury goods. This resulted in the depletion of our own money. President Quirino‘s Finance Secretary, Miguel Cuaderno Sr., recognized the problem and thought that the solution to it was the imposition of foreign exchange control. The American government initially did not agree with this, but the situation was so bad that the Americans had to accept the policy plan.

After the foreign exchange control was implemented, local industries mushroomed. This encouraged many Filipinos to manufacture goods instead of buying everything from America. As a result, the country developed a flour industry, textile industry, oil refinery industry and chemical glass industries.

RP-US Mutual defense Treaty The administration of Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)

Ramon Magsaysay was a guerilla fighter during the war.After the Philippnes was liberated from the Japanese, the Americans appointed him as military governor of Zambales.He later became a member of congress.on September 1, 1950, upon the urging of President Quirino‘s American advisers, Magsaysay was appointed as Secretary of National Defense.After he assumed the post, he became the instrumental in ending the Hukbalahap rebellion.Groome dfor presidency, his image as an action-man won the hearts of the masses.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 62

In 1953, Ramon Magsaysay left the Liberal Party and resigned from President Quirino‘s Cabinet. He ran in the presidential election under the merged Nacionalista Party and Citizens Party. On November 10, 1953, he won the presidential race against President Elpidio Quirino in a landslide victory.

Pro-poor policy Upon assuming office, Magsaysay worked on his promise to improve the life of the people in the far-flung barrios of the country.His charismatic personally helped him win all kinds of support for his nation-building programs.

President Magsaysay‘s policy centered on the following:  Improvement of the land-tenure system  Easy-term credit for the peasants  Intensive community development with self-help as the basic factor End of the Huk rebellion President Magsaysay‘s prominence reached even greater height when he successfully ended the Huk rebellion. He started battling the insurgency by implementing changes in the Philippine Constabulary. He recruited new soldiers and improved the lives of the demoralized and politics-ridden Filipino army. He gave the soldiers better quarters, good food and better salary. H also formed the Scout Ranger Batallion, agroup of soldiers who were especially trained to suppress the Hukbalahap rebels.

President Magsaysay‘s campaign against the Huks was well-funded. Aside from American financial and military aid, he also received contributions from the rich landlords. He used some of its reward money offered to anyone with information that may lead to the capture of the Huk leaders and some members of the Pulitburo of the Communist Party of the Philippines were captured and convicted.The surrender of Huk Supremo Luis Taruc struck the biggest blow to the rebel movement.The lack of able leadership finally ended the hukbalahap rebellion. To support the rebel returnees,the Magsaysay government loaned them money to start small businesses .They also received free vocational trainings. Through the Economic Development Corporation, communities for the former rebels were also established in Isabela and Mindanao.

Laurel-Langley Agreement When the economy declined in the 190s, the Magsaysay government realized the disadvantages brought by the Bell Trade Act to the Philippines. President Magsaysay renegotiated the act and came up with the Laurel-Langley Trade Agreement in 1956.

The Laurel-Langley Trade Agreement abolished the authority of the US to control the exchange rate of the peso. It also made parity privileges reciprocal, making it fairer. It extended the sugar quota, the time period for the reduction of other quotas, and the progressive application of tariffs on Philippine exports to the United States.

Pro-worker policies To help the workers, President Magsaysay ordered the creation of the Social Security System(SSS) . under this system, business owners were required to register their employees so that they will be entitled to some benefits and privileges..

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 63

Business owners‘ had a share in the payment of SSS dues. The SSS ensured that workers will receive benefits in the form of medical aids, housing loans , calamity loans and other similar type of assistance. To further empower the Filipino workers, President Magsaysay also created the Magna Carta of Labor. This stipulated the rights, benefits and duties of workers. Among these rights was the right to organize a union and stage strikes.

SEATO As a close ally of the United States in the Asia Pacific, the Philippines supported the worldwide condemnation of Communism in the 1950s.President Magsaysay made clear the Philippine position against the communist regimes when he helped organize the Southeast Asia treaty Organization(SEATO).It was established in Manila on Septemeber 8,1954 and joined by eight democratic nations.

The aim of this organization was to advocate democracy and stop the rising tide of Communism. The member- countries of the SEATO were the United States of America, great Britain, France, Australia, new Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, and Thailand.

On march 17, 1957, the C-47 presidential plane, Mt. Pinatubo, where Magsaysay was on board, crashed into the mountainside area near Cebu City.The tragic accident killed Magsaysay and 25 other people. Only one person survived the tragedy.

The administration of Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)

Carlos P. Garcia was a seasoned politician who started his political career since 1920s. He was also the vice-president of the Nacionalista Party from 1947 to 1953.He served as a congressman, a governor and a senator before he became Vice-president of the Philippines alongside President Magsaysay administration, he also served as the Secretary of Foreign Affairs.

