workbook iurii goncharenko
urban design for coexistence, sĂŁo paulo, brazil
of space and time
cooperative space, ownership and responsibility
Urban Design for Coexistence, SĂŁo Paulo, Brazil. Schindler Global Award 2017 Workbook University of Liechtenstein Institute of Architecture and Planning Design Studio Staub | Papathanasiou Master of Architecture | WS 16/17
DESIGN STUDIO STAUB : TRANSFORMING THE URBAN CORE
WORKBOOK
TRANSFORMING THE URBAN CORE
CONTENT
RESEARCH
7
| map analysis
9
19
| formation of walls and segregation
| conclusion
23
SEMINAR WEEK
29
| theater of changes
31
CONCEPT
37
| catalog of spaces
41
| time
45
| polycentric city
51
VISION DEVELOPMENT
53
SUBMISSION MATERIALS
75
SOURCES
81
83
| bibliography
85
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DESIGN STUDIO STAUB : TRANSFORMING THE URBAN CORE
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RESEARCH | MAP ANALYSIS | FORMATION OF WALLS AND SEGREGATION | CONCLUSION
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DESIGN STUDIO STAUB : TRANSFORMING THE URBAN CORE
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX Above 1.800 (Europe) 0.651 - 0.799 (East Asia) 0.501 - 0.650 (India) Below 0.501 (Africa)
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX IN PROPORTION 3.46 %
Left Map of human development
10.07 %
index in SaoPaulo source: www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/ in/Sao-Paulo
55.38 %
31.10 %
QUALITY OF LIFE IN SAO PAULO
Purchasing Power Index Safety Index Health Care Index Purchasing Power Index Cost of Living Index Property Price to Income Ratio
TrafďŹ c Commute Time Index Pollution Index Quality of Life Index
43.60 (Very low) 27.14 (Low)
55.45 (Average) 87.34 (Very high) 53.94 (Low) 19.01 (Very high) 46.52 (High) 88.29 (Very high) 84.94 (Average)
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DESIGN STUDIO STAUB : TRANSFORMING THE URBAN CORE
HOMICIDE RATE PER 100.000 Safety areas
1 - 10
Relatively safety areas
1 - 15
Relatively unsafety areas Unsafety areas
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15 -20 > 20
CRIME RATE & TYPES
Left Map of homoicide rate in SaoPaulo
Level of crime
86.74
Crime increasing in the past 3 years
77.21
Worries home broken and things stole
66.14
Worries being mugged or robbed
83.84
Worries car stolen
76.99
Worries attacked
62.50
Worries being insulted
43.40
Crimes because of ethnic origin or religion
24.53
Problem people using or dealing drugs
source: www.numbeo.com/crime/in/SaoPaulo 292)
77.89
Problem property crimes such as vandalism
81.43
Problem violent crimes
88.14
Problem corruption and bribery
92.92
0
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1980
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1985
35.3
1990
44.1
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Favelas WORKBOOK
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EXPLICATION CEAGESP
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Closed public spaces
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DESIGN STUDIO STAUB : TRANSFORMING THE URBAN CORE
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Postindustri
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Left Map of Public and private spaces
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EXPLICATION CEAGESP
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Closed public spaces
> 20
Vacant land
1 - 15
Green networck
> 20
Railway track ďŹ eld
15 -20
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Walls and fences WORKBOOK
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EXPLICATION CEAGESP
1 - 10
Closed public spaces
> 20
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SEGREGATION
Left Map of walls and fences
Community safety is fundamental to the development of countries, cities and communities. Citizens have a right to live in a safe environment. In this respect awareness has grown in recent years that countries will never be socially advanced and economically prosperous unless governments can protect and ensure the safety of their own citizens. Sao Paulo has turned into a city where large sections of the population live in a state of paranoid fear, fixated on issues of personal safety and protection from crime by constructing of walls and security measures. These walls and gates act not only as physical barriers but also as psychological signposts, indicating that different groups within society must protect themselves from one another.
