Perceiving Uncertain Urban Space

City as a process

Perceiving Uncertain Urban Space

February 2016 Cologne University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Culture Sciences Köln International School of Design Tongji University Design and Innovation

Research Proposal - Master Thesis ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

City as a process

Perceiving Uncertain Urban Space …………………………………………………………………………………….……….

testing the way of seeing towards urban uncertainty

Yundi Wei

Contents

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Introduction Research Goal Research Questions Methodologies Proposal Structure

Urban uncertain space Urban conditions and everyday life City as a process Insurgent urban space Space of uncertainty

Perception Perception process Urban perception Time and process

Visual Intervene and Synesthesia

Contents

……………………………………………………………………………………

Case 01.

Conclusion

Bibliography

Index

Introduction

The city must be a place of waste, for one wastes space and time; everything mustn’t be foreseen and functional... the most beautiful cities were those where festivals were not planned in advance, but there was a space where they could unfold.

—Lefebvre 1987

!1

Introduction

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Research Goal City is a process of everyday life rather than merely the collection of material objects. Through design process human have redefined the natural ground into site , then transit site into place, where provides different various functions for citizens to meets their different needs. .Accumulation of those design process express as the control of space by architects,urban planners and designers.The control gradually becomes the invisible governing of individuals at place.

Sociologists, philosophers and urban theorists recognized these issue since 18th. (Alan Harding, Talja Blokland, 2014).

We designers should re-read through the perception of citizens, who are living in city and have every life in various urban space. Kevin Lynch’ The image of the city firstly understand from the perception level towards city.

Investigate and research on how materialistic elements in city influences the perception, and put forward the concept Legibility on city level.

On the other hand, people have also seek/are seeking to different approaches to re-taken-control and re-make urban space by individuals in cities. Those seeking to come to grips with practices have begun to group them together for consideration under banners such as ‚insurgent’, ‘do-ityourself ’(DIY), ‘guerrilla’ , ‘everyday’, ‘participatory’ and/ or ‚grassroots’ urbanism. (Iveson,2013) These actions and movements becomes the part of city life. We are both observers and phenomenon.

!2

Introduction

……………………………………………………………………………………

Urban

uncertain

space

as

the

production

of

city

transformation and growth, is seen as the most loosencontrol urban space, as opposite of well-designed and defined urban space. I believe it reveals the process and the virtual margin of city on the sociology level (based on the theory of Levebvre) beyond materialistic world. The main goal of my research is to re-read urban uncertain space from the perception level.

Research Questions How to understand city as a process ? What is urban uncertain space ?

How could we perceive urban space ? How online information in digital media influence perception process What is the relation between images and spaces ?

Could we change our perception ? How design achieve manipulate perception process ?

What kind of opportunities in benefits of city perception ?

!3

Introduction

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Methodologies Literature related to the topic of perceiving urban uncertainty in various fields of urban philosophy, urban theories, perception psychology, cognition science, architect, landscape. Selected literature concentrate on the Lefebvre theory about space and everyday life, visual perception such as Gestalt theory, urban theory such as Kevin Lynch.

Experimental Design as the research method come along as the literature and help come out assumptions and hypothesis and also exam them.

Data Analysis from the result data of experiments will reflect back to theory and help build strategies and future structure.

In this stage, the approach to this research proposal mainly remains on a theoretical level. And starting to design experiments to further exam the theory and assumptions.

And It can be seen as laying the foundation that can be carried out in further research.

!4

Introduction

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Proposal Structure My research proposal was divided into four chapter: urban uncertain space, perception, visual intervene and synesthesia and the case 01. First understand the urban uncertainty, then the process we perceive the urban space, from applied angle selected two main principle visual intervene and synesthesia to support design further experiments, Case 01 is try to set up an experiment towards the site in Efielwall.

The first chapter aims at explain city as a process mainly based on Lefebvre’s theory from the perspective of social space. And how and what uncertain urban space plays a essential role in the process.

The second chapter, different process we perceive space in urban condition is described. Visual perception model Finger and Ground from Gestalt theory is link the psychology and design. Thus explains how the process we perceive directly from sensors.Besides, Kevin Lynch and other urban theory of the perception towards space in urban conditions hare also discussed. As talking about perception in process, time plays a abstract role above all sensors.