Carlos P. Garcia succeeded to the presidency when Ramon Magsaysay died in a plane accident in March 1957.He was later elected for a full presidential term during the 1957 election. The victory officially made him the fourth president of the Third Philippine Republic.

The ‗‘Filipino First‘‘ policy President Garcia‘s administration promoted a comprehensive nationalist policy. He promised to remove‘‘ the yoke of alien domination in business, trade, commerce and industry.‘‘ He asserted the nedd for complete economic

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 64

freedom and said that the government would no longer tolerate foreign interests in the national economy.

To achieve his nationalist goals, President Garcia launched his‘‘ Filipino First ‗‘policy. This encouraged more businessmen to setup factories, which greatly improved the country‘s economy. Aside from promoting locally-, manufactured products, this policy also prioritized Filipinos over Americans in using dollars, the use of which was controlled by the Central Bank since 1950.

Upon the recommendation of nationalist Senator Claro M. Recto, President Garcia tried to lead the country towards industrialization. This was to be achieved not through the simple assembly type of light industries but through the creation of heavy industries. Towards this end, the government formed the Iligan Integrated Steel Mills, Inc. This move was important for national industrialization because steel industry was the economic backbone of the industrial countries like Britain, Japan and Germany.

Revival of Filipino cultural arts With the objective of eliminating colonial mentality, President Garcia sought to revive Filipino costums and culture. He became a big supporter of the Republic Cultural Award given to Filipino artists, scientists, and writers.

Fostering the value of austerity During his presidency. President Garcia also wanted to stamp out corruption right down to its roots. To address this, he introduced the austerity program. Its aim was to encourage the people, especially the government officials, to live a simple life.

President Garcia defined his austerity program as ‗‘ a policy for temperate spending. It signifies more work, more thrift, more productive investment, and more efficiency. It means imports and less extravagant consumption.‘‘ Despite his well thought-out policies or perhaps because of it President Garcia became an unpopular president. Graft and corruption remained in his government and the political squabbles from the previous government continued.

America‘s disdain for his ‘‘Filipino First Policy.‘‘ led to his defeat in the 1961 elections. He died on June 14, 1971.

The administration of Diosdado Macapagal ( 1961-1965)

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 65

Diosdado P. Macapagal first served as representative of the first district of Pampanga before he assumed the vice presidency in 1957.Since he belonged to the opposition party, the Garcia administration sidelined his position. He was not given key posts in the Cainet and relegated only with the ceremonial duties.

On January 21, 1961, Diosdado Macapagal was chosen as the Liberal part candidate for the presidential election .He campaigned tirelessly from villages to towns in the provinces. On November, 14, 1961 he defeated reelectionist Carlos P. Garcia and was duly lected as the new president.

After he won the presidency, President Macapagal opened the doors of Malacanang Palace to the masses and cancelled the traditional inaugural ball.He also made a decree forbidding his family to be involved in any government transactions.

President Macapagal‘s political objectives included the restoration of economic stability, the alleviation of the common man‘ sad plight, and the establishment of a ‗‘dynamic basis for future growth.‘‘ Unfortunately, while Macapagal tried his best to portray himself as the ‗‘Champion of the Common Man,‘‘his friends from the oligarch class paraded their wealth and made anomalous deals.

Changing of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12 In 1962, President Macapagal changed the Philippine independence day from July 4 to June 12. This move favored the significance of the declaration of independence led by Emilio Aguinaldo on June 12,1898 than the American recognition of Philippine proclaimed on July 4,1946.The change became effective by virtue of Republic Act No. 4166 signed by President Macapagal on May 17, 1962.

President Macapagal reasoned that the annual July 4 celebration of the declaration of Philippine independence is inconvenient because it coincides with the American Independence Day and only recalls unpleasant memories of American colonization. He said that the celebration of Independence Day on June 12 could provide greater inspiration because it commemorates the Filipino heroism during the revolution.

The Devaluation of Philippine Peso After he assumed office, President Macapagal removed the economic controls imposed in the country since 1950.He then devalued the Philippine peso based on the free market rate, pegged by the US dollar. The foreign exchange control, which was an impetus of industrialization in the progressive decade of the 50s was also lifted. After these moves, imported goods flooded the country. This eventually forced many Filipino manufacturers to close down their businesses.

President Macapagal also decentralized the economy and the government By promoting commerce in the provinces and by investing greater power in the local government units.

Land Reform Code YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 66

To improve the life of the peasants, President Macapagal signed the Land reform Code ( R.A. No. 3844) on August 8, 1963.This was created to abolish the abusive and unjust tenancy system existing in the country and to give full government protection to the leaseholders.

