Haarlemood of Play

HAARLEMOOD Of

PLAY

AR1U090 R&D Studio Analysis and Design of Urban Form (2016-2017 Q1) Msc. Urbanism Tutor M. Lub 4601343 Yue Mao

Foreword This is a story about how Haarlem is drenched in the mood of play. If the term is vague, it is because I can think of no other way to describe the city I am talking about. The city is cosy, is comparatively wealthy. People drink beer, go shopping, make everywhere the playground. Leisure is so emphasized in modern culture as a cure of post-war trauma, which resulted in nowadays overwhelming conflicts between the individualism and the collectivism. The explosion of residential city parts can also be originated from the same reason. People escape to their sweet suburban homes on the merry green land in search of new public domain. (Chapter I, II) But still, we need the old city. Here comes the fun metaphorical part, Panopticon, which is inspired by the recently emptied Dome Prison in Haarlem. The idea of panopticon to reduce heroism and include everyone in the system, watching and being watched by a invisible big brother. It is a perfect place to scan the old city, build up a cyber system under surveillance. Not prisoners, but elements in city are reprinted in the grids, and everyone can watch over the further developments. (Chapter III) Yet the battles don’t go easily away. The accessibility wars in conflict nodes honestly reflect the power games between different stakeholders. Soil, water and landscape also strike a silent protest.

People therefore are forced to go back to the built area to demonstrate equal rights. (Chapter IV, V) Then comes another main metaphor, the Interactive Theatre, which is derived from the work of Rousseau (1758) and R.Sennett (1974). If we make the city a theatre, everywhere can be a part of the setting. Main settings reach out arms to build millions of sub-setting, everyone take a stand and play. We don’t need to demonstrate our human rights elsewhere, but right here, right now. The scenario of interactive theatre is of the same perspective-overlooking from north to south-with the painting Siege of Haarlem in 1573 (Willem Outgertsz). That painting shows Spanish cavalry and soldiers of the Duke of Alba moving towards the city which is under cannon fire, while this scenario is showing a quite opposite carnival view. (Chapter VI) This is very similar to where we are in reality now, but the story doesn’t end in this seemingly perfect illusion. As the carnival goes more and more mindless and meaningless, we are heading back to the old way of collectivism. Our desire has no cure. (Chapter VII) It is a naive dark story. It is about Haarlem, it is not about Haarlem; it is in imagination, it is in reality. The story is started with the dissatisfaction towards collectivism, triggered by the escape from residential area explosion in pursue of total individualism, prospered with the cyber system in panopticon, collapsed with the fall of public man, landed in the overall interactive theatre back on the ground, heading back to the mindless feast of collectivism, day and night, today and tomorrow. I did this not only to release my nature as a skeptic, but also because of the invasion of ‘Fun Shopping’ I saw in Haarlem, in Europe and everywhere in the world. What will happen if this trend of leisure just sprawl and conquer every corner on the planet? After all, this world is permanently in the shift between collectivism and individualism, people say it is a spiral process, yet in these short decades that we live in and can foresee, maybe it’s just turning around and around and round, like a Rondo.

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Overview Design of Urban Form 1.0.2 Mapping for Swarms 1.2 Urban Themepark 1.3 Decomposition 1.4 Translation 3.1 Reprint the Nature

3.3 Reprint the Streets 8.2 Overview of Historical Development

City as an Urban Landscape 2.0.2 Mapping for Exodus 2.1.1 Before Car Explotion 2.1.2 After Car Explotion 2.2 Escape Paths 2.3 Sweet Suburban Dream

3.0.2 Mapping for Panopticon 5.1 Can’t Go Any Further 8.3 Opportynity Map and Limitation Map

Open City 6.1 Wherever You Want 7.0.2 Mapping for Absolute Leisure

1.1 Centralized Vitality 3.2 Reprint the Monument 4.0.2 Mapping for Circuits 5.2 Go Back Inside 6.0.2 Mapping for Interactive Theater

Complex System 3.4 Put Them in Cell 4.1 Stakeholders Flow 4.2 Nodes in Conflicts 5.0.2 Mapping for ‘Homo Ludens’ 6.2 Whenver You Want

