-122-
"Patik sekalian sembilan orang ini semuanya patut jadi Bendahara, barang siapa yang duli Yang Dipertuan itulah jadi Bendahara. "217 "The nine of us here are aIl wor thy to become BendaDara, whosoever is desired by the Yang Dipertuan he shall become Bendahara." There is no need here to elaborate upon this p2ragraph any further, as the analysis is sufficient for the purpose set forth in this chapter.
In the next paragraph too, l will dwell only briefly
with the next word for the same reason. The ward hendaki is not found by itself.
It is formed to convey
a definite meaning only when the prefix meng- is attached to it: menghendaki, meaning reguiring, would reouire. Maka wuj端d Ta'ala dengan'alam berlainan pun tiada dan bersuatu pun tiada, kerana berlainannya dan bersuatu itu dua wuj端d mustaqil sendirinya. 2l8 Thus God's Being and that of Universe are neither the same nor different, for its identity or non-identity would reguire two entities existing With reference to the Divine Will as conceived according to linguistic consciausness couched within the word important are kehendak (hendak + prefix
217 218
sekehendak (hendak+
+ compound prefix Kehendak is a word meaning wish, !!!li, desire; and it
compound prefix ber + ke-).
the most
and berkehendak (hendak
Ibid., p. 225. p.
4.
-123-
1s not app11ed to animaIs un1ess metaphor1ca1ly (the to the other two words in this category).
applies
The fact that it is
not applicable to animaIs in the real sense is because linguist1ca11y it is conceived that there is in man a power of willing which does not exist in animaIs - insofar as we are conscious of it.
In
t Dis modern pantun the word kehendak is applied in a genera1 way: Ruh jasmani beta serahkan Boleh dibuat sesuka hati Apa kehendak beta berikan Asa1 chinta dapat kutiti ••• 21 9 which 11terally translated 1s: My body's spirit l surrender [to you] [You] may do with it what you will Whatever [your] wish l will grant [you ] If only love['s path] l can traverse. The meaning of kehendak here is quite straightforward.
If Awang
were to say this to Salmah, then what is dominant in Awang's mind is the object of Salmah's wish or desire. what
is wanted (hendak).
Kehendak here means
Here are sorne examples from Malay
literature: (i)
"Apa kehendak tuanhamba sekalian pintalah pada kita: jikalau apa sekalipun tiada kita tahani."220 "Whatever your [or desire] aIl of you please ask from us: even if it be anything vIe will not refuse [or reject or denyJ."
219
Kesusasteraan Indonesia III, p.
220
Sejarah Melayu, p. 213.
65.
-124-
Rere kehendak conveys an exact meaning as contained in the first Kehendak can also mean purpose:
example mentioned. (ii)
"Perahu dari mana datang ini dan siapa nama panglimanya, apa kehendak datang ini ?"221 "Boats [or ships] coming fram where are these and what is the n8.Qe of their commander, whatever is the purpose of this coming?"
literal1y:
Strange boats arehere approaching Me1aka.
The people sound the
alarm and make preparations for defense against what they think is an invasion. India.
The f1eet turns out to be a goodwi11 mission from
To the people of Melaka then, and to the Shanbandars who
directed the above question ta the strange vis1tors, the abject the purpose) not the subject was dominant in their minds.
But in
the ships and strangers) following case the
conceptual structure changes: (i11)
"Laksarnana tiada, itulah maka berani Rang Jebat me1akukan berat ringan barang kehendaknya dida1am istana Raja ini, kerana dilihatnya, tiada siapa yang melebih1 dia."222 "The Laksamana i5 absent, that 1s why Rang Jebat dares ta make heavy or l1ght whatever is his desire in this Raja's palace, for he sees that there 1s none who surpasses him [in rankJ."
In example (ii1) the subject 1s dominant in the minds of the people who say
of Rang Jebat, for he 1s conceived as the doer of what
he desires.
In t his sense tao is kehendak applied ta God.
221
Rikayat
TUah, p. 382.
222
Ibid., p. 310.
-125-
Dengan taqdIr Allah melakukan kehendakNya atas hambaNya ••• Ey the decree of God \Vho works His will upon His creatures •••
applies
in this way when he comments upon
the Quranic verse (16:93): Wa law sha'a'l-Lahu laja'alakum ummatan wahidatan walakin yudillu man yasha'u wa yahdI man yasha'u'. • Jika hendak menjadikan kamu ummat suatu, dapat, tetapi menyesatkan dengan kehendakNya, menunjukkan jalan yang betul dengan kehendlli{Nya.223 Had [He] wished to make you a single nation He could, but [He] causes one to err by His and [He] causes one to be guided on the right path by His will. And commenting upon the La
illa bi
he says it means: Tiada suatu zarrat jua pun melainkan dengan Allah jua. 224 Not one single atom moves except by God's i!iJ:1.. The word verbe The
with the compound prefix ber + ke becomes a
It belongs to the same category as kehendaki and hendakkan. denotes, in the case of abstract things, the idea of
having, possessing: 223
lIamzah Fan?ürI, p. 145.
224
Ibid., p. 199.
-126- ·
Orang itu tiada berilmu. That man
no knowledge.
or in the case of tangible things, it denotes the idea of itu berpakaian hitam. That man is [clothed] with a black dresse or the ber may denote a state of action: Dia datang berlari. He came [or cames] running. Berkehendak is a two-person relation word and is applicable in the non-metaphorical sense only ta human beings.
In the following
sentence berkehendak means to be in the state of desiring: Mereka sedang berkehendak. They are in the state of ,desiring [loving one anotherJ. lNhen applied to human beings, berkehendak suggests a mutual relationship.
It is nece ssary that two human beings are involved; and both
are dominant in the mind.
Applied in this way it implies a
horizontal relationship between the same level of being.
The
relationship is not conceived as mutual only wl::en a human being desires something abstract, as shown in this example: Maka jikalau kiranya raja-raja yang bijaksana dan yang bangsawan yang berkehendak kemenangan dunia alctlirat itu ••• 225
225 Hikayat Abdullah, p. 45.
127-
Thus if it is true that the Rajas who are wise and noble and who are desiring success in this world and the next ••• When berkehendak is applied to God, t he conceptual structure of a horizontal relationship between the same level of being changes. It becomes a vertical relationship, for the level of being is not the same, and the subject, God, is always dominant in the mind. In this manner, we find ?amzah
translating the Quranic
verse (36:82): Innama arnruhu idha arada shay'an an yaqüla lahu kun fa yakûnu. Bahwasanya titahNya, tatakala berkehendak kepada sesuatu, bahwa berkata baginya "jadi engkau:" - maka menjadi. 226 Verily rlis Command, when [He] is in the state of intending a thing, is that rITe] says to it "Be!" and it becomes. In the case of t he word hendak with the compound prefix se
ke (sekehendak), which always
the pronominal nya, the
meaning it conveys is that of unrestricted power.
A very important
distinction between the word sekehendak and the word hendak and its other derivatives should be made clear.
In the case of
and
its other derivatives, the concept of voluntary action arising out of knowledge and choice is quite clearly set forth.
But in the
case of sekehendak, though voluntary action is emphasized, yet it is implied that this action does not arise out of .knowledge and
226 ?amzah
p. 194.
-128-
choice.
The idea of knowledge and choice is absent.
is rather one th2t 1s spontaneous, capricious. but without wisdom.
The action
Power 1s emphasized,
The fol1owing quotation will illustrate what
l mean: Mak a adakah diluluskan Allah akan seorang mengambil harta seorang dengan tiada relanya? atau seorang mengambil anak isteri seorang dengan kekerasannya? - atau seorang membunuh akan seorang dengan tiada sebenarnya? - atau seorang membuat barang sekehendak hatinya atas hamba Allah sebab ia raja?227 Would [you think] that it be permitted [or tolerated] by God for one person to take the wealth of another without the other's consent? - or one person to take by force the wife and children of - or one person killing another without just cause? - or one persan doing whatever his heart desires upon a creature of Gad [simply] because he is king? These are the words of 'Abdu'l-Lâh who upon his return to Singapore from his voyage to Kelantan felt very much distressed at what he saw in Pahang and Kelantan.
In
the Rajas were then
fighting among themselves for the throBe.
'Abdu'l-LĂ h particularly
blamed the Rajas for their selfish attitude towards life.
Their
greed knew no bounds with respect to consideration for others, and in this respect their behaviour was incredibly capricious.
In this
l think the word sekehendak describes the character of one to whom it is applied and reveals its true meaning. 227
Hikayat Abdullah, pp. 155, 157.
-129-
(c)
Conceptual distinction between hendak and mahu In order to comprehend completely the meaning underlying the
word hendak, it is, l think, important that 1t should be compared and contrasted with another word whose meaning seems lingu1st1cally to be identical, but whose conceptual structure is def1nitely contrary to that of hendak , want,
This "Tord 1s mahu
wh1ch means
The general concept underlying
1s not -
as in the case of hendak - a sense of voluntary action arising out of knowledge and choice: what we calI will; on the contrary, the action, in
is not voluntary, although it may arise out of
knowledge of what is desired or wanted.