The third chapter differs from the above two, is based on various case study of design and art related with perceptions.

Two methods visual intervene and synesthesia are selected and explained.

One case study on selected urban uncertain is the fourth chapter. I attempts re-reading the space via different angles of perception. Visual site research and experimentation are designed base on assumptions and hypothesis. It is not finish.

I will then summarizing research and findings in the conclusion chapter and also open the topic back up with some unanswered questions and an outlook for further research.

!5

Urban Conditions and Everyday Life

Wirth famously defined the urban condition as ‚a relatively large, dense and permanent settlement of socially heterogeneous individuals’ (Wirth 1996) Urban space are designed to improve the work and other practicals, with even leisure space serving well-defined functions. We not only have business building to work and residential building to live, but also have restaurants where we could eat together with friends. But people not gather together only in cities to meet these basic physiological needs. And the motive behind people behavior in cities is more complex and multiple than the considerations in the design and plan.

Henri Lefebvre, Agnes heller, and the Situationist International are the guide of this theme. Their understanding of everyday life from both spacial and phenomenological aspect. They addressed upward critique of urbanism of contemporary society and downward understanding of everyday life of individuals. He states ‚ambiguity‘ is a category of ‚everyday life‘ which refusing the idea that scope of different social needs could be catered or even categorized( Lefebvre 1991).

Urban conditions offers people a large range of everyday activities, possibilities of multiple practices could be occurs

!6

Urban Conditions and Everyday Life ……………………………………………………………………………………..

not only motive by economic needs, but also by other needs such as play. The diversity of lifestyle emerges also through the process of meeting the different needs.

Heller define everyday life as a ‚reproduce of individuals‘, which include the both produce part and non-produce part in urban sense.These Non-produce not only serve the production of social relations, but also a part to increase the possibilities of everyday life.These non-produce such as leisure, aesthetics and urbanism.

In everyday life the person objectivize himself in many forms. He shapes his world (his immediate environment) and in this way he shape himself... we have done no more than define everyday activities as the process of growing into a ,ready-made’ world, the internal process of accommodation to worlds’ requirements... The ‚everyday‘ not includes not only what I learned from my father, but what I teach my son as well. I myself am the representative of a world into which others are born. … when I relay my world to others, I am expressing my experience of it; when I ‚convey‘ my world. I am at the same time objectivize my self who once appropriated this world. And this happens … In my relationship, in my reactions to it, in the possible ‚breakdown‘ of everyday activity - in all of this we are dealing with objected processes.

—Heller, 1984:6

The individuals in everyday life ,person objectivize himself in many forms . She addressed how individual take part in to shape the milieu around him by social relations in everyday activities.

!7

City as Process

The city is not a thing but a process as philosophical and geographical thought has suggested (Bergson, Lefebvre, and Harvey), Bergson’s process philosophy and Lefebvre’s urban geography, cities must be seen as dynamic processes. Harvey (2000) reminds us that ‘capital is a relation’; Bergson, that reality is movement and that movement is indivisible (1889, 1896); and Lefebvre, that space is produced (1974). This enfolds space into time.

City is a large and permanent human settlement. (Kuper, A. and Kuper, J) and as typically seen as the engine of modern life. But this expression misses the aspect of the time. Cities are not constant and fragmental as the planned past present and future, it is a inconstant dynamic process. And also the heart of the matter: the interactions among these individuals, which makes cities lively and attractive. These interactions becomes the part of cities’ history, stories and characters which creates the diversities of each city.

The multiple and complex reason that people are attracted to cities is shifted from the outcome of actions to the qualities to the experience itself. And the range of experience of everyday life is eager to newer, border ,multiple and personal.

!8

City as A Process …………………………………………………………………………………….

It is typically understood in Maxian critique through political share in their characterization of urban life that the physical space and the actions happened in it are separate.

Like a performance, the space is seen as the stage where the actions occurred, the individuals who are participates of the actions are actors on the stage. Public space and the events happened there are epiphenomena of society. Lefebvre argues that all forms of social experience are constituted in and through space. It is in urban spaces that the scope of what people ‚ experience’ as ‚everyday life‘ continually develops. (Lefebvre 1991) Lefebvre’s famously ‚conceptual traid‘ identifies distinct aspects of the experience of urban space as a social milieu.

