Breaking Down the Human Scale by yun lee

graduation thesis

2018 - 2019

breaking down the h u m a n

s c a

breaking down the human scale yunkyung lee INSIDE Royal Academy of Art, The Hague

Contents.

Introduction.

What is The Human Scale? / Why The Human Scale?

- The history of the human scale and its effect on architecture.

3 4

The Human Body And The Measurement System.

- The alteration of the measurement system and its influence on the spatial environment.

The Standard In Our Daily Lives.

- The subjective experience of the city in the view of the outsider.

The Design Direction.

The Manifesto For The Inclusive Space

Appendices

A Literature List

B List of Figures

C Reference Works

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Introduction.

Chapter 1

Introduction

“When humanists accuse people of ‘treating humans like an object,’ they are thoroughly unaware that they are treating objects unfairly.” -Bruno Latour.1 1 Bruno Latour, A Cautious Prometheus? A Few Steps Toward a Philosophy of Design (with Special Attention to Peter Sloterdijk), 2008, 10pg. Fig1. Anthropometric Study. Early 1900s.

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Introduction.

Is the ‘Human Scale’ really in favour of humans and their comfort? Why are most architects and designers working in front of the computer at the office and dealing with the silhouetted human figure on the screen without considering of a real human? For my graduation project, I would like to tackle the definition of standards and norms in the architectural field – the human scale. In this research, first, I would like to clarify the definition of the human scale in general making sure that the objects we interact with every day are of a size and shape that is reasonable for an average person to use. 2 My research topic was triggered by my personal experience that I would like to share. After living in the Netherlands for more than a year, I had to go through some uncomfortable situations in my daily life which made me realise that the Netherlands’ spatial environment is built up with a different standard of sizes and scale in comparison with my home country, South Korea. Clearly, that is because the gap between the average height of Dutch people and South Koreans show an explicit contrast – the tallest country in the world (the Netherlands) and South Korea is on the 46th position with relatively small people.3 Fig.2

To be specific, I will illustrate several situations that I have to face in my daily life. For instance, there is a mirror in my bathroom Fig.3 which I use all the time. However, the placement of the mirror is very high; above my eye level, which forces me to tiptoe every time I need to check my face. When I stand in front of the mirror, I can only see the part above my forehead. Moreover, when I am commuting, I need to sit on the edge of the seat in the tram because my feet cannot reach the floor. Through these experiences, I noticed that South Korea and the Netherlands have a different standards and regulation systems for designing the spatial environment. For a person like me who does not comply with the Netherlands’ average, it feels being excluded from this environment.

Fig.2

the average height of men and women by country 2016

2 Stephen Burke, Placemaking And the Human Scale City, 2016

3 JungAng Ilbo, Average height for men and women by country, https://news.joins. com/article/21139118

All those experiences mentioned above may be insignificant to some, but it impacts my daily routine. These matters made me realized for the first time that I am not part of the average group in society. Whenever I face the trouble caused by the different characteristic of my body with others, such as height, I cannot stop to think of other alienated people who need to go through the similar trouble like me. I am not the only person being spatially excluded. There are many others and we all live in the same country as members of society along with “average” people who

Fig.2

The bathroom at my home

also experience now and then that the given spatial conditions are not perfectly fit for each individual. In my perspective, all members of society should consider the minorities and embrace them in order to take the first step into a better society for the future. As a designer, I will try to achieve this by questioning the standard and norms in architecture. Starting with breaking down the human scale to suggest a new strategy for the spatial design against the normalised, and the controlled of human body in the space we inhabit.

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Introduction.

Nowadays, people cannot choose the exact size and scale of architectural elements or products that we encounter in every daily routine, such as doors and the height of ceiling, not even in their domestic space because of the highly-processed and prevailed factory system. Most of elements are ready-made and regularised by the average statistical measurement of Fig.4 the definition of average from Metric Handbook the human body. It seems like those products are acceptable for most people corresponding to the average. However, 16 per cent of people in society are not included in the average 4 group and they should endure an uncomfortable living situation.4 Fig.4 David Littlefield, Metric Therefore, a new paradigm of the human scale for a super-diverse future Handbook; Planning and Design Data, 2008, 29pg. society is needed to respect each individual’s dignity.

objective / measured

in making a comparison on the current situation of standards between South Korea and the Netherlands by looking into the standard system such as 척(尺, chuck) and voet (foot in Dutch). Moreover, to understand which factors in space makes people feel excluded and included, I will look for related books and references. This objective research will be helpful to build up my research structure. Furthermore, with regard to the subjective research, I would like to deeply observe my daily experiences related to the feeling of exclusion, in order to figure out what the influential factors on the subjective perception of space. Through this, I will make a collection of photos that elaborate the uncomfortable and excluded situations around me. Last but not least, I will set up some experiments to test spatial factors that can influence people’s feeling being excluded.

subjective / experienced

- literature studies & investigations

* the history / genesis of the human scale * the measurement system in South Korea and the Netherlands - 척 / voet

- observation & analysis

* the collection of photos from my personal experience in the city as an outsider of the average

* analysis of the inﬂuential factors on the feeling of being excluded

* the study of aﬀordances * Bouwesluit + Korean Construction Law

-physical characteristics / spatial elements

background research

possible design resources

A NEW PARADIGM OF THE STANDARD

Fig.5

the diagram for the research methodology

When it comes to the structure of my thesis, I intend for my research to not only use the objective/measured methods but also the subjective/ experienced methods. At first, to delve into the topic I will document the background history of the emergence of the human scale and standardisation in architecture generally. Through this, I will figure out the change of meaning of the human scale in the spatial design and why a new paradigm of standards in architecture would be needed in the future. Secondly, to get the exact data 8

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Chapter 2

Chapter. 2

Egypt - Greece

6 E. Panofsky. The History of the Theory of Human as a Reflection of the History of Styles, Meaning in the Visual Arts, Peregrine Book, N.Y., 1970, pp.57-61

What is the human scale? Why the human scale?

7 Ibid., pp.58 8 Ibid., pp.59

The history of the human scale and its effect on architecture

9 Ibid. 10 Ibid., pp.64

Fig.6

5 Throughout the history, there has been a lot of efforts to establish a E. Panofsky. The History of the Theory of Human as design system on the basis of the mathematical proportion of the human a Reflection of the History of Styles, Meaning in the body to shape everyday objects and space. In these series of longitudinal Visual Arts, Peregrine Book, development, the human dimension was regarded as a desire for N.Y., 1970, pp.56

beauty as well as an interest in the “norm”, or a need for establishing a convention.5 The meaning of the human scale affected the ideology and culture of people who lived in a certain era, as it is reflected in the concept of human scale as well. Because of this, I would like to understand how the human scale emerged and progressed until today.