It i5 not voluntary
because what 1s wanted or not wanted in a propos ition.
Hence
1s always determ1ned by
implies not really wanting,
or
wishing; rather ĂŞLccepting or declining to accept, whether it be positive or negative as the case may be. but
It implies not
and even choice, as implied in mahu, is
determined.
This l shall demonstrate in the following analysis.
The field of application of the word maqg 1s restricted in the concrete seuse only to human beings and animaIs - that is, like hendak, to the animate.
Whenever it is applied to inanimate things,
t hen its meanings are metaphorical.
We say:
Kuching i tu tidak !!illh!! makan , That cat does not
to eat.
-130-
It Ls presup posed t.ha t
ca t has been offered food.
The cat 1 s
action is therefore really determined by two factors: (i) the offer, which starts his action, and (ii) a certain physical condition, like for example, not feeling hunery, which terminates his action. If we apply the word hendak instead of rnahu: Kuching itu tidak hendak makan. Th2t cat does not want to eat. we must conceive
the food has not been offered to the cat.
The
situation conceived would be something like tbis: The cat is not in the scene and we are hidden observers.
We see a plate of food
in what is to be the stage where the action is ta be played. cat appe2.rs on t he stage and sees the plate of food.
The
He approaches
and, having sniffed it, turns away and ignores the food.
1:1e who
observe would describe the catIs refusaI of the food as 'tidak hendak makan.'
Although, as l have pointed out earlier (page 107),
animal will (as conceived in the application of hendak) borders upon instinct, it can at least be shown that in t ilis case when hendak is applled, the catIs action is deterrnined not by two, but by only one factor: a certain physical conditi on which determlnes his choice (as in (11) above).
The exaople l have given above is the
application of rnahu in the negative form the negatlve forro). structure is the
seems mainly to
In its positive (affirmative) form, the meanlng SUpposing we say: Kuching itu mahu makan , That cat wants to eat.
-131-
then it is still presupposed that t he cat has been offerred food before but refused to eat it due to sorne reason or other, and that now, finally, he accepts. The application of !!!ê:h1! i n the human world mainta j ns the same essential idea of determination.
We can say:
Aku hendak pergi
...
l !:Lê:!1i to go ••• or Aku m.ê:h1! pergi ••. l
to go •••
But it is implied in the second example that a proposition has been offerred by another person to go s8mewhere and that l have accepted t ne offer, whereas in the first case the wanting to go somewhere is
voluntary and does not depend upon an offer.
Asrul Sani's poem
about the sea-hawk can again furnish us with an example of the meaning underlying the word Seka1i ini jemu dan keringat tiada akan punya daya tapi topan tiada mahu dan mengembus kelam luas. 228 The sea-hawk, as mentioned earlier, 15 winging her way back to her young ones.
This time she is weary an d fee1s herself without
strength ta go on, but for her young ones - but for the calI of love. 228
She pleads with the tempest to let her pass Kesusasteraan Indonesia III, p. 134.
-132-
but the tempest does not [to accept her plea] and the murky expanse blows forth. In
voyage to Kelantan, the following sentence occurs: Naka katanya: "Lekas sekarang! malam ini sekochi mahu berlayar."229 So he said: "Hurry nowl toni ght the sloop will aaf.L; ,
What is said here is not metaphorical; it is plain colloquial speech and has a concrete meaning.
But sometĂźing is wrong; the
word underlined should be hendak rather
The above
sentence from the lin guistic point of view is clearly incorrect, and the reason is that it was spoken by Baba Po Eng, a Chinese mer-c hant who - from many such instances recorded by 'Abdu 'l-Lah was clearly not conversant io,ith the Halay language and unable to grasp the subtle distinctions w'-:ich only t :lose possessing a linguistic consciousness would be able to master. 'Abdu'l-LĂ h himself wouLd have said "ma.Lam ini sekochi hendak berlayar. ,,230 The saying:
Makan tak hendak tidur tak mahu. Unwilling to eat, unwilling to sleep.
usually applied te describe the condition of distracted persons especially those in love - must be tlli{en to convey the idea that in the second half of t he phrase the bed was offerred and refused, or 229
Hikayat Abdullah, p. 9.
230
Ibid., p.
15.
See also the example on p. 112 (i) above.
-133-
sleep advised and the advice unheeded, for the word mahu is app1ied here not simp1y for the purpose of variation in expression. More examp1es
Malay literature will reveal beyond doubt the
conceptual structure of the word mahu as out1ined in this analysis: (i)
Maka jawab segala anale-anale perahu: "8aya semuanya tidak biar1ah mati da1am 1aut ini, kerana chumachumalah lelah saya semua lima enam hari ini kalau balik ••• "231 Then aIl the members of the crew answered: "We aIl do not want to; even if we perish in this sea, for our efforts t hese last five or six days will be in vain if we [now] return ••• u
In the above is gi ven the reply of the crew of the boat in which 'Abdu'l-Làh was sailing to Kelantan.
They were experiencing very
strong winds and were afraid to set out from their sheltered position near the island into the open sea. was with
A Chinese merchant who
proposed that they return to the calm waters near the
island, but the crew refused. (ii)
231
Ibid., p. 17.
232
Ibid., p. 21.
Maka adalah saya lihat orang-orangnya dalan seratus baran2kali sepuluh saja yang ada bekerja; yang Iain itu lalai saja sepanjang hari dalam hal miskin dan jahat. Melainkan adalah pada seorang empat lima jenis senjata sentiasa hari tiada bercherai daripada tubuhnya. Dan ada yang setengah tabiat mereka itu hendak berchantik saja; memakai kain baju dan se1uar yang bagus-bagus, tetapi tiada ia menchari jalan kehidupan.232
-134-
l saw that of a hundred of its people per 'laps only ten have work to do; the others laze about during the whole day in a condition of misery and evil. [They have nothing] except that by each person four or five weapons are worn the whole day, never separate from their bodies. And there are sorne whose behaviour is only to be autify themselves; wearing fine clothes, but who do not want to seek a livelihood. The application of mahu here clearly implies that these people have been asked to seek a livelihood but refused.
here is almost
synonymous with agree or accepte (iii)
beberapa saya memberi nasihat kepadanya tiada juga ia pergi. Naka habis-habis katanya: "Bunuh sama saya pun saya tidak pergi. Siapa berani pergilah."233 Even though l gave him advice with persuasion] he still refused to want to go. Then finally he said: "Even if you kill me l will not go, who dares can
Here the same Chinese referred to in (i) (who seemed to be the coward in the group, and who became a laughing stock for his cowardice and superstition) refused to be persuaded to continue the journey to Kelantan.
He believed if he joined the rest to continue
the journey, he would not return alive. refusaI ta praceed.
He was resolute in his
In the sentence ab ove the words
ia pergi really mean 'he still refused ta a gree to go. '
233
p.
35.
juga mahu
-135-
(iv)
l.faka jawabnya: "Ada dahulu oran g disebelah memanggil keluar hendak berperang mendadak . Oran g disini tiada mahu, "234He replied: "In the past [sorne] people from t he other side called to us [or challenged us] to come out, wanting to give sudden battle. People here did not want to [acceptJ.
(v)
Helainkan sebab takut akan raja, mahu tiada dikerjakannya It is because of fear of the king; whether they want it or not [want it] they have to do it.
(vi)
Naka jawab saya: "Terima kasih, Tengku, satu pun saya tiada mahu melainkan mel i ha t - l i ha t saja."'2jC) replied: "Thank you, Prince, I do not anything except only to have a look around." l
(vii)
Beberapa l amanya , Baba Po Eng pula hendak membayar separuh saja: empat puluh ringgit. Tiada juga saya mahu. Kemudian datanglah ia hendak membayar enam puluh ringgit. Tiada juga saya mahu.237 After a while, Da ba Po En g also wants to pay me half the amount: forty dollars. l refused to acceDt. Then finally he wanting to pay me sixt Y dollars. l [still] do not [tc acceptJ.
23l.r
p. 107.
235
Ibid. , p. Ill.
236
Ibid., p. 125.
237
Ibid. , p. 155.
-136-
(viii)
"Katakan kepada si Ali Hati, mengapa ia berkata demikian. Jika pada si Ahmad pun ia diperbaikinya; j ika padaku pun, ia aku perbaiki juga. Ke r an a aku tiada mahu membunuh dia ••• " Maka sembah Tun Ali Hati: "Jikalau ada karunia, patik itu minta bunuh jua, kerana patik itu t i adal ah oahu memandang muka orang yang Iain ••• Il Naka beberapa pun Sul t an Hahmud hendak menghidupi Tun Ali Hati tiada ju ga Tun Ali Hati mahu hidup.238 IISay ta 'AlI Hati: 'Why does he say such things? If he has been weIl treated by by me tao, him shall l treat weIl, for l do not want ta kill him •• "'" Tun 'Ali Hati said: IIIf there is gr a ce [in you] l still request ta be kil led, because l do not Cany more] ta look at the faces of other people." Thus no matter how much Sultan Mahmüd wanted ta let Tun 'AlI Hati"live,·Tun 'AlI Ha t i still did not ta live.