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DESIGN STUDIO STAUB : TRANSFORMING THE URBAN CORE
-Transit area ( Streets, transport) -Municipal Parks & squars -Entertainment areas
Open public area
-Resedentual areas -Office buildings -States buildings -Entertainment areas
Closed public area
|WALLS|
-Resedentual areas -Resedentual areas -Enclaves -Office buildings -Villages -Small entrepreneurs -Industrial parks -States building -Small public areas -Buisness parks
Gated community
|WALLS|
PUBLIC AREA
Privat\State area
|WALLS|
|WALLS|
PRIVAT\STATE AREA
São Paulo
|WALLS| Mental walls -Stereotypes -Fear -Мistrust
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Physical walls -Walls\Fences -Gates -Security systems
Social walls -Education -Life style -Fasion
Favelas
FORMATION OF WALLS
Left Diagram of social segregation
The reality of security is mathematical, based on the probability of different risks and the effectiveness of different countermeasures. However, security is also a feeling based on one psychological reactions to both risks and countermeasures. In recent years, in Brazil, different strategies and interventions, policies and laws, have been adopted by public authorities and citizens for securing private and public spaces in order to cope with crime and the sense of insecurity. The control of accesses through spatial segregation (e.g. gated communities), the installation of cameras, closed-circuit television systems and other devices of crime prevention via environmental design, ad hoc policies and the claim of the “state of emergency� are just some examples that are meant to supposedly increase the perception of safety or diminished social anxiety in relation to crime. Social integration depends on breaking this circle of fear, division and loss of community which in turn depends on mitigating the trap of spatial segregation and on striking a new urban and architectural balance between exclusion and inclusion.
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Living Space
Helicopters Drones
Robotic Farming Self-Employed
Pedestrians Segways Bicycle
Distant Education
SOCIETY OF OPERATORS AND IT-ENGINEERS
NEW MOBILITY FRAMEWORK
Underground Street Network for Private and Shares Cars
Automated Goods Manufacturing
Web Market
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Working Space
TRAFFIC FREE PUBLIC SPACE
variety of Services and Retail
Subway
Entertainment Services
b
S
W
LO
Jo
Acces to the river Transport infrustructure Industrial hab History University of Sao Paulo Park zone Diversity of social grops Diversity of building typology Landscape diversity
STRENGTHS
OPPORTUNITIES mixed-use public space transformable public space sustainable living and working space new multilayer mobility framework revitalisation of existing buildings reusing materials behavior model based on sharing
Lack of green zones Monofunktion of the side Low densiy Lack of intertainment of the side Inaccesibility Socil segrigation Disconection with nearby areas Negative river condition for public use
WEAKNESSES
THREATS xxx
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Pedestrians Segways Bicycle
Distant education
Working space
DESIGN STUDIO STAUB : TRANSFORMING THE URBAN CORE TECHNOCRATIC NEW MOBILITY COMUNITY FRAMEWORK
TRAFFIC FREE PUBLIC SPACE
Underground street network for self-driving vehicles
Automated goods manufacturing
Variety of services and retail Entertainment services
Subway
Web market
E PL O PE tor E c M se CO ice IN erv lity s ua ing W LO s in eq ous b l h Jo cia d So are Sh
E
PL
H
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s O ent g E P tm sin s E s M ve ou ffice H O n O I C
IN
Hi
M ID g W h DL Ho ork ly q E I us sp ua NC in ac lifi O g e ed ME jo P bs EO
PL E
CREATIVE ECONOMY
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ST U W La o DE bo rk NT D rat sho S or or p m ie s ito s ry
PEOPLE AND POPULATION
Left Diagram of social strategy
The project site adjoins different areas, which are inhabited and used by different classes: favelas, middle and high-class living areas and the University of SĂŁo Paulo on the other side of the river. We do not want to concentrate attention only on one particular target group to avoid social segregation. This area will be attractive to a broad number of people as the project includes all verity of services and facilities. Housing from shared housing to private apartments, working spaces from co-working to office spaces and laboratories for students. The Brazilian population will have its high in 2050, with about 238.3 million people according to current forecasts.f The average density in the district of Vila Leopoldina is about 4,800 people per km2, in the district Lapa around 6,000 people per km2. Because of the future population growth in SĂŁo Paulo, we calculated following densities by years for Vila Leopoldina according to the forcast data: + 2017: 4,800 people per km2 + 2019: 5,500 people per km2 + 2025: 12,000 people per km2 + 2050: 15,000 people per km2
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VILA RIBEIRO DE BARROS VILA LEOPOLDINA
CREATIVE ECONOMY 3.5 km
INDUSTRIAL AUTONOMISTAS
1.