Under the Land Reform Code, a farmer could secure a loan from the government, which he could invest by producing crops in the land of his former landlord. Through this, the farmer was freed from the landlord whom he would only have to pay twenty-five percent of his harvest.

Sabah claim In 1962, President Macapagal asserted the country‘s claim to Sabah, an island located at the northernmost tip of Borneo.

Sabah had long been hotly contested by Malaysia and the Philippines.

Individual claims were already made to pronounce it as part of their respective national territories.

The Philippines‘ claim to Sabah was backed up by the Sultan of Sulu who legally owned it since the 17th century. However, Sabah was leased to a private British company, when Malaysia was still a British colony. When Malaysia became independent, Sabah was claimed by the Malaysian government as part of its country‘s legal territory.

MAPHILINDO During his presidency, President Macapagal tried to strengthen Philippine ties with its neighboring Malayan countries. After talks were initiated, President Macapagal, together with Abdul Rahman of Malaysia and President Sukarno of Indonesia, signed the Manila Accord on July 31,1963. The agreement was aimed to forge closer economic, social, and cultural ties among the three countries. On August 6, 1963, the three leaders established the MAPHILINDO (Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia) and agreed to battle colonialism and imperialism.

However, on August 1, 1964 the Malayan and British government formed the Federation of Malaysia and prematurely included Sabah in its outlined territories. The Philippine government under Macapagal protested. Rift soon developed between the Philippines and Malaysia, putting in danger the MAPHILINDO organization. It was suspended when the Philippines broke diplomatic ties with Malaysia in September 1964.

The Stonehill scandal Macapagal‘s image as champion of the masses failed miserably when his government was wrecked by the Stonehill scandal of 1962. The scandal exposed government corruption and racketeering a within the whole bureaucracy.

A raid on the properties of Harry S. Stonehill disclosed a ‗‘blue book‘‘ which contained names of people from every segment of the government and from the media who received bribe money from Stonehill.

The Stonehill scandal provoked public outrage and elicited government official inquiry. However, what the people could not understand was the YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 67

immediate deportation of Stonehill at a time when a congressional investigation was making progress.

The administration of Ferdinand Marcos ( 1965- 1986) Ferdinand E. Marcos started his long political career as an elected congressman from 1949 to 1959.He also served as a senator from 1959 to 1965.While he held the Senate presidency in 1963, he aspired to become president in the next two years and expected support fro president Diosdado Macapagal.

When President Macapagal decided to run for reelection, Marcos joined the Nacionalista Party and became its standard bearer. Eventually, he won the 1965 presidential election against President Macapagal and promised to make the country ‘‘great again‘‘.

During the first few years of the Marcos presidency, the government faced a tough national situation. It had to deal with the problems inherited from the previous administrations. To fix the crisis, President Marcos called for a new kind of governance and outlined the following policies: 1.

Self-sufficiency in the production of rice and the diversification of crops.

2.

Implementation of the land reform programs 3.

Intensification of community development programs New foreign policy and the ASEAN During his administration, president Marcos improved the country‘s foreign relations. He did not only strengthen ties with the United States and other allied countries, but also forged diplomatic and economic relations with communist regimes.

President Marcos also played a key role in developing the Philippine relations with its neighboring countries. On August 8,1967, he participated in the formation of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It was created To promote closer and strong relationships among the member-countries; advance the cause of peace in the region; and develop cooperation on economic ,social, technical and scientific fields.

Aside from the Philippines, the original member-countries of the ASEAN were Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. At present, the

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 68

membership already includes Vietnam, Cambodia, Brunei, Burma( Myanmar), and Laos.

Philippine crisis In 1969, the Philippine situation entered a new phase. President Marcos became the first reelected president of the Philippines. During this period, the country was in deep crisis. The relative progress seen in the early years of the Marcos presidency was replaced by economic insecurity and political instability.

Crime rate increased, street violence rose, and the government was under attack from various sectors. As the situation worsened, anti-government forces continued to grow from many segments of society.

Rise of student activism From the latter part of the 1960s to the early years of the 1970s, the crisis inspired a new sense of nationalism in the hearts of young students in the country, particularly in Manila. This resulted in the rise of student activism and the formation of radical organizations in various Philippine colleges and universities. The radicalized students boycotted their classes and staged constant rallies and demonstrations. The barrage of students boycotted their classes and staged constant rallies and demonstrations. The barrage of student protests often ended in violent confrontations with the police.

One prominent leader during that time was Jose Maria Sison, a professor of the University of the Philippines and a young member of the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas. He founded the student cultural Association of the university of the Philippines (SCAUP ) and the militant Kabataang Makabayan (KM) Both organizations were instrumental in the growth of militancy in the Philippines.