(lx)
Mak a segala orang bersoraklah: ":rai si Jebat durhaka, mengapa maka en gkau takut hendak turun? Jika engkau tiada mahu turun, kunaiki istana ini. 1I239 Then aIl the people shouted: IIRo Jebat, you rebel! wherefore are you afraid of wanting to come down? ' If you do not to come down, we will climb into t ne palace."
ex)
"J1kalau Baba pul.ang , pasti saya oranG kedua pun mahu pulang
Malta jawab saya:
• Juga ••• "21."" 'TV
238
Se jarah Nel ayu , p. 305.
239
Hikayat Hang Tuah, p. 319.
240
Hikayat Abdullah, p. 33, 35.
-137-
So l replied: "If Baba return, [tilen] it is certain tilat the two of us also "Tant to return too ••• " AlI
examples reveal beyond doubt that ill.êllli. is
conceptually dist1nct from hendak.
It has been demonstrated that
hendak presupposes the initiation of voluntary action in the actor; the actor possesses will.
That actions originate fram the actor
without any external influence forcing the actor i nto action other than, of course natural influences.
But in the case of mahu,
conceptually it implies that actions arise out of the force of external, created or man-made influences.
Though a man is pre-
supposed to possess will, yet t ;üs 't'lill is dependent upon created man-made challenges.
A situation
created and being offerred -
and acceptance or refusaI of this offer 1s the positive or negative
(d)
Hamzah Fansüri's concept of the iradah • • It is significant that
denies t he application of the word
sekehendak with ref'erence to God t s \vill.
This 1s
because he
conceives God's will ta be an act of wisdom and not that of a capricious tyrant.
tIarnza:·) t 5 polemic a gainst the 'Ular.Ia' on this
point 15 vlhy calI Gad Just if He "berbuat barang sekehendakNya,,24-1 24-1
p.
198.
does whatever He pleases or vlills?
The 'Ularnâ' answer:
"Seperti orang berkambing banyak; disembelihnya, maka dikubaknya, maka direbusnya, maka ditununya, maka dipachaknya. la juga yang empunya, bukan benda orang Iain. Jika benda orang Iain disembelihnya maka l)ukumnya."24-2 "The ana.Logy is like one who owns many goats; sorne are slaughtered by him, then skinned, then boiled, then roasted and pierced with skewers. It is he who owns them - [and they are] not the possession of other people. If [they areJ other people's possession [and they] are slaughtered by him, then unjust [is] the verdict [against him]." The 'Ulamâ"s answer betrays that their conception of sekehendak is that the doing of whatever one pleases is justified on the condition that what one does at will one does to one's own.
Logica1ly they
imp1y that sekehendaknya means the subject doing what he desires to the object which belongs to the subject.
Whether the object is
a wil1ing or un\dlling recipient of the subject's action is not discussed.
But compare this with 'Abdu'l-LĂ h's application of
sekehendak wDen he describes the character of t he Malay Rajas (page 128).
There it would seem to imply that if a pe rson
the l,vealth of another without the other's consent, or takes by force the wife and children of another, or takes the life of another without just cause, then he is committing a wr ongf'uf and unjust action - but only if he takes without consent, by force, without just cause.
Bupposing he takes another's wealth with the
24-2 Ibid., p. 198. Compare wi t h al-Ash'arl, chapter on 'Discussion of the imputation of justice and injustice ta God, , espec ial1y p. 99,
170.
-139-
owner's consent, anether's wife and children n ot by force, personls life with just cause, then the ward sekehendaknya will no longer be applicable ta him.
'Abdu'l-Lah there implies that it is
not good and just even for a king, because he is king, te impose upon his people what ever- his heart desires.
Here Ls revealed
another meanine i n the conceptual structure of sekehendak in addition ta what has been explained befare (pages 127-128).
The
'Ulama' conceive that it means the doing of whatever one pleases upon onels own possessions.
'Abdu'l-LĂ hls passage reveals that
if anels o\m possessions are the willing abjects of onels desire (kehendak), then logically sel;:ehendak cannat be applied ta one; it is only if t Ăźe abjects of onels desire are the unwilling recipients of onels action that sekehendak can be applied ta one, for it i8 the very essence of sekehendak ta include within its meaning structure the sense of force, of imposition.
Sekehendak
is then the imposition of onels kehendak upon t he kehendak of others.
Linguistically at least ?amzah is more correct than the 1
'Ulama' in his
the ward sekehendak.
According to
?amzah the word cannot be applied to God, for it would mean that He is unjust since He purposely allows the etherwise unwilling unbelievers ta di8believe, punishing them with Hell for their disbelief. 243
?amzah conceives God to act not as He pleases in
the sekehendakNya sense, rather God acts in conformity with the potentialities of t hings in His knowledge.
From His attribute of
-140-
Beauty is created the believer, from that of His Glory the unbeliever, each according to their potentialities. bel ieves and the unbeliever
The believer
not because God pleases
that they be so, but because of their very natures;
because of
their very natures too each will return to its found of origin. 244 Kata 'Ulama): "Apabila demikian tiada berguna lagi iradat dan qudrat kerana menjadi sendirinya dengan isti'dadnya, tiada dengan hukum iradat dan qudrat , "245 • The 'Ularna) say: "When su ch is the case [then Godts] will and power are no more of use, for things bec orne by virtue of their potentialities, not by virtue of will and power." answer to this is that God h as will, and His will works in conformity with knowledge of the willed. 246 The things willed are not no t .if.ng (as the 'Ulama) who hold the doctrine of creation
nihilo assert); they are the fixed essences or the
potentialities of things.
They cannot exist as actuality unless
God wil1s them to become (as actual existence), according to what their natures determine, by virtue of the command 'Be!'
vlliat
cornes forth as the res ult of the Divine command i8 what we calI 244
245
pp. 198-199. Ibid., p. 199. Ibid., p. 199.
-141-
creation, or the external world together with a I l its parts.
What
still lie dormant, as i t \·j(.::re, in the Divine Knowledge, ready ta leap inta being at His
are neither created nor uncreated -
they are modes of the Divine Essence. 247 bath the doctrine of creation ex of the wor-Ld .".,ith Ood ,
In tî:üs Hay ?amzah denies and that of the coexistence
Creation has i ts beginning in time and
cornes into bein 3 by virtue of God's creative commando creative command that is God's act of willing.
It is t his
villen God vnlls a
thing to be it cornes, complete and perfect, for if it does net be come complete and perfect then it wonLd mean that God still has to perfect and complete it; and this implies that God vdlls without prior knowledge of the thing willed, which is absurd. 248
It is
very important at t ;1 is stage to note t he significance of Hamzah's •
consistency in translating the fourth form Arabie verb arada, which occurs in the Qur ' an (36:82; see also page 127) as berkehendak. This is of course consistent with his mystical philosophy. Berkehendak applied here to God's act of willing is an extreDely powerful expression. willed
God is canceived as willine upon the thing
the potentiality of a thing 'ltJ;üch is still not separate
from the Essence) intending 'It,hat it shall become in such a that at His command i t 'detaches', as i t viere, and becomes
-----------------_._--------------_.247
Ibid., pp. 135-137.
248 Ibid., pp. 135-136. Tahafut, p. 88.
Compare with Ibn Rushd in Tahafut al-
-142-
'externalized' as part of creation.
The
willed is present
to God before His command acts upon it and transforms it into being. When applied to God, the relationship between God and the thing willed is a vertical one (page 127).
But the important concept
here is that berkehendak conveys the idea that Gad wills something which is nresent to Him.
A comparison between ?amzah'stranslation and that of 'Abdu'l-Ra'üf of Singke1 249 of the same Quranic passage
will illuminate what l attempt to convey.
'Abdu'l-Ra'üf's
translation of the same passage (36:82) is: Irinamâ amruhu Ldhâ ar âda shay? an an yaqüla lahu kun fa yakünu. Hanya sanya pekerjaanNya apabila dikehendwciNYg menjadikan suatu, bahwa dikatakan baginya "Ada 250 - maka ada suatu itu. 'Abdu'l-Ra'üf translates arada as dikehendaki meaning is desired, and this manner of describing God's will in the passive voice deprives much of the emphasis on the factitive or causative nature of the action or will.
Another interesting factor is that in the verb
kehendaki, the object desired is absent.
The -i implies that the
249 'Abdul Ra'üf (Q. 1620-1693) was regarded as one of the most eminent of Acheh and the rest of the Malêy-speaking world. But he was more of a reli gious teacher and an 'Alim rather than a sürI in the sense Hamzah was. Though he did not appear to join in the polemic against ?amzah begun by RarrIr!, he seemed to be on the side of Raniri. For more about him, see El, Leiden, 1960, p. 88. 250 This is from 'Abdu'l-Ra'üf's Malay translation and commentary of the Qur'an based on al-Baydawi's. l am quoting the fourth edition published in Cairo in·190l, vol. 2, p. 446. 'Abdu '1Ra'üf's translation of the whole Qur'an into Malay with commentary is, l the first of its kind to be done in the Malay-speaking world.
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object desired is sought after by the subject (page 120).