9
JAGUARE
2.9 km
UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO
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km
PARK VILLA LOBOS
IMMEDIATE NEIGBORHOOD
Left Map of immediate
Vila Leopoldina earned a high standard of living in the past few years.
neighborhood
We continue the landscape transformation of old industrial sheds into a popular neighborhood for the new residents. The district got well-known for its industrial warehouses. Good services and high standard properties attracts families to live there Those activities and attractions are included in our concept to use them as a starting point. The idea is to adapt them and create stronger connection of the plot with the surrounding. The Vila Lobos Park, the University of SĂŁo Paulo, as well as business and shopping center (Industrial Autonomistas) are involved in our proposal. The highway and railway along the river will be partially underground to eliminate the border and to create access to a clean river in the future.
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SEMINAR WEEK | THEATER OF CHANGES
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THEATRE OF CHANGE Sao Paulo is a city of segregation. Most of the city is behind a barrier or a wall and is therefore not visible. People are hiding their property and bar out the rest of the city because of fear, theft and crime. Parasitic architecture calls attention and is showing something new and different. We decided to use this impertinent architecture to be conspicuous. It is also kind of a reflection of the favela to bring it to another level and to bring different classes of society together. Scaffold is used for the supporting construction not only to realise it at a very low price but also to show is something temporary and relating to a construction site to point out, that something will happen. The installation will be build while the CEAGESP market is still there and will stay there until something new happens at this point to make the transition of the place visible. The current use, the change of this area and the new development is the main attraction for our theatre.
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Down Diagram of “SEED” stages
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Left Section of “SEED” Right “SEED”zoom-in
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view hammock
bar seating table games
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CONCEPT
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2017
2019
CONCEPT São Paulo is an engine of one of the fastest growing economic countries in the world and the most economically developing city in South America. This situation has engendered a rise in population. However, there will also be an increase in the city’s already existing traffic problem. New strategies in sharing, working, housing, and mobility reveal how existing and emerging problems can be solved in a growing city like São Paulo. Our vision is based on recent trends that confirm a opportunity to provide flexibility to São Paulo’s economy. In present-day São Paulo, the urban development
2025
approach has to change to become more sensitive. The top-down urban planning approach cannot deal with the fast changes in mobility, technology, and society. A variety of short-term and stepby-step interventions can provide solutions for people’s needs and address greater issues (such as public spaces, green spaces, long commuting times, and traffic issues). Solving these problems can involve existing structures while simultaneously avoiding the creation of new borders and segregation. The starting point of this project is dealing with commute time. Paulistanos spend on average one month per year in a private or public transportation vehicle.a By proposing area for flexible and shared working spaces where
2050
people can also live, this will shorten average commuting times. In addition, the design proposal also calls for an new regional public transportation mode to provide residents with a variety of options in commuting alternatives. A set of small interventions with flexible structures will transform the site over time into a hyper mixed urban structure.
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NM
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Right
CO-WORKING AND CO-LIVING
Co-Living and Co-Working Catalogue
The project defines a new way of working spaces, shared spaces, and mixed spaces. People will work next to where they live, so they do not have to spend several hours commuting. These range of working and living spaces will offer variety of interiors and facilities for different professions and students. There are office like working spaces, for professions who just need a computer. Printers and plotters can used by everyone, as well as tea kitchens / cafeterias, and other facilities. This concept also provides workshops and other facilities for different professions. This makes it also easier for interdisciplinary projects to share the same facilities during these kinds of projects. With our project, people will not only have more time, because they don’t have to commute, they also will mix with a lot of other people from other companies, professions and social classes.
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small apartments (1-5 years) 48 m2
big apartments (1-10 years) 80 m2
co-living (1-5 years) 12 m2
hostel
(1 day -10 years) 3 m2
group-co-working (1-6 month) 25 m2
office spcae (1/2-3 month) 100 m2 co-working
(1 week - 1 month) 12 m2
co-working
(1 day - 1 week) 6 m2
work-to-go
(several hours) 2 m2
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Right
PUBLIC SPACES
Public Spaces and Transporation Modes
ÂŤA public space refers to an area or place that is open and accessible
Catalogue
to all peoples, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, age, or socioeconomic level.Âťg Like other considerations, public spaces will start with big and small scale interventions to create spaces for people which could be transformed by them according to their needs.