The theory could be the main method guide to read the urban space.

Spacial practices includes all the material social interactions occurring in space to produce and reproduce a particular social formation. These practices are the actually occurred actions. They have direct physical and social consequences.

It is the first layer as looking at the actual practices of analyzing the space and phenomena occurs in the space. As an audience simply record the stage, actors, performances objectively.

Representation of Space are the social codes through which people discuss and understand material space and spacial practices. It is the second layer as understanding the space and spacial practices by people. It is people’s perceptions of reality in everyday life and filtered by their understanding.

!9

City as A Process …………………………………………………………………………………….

Representational spaces overlays physical space, making symbolic use of its objects‘ (Lefebvre 1991) Mass imagery of representation of space put together and map the homogeneity create the symbolic space. These imagining contains real site, as well as mental inventions of new possibilities for spacial practice. It is the third layer as abstracting and associating.

Most critics of urban space examine merely the first layer of space practices, but Lefebvre extend beyond the material space and link to the social relations. As the critique of the Situationist International of urban practice. Practice always occurs in site and should be analyzed in the correspondent specific situation.

Experience in urban condition couldn't merely descriptor abstractly by simple words such as ‚public‘, ‚open space‘ .

Such words both lacks the social power and relations behind.

And what life in urban space really like is far more complex .

!10

Insurgent Urban Space

...the freedom to make and remake our cities and ourselves is ... one of the most precious yet most neglect of our human rights...

—David

Harvey

Pop-up, temporary urbanism, city rebelling, guerrilla urbanism, pops... There is a growing body of work that articulates and analyses the increasing interest in small-scale, unsanctioned, community-led urban interventionist activities (Edensor et al. 2010). Iveson(2013: 941) has grappled recently with the variance in lexicon and argues that, We are not sure how to describe what is happening.Those seeking to come to grips with practices have begun to group them together for consideration under banners such as ‚insurgent’, ‘do-it-yourself ’(DIY), ‘guerrilla’ , ‘everyday’, ‘participatory’ and/or ‚grassroots’ urbanism.

Trend shows people shifts the interests from the outcome of everyday life but into the experiences itself. Through practices, not only the materials space changed ,but the representation of the space also changed, there occurs more new represent urban spaces. !11

Insurgent Urban Space ……………………………………………………………………………………

Re-make the urban space through practices and at the same time space offer new function or through the function changing process.

Generations of urban theorists: from Lewis Mumford to Jane Jacobs to Done en Massey have suggested that the place where cities get „ remade“ is in public rather than private sphere.

Public space are generally understood more accessible ,whatever the ownership than private space (e.g., Benn and Gaus 1983; Franck and Paxson 1989). A public place is „accessible or visible to all members of the community“, refers to Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language (Merriam 1971). A public space is „open to all persons... open to the view of all“ and stands in sharp contrast to private space, which is „not open or accessible to general public“, refers to the Random House Dictionary of English Language In this sense of accessible, is both physically and virtually compared to the private space.

However the reality is not the same as the ideal theory of public space. The idea of public space have never been guaranteed. It has only been won through concerted struggle.

(Mitchell 2003) Bradley L Garret’s studies „ privatization of cities’ public space is escalating “ happens in UK. „.

That is, those struggle practices delimit and define the public space through social relationships. Simultaneously, practices reshape and remake the materials space.

!12

Space of Uncertainty  

Space is and beyond the physical container of various practices of everyday life in cities. Phenomenons happen in certain space, but reality is more beyond physical three dimension space. In this case, I cities the idea of Space of Uncertainty (Kenny Cupers & Markus Miessen, 2002). And try to classify by the reasons forming the uncertain space from spatial and timing perspective.

Space Architecture is always a foreseen process for future. Namely, architects like to foresee future identity. Architectural vision shift the ambiguous natural space into imagines of organization places. City is a growing process,on the axis of space, while construction, there are numerous neglected inbetween space and place.

Here I investigates four types of space: Space Left Between, Space Left Below, Space Left Above, Space Left Around, that being left over by well-defined building and facility. These left over space is the inverted space of defined construction where functions and identities are ambiguous.

!13

Space of Uncertainty ……………………………………………………………………………………

Space Left Between: The space that pincer formed by vertical plane in horizontal plane. In urban context, vertical building walls often enclose very narrow spaces. Those irregular or vacant and hard to use.