Reestablishment of the Communist Party of the Philippines As a young member of the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP), Jose Maria Sison developed different revolutionary ideas. This involved the adoption of the revolutionary experience in China and the ideas of Mao Tse Tung, the leader of the Chinese revolution. Sison believed that a similar revolutions can be launched in the Philippines. When this did not sit well with the PKP leadership, the old cadres expelled him .But his expulsion did not stop him from forming his own armed revolutionary movement. He recruited a few followers and reestablished the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) on December 26, 1968 in Pangasinan.

Formation of the New People’s rmy

After he founded the Communist Party of the Philippines, Sison went to Tarlac and convinced former Huk leader Bernabe Buscayno, alias Commander YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 69

Dante, to join him and form the armed component of the CPP. On march 29, 1969, the new people‘s Army was founded. It started only with a few men and weapons but later grew into a large revolutionary army.

The founding of the New People‘s Army presented a complete political and military challenge to the Philippine government. The growth of the movement did not only threaten the Marcos regime, but also the succeeding administrations. At present, the CPP, with its armed group, the NPA, is still the longest running insurgency in Asia.

First Quarter Storm In the first three months of 1970, thousands of students, workers and farmers staged series of rallies against the Marcos administration. They rallied to protest issues like oil price increases, graft and corruption in the government, and the worsening economic situations. These demonstrations became very violent. For days, the protesters marched the streets and stormed Malacanang, the US Embassy in Manila, and even hotels. They clashed with the police and defended themselves by throwing rocks, bottles and Molotov cocktails. During the confrontations, many activists were killed and policemen were wounded.This bloody event is now known as the famous First Quarter Storm.

Muslim Secessionist Movement Aside from the New People‘s Army which largely operated in Luzon, Visayas and some parts of Mindanao, the Marcos government was also preoccupied with the armed rebellion in the South. This thinned out the resources of the Philippines armed forces, making the military campaign ineffective.

The Muslim secessionist movement in Mindanao was led by the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) with its armed group, the Bangsamoro army. This movement followed the cause fought by the disbanded Muslim Independence Movement founded in 1968.They wanted the founding of an independent Islamic state in Mindanao and self-determination of the Filipino Muslims in the South.

Declaration of Martial Law

On September 21, 1972 President Marcos issued Proclamation 1081, putting the entire country under martial law. He said that the decree was meant to save the republic‘‘ and to reform the ‗‘social, economic and political institutions in the country.‘‘ President Marcos also justified this move with the recent attack on Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile. Years later, Enrile admitted that the ambush was actually staged.

Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect when the military takes control of the normal administration of Justice.When a country or a place is under

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 70

martial law, the writ of habeas corpus or the right of a prisoner to appear before a judge is inoperative and the people lose their liberty.

Within days,after martial was declared,President marcos practically became a one-man ruler of the cuntry.Some of his forst acts were the following.

1.The arrest of anti-marcos personalities from various professions.Among the prominent people arrested were senators Benigno Aquino Jr. Jose Diokno, Ramon Mitra. Et al.

2. The enforcement of a urfew throughout the Philippines from twelve o‘ clock midnight until four o‘ clock in the morning.

3. The banning of all forms of strikes ,rallies ,picketing or demonstraations.

4. The enforcement of gun ban or gun control.

5. The governemnt takeover and contro of all media facilities.

6.The government takeover of companies that offer vital services like MERALCO,PLDT,NAWASA,PNR,PAL The 1973 Constitution To further strengthen his powerPresident Marcos initiated the creation of the 1973 Constitution. Which took effect on January,17,1973.it abloished the Philippine Congress and replaced it with the Batasang Pambansa which President Marcos completely manipulated.

By virtue of the 1973 Constituion, the form of governemnt was also changed from presidential to parliamentary.Through this system, President marcos made himself the President and Prime Minister at the same time.He acquired not only executive poer but also legislative and judicial powers.

Crony Capitalism During the Martial law years,President Marcos issued decrees which gave him more despotic powers.After he ordered the government takeover of vital businesses in the country he distributed them to his cronies.Through this scheme,Marcos and his friend gained too much wealth.

The ‗‘New Society‘‘ President Marcos ‗‘new society‘‘ ws guided by his program caled PLEDGES.It is an acronym which stands for he following: P-peace and order L-land reform E—economic development D-development of moral values G-government reforms E- educational reforms S- social services The most prominent program was the Kilusang Kabuhayan at Kaunlaran (KKK)nThis program encouraged the establishment of small and medium scale industries.

Another program the ‗‘Sariling Sikap‘‘.This encouraged poor families to produce food for their tables byplanting vegetables in their own backyards.