TRANSPORTATION MODES Developing countries like Brazil will be a testing ground for future transportation systems. Traveling on long distances between cities is converting more and more to rail-based transportation modes like Hyperloop. In the future, in-city distances will be traveled with shared self-driving pods of different sizes, from one-seaters to small buses. An interconnected public transportation system with metro, monorails, and railways will also cover in-city transportation as well as Helicopters and self-flying pods. Short distances will be covered mainly by foot and non-motorised vehicles.
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Right
TIME
Activity Timeline
There are different ways in how time could be seen. Time is somehow endless, straight forward, and in the same way an endless loop. Such a loop can have a different length like a day, a month, a year, or even a century. Each loop has its own temporality. Also, interventions and structures can have a different degree of tremporality. Our intention is to start with several small interventions to bring awareness and activity to this area. By always adding such interventions, while changing them temporarily, this area will constantly grow and develop, first from our starting points, then, later on its own. We believe that the overlapping of public spaces, work, and living with over time, create new forms of living and urbanity.
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SPORTS
NIGHTLIFE SHOPPING
MARKET
HOME
EDUCATION
WORKING
EATING ENTERTAINMENT
scenario 1: working people during week scenario 2: student scenario 3: on the weekend
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2017
2019
PUBLIC SPACE
SEED
2025
WORK | PUBLIC SPCAE OVERLAPS
2018
PUBLIC SPACE
LIVING
LIVING SPACE
LIVING | WORK OVERLAPS
VISION
WORK
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time
is somehow endless, straight forwardm and in the same way an endless loop. Such a loop can have a different length like a day, a month, a year, or even a century. Each loop has its own temporality
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PUBLIC LIBRARY
MOVIE SCREENING
OFFICE SPACE
STAGE
SEATING AREAS
SEED MARKET MOVES
PRODUCTION START
CEAGESP
10
2017
2050
PUBLIC SPACE | WORK
HYPER MIXED
LIVING | WORK
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WORK LIVING
amount of people
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2018
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BRASILIA
75 MIN
HYPERLOOP 2 HOURS
With Hyperloop, São Paulo’s neighbor cities will come much closer in the meaning of time.
30 MIN
SÃO PAULO
20 MIN
RIO DE JANEIRO
The radial transportation system forces one to drive to the city center first before reaching another city district.
TRAFFIC
Lack of a developed public transportation system let people switch to private cars. The result is huge traffic.
LIVING SPACE
WORKING SPACE STRATEGY
Bringing co-working and co-living spaces together will solves the commute issue.
The average commuting time in São Paulo is about 2 hours.
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COMMUTE TIME
Left Diagram of commute time
Commute time is a big issue in São Paulo. According to the Urban Mobility survey, some Paulistanos spend one month per year, or 2.4 hours per day, in traffic. These people are away from their families for around thirteen hours per day, and spend all of their freetime in traffic. More and more people are entering a new middle-class (defined by an income between $586 and $2500). These people are able to buy a car to avoid the undeveloped public transportation system, and most of them are doing so.1 However, this causes even more traffic on the already overloaded roads. In 2014, there were already more than 8.5 million motorised vehicles on São Paulo’s streets.c One-third of the participants of the Urban Mobility survey changed their commute behavior in the last five years: 67% from public to private transportation, and only 24% the other way around.
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Right
POLYCENTRIC CITY
Map of polycentric city
SĂŁo Paulo is a city with several centralities and they are defined by its social characteristics, industry, or finance. The interconnectivity of centers is what makes the network of a polycentric city. Therefore, mobility net is a skeleton of any city with the benefit of multinodal urban fabric as the gain in transit efficiencies. The existing radial transportation system do not correlate with the polycentric concept. One aim of our concept is to create a center with a new model of social relationship in Vila Leopoldina and connect this area with new mobility modes to the rest of the city to make the site a part of this polycentric network.