The development of the Egyptian grid system

First, in BC 300, Egyptian people started to use the measurement of human body as a symbol of the perfection and eternity – the emergence of the grid system to measure the proportion of the human figure.6 All parts of the body were arrayed in a rigidly structured way through juxtaposing the completely frontal projection and the pure profile on the grid.7 Egyptians subdivided the stone or wall surface to construct the grid with 18 or 22 units of equal squares in order to set up the “objective” and “technical” dimensions. To be specific, they divided the human body into 18 or 22 units and placed body parts on it, especially, the length of foot amounted to 3 or 3 1/2 such units.8 In this period, the human body was depicted with undoable posture which was the assembly of the separated part of the body – the frontal upper part and the profile of lower body and head-, which was the symbolism of eternity and perfection.9 In the following era, the Greeks dealt with the human figure in a similar way like the Egyptians, however they pursued the harmonious and natural movement of the human body as an aesthetic ideality. 10

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Chapter. 2

After that, the first iconic image of the dimension of human body in the geometric order of the circle and square emerged around the 15 century – Vitruvian Man was drawn by Leonardo da Vinci in 1490. Fig.7 From this image, the proportional measurement system of the human body started to be exploited as a tool to formulate the environment around people. The geometry around the human figure illustrates the cosmos, which portrayed the proportion “ideal” body of a man. Leonardo da Vinci intended to reconfigure the proportion of human body that confined in the circle and square on the basis on the golden section. 11 At the same period, there were more artists and philosophers who studied the idealised human body to set up the system of art and architecture such as Michelangelo, Alberti, and Durer. Each of them showed the different approach to analyse the proportion of the human body. For example, Leon Battista Alberti, the Italian Architect who was born in early 1400s, invented the most structural system as known as “Exempeda”, which divided the total length into six pedes (feet), sixty unceolae (inches), eighty and six hundred minuta (smallest units).12 Fig.8 The German artist Albercht Durer, who led the Northern Renaissance in Germany, established the theory about the

Fig.7

The Vitruvian Man, Leonardo da Vinci, 1490

perfect ratio of the human body, which had almost the same result of the modular system, invented by Le Corbusier later. 13 Fig.9 In those drawings of Renaissance artists, the default human was alone, white, male, and athletic which means the core of all the architecture and design was with the highly idealised fantasy of the body. 14 They do not reflect on a realistic shape of man but using manipulated perfected figures as a norm to pursue to the aesthetical perfection in architecture. Although architects and artists sought the human-centred design based on the spirit of the Renaissance, women, children, and handicapped people were not an important consideration and neglected in architecture in this period.

Renaissance

11 Beatriz Colomina and Mark Wigley, Are We Human?, 2016, pp.148 12 Follower of Leonardo da Vinci. Figure Proportioned according to L. B. Alberti's "Exempeda." Drawing in the Codes Vallardi. Phot. Giraudon, No. 260

Fig.8

the drawing based on Exempeda 13 Albrecht Durer, "Man D." From the First Book of Vier Bucher von menschlicher Proportion, Nuremberg, 1528 14 Beatriz Colomina and Mark Wigley, Are We Human?, 2016, pp.148 15 Jacob Field, Is Capitalism Working?; A Primer For the 21st Century, 2018, pp. 8-49

Fig.9

Durer’s drawing

Unfortunately, the attention to the human body and the proportion as a tool for design space slightly faded until modernism started. During the industrial revolution, the drastic development in technology and science allowed most of the construction process to be mechanised and automatised, which triggered the functionalism thinking. Deriving from this, many architects and designers started to gain an interest in setting up the norm in architecture to reinforce the conveniences and efficiency of the building process – the era of modernism begins. In the context of modernist architecture, architects wanted to avoid using ornaments in space and started to concentrate on function. 15

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Chapter. 2

Modernism - Neufert

Fig.10

the Neufert’s basic human figure

In 1936, there was a drastic endeavour of documenting all the measurements of the human body by Ernst Neufert, the author of Architects’ Data (original name is Bauentwurfslehre) to understand the relationship between the sizes of human limbs and what space a person requires in various postures and whilst moving around.16 Moreover, Neufert insisted that the architects have to understand the importance of the minimum size of space for people’s activity.17 He emphasises that “ Architects and designers have to know what space humans need between furniture as well as how the furniture can best be positioned. Without this knowledge, they will be unable to create an environment in which no space is wasted and people can comfortably perform their duties or enjoy relaxation time.”18 This shows the difference of the idea about humancentred design between architects in the Renaissance era and those in 19-20s century. On the one hand, the former regarded the human body as a basic principle and the representation of absolute beauty. On the other hand, the latter defined the human-centred as a convenience and comfort of human’s activity. Architects’ Data was also written to fulfill the needs for the formation of a framework in the detailed planning of any building project, which can help architects to save time during their basic investigations.19 After 80 years Architects’ Data has been published, a large number of architects still use this book as the rudiment of designing space. Moreover, the latest version of this book, the 4th edition, was published in 2012 and it became the most effective architectural book in the world which has sold over 500,000 copies.20 Despite of its fame, Neufert is still dealing with the idealised human body on the basis of the golden section without mentioning about minorities such as women, children, or handicapped et cetera.

16 Ernst and Peter Neufert, Architects’ Data, 1936,viii, pp.1 17 Ibid. 18 Ibid. 19 Ibid. 20 Reinier de Graaf, Neufert: The Exceptional Pursuit of the Norm, Archdaily, 30 October 2017. https://www. archdaily.com/881889/ neufert-the-exceptionalpursuit-of-the-norm

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Chapter. 2

24 Diana Cristobal, Jessica Ngan, Bart-Jan Polman, Are we Human?, the 3rd Istanbul Design Biennial, 2016. (http://arewehuman. iksv.org/exhibition/are-wenormal/)

Modernism - Henry Dreyfuss

27 Federica Buzzi,‘Human, All Too Human’: a Critique on the Modulor, Failed Architecture, 2017. (https:// failedarchitecture.com/ human-all-too-human-acritique-on-the-modulor/)

28 Rosemarie Garland Thomson, Extraordinary Bodies: Figuring Physical Disability in American Culture and Literature, 1997, pp.60

29 Federica Buzzi,‘Human, All Too Human’: a Critique on the Modulor, Failed Architecture, 2017. (https:// failedarchitecture.com/ human-all-too-human-acritique-on-the-modulor/)

25 Henry Dreyfuss, The Measure of Man and Woman, 1993, pp.11 26 Beatriz Colomina and Mark Wigley, Are We Human?, 2016, chapter 11 the frictionless silhouette, pp.147

21 Beatriz Colomina and Mark Wigley, Are We Human?, 2016, pp.149 22 Henry Dreyfuss, The Measure of Man and Woman, 1993, pp.8 23 Ibid., pp.8-9

Fig.11

the basic human body type of Henry Dreyfuss

A few decades later, in 1959, American product designer Henry Dreyfuss published The Measure of Man and Woman as a source of standardised measures to calibrate the physical settings for any human activity for designers.21 In this book, Henry mentioned that with increased sensitivity and the diversification of the society, designers today need to take into account physical differences among international populations – but without compromising the needs of the statistically defined “average” person.22 For the sake of this, he collected the statistical data from 98 per cent of the adult population in the world through the Henry Dreyfuss Associates and sorted out the data in categories of gender, nationalities, age, and percentiles by human activities.23 Finally, this was the first trial to embrace the variety of human’s physical characteristics in the definition of the “human scale.”