Thus in
expressing it in the passive voiee by means of prefixing the parti cIe di to kehendaki, the implication is that t he thing willed or desired is not present to God - or that God creates from nothing.
The implications brought forward by t his explanation are
made more plausible by virtue of the faet that 'Abdu'l-Ra'üf translates kun as
which means exist
of appearing) and not jadi as be in the sense of becoming). refers, whereas
to be in the sense
does, which means be
to
It is only to something that jadi
conveys the meaning of making something appear
when it was not there before. Finally, another important point elucidating
concep-
tion of t ûe iràdah, when he says that God's will works in conformity with His knowledge of the things willed, is his conception of gudrah.
Like the philosophers, to whose views on this point even
a1-Ghazzali coneedes,251
asserts t hat God cannot do what
is 10gical1y impossible.
However, like al-Ghazzàli, he accepts
this without denying to God infinite possibility for exercising His power. Suatu tamthil lagi seperti orang sempurna lengkap dengan kekayaannya. Dapat diubahnya kekayaannya: gajah dijadikannya kuda, atau kuda dijadikannya ga j ah ; atau kambing 251
Tahafut al-Tahafut, pp. 328-329.
-144-
dijadikannya atau anjing dijadikannya kambing. Tetapi ia tiada mahu mengubah dia, kerana apabila ia mengubah dia binasa kamalnya. 2 52 Another analogy is like the person who is complete and perfect in his wealth and power. He can change his power: the e1ephant he can transform into a horse, and the horse into an elephant; or the goat into a dog, and the dog into a goat. But he does not want to change and transform them, for-rr-he does so then his perfection is destroyed. What is implied here is that if we discard t!1e notion of a necessary causal sequence and attribute everything to t he Creator's caprice, t hen the configurations of things Houl d cease to exist in the sense that they would not possess recognizable natures; knowledge would possess no meaning.
Furthermore, if the Creator transforms
elephants into horses and goats into do gs, then it would mean, unless it is His caprice, that t he Creator has not created something perfect i n the first instance and t h at what He created is in need of perfection - an admission of lack of knowledge on the Creator's part.
Supposing the person in
analogy effects t he trans-
formations mentioned, can his will in doing so be properly called will?
The passage shows t hat it cannot, for the word mahu imp1ies
that t he person has been challenged to dis play his power.
If he
p. 200. The word kekayaan l have translated 252 not so much as wealth but power, f or this is what is meant in the context of discussion.
-145-
wills the transformations, then although his will works in conformity with his l:nowledge of the things willed, it is not based upon his choice; for here the challenge has determined his choice. The analysis thus far presented in this chapter is an attempt to bring into focus concepts underlying the word hendak and its derivatives, and its implication with respect to ?amzah concept of the iradah.
As far as the scope is concerned, this
presentation would suffice.
From what has been analyzed, it seems
not illogical to conclude that by virtue of linguistic facts and semantic precision,
consistency in his application
of key words gives more weight and plausibility to his arguments.
CHAPTER VI
Romanized Malay edition of the text of the li daf:i)l-Zindig.
li daf'i'l-Zindiq karangan
Al-8haykh N端ru'l-Din al-RfulirI
(Naskhah Maxwell No. 93)
[Royal Asiatic Society, London]
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Bismi'l-Làhi'l-Rahmàni'l-RahImi • • Harndan li ilâhin huwa bi'l-harndi haqIqun fi bahri nawalihi kanati'1-daratu·gharIqatan. 2 53
•
Segala puji-pujian bagi Allâh.
Ialah yang
dengan kepujian.
Adalah segala arwâh• beroleh limpah daripadaNya anugerahaNya • Wa an'ama 'alayha bijüdihi'l-tawflqa ula'ika mina'l-nabiyylna Dan dianugerahaNya akan mereka itu dengan anugerah tawflq; mereka itulah daripada segala NabI dan 'Arif bi'l-Lâh. Fa bi maiyyazu'l-9aqqa mina'l-batili
wa
Maka dita9qiqkan mereka itulah akan Tuhannya dengan sebenar-benar serta dibezakannya jalan yang benar daripada jalan yang batil dengan Wa Dan
haqa'iqahum bi'l-tadqiqi fa {ulümahum wa baiyyanù'l-farIqah. mereka itulah segala 'ilmu
Maka
dengan daqlq.
mereka itu 'ilmunya dan dinyatakan jalan agama. lahu'l-tawflqu'l-raqlqu tabi'ahum Fa man wa illa lasara'l-mulhida wa'l-zindlqa. • •
Maka barangsiapa senantiasa beroleh tawfiq nischaya diikutnyalah jalan segala NabI dan
dan jika tiada diikutnya akan
i'tiqad mereka itu nischaya jadilah ia daripada qawm zindlq. 253
The text reading ghazIg is corrupt.
254
The text reading
is corrupt.
dan
Wa'l-salatu wa'l-salamu 'ala'l-nabiyyi'lshafIai - wa 'ala alihi wa sahbihi min ahli'l-wathIqi.
..
Dan ratunat Allan dan sa.Lâmlëya atas NabI
yang amat penyayang
atas ummatnya , dan atas segala kelua.rganya dan
[2J yang
amat keperchayaan. Wa ba'du.
Dan kemudian daripada itu.
Fa yaqülu saqI 255'1-rasüli al-shaykhu Nüru'l-DIni ibni 'Aliyyin ibni HasanjI ibni l-1utIammadin al-Raniriyyu al-Shati'iyyu. Maka berkata yang mengedarkan piala minuman Rasülu'l-Làh s.a.w. 256 iaitu Shaykh Nüru'l-DIn bin 'Ali bin
bin
nama bangsanya, dan Ranfri nama negerinya tempat kediamannya, dan Shàfi 'I madhhabnya , Falamma takhàlafa ba'du'l-muta'assibfna wa'lmu'ilnidina fi wa nisbati'l-'alami ta'àla. Maka tatakala ikhtilaflah setengah daripada dan Mu'anid(2) daripada segala yang jàhil pada memithalkan wujüd Allah dan pada menisbatkan 'alam dan :tIaqq Ta' ala. Fa altamasa minnI
min
(1)
ya'ni, menegakkan a gama yang salah.
(2)
Ya'ni, mem[bJantah kepada mem[bJenarkan agama yang salah. minhu.
255
The text reading sagi is incorrect.
256 S.a.w. i5 the usual abbreviation for 'alayhi wa sallama. l use this abbreviation throughout t his edition whenever it occurs.
-150-
Maka memintak pada aku setengah daripada orang yang besar-besar daripada segala wa thabbathu fI dini'l-islami bibarakati sayyidina Muhammadin 'alayhi'l salatu wa'l-salamu. • • Dipeliharakan Allah Ta'ala kiranya akan dia dan ditetapkannya akan dia pada a gama Islam dengan berkat Penghulu kita Nab!
s.a.w.
Fa 'allaftu wa tarjarntu hadhihi'l-risalata bi'l-jawiyyati min wa ghayrihim. Makakuta'lifkan dan kujawikan risalah ini daripada segala kitab dan Iain daripada mereka itu. Wa sammaytuha
li daf'i'l-zind!qi.
Maka kunamai akan risalah ini:
li daf'i'l-
ZindIgi, ertiny a: Dalil [3J segala 'Arif pada segala Zindig.
l'tigad
Maka kusebutkan dalaœ risalah ini i'tiqad dan
madhhab empat ta'ifah, iaitu: MutakallimIn dan
dan
Falasifah dan Wujüdiyyah yang mu19id pada menyatakan wujüd Allâh dengan 'àlaQ itu berlainankru1 atau bersuatu seperti yang lagi akan tersebut kenyataannya. Maka sekarang kumulai pada menyatakan ma'na wujüd itu: iaitu dhat - ya'nI keadaan sesuatu shay,.(3) Maka dhat(4)itu ada kalanya
(3)
Ertinya diri sesuatu.
(4)
Ya'nI, iaitu
'abd senantiasa dengan ingat akan
Ta'ala seperti dirasainya segala asrar Allah.
'Afa'l-Lahu 'anhu.
?ashiyah minhu.
kelihatan dengan mata kepala, tetapi menyabitkan dia(5)'aql dan shara' atau kashf(6) dan dhawg.
ra itulah wujüd Allah.
Kata Mutakallimin wujüd itu dua perkara: pertama wujüd Allah, kedua wujüd 'àlam.
Maka
Allah itu wajibu'l-wujüd lagi qa'im
sendirinya, dan wujùd 'alam itu mumkinu'l-wujüd - ya'ni dijadikan tIaqq Ta'alà daripada 'adam kepada wujüd khari.ii; lagi La qa'im dengan tIaqq Ta'ala.
Maka jadilah
keduanya berlain-lainan -
ya'ni keadaan keduanya itu berlain-lainan kerana tIaqq Ta'ala itu qadlm lagi menjadikan, dan 'àlam itu nyatalah pada wujüd
bersuatu.
Maka
mereka itu bahwa wujùd itu dua perkara: suatu kedua wujüd majàzI.
wujùd
lagi dijadikan.