Space Left Below:: The underlying space formed by elevated horizontal plane. In urban context, the construction of elevated facilities creates leftover negative space below.

Space Left Above: The space above the elevated horizontal plane. In urban context, the It is the left over space between rooftops and sky, created by construction of elevated facilities creates such as buildings and transport railway bridge.

Time In the macro-view of whole lifecycle of cities, there are nothing static and permanent, everything is in the process of change and the collection of those changing form the dynamic city. In context of urban space, we attempt to input values into natural ground, changing it to a well-defined and identified place.

Seen the period of time of space that exhibit the given function properties as relatively unchanged reference points on the line of timeline, the space in the ambiguous time between two determine point is the space of uncertainty.

Furthermore, deconstructed the details situation of uncertain space based on the time position in the whole dynamic

!14

Space of Uncertainty ……………………………………………………………………………………

Function-loosing space : Space in the period time after the disappearance of the original function of the site. In urban context, like abundant factories, parks,buildings, trial ways, space these that but lose the function before and don’t have the new functions yet.

Transition space:Space in the transit process of function.

Space theoretically already been defined to another uses, but in reality, the space not act as the new definition, and losses the value and meaning of proposed new identity.

Transformation space: Space have the well-defined function but people seeking to transform and add more possible functions in it. The Park(ing) Day transform the parking lot into temporary leisure parks for public through actions reform the space in 2 hours. These conscious critique and tactics to tap the potential value of space explores the potentials of design space for more possibility.

The urban margin not only exist in the very physical urban conditions ,but looking at the spaces out of traditional public space where hides phenomenons in actual social fabric. Those space is outside the hierarchical organization of space, time and energy in current cities. The losing of control of those spaces, Instead, make it the breeding-bed and catalysts of multiple activities of everyday life for leisure and play, temporary living , social encounters out of regular working and residing.

!15

Perception Process  

Environment

Experiences

Mental images

Figure 01. Perception Process

We experience the world around us everyday in different ways. We recognize our favorite fruit by its aroma and the way it looks. We recognize a knife by its the sharp shape of blade shape, irony color, and its cold touch feeling. We recognize a song by its melody, lyrics and the singer's voice.

These sensory experience we get through when facing the environment and objects that helps us interact with and interpret things in the world. Recognizing and interpreting sensory information, such as sound and smells, are all part of perception. Thus, perception is not only receiving information but more important is how those information make sense for us. Perception is the mental process that interprets and

gives meaning to sensations.

!16

Perception Process

…………………………………………………………………………………….

The way we seeing or feeling is somehow the way we believing. Perception contains both process that having input information from outside stimulus and also correspond with personal experience metal filter. Brain is the center of perceiving while eyes are the window to receive stimulus.

Gelstalt argues that perception is shaped by nature, or innate factors that were already built into the brain and Finger-Ground shapes the visual perception. At times it is difficult to distinguish between the two because the edge that would separate figure from ground is really part of neither, it equally defines both the figure and the background.(Schacter, Daniel L et al, 2011) „The whole is other than the sum of the parts“ (Kurt Koffka,1935) from the original famous phrase of Gestalt psychologist Kurt Koffka argues“This is not a principle of addition” the whole has an independent existence. (Kurt Koffka,1935) While Hermann von Helmholtz states that perception as unconscious inference is mostly shaped by personal experience and inferences made through prior learning. perception (Hermann von Helmholtz 1911).

Figure 01. Central motif from the Bauhaus logo, 1921–22

!17

Urban Perception

„At every instant, there is more than the eye can see, more than the ear can hear, a setting or a view waiting to be explored. Nothing is experienced by itself, but always in relation to its surroundings, the sequences of events leading up to it, the memory of past experiences.“ —Kevin Lynch

Figure 03. Peter Cook, Instant City – Airship M3, 1968 An airship containing all the cultural and education resources of a metropolis which could land in remote areas giving inhabitants a taste of city life.

—Design Museum (Archigram, 2007)

!18

Urban Perception …………………………………………………………………………………….

We perceive city not only by directly viewing and participating, feeling it, but also by receiving informations from media and other people through indirect ways like photograph, chats, stories can also be perceived. In this chapter, I am more focusing on the direct observation or in other words, direct experience within city towards urban space. But of course it cant be distinguished so clearly as perception itself is a super subjective process missed with own experiences.