However, in none of these cases is the depiction of the body neutral.24 Henry Dreyfuss even agreed with it, saying there are no people who are exactly alike, including identical twins. 25 The human scale and the design based on the ergonomics, the total application of human data, replaced all the diversity, mystery, complications and strangeness of the human with a single smooth silhouette as a standard.26 To various degrees, this norm is harmful for all the bodies: although favouring some over others, it generally introduces a restricted notion of what accounts as human.27 Rosemarie

Fig.12

the basic human body type of Henry Dreyfuss

Garland Thomson, who is the pioneer of disability studies, wrote about the aberrant body in 1977 like “framed and choreographed bodily differences that we now call ‘race’, ‘ethnicity’, and ‘disability’ in a ritual that enacted the social process of making cultural otherness from the raw materials of human physical variation.” in her book “Extraordinary Bodies.” 28 Therefore, being outside of the norm can be the synonym of inferiority and set compulsory human values and the hierarchy among them which means there is a pressure to have abled-body, whiteness and maleness.29

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Fig.13

Chapter. 2

the chronological map of the alteration of the human scale

" NOMALISED HUMANBODY / NEGLECTED INDIVIDUALITY IN SPACE "

Antiquity

Egypt

Greece

Vitruvius

Spritual Body

Geometric Body

Machinized Body

Middle-Age

Renaissance

Modern-Age

1490 Pythagoras

Galenus

Polyclitus

Leonardo

1528 Alberti

Durer

Michelangelo

Diverse Body

Contemporary

1935

1939

1943

1959

Neufert

Frederick

Le Corbusier

Henry Dreyfuss

2017

the representation of god the centre of universe the idealised body the perfection of body Architectural adaptation ONLY male-body ONLY white-body ONLY abled-body

25 years

the normative body for human's comfort anthropometric approach obesity other gender other races strength

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Chapter. 3

In order to understand what contributed to building up the current spatial environment, I would like to investigate the history of the metric system and the national standard in South Korea and the Netherlands.

31 Hugh Aldersey-Williams, Anatomies: A Cultural History of the Human Body, 2014, pp.25 32

Firstly, the standardisation in space was stimulated not only by the Ibid. 33 industrial revolution and modernism but also the unification of the Ibid.,pp.28 metric system. In the past, the measurements systems in the world were considerably based on the human body and activities.31 Fig.14 The inch was defined by the length of the king’s knuckle from tip to the first joint.32 The length from the elbow to the longest fingertip is called a cubit which is usually equated to eighteen inches, but sometime to twenty-one or more. An ell that its name was originated the Latin words elbow, ulna, was basically same as a cubit. The length of the ell unit was adjusted to forty-five inches long that was used for measuring the cloth because people usually hold the cloth in the fingers of one hand up to the opposite shoulder when they Fig.14 the units of measure based on the human body are measuring.33 In my point of view, 34 the most important units among all of the measurement that related to Jacob de Gelder (1824). the human body is the length of the foot which has been commonly used Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst [Introduction from the past. Though today’s foot unit is unified with the imperial metric to Numeracy] (in Dutch). system – 1 foot = 30.48 centimetres or 12 inches, the exact size of it was 's-Gravenhage (The Hague) and Amsterdam: de varied from city to city in the European continent.34 To be specific, the Gebroeders van Cleef. pp. Greek foot was about 302 millimetres at the moment, which was 1/600 of 163–176. Retrieved March 3536 a stadion, and one stadion was approximately 181.2 metres. Although 2, 2011. 35 it was varied from 270 mm to 350 mm depending on the city, the one Herodotus; Rawlinson, used for constructing the temple has been around 295mm to 325mm George (May 14, 1861). "History of Herodotus : a which is similar with the Roman foot. Fig.15 Whereas the length of the new English version". New York D. Appleton – via Roman foot unit (pes) was about 97 per cent of today’s measurement – Internet Archive. normally around 295.7mm.37

Chapter 3

The human body and the measurement system The alteration of the measurement system and its influence on the spatial environment

“All the measurements of the body are now given to all the spaces, furnishing, and equipment that the body makes contact with. Human dimensions become the dimensions of the designed world.” 30

30 Beatriz Colomina and Mark Wigley, “Are We Human?”, 2016, pp.150

Fig.15 Determination of the rod, using the length of the left foot of 16 randomly chosen people coming from church service. Woodcut published in the book Geometrei by Jakob Köbel (Frankfurt, c. 1536).

36 "Epidauros, Stadium (Building)". www.perseus. tufts.edu. Archived from the original on May 10, 2017. 37 Oswald Ashton Wentworth Dilke (May 22, 1987). Mathematics and measurement. University of California Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-520-06072-2. Retrieved February 2, 2012. 21

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Chapter. 3

The 황종척(Hwangjong Chuck) was the most commonly used measuring unit for architecture and the first unified metric system in South Korea under the ruling of great king Sejong in 15C, which was defined with the golden bell pipe. 42 In this period, the basic unit of 척 which was around 34.38 centimetres. 43 Fig.17,18 In addition, there were many other units based on the human body such as 푼 (pun), 치(chi), 뼘(ppyeum), 자(ja), 발(bal), 보 (bo), et cetera. Fig.19

the documentation of Hwangjong Chuck

Fig.17,18

Fig.16

38 Jacob de Gelder (1824). Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst [Introduction to Numeracy] (in Dutch). 's-Gravenhage (The Hague) and Amsterdam: de Gebroeders van Cleef. pp. 163–176. Retrieved March 2, 2011.Retrieved February 2, 2012. 39 Ibid. 40 Young-Keun Oh and DoKeun Yoon, A Study on the Proportion and Scale of Human Body, 1997, pp.3 41 Ibid.

the variety of the length of foot unit in the Netherlands.

In the case of the Netherlands, the exact size of foot unit (voet) was differ from the regions such as Utrecht, Amsterdam, Honsbossche en Rijpse, ‘S-Hertogenbosch, Gelderland, and so on – 272.8 mm, 283.133 mm, 285 mm, 287 mm, 292 mm, respectively.38 Fig.16 The metric system at this time was localised and reflected on the physical characteristics of the citizens in general. And the difference of the length was around 42.058 mm – the biggest one was 314.858 mm from Rijnland and the smallest one was 272.8 mm from Utrecht in 17 centuries. 39 On the other hand, in eastern countries, especially in South Korea, there was a traditional metric system is known as 척(尺, chuck), which is based on the length of the foot same as western unit ‘foot’. This was about 30.3 centimetres which means 1 feet = 1.006 尺. It is interesting that even though they appeared in the opposite side of the world, the length of units is more or less same with 30 centimetres.40 척 had been changed throughout the history from 3 BC to 1930s. The exact length of the 척 unit was fluctuated in the range of around 20 cm to 34.7 cm. 41

42 Eunju Hwang, National Archives of Korea, 1m의 길 이를 정하다, 2016, http:// theme.archives.go.kr/ next/koreaOfRecord/ metricSystem.do 43 Ibid.