Maka wujüd majazI itu milik baqi
}faka jikalau tiada berlainan keduanya nischaya jadilah Maka barangsiapa mengi'tiqadkan bahwa tIaqq Ta'ala
dengan [4J 'alam itu esa maka jadilah ia kafir, kermla ketahuan
(5)
Ya'ni, firman Allah dan
'Ulama' • (6)
Rasùlu'l- Làh dan ijma' segala
mï.nhu,
Ya'nI, iaitu diperoleh 'abd daripada segala tajalli tIaqq
Ta'àla; iaitu memushâhadahkan ?aqq Ta'àla dengan anugerah daripada tIaqq Ta'ala, dan diperolah 'abd beberapa asrar iaitulah fa'idah tajallI dan kashf.
?ashiyah minhu.
'Afa'l-Lahu 'anhu.
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daripada perkataannya yang demikian itu bahwa wujüd Allah dan 'àlam jadi suatu
dan seyrojÙd [seperti] kata
Bahwa kami pun qabüllah akan i'tiqad dan perkataan MutwcallimIn itu.
Adapun pada
dhât Allah Ta 'ala.
bahwa wujüd itu esa jua; iaitulah
Dan 'alma itu tiada berwujüd dan tiada layak
dinamai akan dia dengan nama wujüd kerana ia 'adamu 'l-matJ.ç.. apabila adalah "rojüdu
itu
dan wujüd
Maka
Ta'alà itu
(7) maka manatah jadi sewujüd 'adamu 'l-matJ.ç. dengan
wu';üdu
Hanya sanya adalah 'alam itu
milik bagi
Ta'alà - ya'ni tenpat nyata
dan Ta'ala, dan
bayang_bayang 258 seperti upama rupa yang kelihatan dalam chermin bidal tamthil.
:tIaqq Ta' ala i tu upama yang menilik chermin dan
'alam itu upama rupa yang kelihatan da.Lamnya , Naka ,vujüd ?aqq Ta'àla dengan 'àlam berlainan pun tiada dan bersuatu pun tiada, kerana berlainannya dan bersuatu itu menghendaki dua wujüd (7)
Ya'nI, semata-mata wujüd
?ashiyah minhu.
- should 257 The last four words: Lseperti] kata actually be written after the word kerana in the sentence in order that the meaning intended be conveyed correctly. Otherwise the whole meaning undergoes a cmnplete change which RanIri would certainly reject as it would be quite meaningless - and if meaningfuI at aIl, it would be contradictory to what he intends to say. Hence the reading of the whole sentence should be: Maka barangsiapa mengi'tiqadkan bahwa Haqq Ta'ala dengan 'alam itu esa, maka jadilah ia kafir, keranakata Ahlu'1-8ürI - ketahuan daripada perkataannya yang demikian itu bahwa wujùd Allah dan 'alam jadi suatu dan sewujüd. 258
The text 15 corrupt.
-153-
mustaqi1(8) sendirinya.
Maka auabila adalah wujüd Allah jua yang
esa, dan 'alam itu tiada berwujüd, maka tiadalah jadi ber1ain1ainan. esa.
Daripada kerana ini1ah kwni kata wujüd Allah dengan 'à1am
Jikalau ada 'a1am itu mawjüd kelihatan sekalipun tetapi tiada
kebi1anggan wujüdnya dari kerana ia tiada berwujüd kata [5J orang raja dengan ba1atenteranya itu esa jua.
Seperti Jika1au
ada wujüd balatenteranya banyak seka1ipun tiada kebi1angan. yang kebilangan itu wujüd raja jua.
Hanya
Dan 1agi pula, tamthil bayang-
bayang dengan yang empunya bayang- bayang ; pada penglihat dua wujüd, tetapi tiada dikata akan dia dua wujüd kerana bayang-bayang itu tiada kebilangan wujüdnya.
Su'àl (jika [diJtanyai orang):
"Bahwa bayang- bayang dengan yan g empunya bayang- bayang i tu seorangkah atau dua?"
Jawab: "Bahwa bayang-bayang dengan yang empunya
bayang-bayang itu seorang jua kerana bayang- bayang itu tiada kebilangan wujüdnya.
Hanya sanya adalah bayan g- bayang i tu
yang empunya bayang-bayang jua.
Maka sebab itu1ah dikata orang
bahwa enpunya bayang- bayang de ngan bayang- bayangnya i tu esa - tiada dua dan tiada Iain. If Maka adalah
kata MutakallimIn dan Ahlu'l-?üfI itu
suat u jua - tiada berlainan antara dua tà'ifah itu. Shahdan. Bahwa • pendapat MutakallimIn itu dengan dalIl 'aql dan naql jua. Ditiliknya kepada 'alam(9) maka dilihatnya ada ia mawjüd yang (8)
Upama yang menilik chermin dan 'àlam itu.
(9)
Ya'ni, firman Allah dan
'Ulama'.
minhu.
lag1
Rasü1u'l-Làh dan ijma' segala
'AfàJI-Lahu "annu,
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berubah-ubah.
Dan ditiliknya dengan mata hatinya kepada wujüd
:tIaqq Ta cala pun ada mawjûd yang qadim.
l·'laka dithabitkannya dua
wujud: suatu ja'izu'l-wujüd, kedua
Maka ja'izu'l-
wujüd itu iaitu Makhluq dan wajibu'l-wujüd itu iaitu Khaliq.
Maka
adalah nisbah antara keduanya itu nisbah Khaliq dan Makhluq jua. Maka sebab itulah dikatakan mereka itu berlain [6] -lainan keduanya supaya jangan pada sangka 2 59 "awâmm bacwa wujüd Allan dengan wujüd 'alam itu sewujüd seperti i'tiqad qawm
dan
zindiq. Adapun pendapat
itu pun dengan dalIl 'aql dan
naql jua, lagi ditambah pula kashf dan dhawq.260
Maka ditilik
mereka itu dengan mata hatinya dan dirasanya dengan perasaannya bahwa wujüd itu esa jua - iaitullli1 wujud
yang tiada kelihatan
dengan mata kepala dalam Daru'l-Dunya ini; dan yang kelihatan dengan mata kepala itu iaitu 'alam yang tiada berwujüd seperti wujud Allah.
l-1aka wujud Allah itu wujüd ç.aqIqi lagi muj.Laq , dan wujiid
itu wujüd majazi lagi muqayyad Allah.
Maka akan
- dan milik bagi wujud
itu tiada dapat dikata akan dia wujüd, dan
tiada dapat dikata akan dia 'adam mUflaq; dari kerana jika dikata akan dia wujüd, nischaya sekutulah ia dengan wujüd Allah; dan jika dikata akan dia 'adam
maka 'adam itu tiada ada sesuatu shay'
jua pun, dan 'alam itu ada ia kelihatan.
Haka nyata.Lah
259
The text reading sangkah 1s incorrect.
260
The text reading zawg is incorrect.
'aram itu
-155-
mafhar wujüd
Ta'ala.
Maka nisbah antara wujüd Allah dan 'alam
itu bersuatu pun tiada dan berlainan pun tiada kerana 'alam itu mafhar dan milik bagi
Ta'ala.
Maka nyatalah pada
bahwa wujüd dan
itu [7J eS'- jua pada ma inânya ; iaitulah dhâ t Naka murad daripada
pada
Ta'ala. itu iaitu:
ma bihi'l-shay'u - hUvla huwa. Ertinya:
Yang itu suatu shay' yang dengan dia [jadi] shay' itu - ia ia (ya'nI barang suatu shay' yang jadi ia daripada suatu shay').
Maka suatu shay' itu dan
- upama
perahu itu tukang.
periuk itu kisaran,261
Dan murad daripada
pada
itu iaitu: Al-haqiqatu ma yakünu'l-shay'u bihi bi'l-nisbati ila'l-insani. Ertinya:
Yang ia, seperti (ya'nI
itu barang sesuatu sha j' yang dengan dia dengan nisbah kepada insan insan itu hidup yang berkata-kata).
Maka nyatalah pada diri sesuatu shay ",
sesuatu shay' itu Naka ikhtilaf ikhtiyar Hutakallimln dan
pada menyabitkan wujüd Allah dengan wujüd 'alam itu jua, bukan ma'nawl; seperti kata orang 'lima belas' dengan 'tengah dua puluh'.
Maka pada ma'nanya sama jua, dan pada
berlain-lainan. 261
The text reading kisawan (ksawn) i3 corrupt.
262
The text reading
i3 incorrect.
263
The text reading
i3 i ncorrect.
-156-
Apabila kau ketahuilah i'tiqad dan madhhab Mutakallimln dan maka sekarang kunyatakan pula i'tiqad dan madhhab Hukama' Falasifah. •
Kata tà'ifah Falasifa;, bahwa wujüd Allah dan •
'alam keduanya qadlm kerana [8J ia terbit daripada wujüd Allah dengan ta'thIrnya, tiada dengan ikhtiyar keluar(lO) panas
Ta'ala; seperti
daripada dhàt matahari.
Maka tiadalah
kuasa matanari menahani panasnya; selama ada matahari adalah panasnya.