The peso and the economy During the martialy law period, the Philippine economy rapidly declined.It heavily suffered from mismanagement and rampant corruption in the governement.because the government was spending more than what it was earning, YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 71

it faced a budget deficit.Eventually thelack of economic gains caused the value of the peso to fall while the prices of basic commodities rose. This situation only worsened the already poor conditions of the country.

The lifting of martial law On January 17, 1981,President Marcos officially lifted martial law through Presidential Decree No.2045.However his dictatorial powers remained by his virtue of his previous decrees.Although the writ of habeas corpus was also restored, the military and police authoritiese remained powerful.They stayed watchful of antigovernement forces.

Many said that President marcos lifted martial law only to appease Pope John Paul II, who was very vocal against dictatorship.After martial law was lifted,Pope John Paul II visited the Philippines.

Identify from the box the things related to each presidency.Write them in their appropriate column in the chart.

ASEAN Laurel-Langley agreement Austerity Program Martial law Bell Trade Act ‗‘New Society‘‘ 1973 Constitution Pro-poor policy Crony Capitalism Sabah claim Filipino First Policy SEATO Foreign Exchange Control Tydings Rehabilitation Act MAPHILINDO US-RP Mutual defense Treaty Presidency Roxas Quirino

Magsaysay

Garcia

Magsaysay

Marcos

Macapagal

LESSON 16: FOURTH PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 72

Assasination of Benigno ‘’Ninoy’’ Aquino, Jr. The Assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr., former Philippine Senator, took place on Sunday, August 21, 1983 at Manila International Airport. Aquino, also a longtime political opponent of President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos, had just landed in his home country after a 3-year self exile in the United States when he was shot in the head while being escorted from an aircraft to a vehicle that was waiting to transport him to prison. Also killed was Rolando Galman, who was later implicated in Aquino's murder.

Aquino was elected to the Philippine Senate in 1967 and shortly thereafter began speaking out against Marcos' authoritarian rule. He was imprisoned on trumped up charges shortly after Marcos's 1972 declaration of martial law. In 1980, he suffered a heart attack in prison and was allowed to leave the country two months later by Marcos's wife, Imelda. He spent the next three years in exile near Boston before deciding to return to the Philippines.

Aquino's assassination is credited with transforming the opposition to the Marcos regime from a small, isolated movement into a nationally unified crusade. It is also credited with thrusting Aquino's widow, Corazon Aquino, into the public spotlight and her running for president in the snap election of 1986. Though Marcos was officially declared the winner of the election, widespread allegations of fraud and illegal tampering on Marcos's behalf is credited with sparking the People Power Revolution, which resulted in Marcos fleeing the country and conceding the presidency to Corazon Aquino.

Though many, including the Aquino family, maintain that Marcos ordered Aquino's assassination, this was never definitively proven. An official government investigation ordered by Marcos shortly after the assassination led to murder charges against 25 military personnel and one civilian; all were acquitted by the Sandiganbayan (special court). After Marcos was ousted, another government investigation under Corazon Aquino's administration led to a retrial and the conviction of 16 military personnel, all of whom were sentenced to life imprisonment.

Since their conviction, one of the convicts was pardoned, three died in prison, and the remainder had their sentences commuted at various times; the last convicts were released from prison in 2009.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 73

Presidential Snap Election Indicative of the importance of United States support for his regime, Marcos announced his decision to hold a "snap" presidential election on an American television talk show, "This Week with David Brinkley," in November 1985. He promised skeptical Americans access for observer teams, setting February 7, 1986, a year before his six-year presidential term ran out, as the date for the election. He believed his early reelection would solidify United States support, silence his critics in the Philippines and the United States, and perhaps banish the ghost of Benigno Aquino. Marcos's smoothly running, well-financed political machine and the divided nature of the opposition promised success, but his decision proved to be a monumental blunder.

Cardinal Sin, an astute negotiator described by one diplomat as "one of the best politicians in the Philippines," arranged a political alliance of convenience between Corazon Aquino and Salvador Laurel, who had announced his own candidacy but agreed to run as Aquino's vice-presidential candidate. Aquino had immense popular support and Laurel brought his superior organizational skills to the campaign. Their agreement to run together was arranged just in time for the deadline for submission of candidacies in early December. The church hierarchy gave its moral support to the opposition ticket. Cardinal Sin, realizing that poor people would not refuse money offered for votes and that the ethic of utang na loob would oblige them to vote for the briber, admonished the voters that an immoral contract was not binding and that they should vote according to their consciences.