Fig.19

All of these eastern and western units of measurement started from a different part of the body or the human activities which implied the relationship between human body and space. Moreover, this means that the measuring system and the architecture based on it had been developed within a human-oriented way.44 Even though the eastern culture and western culture had an explicit different perspective on the human body and space, there are still a lot of similarities. For example, they were originated from the physical characteristics of the body, especially the length of the foot and the length of the knuckle, and its exact size was localised but similar despite the geological differences. Moreover, these units have been used till the invention of the international metric system based on the metre.

Korean units of measurements.

44 Hugh Aldersey-Williams, Anatomies: A Cultural History of the Human Body, 2014, pp.28

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

45 Dewey L. Boatmun, Quantum World: The Wave Nature of Our Universe, 2010, pp.103 46 Ibid. 47 Ibid. 48 The metre was in fact defined as one ten-millionth of one-quarter of the earth's circumference at sea-level.' Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge University Press, 1962 vol.4, pt.1, p.42. 49 Matt Anticole, Why the metric system matters, TEDed, 2016 https://ed.ted.com/ lessons/why-the-metricsystem-matters-mattanticole#watch 50 Ibid. 51 Rapport sur le choix d'une unité de mesure, lu à l'Académie des sciences, le 19 mars 1791" (in French). Gallica.bnf.fr. 15 October 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2013. 52 Matt Anticole, Why the metric system matters, TEDed, 2016 https://ed.ted.com/ lessons/why-the-metricsystem-matters-mattanticole#watch 53 We Young, National Archives of Korea, 역사를 읽는 척 이야 기, 2017, 64pg.

Chapter. 3

According to the rational principles of the Enlightenment and with the advent of international trade in 18th century, the need for the standardised measurement became more and more necessity for the nations in European continent.45 In this context, as a result of the French Revolution, Marie Jean Antonie Nicolas de Caritat Condorcet, a member of the Academy of Sciences in France, made a proposal of a new measurement system based on the metre.46 The metric system, which is the most commonly used in today, was passed into law by the French national assembly in 1791 – Le Metre.47 At the time, a metre was defined as equal to one ten-millionth of the distance between the North Pole and the Equator.48 Old standards based on the human body or local traditions were replaced with the mathematical and natural relationship.49 It started to be used in France and after that, Portugal and the Netherlands switched to metric voluntarily in 1820 because of its consistency, and other nations followed.50 Therefore, in the 1870s, they had a sequence of international conferences to improve new metric standards much precise.51 As a result, in 1875, The Metre Convention (Convention du Metre) mandated the establishment of a permanent International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) in France – the unification of the measurement system began.52 In the case of South Korea started to adopt the decimal system officially from 1962, which was about 140 years later than other western countries because of the war between South and North Korea.53 Since the internationalisation already was mainstream at the time, South Korea did not have any choices except for importing the metre system and the western standard. Therefore, all the characteristics and identity of the human body in the traditional measurement system has faded away. Moreover, the western standard began to colonise the eastern culture and society in invisible ways, even in the spatial environment. Fig.20 To sum up, the dimension of the human body parts and human activities were the core of the measurement units in the past, though, the relevancy with the human body vanished as a consequence of the adoption of metre system. Thus, I would like to protest against toward today’s metric system in terms of architecture, even if it is true that there has been a huge improvement of the science and medicine in favour of the unification of the measurement system and standards.

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Fig.20

Chapter. 3

the chronological table of the measurement system

Chaos of the metric system

From human oriented / localised metric system, to unified / internationalised metric system.

KS was established. From 1st January, the korean unit system and yard/pound system was forbidden to use by the government.

Korea joined to the international meter convention.

The Korean metric system was still used by the modern architects in South Korea.

Korea system ONLY

Korea, eastern.

1795

1799

1820

1875

1936

1889

1959

The korea government established the law of metric system on the basis of the meter.

1961

1962

1964

The unification of the metric system in Korea began.

1927

1960

1983

Platinium-iridium bar at melting point of ice, atmospheric pressure, supported by two rollers. (7th CGPM)

Hyperfine atomic transition; 1650763.73 wavelengths of light from a speficied transition in kypton-86 (11th CGPM)

Length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum in 1/299792458 second. (17th CGPM)

Human body-oriented metric system The exact length of the standards was diffrentiated by region. However, they were simillar.

Netherlands, western.

1/10000000 part fo the quadrant along the meridian, measurement by Delambre and Mechain. (443.296 lines)

The agreement with the metre system internationally.

First prototype Metre des Archives platinum bar standard.

Platium-iridium bar at melting point of ice. (1st CGPM)

The metric system was finalised in France

Dutch system ONLY

The Netherlands started to use the metre system.

The application of metre system

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Chapter. 4

ME 158.6cm 5.42%

Chapter 4

The standard in our daily lives The subjective experience of the city in the view of the outsider

ME 158.6cm appx.13% 20-30 female+male

25-29y female+male

1000

750

500

250

1604 7.5%

1761 50%

1918 92.5%

DINED, Dutch anthropometric database.

Fig.21

heights

1549 5%

1613 25%

1679 50%

1804 heights 95%

SIZE KOREA, Korean anthropometric database.

the average height group in the Netherlands and South Korea.

As an outsider of the average group in the Netherlands, I would like to elaborate on my experience about the spatial exclusion when it comes to the scale and size. At the same time, I also would like to explore the reason why I needed to feel a sense of exclusion in the given spatial environment. To begin with and to explain myself, I am an Asian female of 158.6-centimetre height. As mentioned above at the first chapter, â&#x20AC;&#x153;the averageâ&#x20AC;? is defined as the group of people corresponding to 84 per cent of the standard deviation in society. According to the DINED, the Dutch anthropometric database devised by TU Delft, I am at 5.42 percentile among the 20-30 population in the Netherlands, which means that I am not included in the average group here because people of under 8 percentile and over 92 percentile are excluded by the definition of average.54 On the other hand, in the case of South Korea, I could be at approximately 13 percentile among the population and be considered as a majority in society.55 Fig.21 So for this reason, it is inevitable for me to live differently with the different spatial environment in the Netherlands and South Korea as well as the subjective experiences.

54 DINED, the Dutch anthropometric database, 2004, https://dined. io.tudelft.nl/en/database/ tool 55 Size Korea, the Korean anthropometric database, 7th 2015, https:// sizekorea.kr/measurementdata/body

Hence, I have observed the city in the Hague and collected the photos from the past that related to the scale and size during my research period from 13th December to 10th January in 2019. The photos are categorised by the type of space and the function. And each photo shows a scenario that related to the subjective feeling of exclusiveness. 28

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Chapter. 4

athroom. Home / b

56 Integrale tekst van het Bowbesluit 2012 zoals dit luidt met ingang van 1 juli 2013, Ministrerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties, Hoodfstuk4. Technische bouwvoorschriften uit het oogpunt van bruikbaarheid, Afdeling 4.1. Artikel 4.3., Afdeling 4.2. Artikel 4.11., Afdeling 4.3. Artikel 4.19. 57 National Law Information Center, Reliable Ministry of Government Legislation Contruction Law No.15992, 2018 (http://www.law. go.kr/LSW/eng/engMain. do)

Fig.22

5th January 2019, the mirror at my home in Den Haag.