Demikian lugi selama ada dhat Allah ad alah 'alam; tiada
bercherai dan tiada tanggal daripada dhat Allah, daripada azal datang kepada abad berhubung dan bertemu selama-lamanya.
Dan
lagi pula katanya bahwa Allah Ta'ala tiada kuasa atas segala sesuatu, dan tiada kuasa ra menjadikan sesuatu yang Iain daripada [yang] sudah keluar daripadaNya.
Dan tiada ra berkuasa pada mengu-
bahkan 'alam yang sudah ada ini.
Dan lagi pula katanya bahwa tujuh
petala laDgit dan tujuh petala bumi tiada dijadikan Allah Ta'alà akan keduanya daripada tiada kepada ada, lagi baqa' abadI.
Dan
lagi pula katanya bahwa mintak tulung kepada Allah itu mem[p]usakai (10) Ya'nI, keluar 'àlam daripada dhat dengan kuasa dirinya, tiada
dengan dijadikan
Ta'àlà akan dia.
?ashiyah minhu.
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nafsan 264 jua, kerana 'abd itu sanantiasa
limpah tulung jua.
Adapun fà'ida h berbuat 'ibadat itu menjadikan diri serupa dengan Allàh sekira-kira kuasa jua.
Dan lagi pula katanya bahwa Allan
Ta'àla jua yan g 'ashiq dan ma'shüq akan diriNya. segala perkataan dan i'ti qad mereka itu
Maka adalan lagi kafir -
na'üdhu bi'l-Lahi Apabila kan ketahuilah i'tiqad dan madhhab maka kunyatakan pula i'tiqad dan madhhab
Falasifah Wujüdiyyah [9J.
Maka adalah Wujüdiyyah itu dua qawm: suatu Wujüdiyyah yang kedua Wujüdiyyah yang qawm: suatu Murji'ah
seperti Mur j i ' ah itu dua kedua Murji'ah mal'üuah.(ll)
Maka
itu iaitu segala sahabat Rasülu'l-Lah 'alayhi'lMurJoi'ah marhümah • • • dan Murji'ah mal'ünah itu iaitu suatu qavrra yang daripada qawm tujuh puluh dua yang
lagi isi neraka.
Demikian lagi
(11) Ya'ni, dinamai Murji'ah mal'ünah itu kerana adalah i'tiqad mereka itu dan katanya: "Kami harap akan segalamu tiada kamu dimasukkan Allah kedalam neraka jikalau kamu berbuat dosa kabir sekalipun."
minhu.
264 The text reads memushakai n afsan. The word nafsan is problematic. Does it mean t wo selves or one (nafsan)? The former interpretation would seem to refer to Ibn Sinâ's theory of the two natures of man which corresponds to hi s theory of the two types of prayers (Qi. Arberry, A.J., Avicenna on theologz, London, 1951, pp. 50-63). l am inclined to think, however, that the word is in the Arabic singular accusative case. The Malay scribe would vœite nafsan in the same manner as it appears in the texte In place of the tanwIn the is written after the sIn to denote the accusative case, and the nun to indicate the sound. Hence the alif and the nÜll representthe tanvrIn ,gg,. - -
-158-
Wujüdiyyah yang
itu iaitu segala
(dijadikan
Ta'ala kiranya kita daripada qawm mereka WujÜdiyyah yang Lahi minha! adalah
dan
itu iaitu segala Zindlq - na'üdhu bi'l-
Adapun sebab dinamai Wujüdiyyah itu wujüdiYYah kerana dan perkataan dan i'tiqad mereka itu pada wujüd Allah.
Maka sekaran; kunyatakan i'tiaad dan madhhab Wujüdiyyah yang dan Wujüdiyyah yang i 'tiqad keduanya.
supay a [dapa t.] kubezakan antara
Ka.ta Wujüdiyyah yang
iaitulah wujüd Allah.
bahwa wujüd itu esa;
Maka wujüd Allah yang Esaitu tiada ada ia
mawjüd mustaqil sendirinya yang dapat dibezakan melainkan dalam kandungan sekelian
jua.
Maka adalah makhlüqat itu wujüd
Allah dan wujüd Allah itu wujüd makhl.iiqât , dan Allah i tu 'alam.
Naka 'àlam itu Allah
Bahwa sanya adalah mer eka i tu menyabi tkan
wujüd Allan yang Esa [lOJ itu dalam wujüd segala makhlüqat; serta katanya tiada mawjüd hanya Allah.
Dan lagi di'tiqadkannya pada
ma'na kalimat la ilana illà'l-Lahu ftiada ada wujüdku hanya wujüd Allah'.
Maka dikehendakinya ma'nànya 'tiada ada wujüdku melainkan
wujüd Allah wu jûdku ini.' sebangsa dan sewu jûd ;"
Dan lagi pula katanya: "Kami deng an Allah
Dan lagi pula katanya bahwa Allah Ta 'ala
-159-
ketahuan dhatNya dan nyata kayfiyyatNya(12) dan kmmniyyatNya(13) daripada fihaq ada la mawjüd pada kharij pada zaman dan makan. Inilah perkataan dan i'tiqad kafir yang nyata, seperti kata Shaykh ibnu'l-'Arabl (qaddasa'l-Lahu sirrahu!) dalam kitab FutütJ.atu'l-NakkiyYah pada menyatakan i'tiqad segala ditolakkannya dan
akan madhhab Wujüdiyyah itu.
Katanya: "Nin huna aydan zallat aqdâmu ta.'ifatin 'an majra'l- . tahqIqi fa qâlü ma thamma illa·ma nara fa ja'alü'1-266 'aiama huwa'l-Lâha wa'l-Lâha nafsa'l-'alami wa laysa hadha bi mashhadin li kawnihi ma yatahaqqaqüna bihi ahlihi fa law bihl ma qalü dhalika." ya'nI:
"Daripada perkataan inilah tergelinchir i'tiqad sesuatu qawm daripada jalan yang sebenarnya, dari kerana kata mereka itu: "Tiada ada mawjüd melainkan barang yang kami, lihat." Maka dijadikannyalah 'alam itu Allah dan Allah itu diri calame Segala-gala i'tiqad ini tiada benar kerana wujüd Allah itulah yang jadi mereka itu dengan dia (ya'nI, wujüd Allah itulah yang menjadikan mereka itu). Maka jikalau ben2r ma'rifat Lll] mereka itu akan dia, nischaya tiada dikata mereka itu seperti yang demikian."
(12) Ya'ni, murad kayfiyyat itu iaitu warna dan rasa dan bahu, dan hangat dan sejuk, basah dan kering, dan barang sebagainya daripada jisim.
minhu.
(13) Ya'nI, murad daripada kammiyyat itu iaitu besar dan kechil, pendek dan lebar, dalam dan berat, 265 dan barang sebagainya. minhu.
'Afa'l-Lahu "anhu,
265
The text reading
is corrupt.
266
The text reading fa ja'altu i8 incorrect.
-160-
Maka adalah mereka itu malu akan segala Ahlu'l-Islam, dan takut disalahkan kebanyakan madhhab dan a gama,
Jika dikata mereka itu
dengan nyatanya 'kamilah Allah dan Allah itu kami' tiada diqabülkan oleh sekelian mereka itu akan perkataannya.
Maka dilindungkanlah
dirinya dibalik dinding yang berpesuk-pesuk supaya jangan kelihatan perkataan-perkataan yang jahat dan i'tiqad yang Naka disamarkannya derigan ka tanya: "Bahwa sanya Allan Ta' âla i tu diri kami dan wujüd kami dan kami diriNya dan wujüdNya i tu jua." Maka yang demikian itu tiada terlindung pada sekelian Budiman yang bijaksana, dan tiada ter[sem]bunyi pada segala 'Arif yang kamil. Shahdan.
Adalah perkataan dan i'tiqad mereka itu seperti
perkataan dan i'tiqad qavm 'Ali Ilahiyyah dan Isma'iliyyah daripada qavm
katanya bahwa ?aqq Ta'ala itu tanazzul lalu jadi 'AlI
ibnu Abi 1alib (xarrama'l-Lâhu wajhahu!)
Dan seperti i'tiqad qawm
YahüdI; katanya bahwa Nab! Allah 'Uzayr itu anak Allah; seperti firman Allan Ta'ala: 'Qalati'l-Yahüdu 'Uzayrun ibnu'l-Lahi.' ya'ni:
'Kata Yahüdi 'Uzayr itu anak Allan.'
.
Dan seperti perkataan dan i'tiqad aawm Nasara bahwa NabI Allah . 'Ïsa itu anak Allah; seperti firman
.
Ta'âla:
.
'Wa aalati'l-Nasara al-Masihu ibnu'l-Lani. Setengah daripada mereka itu [mengi'tiqadkan] bahwa
1
[12J
itu
menigai tiga; seperti firman Allah Ta'ala: ' Wa qad kafara'l-ladhina Qalü inna'l-Lana thalithu
tiha.Lâbha't fn , '
-161-
'Sanya telah kafirlah mereka itu [yang] mengata[kan] adalah Allah itu menigai tiga.'
ya'ni:
Dan kata setengah daripada mereka itu bahwa Nabi Allah 'Ïsa itulah Allah.