8.1 Related Facts and Statistics

City Portrait 1.0.1 Cover for Swarms 2.0.1 Cover for Exodus 3.0.1 Cover for Panopticon 3.5 Under the Dome 4.0.1 Cover for Circuits

5.0.1 Cover for ‘Homo Ludens’ 6.0.1 Cover for Interactive Theater 6.3 Interactive Theater Carnival 7.0.1 Cover for Absolute Leisure 7.1 Endless Story 05

Content Foreword

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Overview

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Chapter I

Swarms

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Chapter II

Exodus

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Chapter III

Panopticon

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Chapter IV

Circuits

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- The last defender of sprawl is the dead shopping mall 1.0.1 Cover for Swarms 1.0.2 Mapping for Swarms 1.1 Centralized Vitality 1.2 Urban Theme Park 1.3 Decomposition 1.4 Translation

- Get rid of the defined urban theme parks 2.0.1 Cover for Exodus 2.0.2 Mapping for Exodus 2.1.1 Before Car Explosion 2.1.2 After Car Explosion 2.2 Escape Paths 2.3 Sweet Suburban Dream

- Modern man in line, marching to a new domain 3.0.1 Cover for Panopticon 3.0.2 Mapping for Panopticon 3.1 Reprint the Nature 3.2 Reprint the Monument 3.3 Reprint the Streets 3.4 Put Them in Cells 3.5 Under the Dome

- Showcase in cyber, structure as scraper 6

4.0.1 Cover for Circuits 4.0.2 Mapping for Circuits 4.1 Stakeholders Flow 4.2 Nodes in Conflicts

Chapter V

‘Homo Ludens’

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Chapter VI

Interactive Theatre

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Chapter VII

Absolute Leisure

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Appendix

8.1 Related Facts and Statistics 8.2 Overview of Historical Development 8.3 Opportunity Map and Limitation Map

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- Surveillance dead, play or get hanged 5.0.1 Cover for ‘Homo Ludens’ 5.0.2 Mapping for ‘Homo Ludens’ 5.1 Can’t Go Any Further 5.2 Go Back Inside

- Don’t let it swallow, let the Carnival flow 6.0.1 Cover for Interactive Theatre 6.0.2 Mapping for Interactive Theatre 6.1 Wherever You Want 6.2 Whenever You Want 6.3 Interactive Theatre Carnival

- Everyone wanting the same, who’s hosting the game?

7.0.1 Cover for Absolute Leisure 7.0.2 Mapping for Absolute Leisure 7.1 Endless Story

Credits

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Reflection 7

Chapter I. Swarms The last defender of sprawl is the dead shopping mall

Period: Collectivism Keyword: Design of Urban Form Modernism time branded many cities with dull mass produced housings and segregated functional zones. But as Haarlem is turning into a service city, people are seeking for more spaces and facilities for fun. This is the battle with Collectivism, whatever the typology or the identity is, each urban swarm has its potential to become a theme park. Let’s make them all playgrounds!

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1.0.1 Cover for Swarms 1.0.2 Mapping for Swarms 1.1 Centralized Vitality 1.2 Urban Themepark 1.3 Decomposition 1.4 Translation 9

Active commercial

Non-active commercial

Vitality of commerce introduced and defined the theme of each zoning, and being the center of crowd seems to be the only way for commerce to survive.

1.1 Centralized Vitality 10

Non-commercialized leisure

Prosper or wither? Different impressions of each part in the city divide the city into several theme parks.

1.2 Urban Theme Park 11

Impression

Figure-ground Plan

Typology

Industrial Area

Inner Shopping City

Schalkwijk - Cheapest Housing

Average Working-class Housing

Luxious Housing Disassemble each part, take a closer look from emotions to reality, we will find a way to change these theme cells to new playgrounds.

1.3 Decomposition 12

Bird’s-eye View

Industrial Area

Commercial Area

Residential Area

Reinterpret the scenarios of these functional zones, industrial, commercial, residential, whatever it is has certain potential to entertain.

1.4 Translation 13

Chapter II. Exodus Get rid of the defined urban theme parks

Period: Collectivism to Individualism Keyword: City as an Urban Landscape Later on mere urbanized land is not enough anymore, streets are getting crowded, air is getting turbid. We must think of expansion, escape to the merry green land. There, we have the chance to start again, build up a clean, fresh and perfect living environment. Let our ambition of Individualism be fulfilled by the sweet suburban dream.