City is perceived by city dwellers as well as other objects and space. Structuring and identifying the environment is a vital ability among all animals. Psychologists studied those as mentioned last chapter.

Other than other objects, city is different cause by the characters of complexity. „…that cities as open and complex systems exhibit all the properties of natural complex systems: they are open, complex, bottom-up and are often chaotic.“ (Allen and Sanglier, CTC, 1981).

The ability to design and inform is often limited to architects, engineers, and designers, but residents perceive the city everyday. Urban planner Kevin Lynch was the first to employ the method of mental mapping in order to design cities from the perspectives of the citizens who live in them.

City dwellers perceive process rather than persistent results.

Basing on the unique relationship of city and its observer compares to others. "Not only is the city an object which is perceived and perhaps enjoy by millions of people of wildly diverse class and character, but it is the product of many builders who are constantly modifying the structure for reasons of their own..."(Kevin Lynch, 1960) Because this unique relationship between city and its observers, city as a object can never finish, always in the growth process. All we have is temporary phases.

!19

Urban Perception

…………………………………………………………………………………….

While architectures always seek to create permanence, city itself is the temporary and growth. Van Schaik argued that the perspective of an architect (and of build structures) but the power of the city’s other spaces— the void and temporary use spaces—is just as relevant. „some of the best items of street furniture function more out of in advantage than design spaces are accident ones…Similarly, some of the most useful “(W. H. Whyte 1998,102) The transition of process is meaningful and important but If we think of our personal urban space according to Lefebvre's lived/perceived/conceived space theory, and try to compared each sections. These process space becomes temporary as in our mind or even invisible in our conceived world.

Figure 04. Void urban wild, shanghai, 2014 This void place besides Shanghai Science and Technology Museum, the neighborhood of financial centre of Shanghai have been abundant for more than 8 years, already have own eco-environment.

!20

Urban Perception …………………………………………………………………………………….

We build fence and walls to cover all the reality process seeking to finding those space and escaping the perception.

Or try to seek for plan to use it as soon as possible. And make it certain function and use. It seems like we have the fear of those uncertain space, we afraid of chaos, disorder. and thus make them all invisible.

However they are also part of city, the moving of the city, the margin of the ideal city (as well functioned machine).We pass by everyday and it exist even longer than we thoughts. (i.e. void space always last for years), sometimes longer than the so called persistent building. our conceived world.

Design different or provide different view of uncertain urban space to shifting the perception could be a design chance.

Through understanding the perception from residents. And reveal the relationship between space and people.

Figure 05. Eifelwel, Köln, 2016 Through google map already as uncertain space for more than 2 years. Part of it have wall as fence.

!21

Time and Process  

Figure 06.. Flying pelican, Marey, 1882 He found a way to record several phases of movements in one photo, Chronography

When we talk about city as a process, besides the materialistic space, time is essential. Time is the forth axis towards the three dimensional space. As we are the three dimension creature, that we can see cognate physically as space through location, dimension‌ Psychologists have studied time perception since the late 18th century (Roeckelein 2000). Base on the findings that create basic background knowledge. This chapter presents a selective review of how our perception of time and influenced by outer world that could implied further in design and research. !22

Time and Process

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Four factors appear to influence time perception: characteristics of the time experiencer, time-related behaviors and judgments, contents of a time period, and activities during a time period. (Margaret W. Matlin, Hugh J. Foley, 1988) In so far as time is something different, we do not perceive time as such, but changes or events in time. (Le Poidevin, Robin,2015) Creating or revealing changes is the major method to showing time in Design and Art field. For example, using synesthesia to replace the feeling of time to other sensation like colors, shapes…Parallel „events“ or „objects“ in different time contextual such like the first chronography invented by Étienne-Jules Marey. Of course the film ,moving picture today.

!23

Visual Intervene and Synesthesia

The chapter is the abstract method investigated and selected through cases collection and studies of manipulation perception. Visual Intervene and Synesthesia is two principle could be used further in experimental design towards urban uncertainty space.