Dan lagi pula kata qawm
bahwa Allah turun daripada
lahüt kedalam nasüt - iaitu lembaga yang ra jadi daripada 'alam ajsam - maka kembali pula la kepada lahüt. i'tiqad mereka itu kafir, seperti firman
Maka perkataan dan Ta'àla:
'Laqad kafara'l-ladhIna qalü inna'l-Laha ibnu Maryam.' ertinya:
'Bahwa sanya telah kafirlah mereka itu lang mengata[kan] bahwa sanya Allah itulah 'Isa ibnu Haryam.'
Dengar olehmu, hai Budimanl, firman Tuhan yang dalam Qur'an peri kejadian insan dua puluh dualapan tempatnya. Seperti kata
Bayàn.
(qaddasa'l-Làhu
"Wa qad dhakara'l-Lahu'l-insana fi thamaniyatin wa 'ishrina mawdf ' an wa aala innahu makhLiioun , "267 .. .. .. .'-
ya'ni:
"Sanya disebutkan Allah Ta'àla akan Lnsân itu pada duo. puluh dualanan tempat. bahwa insan itu makhlûq."
Maka inilah beza antara perkataan wujüd Allah itu wujüd makhlüq, dan wujüd makhl.iiq i tu wujüd Allah, dan Lnsân [13J itu Allah, dengan perkataan
katanya NabI 'Ïsa itulah Allah.
Maka yang demikian
itu tiada ter[sem]bunyi pada segala Budiman yang berIman. Shaykh 'Ali ibnu
al-Maha'imi (qaddasa'l-Làhu sirrahu!)
dalam kitab Ira'atu'l-Daga'ig: 267
Kata
The text reading ghulügun is corrupt.
--_._----
-162-
"Fa man aa1a'1-'aglu aw al-nafsu aw al-tabi'atu'lkulliyatû aw dünaha mina'1-kawàkibi269 wa'l'anasiri wa'l-mawalIdi ilahun bi i'tibari lahu·fa qad kama akhta'a270 man qala li yadI Zaydin innahu Zaydun wa 'in kanat yaduhu min jumlati fa 'in kana mukhti'an fi 'ala ma laysa bi ilahin fa qad kafara wa tazandaqa ••• " ya'nI:
"Barangsia12a mengi'tiqadkan 'aql atau nafs atau segala tabI'at atau barang sebagainya daripada segala bintang·dan segala 'anasir dan dan nabatat dan jumadat itu Ta\ala dengan i'tibar 271 maka salahlah ia seperti yang mengatakan 'tangan Zayd itulah Zayd' - dan jika ada tangannya itu daripada jumlah segala sekalipun. Apabila adalah salah i'tiqadnya pada mengatakan yang Iain daripada Haqq Ta'ala maka sanya jadilah ia - Ta'ala itu.....Haqq kafir dan ••• "
.
ri kulli'l-'alami wa asma'ihi fa laysa vrujüduhu min haythu hu\<.&. zâhtrun fi kulli wahidin [14] min âhadi'l-ashya'i bi kamalihi •• :" If
•••
Wa 'in
••• jikalau kata pada 'alam wUJud HaqQ Ta'ala, atau asma'Nya sekalipun, maka sekal1-kali tiada ada wujüd Allah daripada fihaq itu ada vrujüdNya mawjüd pada tiap-tiap makhlüq ••• " rI'I" ••• Wa li'l-qawli bi kulli la yajüzu'l qawlu bi ilàhiyyati kulli wà.tlidin mina'l-ashya'i ••• If 268
The text reading awwamâ is corrupt.
269
The text reading kawab is corrupt.
270 271
The text reading khata'a . - is corrupt. The text reading i'tiyar is corrupt.
272
The text reading -. ,,,àhidati is incorrect.
-163-
"Adapun murad daripada kata Ahlu'l-SürI: wahdâtu'1-wujüd273 ri'l-kulli - ya'nI keesaan WüjÛd Allah dengan 'alam itu, bukan maqiüd mereka itu akan tiap-tiap segala perkara yang tersebut itu :tIaqq Ta'ala ••• " " •.• Idhi'l-kalamu ayy kalamu man qala bi wahdati ,rojüdi'l-kulli innama huwa rI anna'lmajmü' ayy majmü' wujüdati'l-ashya'i amrun wahidun wa huwa zuhüru'l-haaai rI'l-kulli la anna kulla wahidln mina'l:mâwjüdati huwa'lmajmü'u'l-ladhI bi ku11iyatihi ••• " " ••• Kerana maqsüd Ahlu'l..sürI dengan katanya 'wahdatu'l wujüd·al-kul1i' ya'nI keesaan 'a1am -. suku-sukunya .. - mereka . dengan 1tu - maqiud 1tu hanya sanya ada1ah majmü' wujud segala ashya' itu suatu pekerjaan jua; iaitulah zuhür Haqq Ta'ala pada calame Bukan maqsùd mereka itu bahwa sanya tiap-tiap dariEadâ segala mawjüdat itulah majmü' 'a1am yang dalamnya Haqq Ta'ala dengan dhatNya dan dan asma'Nya ••• " Dan lagi pula katanya huwa ya'ni:
kitab ma bihi
[15J wa
Il
"Esa wujüd itu iaitu suatu shay' yang dengan dia jadi shay' yang Iain." (ertinya yang menjadikan segala sesuatu itu iaitu asa).
-164-
ma huwa bihi tata..Q.aqqaqu çaqlqatu kulli mawjüdin wa dhalika la an yakiina arnran 275 ghayra' l-çaqqi sha'nuhu. ya 'nI:
"Bahwa 1,.,ra.tJ.datu 'l-wujüd i tu iaitu bar-ang suatu shay' yang dengan dia jadi sesuatu shay'. Maka yang menjadikan itu sekali-kali tiada sah • • dikata wujüd melainkan akan wujüd Allah jua." Maka barang siapa hendak rnenta'wI1kan277 Allah itu 'alma dan 'alam
i tu Allah - dan Lagf katanya trisân i tu Allah - maka sanya ia1ah mendustakan Yahùdi
Ta'ala dan RasülNya, dan membenarkan i'tiqad Lagi dii'tiqadkan mereka itu Islam aja'ib;
sekali-ka1i betapa perinya hendak dita'wilkan akan perkataan yang sejahat-jahat dan i'tiqad yang semata-mata 9alalat lagi kafir na'üdhu bi'l-Lati minha: - yang tiada terderita tujuh petala langit dan bumi mendengar dia, seperti firman Allah Ta'ala: 'Takadu'l-sroJawatu yatafattarna m1nhu wa tanshagqu'1-ar9u wa takhirru'1-jibalu278 haddan an da'u li'l-rahffiani waladan.' • ya'ni:
'Hampirlah tujuh petala 1angit cherak-cheraklah tujuh petala bumi, dan runtuhlillî [16J segala bukit berhamburan tatakala mendengar kata YahüdI dan Nasara ada bagi Tuhan yang bernama i tu anak,"
Apabila kau ketahuilah perkataan dan i'tiqad Wujüdiyyah yang
maka sekarans kubayankan pula perkataan dan i't1qad 275
The text reading amrun is incorrect.
276
The text 1s corrupt.
277
The text reading menta'wilkan 1s incorrect.
278
The text reading tahirru . - 1s incorrect.
-165-
Wujüdiyyah yang
lagi Ahlu'l-?üfi (dijadikan
kiranya ki ta daripada qavm mereka i tu! )
Ta'a.la.
Kata Wujüdiyyah yang
bahwa wujüd Allah itu esa jua; tiada berbilang dan tiada bersegala dan setengah, tiada berhimpun dan bersukusuku, tiada
dan
'rumm,
tiada jawhar
jisim - serta demikian
ada dijadikannya segala perkara yang tersebut itu. Shahdàn.
Bahwa wujüd Allah itu sekali-kali tiada berubah dan
tiada jadi segala perkara itu kerana ra al'ana kana kana - ya'nI, adalah ra sekarang seperti adaNya dahulu jua; ya'nI tatakala belumpa1 279 dljadikan segala perkara itu.
Ta'àla segala perkara, tiada ra jadi
Ya'nI, demikian lagi tatakala sudah dijadikan-
Nya segala perkara itu pun tiada jadi ra serupa dan sewujüd dengan segala perkara itu.
Ya'ni, bahwa wujüd Allah itu tertentu pada
dhat Allah jua, sekali-kali tiada jadi ra wujüd makhlüq, dan wujüd makhlüq ltu sekali-kali tiada jadi ia wujüd Allah. Shaykh
Seperti kata
Ibnu'l-'ArabI (qaddasa'l-Lahu sirrahu!) pada
setengah
.
"Wa.jibu 'l-wujüd huwa 'l-wujüd [17J al-mutlaa. Il ya'nI:
rrWaj i bu 'l-wu j üd i tulah wu j ûd yang mu tlaq. " (ya'nI wujüd Allah itu bULan wujüd yang muqayyad).