On the day of the election, NAMFREL guarded ballot boxes and tried to get a rapid tally of the results in order to prevent irregularities. A team of United States observers, which included a joint congressional delegation, issued a mild criticism of electoral abuses, but individual members expressed shock and indignation: Senator Richard Lugar claimed that between 10 and 40 percent of the voters had been disenfranchised by the removal of their names from registration rolls. The results tabulated by the government's Commission on Elections (COMELEC) showed Marcos leading, whereas NAMFREL figures showed a majority for the Aquino-Laurel ticket. On February 9, computer operators at COMELEC observed discrepancies between their figures and those officially announced and walked out in protest, at some risk to their lives. The church condemned the election as fraudulent, but on February 15, the Marcos-dominated National Assembly proclaimed him the official winner. Despite the election fraud, the Reagan administration's support for Marcos remained strong, as did its uncertainty concerning Corazon Aquino. Yet a consensus YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 74

of policy makers in the White House, Department of State, Pentagon, and Congress was emerging and advised the withdrawal of support from Marcos.

1986 PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION

Ramos and Enrile On February 22, Enrile and General Fidel Ramos, commander of the Philippine Constabulary, issued a joint statement demanding Marcos's resignation.

They established their rebel headquarters inside Camp Aguinaldo and the adjoining Camp Crame in Metro Manila, which was guarded by several hundred troops.

Marcos ordered loyal units to suppress the uprising, but Cardinal Sin, broadcasting over the Catholic-run Radio Veritas (which became the voice of the revolution), appealed to the people to bring food and supplies for the rebels and to use nonviolence to block pro-Marcos troop movements.

Hundreds of thousands responded. In the tense days that followed, priests, nuns, ordinary citizens, and children linked arms with the rebels and faced down, without violence, the tanks and machine guns of government troops. Many of the government troops defected, including the crews of seven helicopter gunships, which seemed poised to attack the massive crowd on February 24 but landed in Camp Crame to announce their support for People's Power. Violent confrontations were prevented. The Philippine troops did not want to wage war on their own people.

Although Marcos held an inauguration ceremony at MalacaĂąang Palace on February 25, it was boycotted by foreign ambassadors (with the exception, in an apparently unwitting gaffe, of a new Soviet ambassador). It was, for the Marcoses, the last, pathetic hurrah. Advised by a United States senator, Paul Laxalt, who had close ties to Reagan, to "cut and cut cleanly," Marcos realized that he had lost United States support for any kind of arrangement that could keep him in power. By that evening, the Marcoses had quit the palace that had been their residence for two decades and were on their way to exile in the United States. Manila's population surged into MalacaĂąang to view the evidence of the Marcos's extravagant life-style (including Imelda's muchpublicized hundreds of pairs of expensive, unworn shoes).

An almost bloodless revolution brought Corazon Aquino into office as the seventh president of the Republic of the Philippines.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 75

LESSON 17: FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC:1986 TO PRESENT

The administration of Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992) After President Marcos was ousted from power,Corazon C. Aquino was installed as the new president.This made her the first woman president of the Philippine republic and the eleventh president of the Philippines..She wore her oath of office on February 25, 1986 at the Club Filipino in Greenhills,San Juan.

After her inauguration,President Aquino created her own Cabinet.The first members of the Cabinet were the following:

OFFICE

NAME

TERM

President

Corazon Cojuancgo-

February 25, 1986 – March

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 76

Aquino

25, 1986

Vice-President

Salvador Laurel

February 25, 1986 – March 25, 1986

Prime Minister

Salvador Laurel

February 25, 1986 – March 25, 1986

Presidential Executive Assistant

Joker Arroyo

February 25, 1986 – March 25, 1986

Minister of Agrarian Reform

Jezreel F. Pattaguan

February 25, 1986 – March 25, 1986

Minister of Agriculture and Food

Ramon Mitra, Jr.

February 25, 1986 – March 25, 1986

Minister of Budget and Management

Alberto Romulo

February 26, 1986 – March 25, 1986

Minister of Economic Planning

Solita Monsod

February 25, 1986 – March 25, 1986

Minister of Education, Culture and Sports

Lourdes Quisimbing

February 25, 1986 – March 25, 1986

Minister of Finance

Jaime Ongpin

February 25, 1986 – March 25, 1986

Minister of Foreign Affairs

Salvador Laurel

February 25, 1986 – March 25, 1986

Minister of Health

Alfredo Bengzon

February 25, 1986 – March 25, 1986

The 1986 provisional ‘’Freedom ‘’ Constitution’’ One of the first acts of of president Aquino after she assumed the presidency was the suspension of the 1973 Constitution.She declared that her governement was a ‗‘revolutionary‘‘ governmnet.She also issued Proclamation No.3 which called for the adoption of a temporary constituion called the ‗‘ Freedom Constitution‘‘ on March 25, 1986.