Every morning, I wake up from the bed and go to the bathroom at my home. Right after coming into the bathroom, I face the mirror in front of me that hung on the wall. However, due to the height of the mirror, I can only see my above forehead, which makes me realised my physical differences with the Dutch people. This inconvenience is nagging at my nerves because this situation is related to the eye-height which is straightforwardly recognisable.

Fig.23 2nd January 2019, the mirror at café Filtro in Den Haag.

Fig.24 mirror.

the Dutch guy in front of the

Also, I often come across the same situation at the bathroom in the café or the public places. Fig.23 Reversely, a tall Dutch guy who is assumed that included in the other extreme height group – over 92 percentile of the population – experiences totally opposite situation like figure 24. He even cannot see his face, which means he can only see his other body parts below his neck.

Fig.25,26

8th January 2019, the toilet at my home in Den Haag

58 Ernst and Peter Neufert, Architects’ Data, 1936, pp.265

In the case of the toilet, it gives me a super awkward experience through its height. Whenever I use it, my feet are floating in the air and I cannot reach the floor with my feet, which makes me feel awkward every time. This provokes me to be afraid of being fallen from the toilet or the toilet to be broken down. Since some of the toilets in the Netherlands are even much higher than one at my home, it is pretty often to meet by chance this kind of experience like figure 27. Then, what is the valid parameter for these differences of the spatial environment? Who decided the height or position of the toilet? According to the Bouwbesluit (the Dutch Construction Law) and Korean Construction Law, in both countries, there were not mentioned about the regulation of the height of the toilet or the built-in furniture and they only deal with the minimum size of the area such as living area, toilet, bathroom, staircase and so on and the ceiling height of space categorised by its function. 5657 This is why the countries have a different position of architectural elements such as toilet, sink, or built-in furniture. The Fig.27 2nd January 2019, the toilet in convention in the field of architecture and the the café Filtro in Den Haag consideration of local condition is regarded as the most influential factors to create the spatial environment, which provokes the excluded experience to people of out of average. In the case of my toilet, the height of the sitting place is approximately 450 mm. However, Neufert suggests that the proper height of the toilet for the average population of adults should be 400 mm in his book, Architects’ Data, which is pervasively used in the world. 58 Therefore, because of this 50 mm of difference, I could experience the toilet differently with the Dutch people.

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

oor. Home / d

Chapter. 4

The mobility / bike.

The door at my home has a peephole that I do not like to use because of the height. When the delivery guys ring my doorbell, I need to tiptoe in front of the door to check the corridor. In addition, it is difficult to open and close the door because of its weight. I felt the physical insufficiency from the door such as the height, eye-height, and strength.

The most common type of mobility is the bike in the Netherlands. I also used to take a bike in my daily life, especially for commuting. My bike is from the Swapfiets, the bike rental company, which only offers a specific type of bike, a normal one and a stronger one. Since the frame of the bike is quite big, I made my saddle the lowest. Nonetheless, the bike is still big for me to ride comfortably. For example, the most uncomfortable situation happens while haltering in front of the traffic light. I try to halter and stay the bike stable with my feet but it is impossible due to my insufficient length of legs. So, I should be much careful whenever I am cycling and haltering than others. The situation is the same as the ov-fiets, the city bike in the Netherlands. As the ov-fiets are designed for the average group of Dutch citizens, most of them do not fit to the size of relatively small people. Therefore, the outsiders of the average group like me sometimes need to take much risk while cycling. All of those are related to the length of the legs.

ic The mobility / publ Fig.28

59 Warren. W. H., Perceiving Affordances: Visual Guidance of Stairclimbing, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10., 1987, pp.683-703

the door at my home in Den Haag

Picture 29 and 30 shows the contrasting situation when the king and queen of the Netherlands visited the Gyeongbok Palace in Seoul in 2014. They needed to pass the inner gate of the palace, which made them bend their waist because of the height. This shows that the feeling of spatial exclusion can be reversed depending on the context.

60 Ibid. 61 Mark. L. S., Eyeheightscaled Information about Affordances: A study of sitting and stairclimbing, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 13., 1987, pp.361-370 62 Ibid.

The seats at public transport such as a tram, a bus, or a train are also one of the noticeable elements there with the same reason for the toilet. Furthermore, in the case of a bus, there are seats with steps at the rear which is located higher than the others that I hesitate to sit on usual. Then, why I felt the hesitation even though I am able to sit on? And what made the limits on the action in this situation? In the dissertation ‘Perceiving Affordances: Visual Guidance of Stair Climbing’ written by William H. Warren, Jr. in 1984, the author defined the limits on action and the most efficient paths of action in terms of bipedal stair climbing.59 The availability of climbing was determined by the ratio of the length of the upper leg and the lower leg which is constant to the smaller group and the taller group both.60 Fig.31 And it was revealed that the maximum height of seats and stairs are defined

transport.

Fig.31 the maximum limits of climbing the stair

Fig.32 the maximum height of the stair and the sear from Warren’s experiment

by the eye-height by the experiment of Mark L. S. in 1987.61 Fig.32 The maximum height of the stair is 0.46 EH(eye-height) and this of the seat is 0.45 EH. 62 32

Fig.29.30 the king and the queen of the Netherlands visited Seoul in 2014.

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Chapter. 4

Therefore, in the case of public transport, especially for the seats, the eye-height and the length of legs are the most influential factor to understand the subjective experience in terms of the spatial exclusion. In addition, handles and handrails in public transport provokes the inconveniency to relatively smaller or taller people. In the entertainment show in South Korea called ‘Welcome, is this your first time to visit Seoul?’ in 2018, around 2-metre-high guys came to Seoul and took the subway. The window in the subway is located too low for them to see outside scenery and the handle hung from the ceiling and it is lower than their chin-level. They expressed their spatial experience with saying “It’s funny to look outside with bending the waist”, “The window is too low.”, “The subway is not made for us.”, and “The environment is also not made for us.” Fig.33 On the other hand, in my case in the Netherlands, I hold the handrail rather than the handles because they are too high for me to grab. So, it is much dangerous to hold the handle when I’m at public transport. These situations show that not only the height but also the length of arms is influential on the spatial experience in public transport.

ert Leisure/ conc

and parade.

63 “proxemics”, Dictionary. com, Retrieved November 14, 2015. 64 Hall, Edward T., The Hidden Dimension, Anchor Books, ISBN 978-0-385-08476-5, 1996.

Fig.33 Korea 2018.

the entertainment show in South

One day, I went out of the school to see the parade of the king and queen in the Hague. Though it was a weekday in the afternoon, the street was crowded with a lot of people. Fig.34 However, I could only see the feather decorated on the hat of knights because the tall Dutch guys built a barricade with their extreme height in front of me. Also, this happened to me at the concert place as well. Almost twometre-high Dutch guys surrounded Fig.34 the parade at the prince’s day in 2018. me and started to hit my head with their elbows unconsciously while dancing, which made me go upstairs. More crowded the place, the situation was getting much worse. Someone kept their empty cups on the beam, which is almost located at the ceilingheight, by using their long arm reach. They showed a new way of using the architectural elements spontaneously through the corporeal way. From these events, I noticed that the dimension of the body segment, especially the arms, and the density of people in a place, and the distance between people and me had influences on my personal experience and feeling of space at the moment. Furthermore, they are also related to proxemics; which is the study of human use of space and the effects that population density has on behaviour, communication, and social interaction.63 The cultural anthropologist Edward T. Hall coined the terminology “proxemics” in 1963 and defined proxemics as “the interrelated observations and theories of humans use of space as a specialised elaboration of culture.” 64

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Chapter. 4

proxemics; Study of people’s use of space as a special elaboration of culture. - Edward T. Hall

public social ~3.50m

personal

1.23-3.50m 0.46-1.22m

intimate

15-45cm zone distance

Fig.35

the parade at the prince’s day in 2018.