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barra FUNDA funda BARRA + Art galleries + Live music venues + Nightlife + Artis studio culture
campo de marte airport Commercial + military airport
são paulo-guarulhos
International Airport Passenger + commercial airport
main northern gateway
Entry route from Campinas and connection with Viracopos Airport, the second busiest cargo airport in the country, via Rodovia dos Bandeirantes.
main eastern gateway
Entry route connection with São Jose dos Campos and Ro de Janeiro via Rodovia Presidente Dutra.
main western gateway
Entry route from Ourinhos and the Northwest part of the Sate of Paraná via Rodovia Presidente Castelo Branco.
project site
centro
vila medalenda / pinheiros + Residential neighborhoods + Eat and dring hotspot
bela vista + Skyscraper typology built form +Street musicians + Street art vendors + Entertainment scene + Nightlife + Semi-gentrified
congonhas-são paulo airport
Commercial airport
+ Historic heart + Decayed build form + Predestrianised streets + Heritage churches + Neoclassical + art devo architecture + Alternative + business culture adjacent + Underground bars + Multicultural opan-air markets
liberdade + Immigrant deversity + Janaese restaurants + Chinese markets + Narrow hilly streets
main southern gateway
Entry route from Cantos, the major seaport, via Rodovia dos Imigrantes.
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VISION DEVELOPMENT
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cptm station
«Imperatriz Leopoldina»
metro line
Projected in 2016
cptm station
monorail
«Presidente Altino»
Line B
new transportation hub CPTM Railway Monorail Line A & B Bus Lines
new bicycle lanes
cptm station
«Villa Lobos- Jaguaré»
existing bicycle lanes monorail
Line A
commute time
mobility concept
istanos spend one month
per year in traffic.
One bus can hold ten times more people than a
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car, with a minimum of space on the street.
MOBILITY
Left Map of transportation
Expending of the bicycling network and the separation from the roads will make bicycling more attractive for people. In addition, new bus lines and lanes will connect the market area with the neighborhood and the city. Throughout the site, a streetscape with sideways, bicycle lanes, bus lanes will emerge. Transportation system will be focused on non-montorised transportation mode for short distances and public transportation modes for traveling longer distances. For instance a bus can hold ten times more people than a car, with a minimal use of space on the street. This transpiration concept will reduce traffic and will be more save for people to move through the city. Two monorail lines will make transportation system more flexible and give residents more option. Both lines will cover a large area connect important transportation nodes. These two lines intersect at the new transportation hub with the existing CPTM train and bus lines. A trend towards autonomous driving vehicles will allow to clean the streetscape from traffic lights in the future.
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2025
+ co-working
to «lapa»
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2017
+ first intervention
+ co-living
2019
+ semi-public space
+ co-working areas
buslines 178t-10 917h-10 957t-10 6262-10 6262-21 7282-10 8038-10 8047-41 8060-10
red bus
n832-11 n833-11
public park
bicycle lane
public stripe Access to the River (after cleanup until 2050)
monorail
tunnels
Line A
29.8 million motorised
43.5 million
Higway Railway
trips per day 2012
monorail
to «
ind
us tria la ut on
om
ist as »
Line B
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2050
+ transportation hub + co-working + co-living + semi-public spaces + public spaces
THE STRATEGIC PLAN
Left Strategic plan
A strategic plan is a new tool in urban planning to give more flexibility to the site and to create an urban environment according to people’s need. In our case, it is an x-ray plan through time. The plan shows how the plot could develop with changing footprints of buildings, roads, and mobility in the next 33 years. It also indicates the location of our four defined interventions in 2017, 2019, 2025, and 2050
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2017
Left “SNAPSHOT 2017”
Population
8’900
Average age
32.1 years
Labor (15-65y)
68.8%
Density
4’800 people per sqkm
In 2017, the wholesale market is still operating in Vila Leopoldina. Our first intervention occupies the CEAGESP clock tower as a platform for public negotiation. A long path built out of scaffolding leads to different observation points, which overlooks the area from different levels on the path. The platform has a good view over the wholesale market and the whole project site. This Intervention will stay throughout the relocation of the market to make people aware and show them that something new is coming in this spot. Public interventions, such as a library, a cinema, or a stage, will appear over the next few years and provide activities and events for the public.
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Right Blow-up diagram of “SNAPSHOT 2017”
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2017
Public interventions, such as a library, a cinema, or a stage, will appear over the next few years and provide activities and events for the public.
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2019
Left “SNAPSHOT 2019”
Population
10’270
Average age
32.8 years
Labor (15-65y)
68.7%
Density
5’500 people per sqkm
In 2019, in the main pavilion, a temporary steel formwork construction will provide a variety of co-working and office spaces. They will be built in workshops after the market moves out. Such workshops will be located next to the main pavilion. The ground floor and the space in front of the pavilion will be public and can be used for sport facilities, events, or leisure time. New bus lines will be implemented to connect the old marked plot with the neighborhood and the existing transportation system.