First acts a.the released of 441 political prisoners b. created an amnesty program for the rebels called the National Reconciliation and Development Program. c. Reinstated the writ of habeas corpus d. Created Commission on Human Rights e. created the Presidential Commission on Good Governance Important features of the 1987 Constitution Some of the very important features of the 1987 Constitution are the following: 1. It contains provisions that prevent another dictatorship in the country by limiting the power of the president with regard to the declaration of martial law.

2. It contains provisions that prevent human rights violation.This led to the creation of the Commission on Human Rights.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 77

3. It contains pro-life provisions that honor the role of women and recognize their equality with men before the law.

4. It contains provisions that call for respect for the sanctity of the family and dignity of the human person.

Significant legal reforms Since 1986 up to the time when te New Congress convened under the 1987 Constitution, President Aquino exercise legislative power.This allowed her plenty of time to promulgate laws which created significant legal reforms in the country.

Some of the most important parts created during the Aquino administration were the following: 1. The family Code of 1987 2. The Administrative Code of 1987 3. The Local Government Code of 1991 4. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (Republic Act No. 6657)

Challenges to the Aquino Government Reorganization of the government 

President Aquino dissolved the Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly) which was still controlled by Marcos ‗ political allies.She also reorganized the Supreme Court and appointed more credible justices.  Coup attempts These series of coup d‘ etats were launched by two politized groups in the military: The Marcos loyalist who still wanted to steal back their ower and the disgruntled reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) that helped ousted the Marcos government. Although these rebellions was crushed by the governmnet , it cost hunderd of lives of soldiers and civilians alike.It also caused great economic losses and political instability in the country.  Disunity in the government  Economic crisis The low state of economy also confronted the Aquio administration.President Marcos had just left a legacy of $ 28 billion worth of foreign debt. Although the government was able to lift the economy in the following years,growth was also slow especially in 1989 and 1990. 



Power failures The lack of deficient power-generating capacity in the country which caused frequent power failures also affected the economy.The almost daily occurence of brownouts and blackouts in the country resulted in billions of losses in the industrial sector.

Natural calamities and disasters July 16, 1990- a 7.8 magnitude earthquake in Northern and Central Luzon June 1991- Mt.Pinatubo eruption

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 78

Other significant Events Mendiola Massacre On January 22, 1987 when negotiations failed between the group Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas (KMP) and the governement represented by then Agrarian Reform Minister Heherson Alvarez, the protesters decided to march to Mendiola.Their number swelled into 15,000 .They faced the anti-riot police squads from the Westen Police District et.al. Whey they broke through the lines, governmnet forces dispersed them tear gas,water cannons,truncheons and bullets.After the smoke cleared,dead and wounded odies littered alng Mendiola Street. This foced President aquino to create the Citizens Mendiola Commssion to investigate the said incident.

Expiration of the US-RP Military Bases Agreement The administration of Fidel V.Ra mos (1992-1998)



he was known as political figures involved in the 1986 EDSA people Power revolution that osted the Marcos regime.



In May 1992 presidential election,Fidel V. Ramos ran for the presidency.His bid was then supported by the outgoing President Aquino.At the end he was declared winner.



To support his economic program,he introduced a program called Philippines ‗‘2000‘‘.This program aimed to make the Philippines a newly industrialized coutry at the begining of the 21st century.



His administration was known for the ‗‘economic boom in the country,technological development,political stability and the efficient delivery of governmnet services to the people.



Economic growth

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 79

One of President Ramos most important projects was the creation of the Special Zone of Peace and Development (ZOPAD) in Southern Philippines.  

Achievements in the area of peace and order President Ramos was able to bridge the gap between the government and the communist guerillas,the right wing mlitary groups, and the Muslim separatists.

He also created the presidential Anti-Crime Commission(PACC) which was headed by Vice president Joseph Estrada.

The administration of Joseph E.Estrada

Joseph Ejercito Estrada , more popularly known as Joseph ‗‘Erap‘‘ Estrada, was a former actor who served as mayor of the municipality of San Juan in Metro Manila for 15 years before he was elected as senator.

-Using the slogan ‗‘Erap Para sa Mahirap‘‘ Estrada endeared himself to the masses.His popularity and great mass appeal finally won him he presidential race by a very wide margin.His victory made him the first movie actor to become the president of the Philippines.

-President Estrada was inaugurated as the country‘s thirteenth president on June 30,1998 . Gloria-Macapagal Arroyo became his vice president.

During his inaugural speech, he promised to solve the problem of poverty in the country..He also vowed to eradicate graft and corrupion in the government,including cronyism.

-Programs initiated by President Estrada He launched an ambitous program ‗‘Lingap Para sa Mahirap‘‘ that focused on poverty reduction.One feature of the Lingap program was th so-called ‗‘ Erap sari sari stores‘‘ which sold rice and other basic consumer goods at subsidized prices. Experts criticized this program due to the ‗‘spoon feeding‘‘ mentality,which did not have lasting effect.