Intervene and reproduce space through reflection Reflection Mirror Surface Reflection Manipulation

by Own Characters

/Borden and Narrower view duration /Reflect images of surrounding environment /Leading direction of view

by Fragments the shape of mirror /Create fragmented view scene (deconstruct view)

!24

Visual Intervene and Synesthesia …………………………………………………………………………………….

Reproduce

/Create virtue visual space(loop, double…)

Beyond view-Single surface Infinity effect- two side by side parallel mirror Immersive effect- two or more collect mirrors, various angle

Figure 07. Beyond view, Infinite view, Immersive view (from up to blew)

Further possibilities/ turn mono function surface into multi functions mirror to screen / „Urban Echo“

Cases of examples are in the index 1

!25

Visual Intervene and Synesthesia

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Synesthesia "Artistic experiments with sensory fusion are not only historically interesting, but may also contribute to present synesthesia research" (Crétien van Campen, 1997) Also we designers like to use metaphor, can be seen also a way of synesthesia. This research can also been seen from temporary art and design works. (examples in the index 1) As tim as so invisible that other sensory helps to form the

Figure 08.

based on Gino Casagrande (2004) and modified by Dr. Hugo

Figure 09. Types of Synesthesia , Sean A. Day, last updated: 5 March 2005 a record of nearly 40 distinctly different types of synesthesia

!26

Case 01

Uncertain Urban Space 01 Eifelwall, Kรถln 2016

Figure 10. Eifelwel, Kรถln, 2016

!27

Case 01

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Figure 11.. Neubau Historisches Archiv, Kunst- und Museumsbibliothek in Köln, ‚Eifelwall‘ http://www.competitionline.com/de/beitraege/45700

The site near the Ubannstation Eifelwall and besides Uni Köln Centre. From the findings on Internet, after building collapsed from 2009, the site is on the process of transition and planned in 2019, the city archive ‚Neubau Historisches Archiv, Kunst- und Museumsbibliothek‘ will finish on the site.

!28

Case 01

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Figure 12.. Pictorial layer over the site and the uni besides, 2015, google

10 years of being uncertainty, hidden by fences, the site already has its own process memories and history.

We form histories by document stories, photos and other information that can be represent after. And nowadays internet and digital datas are the extend world of our own, every time we hear a place we search for it, seeking the original and information behind.

In this sense the space will be invisible in the future compared to their neighbors, along with the replacement of new building. While searching and investigation the information of the site on google earth.

!29

Case 01

…………………………………………………………………………………….

The space produced via pictures based on online data S1 2008 S5 2016 S4 2016

U18 Eifelwal

S3 2015

S2 2014

B142

Sülz Justizzentrum

Eifelwall 5, 50674 Köln, Oct,2015, google map

2008 Aug. Standpoint 01 figure13, google street view

2014 Jun. Standpoint 02 figure14, Hans-CarlNipperdey-Straße, Lindenthal, Patrick Obytz

!30

2015 Sept.

Standpoint 03 figure 15. Eifelwall 5, 50674 Köln, Patrick Obytz

2016 Juan. Feb. Standpoint 04 figure 16. Eifelwall 34, 50674 Köln, Patrick Obytz

Standpoint 05 figure17.

Forbidden, chaotic, disorder, vacant, wildness is the impression of the space from those images. Biologically, we perceive images through eyes. Differences in the perception arise from the cognitive aspect of perception – the interpretation of what those images mean. But different from images, while we perceive the space directly, the sights and other biological sensation also influences. Thus, those limited pictures reveal how we perceive and how we believe urban uncertain space is, but there could be other way we see and study the uncertain space.

!31

Case 01

…………………………………………………………………………………….

The space reproduced via different subjective cues

According to Gestalt theory, we could complete the whole pictures in our brian base on the visual Figures we receive . Cues forms our understanding and perceiving process. Different cues could somehow leads to an different perceptions. Clustering different cues shows different part of the space. (More photos in index 2)

Figure 18. Glove from cluster one

Figure 19. Landscape view through fence holes from cluster two

Figure 20 Landscape view from cluster three

!32

Case 01

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Perception tool concept

Tool 01 „Down Periscope“ ‚Down Periscope‘ is a tool to testing the relatively static relationship between observer and space. Mirrors change visual perspective via the change of eye level and the angle of sight while observing. Unlike the periscope to see things upper, this tool is to observe the ground , seeing from the ants perspective.