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2.0.1 Cover for Exodus 2.0.2 Mapping for Exodus 2.1.1 Before Car Explosion 2.1.2 After Car Explosion 2.2 Escape Paths 2.3 Sweet Suburban Dream 15

•1815

•1875

•1924

•1949

Infrastructure timeline shows how people in Haarlem found places to play before.

Before car explosion, water is everything.

Later railway provided more possibility.

2.1.1 Infrastrcture Timeline - Before Car Explotion 16

•1963

•1971

•2015 After car explosion, vehicle paths went crazy. But later they were moved outside of the built area, pedestrian system was reformed. People, not cars, need more space.

2.1.2 Infrastrcture Timeline - After Car Explotion 17

Haarlem and Surroundings

City Haarlem therefore stretches its arms to more suburban areas, for sunshine, air and water.

2.3 Escape Paths 18

Randstad Reigion

Mass production of residential explosion is actually a Ranstad regional or even national trend, in search of a sweet suburban dream.

2.4 Sweet Suburban Dream 19

Chapter III. Panopticon Modern man in line, marching to a new domain

Period: Individualism Keyword: Design of Urban Form, Open City Then how do we keep the memory of old Haarlem? Let’s select some role models and archive them in the recently emptied Dome Prison. The city is scanned and reprinted in grids, each element has its own position. The Panopticon will gather millions of eyes, acting as surveillance to supervise further developments of this cyber system. Nothing will go wrong under the dome!

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Building

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Road

Water

3.0.1 Cover for Panopticon 3.0.2 Mapping for Panopticon 3.1 Reprint the Nature 3.2 Reprint the Monument 3.3 Reprint the Streets 3.4 Put Them in Cells 3.5 Under the Dome 21

Reprint!

That’s all we need for the memory of nature beauty.

3.1 Reprint the Nature 22

That’s all we need for the memory of history and monuments.

3.2 Reprint the Hsitory 23

That’s all we need for the laughter and joy on streets.

3.3 Reprint the Streets 24

Then overlap them into the cells of the panopticon, that’s all we need for the memory of the whole city.

3.4 Put Them in Cells 25

3.4 Under 26

r the Dome 27

Chapter IV. Circuits Showcase in cyber, structure as scraper

Period: Individualism Keyword: Open City, Complex System But wait, millions of eyes are open, yet on this circuits, who has the final saying? No one will be forever satisfied with the position of supervisor and supervisor only. They quarrel, they argue, and all these conflicts are honestly reflected in the cyber grids. In the witness of the scanner and re-printer, the elements start to overlap.

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4.0.1 Cover for Circuits 4.0.2 Mapping for Circuits 4.1 Stakeholders Flow 4.2 Nodes in Conflicts

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Rural Land

Vacant Lands

Vacant Houses

Landscape Restoration

Tourism Income

Urban Land

Vacant Public Buildings

Reclamation

Land Coupon Income

Rules are all made by man in the new cyber system, who’s going to share the right of the new land?

4.1 Stakeholders Flow 30

Renovation

Rent Income

In the north end of the city, more and more sports clubs are taking over the nature. Will they occupy the land even regardless of the peat soil condition?

In the industrial area in east, old factories are turning into leisure facilities for tourism income. Will the ‘Fun Factories’ supplant all the productive factories?

On the way along the railway heading to west, a green gap between urban and suburban is quietly fading away. Will all the urban and suburban join together and become a huge grey fatty?

A small lake in south will be muted and become housing, the linear park nearby is also in danger. Will all the small green vanish and leave the urbanized area out of breath?

Different stakeholders has different views what to do with the land coupon. In these accessibility wars on the nodes, urbanized activities always want to conquer the world.

4.2 Nodes in Conflicts 31

Chapter V. ‘Homo Ludens’ Surveillance dead, play or get hanged

Period: Individualism Keyword: Complex System, City as Urban Landscape Not only people, but also the force of nature can make this system fall. While people are scrambling over the right of taking over more land, soil, water and landscape says no more. The playing men are hanging on the dead ends of the circuits. What do we do? Go back to the built area and search for those left-over fragments, maybe there are some possibilities within them.