-He supported liegislation on the Clean Air Act and the E-Commerce law YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 80

Accusations against the goverment The biggest crisis in his presidency started when Ilocos Sur governor Claimed that the president profited from the illegal gambling racke called jueteng and from the government price subsidy of the tobacco farmers‘ marketing cooperative.This revelation caused a nationwide uproar and stirred strong clamor for the impeachment of President Joseph Estrada.

Second EDSA People Power Revolution On the eve of January 16, 2001, the prosecution panel (Congressmen and Lawyers) walked out of the impeachment court in protest against the keeping of the sealed envelope for public scrutiny.many believed it contained hard evidence that will incriminate the president.Theimpeachment court ,composed mostly of allies of President Estrada, made a final vote of 11-10.That night anti-Estrada protesters gathered at the EDSA Shrine clamoring for the resignation of the president.As the days passed protesters grew in numbers from hundreds of thousands to a million.This event came to be known as the ‗‘ Second EDSA People Power Revolution ‗‘ or simply EDSA Dos‘‘ The Armed Forces of the Philippines withdrew thier support for President Joseph Estrada on January 19, 2001.The following day,the Supreme Court announced that the seat of presidency was vacant and sworn in Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as the new president .President Estrada ,on the other hand ,immediately vacated Malacaňang,ending his term prematurely.

The administration of Gloria Macapagal –Arroyo

President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo is the daughter of the late former president Diosdado Macapagal.She is married to Jose Miguel Arroyo with whom she has three children.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 81

After taking over the presidency,President Arroyo vowed to fight poverty, show good governance and new politics, and lead by example.She also ordered initiatives that were meant to restore public confidence in the government and stablize the Philippine economy and politics.

During president Arroyo‘s first 100 days in office ,her first actions included the following.

1.

Selection of the Cabinet and other key officials; 2.

Arrest of former president and his son Jinggoy on plunder charges.

3.

Abolition of the presidiential Anti-organized crime Task Force(PAOCTF) 4.

Creation of the Presidential Anti-Graft Commission(PAGC) 5.

Lifestyle check on all heads of the national government offices including governmnet owned and /or controlled corporations and government financial institutions 6.

Peace initiatives with the communist and Muslim rebels.

The 2004 presidential elections In a controversial presidential election held in May 2004 ,President Gloria was elected to serve a new full six-year term.She won over popular Filipino actor, Fernando Poe,Jr. by a million votes. She took her oath of office at the Provincial Capitol Grounds in Cebu City on June 30, 2004.

Challenges faced by the Arroyo government 1.

EDSA III (pronounced EDSA Tres) was a protest sparked by the arrest in April 2001 of newly deposed President Joseph Estrada of the Philippines.

2.

The Oakwood Mutiny happened in Makati, Philippines on June 27, 2003 when a group of 333 soldiers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines sieged the Oakwood Premier Ayala Center. This was done as a form of negation towards the administration of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and also because of her alleged corruption. These soldiers called themselves the Magdalo group and they were led

by Navy Ltsg. Antonio Trillanes IV, Army Capt. Gerardo Gambala, Army Capt. Milo Maestrecampo, Navy Ltsg. James Layug and Marine Capt. Gary Alejano.

3. ‗‘Hello Garci ‗‘Scandal In 2005,President Arroyo cam eunder public attack after audio tapes of her alleged conversation with an electoral commisioner during the 2004 presidential election surfaced.

4. ‗‘2006 coup plot‘‘ During the anniversary of the EDSA People Power Revolution on February 24, 2006,some elite elements from the planned t withdrew their support from the Arroyo government.This group was led by Brigadier General Danilo Lim. 5.

Impeachment complaints YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 82

From 2005 to 2008, the political opposition filed a series of impeachment complaints against President Arroyo.

6. Programs of the Arroyo government Her Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan was laid with the Ten-Point Agenda of her government.This agenda envisions the Philippines as a ‗‘Strong Republic‘ .She represented it in the acronym, ‗‘BEAT THE ODDS‘‘ which means:       

Balanced budget Education for all Automated polls Transportation to connect the whole country Termination of hostilities with the NPA and MILF Healing the wounds of EDSA Electricity and water for the whole country

   

Opportunities through 10 million jobs Decongest Manila Development of Subic and Clark



Also part of president Arroyo‘s ‗‘Strong republic‘‘ program is the creation of ‗‘nautical highway‘‘ through the RO-Ro (Roll-on /Roll- off) project. This is aimed to reduce travel time and expenses when transporting products and people from island to island within the country.



Another project is the ‗‘One Town,One Product‘‘(OTOP) Program‘‘ that allows every town in the Philippines to have their own livelihood programs.

YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE

Page 83