Hall categorised the interpersonal distance of man in four distinct zones – intimate space, personal space, social space, and public space.65 Fig.35 This reflects on the cultural background of people and the intimacy and familiarity of them. If someone’s personal space is invaded by others without familiarity, people could feel anger, discomfort, and anxiety. 66 This is also related to the density of people in the limited place because the more people around, the more invasion occurs. In summary, the influential factors and the subjective experience in the city that triggers the feeling of spatial exclusion are categorized according to the function of space, elements, and characteristic related to the human body. The influential elements will be the mirror, the toilet, the door, the seats, the handle, the handrail at cetera in private and public places. The most frequently mentioned the characteristic of the body is the length of legs and the eye-height, which means they are the most influential on the spatial experience and exclusion. The length of arms, the density of people in the limited space, and proxemic also effect on the feeling of exclusion in space. Moreover, I collected the opposite situations of relatively taller people who are included in the 92 percentile of the population, for instance, the Dutch people who visited South Korea. They also feel being excluded in society and the spatial environment, which implies that the feeling of exclusion in space would fluctuate in a different context.

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

the virtual scenario of my experiences and analysis

photos / drawings

timeline

home

9.00am

Fig.36

Chapter. 4

places

elements

actions

bedroom

bed

get up

kitchen

cooktop

drink water

bathroom

toilet

sit down

the length of legs

sink

wash body

height

mirror

look face

eye-height

dry hair

eye-height

physical characteristics

building

10.30am

height

transport

kitchen

cooktop

cook breakfast

the length of limbs

door

peephole

tiptoe / look

eye-height

entrance

door

try to open

strength

bike

seat/pedal

riding/haltering

the length of legs

bus/tram

seats

sit down

the length of legs

handles

grab

the legth of palm/ height

stop sign

check where to stop

height/proxemics/ density

eye-height the legth of palm

school

11.00am

the length of arms

studio

Linus’ chair

sit down/work

the length of legs

Hans’ oﬃce

Hans’ table

work

the length of legs

studio

home

10.00pm

transport

see the screen

train

group seats

sit down

the length of legs/ the span of seats

concert

1ﬂoor standing area

stand

proxemics/height/ eye-height

beam

to keep empty cups

the length of arms/ height

index 7

the length of legs

height

eye-height

the length of arms

strength

proxemics

density

11.00pm

public

6.30pm

transport

sitting height

presentation/ lecture

the length of legs

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Chapter 5

Design direction 67 Teacher, Law, Majority Rule and Minotiry Rights, November 2013, (https://www.law-teacher. net/free-law-eaasys/ administrative-law/ majority-rule-and-minorityrights-administrative-lawessay.php?verf=1) 68 DutchNews, “The Dutch are becoming more diverse: One in five have at least one foreign parent”, May 29, 2018, (https:// www.dutchnews.nl/ news/2018/05/thedutch-are-becomingmore-diverse-one-in-fivehave-at-least-one-foreignparent/)

For my graduation project, I would like to claim a strong need for a new strategy to design space that embraces spatially for excluded people. As mentioned in the introduction, my ultimate aim for the project is to design an inclusive space for the excluded exactly 16 per cent of population in society for the sake of respecting each individual’s dignity. To achieve this, I would like to work with the people of the extremes target group– under 8 percentile and over 92 percentile of the standard deviation – as the first step. There is a political quote called ‘Majority Rules and Minority Rights’ which means that “minority rights are rights that are guaranteed to everyone, even if they are not a part of the majority. These rights cannot be eliminated by a majority vote. The minority today will not necessarily be the minority of tomorrow.”67 The relationship between the majority and the minority can be always reversible in a different context. As members of society, we should be more thoughtful before overlooking and alienate certain group of people, instead learn to embrace and make everyone feels included. To be precise, as a spatial designer, I would like to achieve this by designing an inclusive space. As a result of globalisation, talent flow, forced migration, and family reunification, the multiculturalism is a big issue of society these days. In this context, the Netherlands is one of the leading countries of this social trend with tolerance. The government’s academic council for government policy, WRR (Wethenschappelijke Raad Voor Het Regeringsbeleid) said that one in five Dutch people have at least one parent who was born abroad and the percent of this population had risen to 22.1 per cent by 2016. 68 From my perspective, the Netherlands, especially in the Hague, will be the optimal place to explore the possibility of inclusive space for the super-diverse future society.

Chapter. 5

To break down the human scale, I have deeply looked into the genesis of the human scale and its development. This shows that the normative and standardised human body is on-going issue in architecture. In addition, the measurement system in the past was based on the segment of the human body, which means there was a relation between the human and space defined by the human-oriented way. Basically, the part of the human body was the core unit of the system. Therefore, I attempted to sort out the possible core characteristic of the human body through the observation of the subjective experience in the city according to the terms of spatial exclusion. This possible design sources would be the influential physical feature of the body, the possible spatial elements, and the function of place. Based on these researches, I narrowed down the possible design direction to approach to an inclusive space in two ways. First of all, I could think of eliminating all standards and norm in architecture – NONE-STANDARD. As a tool for design, I would like to invent the design guidance for each individual on the basis of their body’s characteristic. The future users can decide the size and shape by adapting this design strategy, which means space will be fully-customised and perfectly usercentred. The second possibility is re-designing the spatial elements in the city that I sorted out/I gathered from the observation. By removing the inconvenience and discomfort from these elements, it will become flexible to provide more freedom of shape and size to the potential users. In the speculative perspective, I expect that by breaking down the human scale will offer a new possibility to overcome the prevailed capitalism in architecture - the efficiency and productivity. I believe that with less 69 Beatriz Colomina and Mark consideration of money and time, there will be more room for creativity Wigley, “Are We Human?”, and the tolerance to embracing minorities in future architecture. Beatriz 2016, pp.89. Colomina wrote “Good design is meant to be contagiously virtuous. Even the smallest object is thought to change the well-being, emotions, and thoughts of whoever uses it, touches it, looks at it, or even read about it, and also the lives of whoever encounters those who have encountered it, and so on in a kind of viral chain reaction that ultimately transforms society.” 69 Like this quote, I hope that my graduation project can contribute to the subversion of the convention in the architectural fieldthe human scale-, and much focus on the real meaning of human-centred design.