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5.0.1 Cover for ‘Homo Ludens’ 5.0.2 Mapping for ‘Homo Ludens’ 5.1 Can’t Go Any Further 5.2 Go Back Inside

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Soil

Sand Peatland Sabulous clay Light clay Heavy clay

Landscape

Water

Urbanized area Reclaimed land Middle underground bog Coastal zone

Flood damaged area Highly damaged area

Future Plan of Housing and Work Area Peatland Sand See clay on peat See clay and sand See clay, sand activated from peat

Soil

Future Plan of Green Spaces

Natura 2000 area National park National landscape

Dunes Dike area

Water

Apart from human conflicts, soil, water and Landscape also prevent this system from further expansion. Future plan can only make use of what’s left in the built area.

5.1 Can’t Go Any Further 34

Landscape

Let’s go back to the city again and see how to put new life in the old environment. We’ll build stages!

5.2 Go Back Inside 35

Chapter VI. Interactive Theatre Don’t let it swollow, let the Carnival flow

Period: From Individualism to Collectivism Keyword: Open City, Complex System Yes, that’s the idea. We build stages! Each part of the built area has a center, that’s the main stage.

Then they sprawl to every corner like octopus, here comes the sub-stages. And everyone living inside are no longer only supervisors, everyone matters, we all stand out and be actors in this interactive theatre. Wherever and whenever it is, Haarlem is in the mood of play!

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6.0.1 Cover for Interactive Theatre 6.0.2 Mapping for Interactive Theatre 6.1 Wherever You Want 6.2 Whenever You Want 6.3 Interactive Theatre Carnival

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Looking back to the old zones, each part has at least one main open space. Make them the settings of the interactive theatre, you can play wherever you want.

6.1 Wherever You Want 38

The main setting sprawl further and further into millions of sub-settings and activities. Party whenever you want!

6.2 Whenever You Want 39

6.3 Interactive T 40

Theatre Carnival 41

Chapter VII. Absolute Leisure Everyone wanting the same, who’s hosting the game?

Period: Collectivism Keyword: Open City, City as Urban Landscape More and more playgrounds sparkle like a feast of firework. But as we play more and more, is play a behaviour to take a stand and make a sound anymore? All the acting become only fun shopping, a pure mindless and meaningless consumption. Maybe afterwards, another round of struggle from Collectivism to Individualism is right behind the curtain, endlessly, permanently.

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7.0.1 Cover for Absolute Leisure 7.0.2 Mapping for Absolute Leisure 7.1 Endless Story Watch out, today’s firework may become tomorrow’s bomb. But nothing seems to be able to extinguish our enthusiasm for absolute leisure.

The last defender of sprawl is the dead shopping mall.

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7.1 Endle 44

ess Story 45

Appe 8.1 Related Facts and Statistics

Housing Price Zoning

Haarlem population by age and sex at Jan. 1. 2016 and 1985

Price Development

8.2 Overview of Historical Development

<1850

1850-1900

Amount of Construction

Events • <1850 Canal to Amsterdam and Leiden; • 1850-1900 Start: Railway to Amsterdam and Leiden put into use; End: Economic prosperity because of textile industry; • 1900-1930 Schoten became part of Haarlem; • 1930-1960 Economy Crisis because of war; • 1960-1985 Post war construction; • > 1985 Start of new light industrial construction.

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1900-1930

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Migration in Haarlem age group in 2015 (home and abroad)

t Period 2014-2015

Housing, population and average household (1945 = 100)

1930-1960

1960-1985

Population Density Zoning

> 1985 Quality of Construction Results • <1850 City starts to grow; • 1850-1900 Areas near the train station are constructed • 1900-1930 Rapid expansion to north and south • 1930-1960 Large industry disappeared; Haarlem became a city of services • 1960-1985 Schalkwijk was constructed; • > 1985 Industrial area in process.