Angle adjust stick Cover board

Mirror

Angle adjust frame

Figure 21. „down periscope“ structure

!33

Conclusion   Summary Philosophy and urban theories, sociology help to understand cities. Cities must be recognized as a complex process. It is only thought as a process that can reveal the everyday life of individuals. Events and practices in urban condition forms the experience of everyday life. From the perspective of space, mainly based on Lefebvre’s theory, It is far more complex than merely binary division of materialistic space and phenomenons. In this sense, urban space is not merely a materialistic container where daily activities, events happens. (social) space is a (social) produce.(Lefebvre,1974) Architects, designers,urban planners always seek to control.

Public space seems to be the most open place in cities according to various definition, at least literately. While freedom seems lost or never as we though before in real public space according several cases. Loosen-constriction in another view can be seen possibilities. I would call them urban uncertain space in opposed with well-defined certain space. Uncertain in city exits for different reasons, but all in the state of temporary and shows the process of city construction, changing.

!34

Conclusion

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Psychologist have been study perception since 18th, perception is not only receiving information but how those information make sense for us. Gestalt theory has link perception process of psychology to the visual design.

Further more, perceiving three diminution space is different unlike two dimensions image.

Language of urban space is the basic elements, as reading urban space like reading other things. Kevin Lynch come up the concept Legibility. It is a term used to describe „the ease with which people can understand the layout of a place.“ Lynch defined a method of analyzing legibility based on five elements: paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks. Not only the static and materialistic urban space, but the way we perceive urban space matters.

By making questionnaire surveys, Lynch defined those elements which helps a lot designers,architects, planners and other expertises' further design. Design could not only be the outcome but also the tool. Thus „down periscope“ in case one is designed for shifting the perception towards uncertain space of Eifelwall and try to exam our perceptions towards urban space.

!35

Conclusion

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Outlook As mentioned in the beginning, this research proposal is approached theoretically. The next step would be to take these initial findings and into a more qualitative research.

In this stage, the prototype just built and still collecting visual datas to reflect the theory and exam the hypothesis. I can not have very detail plans since research also need to be built upon this step. Creating more conceptual perception tools while researching.

To answer further questions: What is the space of urban uncertainty? Could changing perception of urban changes the identity of urban uncertainty. If so, what could be the major elements influence the change. And what it mean to the future design of urban space?

!36

Bibliography

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Bibliography

Ágnes Heller(2016): Everyday Life, Oxon[NY] : Routledge.

Ball,E.(1987): The Great Sideshow Of The Situationist International, Yale French Studies, 73, 21-37.

Bradley L Garrett(2013): Explore Everything: Place-Hacking The City, New York: Verso Books.

Camillo Sitte(1965):City Planning According To Artistic Principle, Michigan: Random House.

Campen, Crétien(1997): Synesthesia and Artistic Experimentation, PSYCHE: an interdisciplinary journal of research on consciousness, 3(6) David Harvey (2008): The Right To The City, New Left Review

Don Mitchell(2003): The Right To The City: Social Justice And The Fight For Public Space, New York: The Guilford Press.

Franck, K., Paxson, L.(1989): Public Places And Spaces, New York: Plenum Press.

Foucault, Michel(1995): Discipline And Punishment, New York:Vintage Books.

Filipa Matos Wunderlich. Place-temporality and rhythms at Fitzroy Square., Montreal, Canada. International Ambiances Network, pp.

337-338, 2012.

Gallia Burgel, Guy Burgel, M G Dezes(1989): An Interview With Henri Lefebvre, Environment And Planning D: Society And Space, 5(1), 27-38.

Graeme Gilloch(1996): Myth And Metropolis: Walter Benjamin And The City, Oxford: Blackwell.

Guy Debord(2004): The Society Of The Spectacle, London: Rebel.

Hayne W. Reese(1963): “Perceptual Set" in Young Children, Child Development, New York:Wiley Hakim Bey(1991): T.A.Z,: The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism, New York : Autonomedia.

Henri Lefebvre(1991): The Production Of Space, English Translation, Oxford: Blackwell. !37

Bibliography

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Henri Lefebvre(1991): Oxford:Blackwell.

Writings

On

Cities,

English Translation,

Henri Lefebvre(2001): Critique of Everyday Life, English Translation, London: Verso.