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Chapter 6

Manifesto for the inclusive space A call for an inclusive space. Today, HUMAN BODY in architecture is normative and standardised. HUMAN FIGURE in architecture is captured, confined, restricted, and controlled in the silhouette of it. There are no individuality and originality. HUMAN in architecture is defined by the statistical data of the average in society. HUMAN in architecture cannot be depicted by just numerical information. they are lively, active, dynamic, vibrant and spirited. HUMAN SCALE in architecture created the notion of default human and disregards the rest outside of the default ‘otherness’. REAL HUMAN in architecture is ignored and overlooked under capitalism and the industrialisation. 42

MANIFESTO FOR THE INCLUSIVE SPACE

The current spatial environment is deception. They are only for the majority of society. The relationship between majority and minority is fluctuating and reversible in a different context. Today’s minority should not be tomorrow’s minority. Today’s majority may not be tomorrow’s majority. For the future, As a designer, We feel a strong need for the inclusive space to embrace the excluded members in society. Respect each individual’s dignity and different physical characteristics. Don’t just follow the ebbs and flows of the convention in architecture, subvert it. By breaking down the HUMAN SCALE, we should throw off the shackles of the standard, norm, convention, efficiency, and productivity in architecture. The real meaning of HUMAN-CENTRED design should be revived with the flexibility, adjustability, diversity, negotiability and without the discrimination, inequality. The ‘otherness’ from the HUMAN BODY – gender, races, ages - should be eliminated. WE NEED AN INCLUSIVENESS IN ARCHITEUCTURE FOR THE FUTURE. YUNKYUNG LEE.

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Appendices

Appendix A

Literature list Albrecht Durer (1528), "Man D." From the First Book of Vier Bucher von menschlicher Proportion, Nuremberg Beatriz Colomina and Mark Wigley (2016), Are We Human?, pp.148149,147,150 Bruno Latour (2008), A Cautious Prometheus? A Few Steps Toward a Philosophy of Design (with Special Attention to Peter Sloterdijk), pp.10 David Littlefield (2018), Metric Handbook; Planning and Design Data, pp.29 Dewey L. Boatmun (2010), Quantum World: The Wave Nature of Our Universe, pp.103 Diana Cristobal, Jessica Ngan, and Bart-Jan Polman (2016), Are we Human?, the 3rd Istanbul Design Biennial, http://arewehuman.iksv.org/ exhibition/are-we-normal/ DINED (2004), the Dutch anthropometric database, https://dined. io.tudelft.nl/en/database/tool DutchNews (May29, 2018), “The Dutch are becoming more diverse: One in five have at least one foreign parent”, https://www.dutchnews.nl/ news/2018/05/the-dutch-are-becoming-more-diverse-one-in-five-have-atleast-one-foreign-parent/ E. Panofsky (1970), The History of the Theory of Human as a Reflection of the History of Styles, Meaning in the Visual Arts, Peregrine Book, N.Y., pp.56-64 "Epidauros, Stadium (Building)" (May 10, 2017), http://www.perseus.tufts. edu. Ernst and Peter Neufert (1936), Architects’ Data, pp.1,265 Eunju Hwang (2016), National Archives of Korea, 1m의 길이를 정하다 [Deciding the length of 1meter] (in Korean), http://theme.archives.go.kr/ next/koreaOfRecord/metricSystem.do 44

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Appendices

Federica Buzzi (May 25, 2017),‘Human, All Too Human’: a Critique on the Modulor, Failed Architecture, Failed Architecture, https:// failedarchitecture.com/human-all-too-human-a-critique-on-the-modulor/

National Law Information Center (2018), Reliable Ministry of Government Legislation Contruction Law No.15992 (in Korean), http://www.law.go.kr/ LSW/eng/engMain.do

Follower of Leonardo da Vinci. Figure Proportioned according to L. B. Alberti's "Exempeda." Drawing in the Codes Vallardi. Phot. Giraudon, No. 260

Oswald Ashton Wentworth Dilke (May 22, 1987). Mathematics and measurement. University of California Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-52006072-2. Retrieved February 2, 2012.

Hall, Edward T. (1966), The Hidden Dimension, Anchor Books, pp.113129, ISBN 978-0-385-08476-5

“proxemics”, Dictionary.com, Retrieved November 14, 2015.

Henry Dreyfuss (1993), The Measure of Man and Woman, pp.8-9,11 Herodotus; Rawlinson, George (May 14, 1861). "History of Herodotus : a new English version". New York D. Appleton – via Internet Archive. Hugh Aldersey-Williams (2014), Anatomies: A Cultural History of the Human Body, pp.25,28 Imprime Par Ordre De L’Assemble Nationale (March 19, 1791), Rapport sur le choix d'une unité de mesure, lu à l'Académie des sciences, (in French). Gallica.bnf.fr. 15 October 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2013. Jacob de Gelder (1824). Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst [Introduction to Numeracy] (in Dutch). 's-Gravenhage (The Hague) and Amsterdam: de Gebroeders van Cleef. pp. 163–176. Retrieved March 2, 2011. Jacob Field (2018), Is Capitalism Working?; A Primer For the 21st Century, pp.8-49 Joseph Needham (1962), The metre was in fact defined as one tenmillionth of one-quarter of the earth's circumference at sea-level.', Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge University Press, vol.4, pt.1, p.42. JungAng Ilbo (January 18, 2017), Average height for men and women by country, https://news.joins.com/article/21139118

Reinier de Graaf (October 30, 2017), Neufert: The Exceptional Pursuit of the Norm, Archdaily, https://www.archdaily.com/881889/neufert-theexceptional-pursuit-of-the-norm Rosemarie Garland Thomson (1997), Extraordinary Bodies: Figuring Physical Disability in American Culture and Literature, pp.60 Size Korea (2015), the Korean anthropometric database, 7th, https:// sizekorea.kr/measurement-data/body Stephen Burke (2016), Placemaking And the Human Scale City Teacher Law (November 2013), Majority Rule and Minotiry Rights, https:// www.law-teacher.net/free-law-eaasys/administrative-law/majority-ruleand-minority-rights-administrative-law-essay.php?verf=1 Warren. W. H. (1987), Perceiving Affordances: Visual Guidance of Stairclimbing, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10., pp.683-703 We Young (2017), National Archives of Korea, 역사를 읽는 척 이야기 [The Story of Chuck To Read The History] (in Korean), pp.64. Young-Keun Oh and Do-Keun Yoon (1997), A Study on the Proportion and Scale of Human Body, pp.3

Mark. L. S. (1987), Eyeheight-scaled Information about Affordances: A study of sitting and stair-climbing, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 13., pp.361-370 Matt Anticole (2016), Why the metric system matters, TED-ed,https:// ed.ted.com/lessons/why-the-metric-system-matters-matt-anticole#watch

Ministrerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties(2012), Integrale tekst van het Bowbesluit (in Dutch) zoals dit luidt met ingang van 1 juli 2013, Hoodfstuk4. Technische bouwvoorschriften uit het oogpunt van bruikbaarheid, Afdeling 4.1. Artikel 4.3., Afdeling 4.2. Artikel 4.11., Afdeling 4.3. Artikel 4.19.