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8.3 Opportynity Map and Limitation Map

Forest

Sand

Protective Zone

Built Area

Strengths

Protected Vistas

Possible Development

Weaknesses

• Well-preserved history and historical monuments, many of them are still in use as public facilities, such as sports center; • Good economic base in general; • Stong connection with Amsterdam to the west and Zandvort to the east; • Beautiful landscape and tourism source of the forest in surroundings;

• Increasing aging populaion; • Homogenized commcercial street and leisure activities; • Places other than city center is usually not dynamic, which put the city in danger of segregation; • Rising housing prices due to the influence of Amsterdam; • Not much available land for future development is left;

Oppotunities

Threats

• Attract more residents from Amsterdam with better living environmet and comparatively lower price; • Make use of the landscape resource to develop sevice facilities such as tourism; • Renovation of the historical inner city can provide more assessibility of public domain;

• Possibility of flood from the peatland in north-east and south; • Rapidly increasing housing prices and living expense due to the influence of Amsterdam; • The general getrification trend in the city may lead to segregation between neighborhood.

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Credits Literature: Books 1. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, (1758), Letter to M. Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Alembert on Spectacles 2. Michael Sorkin, (1992), Variations on a Theme Park: The New American City and the End of Public Space 4. William H. Whyte, (1956), The Organization Man 5. Edmund N. Becon, (1969), Design of Cities 6. Richard Sennett, (1974), The Fall of Public Man 7. Johan Huizinga, (1968), Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture 8 Cor Wagenaar, (2016), Town Planning in the Netherlands Since 1800 Articles 1. Richard Sennett, (2006), The Open City 2. Interboro, (2014), Accessibility Wars 3. Christopher Alexander, (1965), City is not a tree 4. Moudon, A. V. (1994), Getting to Know the Built Landscape: Typomorphology 5. N. John Habraken, (2016), Cultivating Complexity: The Need for a Shift in Cognition 6. Frits Palmboom, (2010), Drawing the Ground, Layering Time 7. Rem Koolhas, (1998), The Generic City Maps and Statistics: 1. Digital Maps of the Netherlands, http://chmodarch.com/nlindwg/ 2. The Netherlands: all buildings with year of construction, http://code.waag.org/buildings/ 3. Geo-morphology, http://www.wtkg.org/geo_kaarten_nederland_2010.html 4. Historical Maps, topotijdreis.nl 5. Geo Data Base, http://www.edugis.nl/ 6. Birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s-eye view, https://www.bing.com/mapspreview?FORM=Z9LH2 7. Basic Map, https://www.google.nl/maps/ 8. Housing Price, https://www.nvm.nl/marktinformatie/prijsontwikkeling 9. Population statistics, https://haarlem.buurtmonitor.nl/jive?cat_open_code=c17 Exhibitions: (To name but a few) 1. New Babylon by Constant Nieuwenhuys, Gemeente Museum den Haag 2. Jean Tinguely - Machine Spectacle, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam

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Reflection ‘Don’t worry, I had great fun.’

In my first week here, a stranger took great trouble helping me and said this afterwards, somehow this sentence was just haunted in my mind and remained there throughout these whole 10 weeks.

The most fun part in doing this is designing all the metaphors in this hypothetical city. By reading many reviews of history and prophecies of future in history, I was surprised to find how often do words like ‘surveillance’, ‘interactive theatre’, ‘ponapticon’ show up in all those philosophical minds.

This makes me realize there is some universal and constant problem behind these words. With these metaphors, my own story was gradually built up in a linguistic way, and the logic line became clearer and clearer by filling in the names, covers of the chapters and subchapters. Hereby comes the story, with rise and fall, life and death.

But as a never-trained terrible painter, the hardest decision is to draw as much as possible by hand with pencils only. The visualization of these abstract ideas and scenarios is always no easy job, the only way is to gather hundreds and thousands of images in mind, photos, drawings, installation art and whatever they are. During this process I find that art, especially contemporary art, is not about what showed on your retina, but what’s left after the interpretation of your prefrontal cortex. Then when I try to find the relations between facts of Haarlem and my own emotions, these scenarios of metaphors just pop up like a deja vu. You may find this story so ambiguous at first glance, but when you just link it to your own feelings with intuition only, you will find it so honest, so true.

Thanks for all the tolerance and encourage from everyone who listened to my crazy story during this process. Call it prophecy or nuts, I’m so glad that I got the nerve to give my narrative a dark shade for the first time in my work. The odd thing is, the whole idea starts from my disbelief of everyone’s sunny and bright appearance here, yet by doing what I really enjoy, I’m now becoming one of the ‘Homo Ludens’ myself.

But don’t worry, I had great fun.

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