Hermann Von Helmholtz (2005): Treatise on Physiological Optics, USA: Dover Publications.

Hou, Jeffrey(2010): Insurgent Public Space : Guerrilla Urbanism And The Remaking Of The Contemporary Cities, London [U.A.] : Routledge.

Hugo Heyrman(2005): Art and Synesthesia:in search of the synesthetic experience.

Juval Portugali(2002): What makes cities complex?, (Environmental simulation lab) and Department of Geography.

ESLab

Kuper, A. And Kuper, J., Eds(1996):The Social Science Encyclopedia. 2nd Edition. London: Routledge.

Kenny Cupers, Markus Wuppertal: Müller.

Miessen(2002):

Spaces

Of

Uncertainty,

Kevin Lynch(1960): The Image of the City. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.

Kevin Lynch(1961): How We See Our Cities, MIT Technology Review 63: 19–21.

Lawrence, E. Marks(1978): The Unity of the Senses / Interrelationships Among the Modalities, New York: Academic Press, Series in Cognition and Perception.

Levitas Gloria(1978): Anthropology And Sociology Of Streets: On Streets, Stanford Anderson, Ed., Cambridge, Ma: Mit Press.

Le Poidevin, Robin(2015): "The Experience and Perception of Time", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta (ed.)

Lofland, Lyn H(1998): The Public Realm : Exploring The City's Quintessential Social Territory, Hawthorne, New York: Aldine De Gruyter.

Luis Wirth(1938): Urbanism As A Way Of Life, The American Journal Of Sociology, 44(1), 1-24.

Marcel Hénaff, Tracy B. Strong(2001): Public Space And Democracy, Minneapolis: U Of Minnesota Press.

!38

Bibliography

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Merriam(1983): Webster’s New International Dictionary Of English Language, Cambridge,Ma: Riverside Press.

Mike Lydon, Anthony Garcia(2015): Tactical Urbanism: Short-Term Action For Long-Term Change, Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Peter Bishop, Lesley Williams(1989): The Temporary City, London: Routledge.

Schacter, Daniel L.; Daniel T., Gilbert; Daniel M., Wegner (March 2011).

Psychology: Second Edition, USA: Worth Publishers.

Sophie Watson(2006): The Publics: The (Dis)Enchantments Of Urban Encounters (Questioning Cities), London: Routledge.

Margaret W. Matlin, Hugh J. Foley (1992): Sensation And Perception, Allyn & Bacon.

Stevens, Quentin(2007): The Ludic City : Exploring The Potential Of Public Spaces, Abingdon : Routledge.

Steven Lehar (2009): The World In Your Head: A Gestalt View of the Mechanism of Conscious Experience, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Stanley I. Benn, Gerald F. Gaus(1983): Public And Private In Social Life, London : Croom Helm.

Thibaud, Jean- Paul and Siret, Daniel(2012). Ambiances in action / Ambiances en acte(s) - International Congress on Ambiances, Montreal.

William H. Ittelson, Environmental Perception and Urban Experience, Environment and Behavior June 1978 10: 193-213.

William H Ittelson, Mirror Reversals: Real and Perceived, Perception, July 1993; vol. 22, 7: 855-861.

!39

Index 01

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Mirror Maze Jeppe Hein, 2016 ‘Please Touch the Art’ Brooklyn Bridge Park

‘Cloud City,’ Tomas Saraceno Metropolitan Museum of Art who has installed similar domes in unexpected locations around the world, created the site-specific installation as a fusion of architecture, geometry, biology and ‘human involvement in order.’

Some facets of the modules are mirrored and some aren’t, distorting the view of the city’s skyline and the treetops of Central Park.

!40

Index 01

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Ring Arnaud Lapierre , 2011 VENDíME square, Paris

"Match Maker".

Winner of the 2014 Times Square Heart Design.

Warped: Reflection Dan Graham , 2014 Graham focuses on using glass to create a space that does not physically exist. This causes motion as it encourages people to walk around it to view all the different parts.

Infinite Mirror Room Daniel, 2013

!41

Index 01

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Urban Echo LUSTLab, 2013 Einhoven

!42

Index 02

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Cluster 01

!43

Index 02

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Cluster 02

!44

Index 02

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Cluster 03

!45