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Appendices

Appendix B

List of figures Fig.1 Anthropometric study, early 1900s, Anthropometric Study. Web. Viewed 5 May 2013. http://thesciencebookstore. com/2013/01/history-of-flatness-is-therea-flat-future-of-knowledge/#more-3609 ➔ p.5 Fig.2 the average height of men and women by country 2016 ➔ p.6 Fig.3 the bathroom at my home ➔ p.7 Fig.4 the definition of average from Metric Handbook ➔ p.8 Fig.5 the diagram for the research methodology ➔ p.8 Fig.6 The development of the Egyptian grid system ➔ p.11 Fig.7 The Vitruvian Man, Leonardo da Vinci, 1490 ➔ p.12 Fig.8 the drawing based on Exempeda ➔ p.13

Fig.11 the basic human body type of Henry Dreyfuss ➔ p.16

Fig.22 5th January 2019, the mirror at my home in Den Haag. ➔ p.30

Fig.12 the basic human body type of Henry Dreyfuss ➔ p.17

Fig.23 2nd January 2019, the mirror at café Filtro in Den Haag. ➔ p.30

Fig.13 the chronological map of the alteration of the human scale ➔ p.18-19

Fig.24 the Dutch guy in front of the mirror. ➔ p.30

Fig.14 the units of measure based on the human body ➔ p.21

Fig.25,26 8th January 2019, the toilet at my home in Den Haag ➔ p.31

Fig.27 2nd January 2019, the toilet in the café Filtro in Den Haag.➔ p.31

Fig.16 the variety of the length of foot unit in the Netherlands. ➔ p.22 Fig.17,18 the documentation of Hwangjong Chuck ➔ p.23

Fig.35 the diagram of proxemics ➔ p.36 Fig.36 the virtual scenario of my experiences and analysis. ➔ p.38-39

Fig.28 the door at my home in Den Haag. ➔ p.32 Fig.29,30 the king and the queen of the Netherlands visited Seoul in 2014. ➔ p.32 Fig.31 the maximum limits of climbing the stair. ➔ p.33

Fig.19 Korean units of measurements. ➔ p.23

Fig.32 the maximum height of the stair and the sear from Warren’s experiment. ➔ p.33

Fig.20 the chronological table of the measurement system.➔ p.26-27

Fig.33 the entertainment show in South Korea 2018. ➔ p.34

Fig.21 the average height group in the Netherlands and South Korea.➔ p.29

Fig.34 the parade at the prince’s day in 2018. ➔ p.35

Fig.9 Durer’s drawing ➔ p.13 Fig.10 the Neufert’s basic human figure ➔ p.14

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Appendices

Appendix C

Reference Works

SVIZZERA 240; Swiss Pavillion, Venice Biennale 2018

Bosshard, the designer of Sivizzera said that we are living in a standardized atmosphere and no one makes the question about why the walls are white or cooktop of the kitchen should be a certain height. By scaling up or scaling down fittings designed to fade into the background, they hope to bring them into conversation. A new sequence of rooms, alternating between scales, has been inserted within the pavilion building. 50

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Appendices

Couple under an Umbrella, Ron Mueck. Those works are related to the object that we can see in our dailylives, but with an irregular scale. The objects are scaled up or scaled down. The different size of normalized object arouses the viewer's awkwardness. In the same way, I can imagine what if the space that we inhabit would be differentiated.

Untitled, Maurizio Cattelan.

Traditional Dutch Shoes, Zaanse Schanse 52

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Appendices

Janus, Anne&Patrik Poirer. (2018)

De Ladder, Armando. (1990) For the Poiriers, Greek and Roman antiquity are an important starting point for their research. At that time memory was often represented as a building with rooms in which images and memories are stored. The artists also see their designs as metaphors for these 'mental' buildings. Now as an archaeologist, sometimes as an architect, they build on ruins of the past, the present and the future. Or are they utopias trying to escape the tyranny of time?

After half a century of cooperation and coexistence, they have now reached a point where they 'confuse the real travels with the journeys in our memory or the journeys through our works.' Dreams, memories, landscapes, cities, houses mingle with each other, accumulate but have also been diluted over time: "We are now the archaeologists of our own lives ..." The more than man-sized shiny white Janus is a beautiful example of this and gives the viewer a glimpse of and in the minds of Anne & Patrick Poirier.

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Appendices

Powerless Structures, Elmgreen and Dragset

The Whitechaple Pool, Elmgreen and Dragset. Working together since 1995, artist duo Michael Elmgreen (b. 1961, Denmark) and Ingar Dragset (b. 1969, Norway) produce beguiling spatial scenarios that explore social and sexual politics and unveil the power structures embedded in the everyday designs that surround us. In their uncanny installations, institutional spaces are transformed into metaphors for individual desires and collective identities with subversive wit and tongue-in-cheek melancholy.

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Appendices

49 Rooms, Kyuchul Ahn.

The Room without Floor,

Rooms for Others,

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Appendices

Return to Default, Moreno Schweikle and Janne Schimmel reinventing archetypal objects that are often ignored in daily life by modifying and stretching the shape of it.

Same-Height Party

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Donna Segno Arte - Uomo Segno Arte, Michelangelo Pistoletto. (1962-2008), prints on stainless-steel mirrors.

Appendices

Michelangelo Pistoletto reproduces life-size photos of human figures onto whisper-thin silk paper. The artist places these enlarged silhouettes atop a rectangular mirror made from stainless steel. Here we see two nude figures from behind. Their pose is reminiscent of Leonardo da Vinci's (1452-1519) world-renowned drawing of the Vitruvian Man (circa 1490). You, the viewer, are looking at their backs and over their shoulders towards whatever is holding their gaze. The role of the spectator is fundamental to this piece.

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Reglement, Jerome Touron. (2014), wood,metal, tape and paper.

Appendices

In total, this work by Jerome Touron includes 117 rulers made by the artist himself, of varying lengths and materials such as wood, cardboard and metal. When viewed up close, however, several of the measuring instruments are rather useless. The work seems to refer to the human urge to measure and quantify the world around us. We attempt to gain control of things by applying numbers to them, even if these are not necessarily the 'truth'.

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Appendices

L'homme, mesures de toutes choses, Thomas Carpentier. (2012) Thomas Carpentier’s graduation project at ESA questions the normatization of the human body proportions introduced by early Modernist Architectural manuals such as Neufert‘s, or the “Architectural Graphic Standards” or by the anthropometric scale of proportion devised by Le Corbusier with the name of Modulor.

The ambition of identifing an idealized human proportion was the alleged basis upon which building a new rational and sanitized architecture, but the mere concept of finding a norm out of an ideal body is in fact paradoxical and even discriminatory. Despite that, the Neufert’s manual easily encountered a widespread success, and the standardization today involves not only the human anatomy but also men’s behaviour. 67

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Appendices

Breaking Down The Human Scale.

Yunkyung Lee

from South Korea based on the Netherlands. recently studying at the master Interior and Arcitecture - INSIDE-, Royal Academy of Art, The HagueKoninklijke Academie van Beeldende Kunsten Den Haag (KABK). This publication was made for the thesis of the graduation project at the master Interior and Architecture department in the Royal Academy of Art, The Hague in 2019. All the copyrights at Yunkyung Lee. This thesis is guided by the tutors, Anne Hoogewoning (writing) Gerjan Streng from BRIGHT(research) Aser Gimenez Ortega from MVRDV(design) published at 7th March 2019