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Right Blow-up diagram of “SNAPSHOT 2019”
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2019
A temporary steel formwork construction will provide a variety of co-working and office spaces in the main pavilion.
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2025
Left “SNAPSHOT 2025”
Population
22’400
Average age
35.0 years
Labor (15-65y)
68.4%
Density
12’000 people per sqkm
In 2025, the existing buildings will be converted and extended. Housing will emerge next to working and public spaces in a variety of forms, from staying for one night to several month or years (➔ booklet p.11). The biggest part of the housing will consist of co-living with shared common rooms as well as shared kitchen and bathrooms. Working, living, public, and semi-public spaces will start to overlap. New streets, bus lanes, and bicycling lanes will create a new kind of urbanity. This intervention is an example of how the existing buildings can be transformed into working, housing, and public spaces.
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Right Blow-up diagram of “SNAPSHOT 2025”
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2025
Housing will emerge next to working and public spaces in a variety of forms, from staying for one night to several month or years.
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2050
Left “SNAPSHOT 2050”
Population
8’900
Average age
32.1 years
Labor (15-65y)
68.8%
Density
4’800 people per sqkm
In 2017, the wholesale market is still operating in Vila Leopoldina. Our first intervention occupies the CEAGESP clock tower as a platform for public negotiation. A long path built out of scaffolding leads to different observation points, which overlooks the area from different levels on the path. The platform has a good view over the wholesale market and the whole project site. This Intervention will stay throughout the relocation of the market to make people aware and show them that something new is coming in this spot. Public interventions, such as a library, a cinema, or a stage, will appear over the next few years and provide activities and events for the public. Population
28’000
Average age
42.2 years
Labor (15-65y)
62.6%
Density
15’000 people per sqkm
In 2050, density will have increased and new monorail lines will add a new layer to the existing public transportation system. These lines will intersect at a new transportation hub, with CPTM railway lines, bus lines, a highway, and a self-driving pod station. Next to this transportation hub, public, working, and living spaces will appear interwoven with each other. This is our vision of how the project site can be developed until 2050.
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Right Blow-up diagram of “SNAPSHOT 2050”
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2050
Density will have increased and new monorail lines will add a new layer to the existing public transportation system.
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DESIGN STUDIO STAUB : TRANSFORMING THE URBAN CORE
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SUBMISSION MATERIALS
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DESIGN STUDIO STAUB : TRANSFORMING THE URBAN CORE
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SOURCES | PINTEREST | BIBLIOGRAPHY
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DESIGN STUDIO STAUB : TRANSFORMING THE URBAN CORE
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DESIGN STUDIO STAUB : TRANSFORMING THE URBAN CORE
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BIBLIOGRPHY Bevins, Vincent. “The Sao Paulo Commute: Walk, Bus, Train, Train, Train, Bus, Walk. Repeat.” Los Angeles Times, March 13, 2015. http:// www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-c1-ff-brazil-megacity-commute20150313-story.html. Christ, Emanuel, Christoph Gantenbein, Victoria Easton, André Lortie, Cloé Gattigo, Anupan Bansal, Thomas Maloutas, Rafael Moneo, and Nadia Somekh. Typology: Paris, Delhi, São Paulo, Athens. Review No. III. 1st ed. Zürich: Park Books, 2015. Exposition internationale d’architecture, Bose, S., Self, J., & Williams, F. (2016). Home economics: five new models for domestic life : British pavilion, Venice architecture biennale 2016. London: The spaces : REAL. Goldman, Jeremy. “6 Reasons Why 2016 Will Be the Year of CoWorking.” Inc.com, December 7, 2015. http://www.inc.com/jeremygoldman/6-reasons-why-2016-will-be-the-year-of-coworking.html. Koolhaas, Rem. “Typical Plan.” In S M L XL: Secon Edition, 2nd ed. New York, N.Y.: Monacelli, 1997. Orlandi, Diego. “Coworking in Brazil,” May 23, 2013. http://www. deskmag.com/en/coworking-spaces-in-brazil-sao-paulo-812. “Sitterwerk,” September 15, 2015. http://www.sitterwerk.ch/en/ sitterwerk.html, http://www.sitterwerk.ch/en/sitterwerk.html.
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