Maka adalah wujüd Allah [tiada] ketahuan kayfiyyatNya dan kammiyyatNya, dan tiada dapat
dan
279
E& is
280
The text reading _e_._ tafahuskan is incorrect.
ar-cnaf,c
form meaning lagi.
daripada
-166-
haqiqatNya dan kunhi dhatNya.
Seperti firman Allah Ta'ala:
'Wa yuhadhdhirukumu'l-Lahu nafsahu.' ya'ni:
'Dinertakut Allah akan kamu daripada sampai ma'rifat kamu kepada kunhi dhatNya.'
Dan sabda Nabi s.a.w.: "Kullukum fI dhati' l-Lahi J;;lUmqiyyüna." ya'ni:
"Adalah sekalian kamu pada ma'rifat dhËlt Allah ahmao." .
.
Dan kata nabI Allah Dawüd a.s.: "Subhana man ja'ala i'tirafa'l-'abd bi'l-'ajzi 'an shukrihi shukran kama ja'ala i'tirafahu bi'l'ajzi 'an ma'rifatihi ma'rifatan." ya'nI:
"Mahasuchi Tuhan yang menjadikan iqrar 'abd dengan melemahkan dirinya daripada membawa shukur akan dia dengan sempurna shukur, seperti dijadikan iqrar 'abd dengan melemahkan dirinya daripada sampai ma'rifatnya pada kunhi dhat Allah dengan sempurna ma'rifatnya."
Kata Abü Bakr
r.a.:
"Subl}ana man lam yaj'al likhalqihi sabilan 28l ila ma'rifatihi illa bi'l-'ajzi 'an ma'rifatihi." ya 'nI:
"Mahasuchi Tuhan Y311g tiada menjadikan bagi makhlüqNya jalan kepada ma'rifat dhatNya melainkan daripada melemahkan diri daripada ma'rifat akan Dia."
Maka nyatalah tiada
ma'rifat 'abd dan
akan
Ta'ala melainkan dengan sekira-kira anugerah Tuhannya [18J akan dia.
Seperti kata Shaykh ShiblI (qaddasa'l-Làhu sirrahu:) akan
seorang laki-laki: 281
The text reading sabIlun is incorrect.
-167-
"Tadri larn tawJJ.idaka f'aqâ.La qala liannaka tatlubuhu bika fa law tatlubuhu bihi la 283 wajadtuhu." ya'ni:
"Tahukah engkau kerana apa [tiadaJ tawhidmu? Maka sahut itu: 'Tiada hamba Maka kata Shaykh Shibli: 'Dari kerana bahwa sanya engkau menuntut tawhid itu dengan dikau (ya'ni dengan daya upayamu jua), maka jikalau kau tuntutnya akan tawhid itu dengan anugerah ?aqq Ta'àla nischaya kau peroleh akan dia."
Inilah rahasia sabda Nabi s.a.w.: "La ya'rifu'l-Laha illa'l-Làhu la yadhkuru'l-Laha illa'l-Làhu la yara'lLàha illà'l-Làhu." ya'nI:
"Tiada [ada yang dapatJ mengenal Alla.h melainkan Allah, dan tiada [ada yang dapatJ menyebut Allah Allah, dan ·tiada [ada yang dapatJ melihat Allah melainkan Allah. (Ya'ni tiada dikenal 'abd akan Ta'àla melainkan dengan semata-mata anngerahaNya akan dia, dan tiada dapat disebut 'abd akan Ta'ala melainkan dengan semata-mata anugerahaNya, dia, dan tiada dapat dilihat 'abd akan Ta'àla melainkan dengan semata-mata anugerahaNya akan dia)."
Maka adalah i'tiaad segala Wujüdiyyah yang
pada
ma'na kallmat la ilàha illa'l-Lah 'tiada mawjüd hanya Allah.' Ya'ni: ertinya:
'La wujüda li shay'in JJ.aqlqatan illà'l-Lahu.' 'Tiada wujüd bagi sesuatu shay' Eada haqiqatnya
melainkan tertentu bagi
Ta'alà. ,.
ya'nI:
'Ma fI'l-wujüdi illà huwa nafiyyu'l-mashriki 'an vrujüdihi [19J wa ithbatu waJJ.datihi fI wujüdihi bila ghayrihi.' .
ertinya:
'Tiada ada wujüd pada JJ.aqiqat melainkan [wujüd] Haqq Ta'àlà jua; iaitu menafikan sekutu daripada wujüd Allah mengithbatkan keesaan Haqq Ta'ala pada wujüdNya jua dengan tiada ada wujûd haqiqi bagi yang lainnya.' 0
282
Text reading tasih is incorrect.
283
Text reading li 1s corrupt.
- 0
-168-
Maka ba nwa sanya wujüd segala makhl.iiq Dan
dan
itu iaitu wujüd
tiada wujüd
lagi wujüd ma jâzf jua. Ta'ala jua.
pada wujüd yang majazi.
Sekali-kali
Hanya sanya adalah ia
hapus dan lenyap lagi 'adam apabila dibandingkan dengan yang 8eperti kata 8haykh Junayd (qaddasa'l-Lahu "Al-muhdathu idha qürina bi'l-qadimi lam yatabaqqa284 lahu atharun." "Wujüd yang muJ}dath itu apabila dibandingkan dengan wujüd yang qadIm nischaya tiadalah tinggal baginya bekas (ertinya hapuslah dan fana'lah ia)."
ya'nI:
Maka adalah segala
itu menghapuskan dalam mushahadahnya
akan segala '1/rujüd makhlüq pada banding mushâhadahnya akan wujüd
Allah yang
lagi mUflaq.
mawjüd yang J}aqiqi hanya Allah.'
Serta kata mereka itu 'tiada ada nyatalah ma siwa Allah itu
- sekali-kali tiada berwujüd
kerana ittifaqlah
segala perkataan 'Arif dan HutJ.aqqiq pada isharat dan 'ibarat, pada dhawq dan wi j dan.
Dan-
"Ma. siwa 'I-L8.hi 'adamu 'l-mahd m.i. n haythu bi wujûdin lahi ta'ala." L20] ya 'nI:
"Bahwa sanya adalah ma s twâ Allah i tu 'adam daripada fihaq dhatNya, dan tiada dapat diperikan akan 'adam mahd itu ada ia mawjüd [ber] serta [dengÉu;] Allah. 1l
Kata Shaykh Ibn 'Ata'i'l-L8.h (qaddasa'l-L8.hu sirrahu!) "Fa ma siwa'l-lahi ta'ala 'inda ahli'l-tawhldi wa'l-ma'rifati la bi wujüdi wa la • faqada a'zalan wujüda ma'ahu ghayruhu li thubüti aJ}adiyyutihi wa la faqda li ghayrihi li annahu la yafqidu 285 illa. ma wujida." 284
The text reading labtagl 1s incorrect.
285
The text reading yufaqgidu is incorrect.
-169-
ya'nI:
"Ha siwa Allah itu pada Ahlu'l-Tawhld dan Ahlu'lMa'rifah tiada dapat diperikan dengan wujüd, dan tiada dapat diperikan dengan 'adam dari kerana sekali-kali tiada sesuatu wujüd shay' serta ?aqq Ta'àla Iain daripada dhatNya;kerana wujüd Allaj pada dhatNya jua. Dan tiada ma siwa Allah itu 'adam mutlaq dari kerana bahwa sanya tiada jua dijadikan Ta'àla akan sesuatu shay' melainkan barang yang dijadikanNya. 11
Seperti firman Allah Ta'ala yang Mahatinggi: 'Kullu shay'in halikun illa wajhahü.' ya 'nI:
'Tiap-tiap s hay' itu binasa melainkan dhat Allah.'
Seperti sabda NabI s.a.w.: "Ala kullu shai 'in ma khala '1-làha286 wa kullu na 'Imin la mahâ'Lat a ûi 'ilu. "287 • ya 'nI:
"Tiadakah kuketahui tiap-tiap segala sesuatu baran g yang Iain daripada Allah itu sia-sia jua adanya."
ertinya:
"Tiada dibagiNya wujüd dan tie.p-tiap ni'mat itu tidak dapat tiada hilang jua."
Sanya shahdân , bahwa
.
[21J Amat beza antara -uerkataan Ahlu'l-SüfI
Ta'àla dengan 'alam itu esa, dan antara perkataan
Wujüdiyyah yang Maka
bahwa
Ta'ala dengan 'alam itu esa.
daripada perkataan itu iaitu bahwa sanya Ta'ala jua yang mawjüd lagi tertentu wujüdNya pada dhatNya
jua, sekali-kali tiada wujüdNya pada 'alam; seperti kata mereka itu: "Al-vlUjüdu huwa 'l-Lahu." ya 'nI:
"itlujüd i tu iai tu Allah."
Dan seperti kata Shaykh
(qaddasa'l-Làhu
286
The text reading
is corrupt.
287
The text reading zanidu is incorrect.
-170-
-.-.--.-
sirrahul) dalaB kitab
"\Va 'l-wujüdu 'l-haqqu Lnnamâ hm-Ta Jl-lahu '1:tJ.aythu dha.tuhu 'ainuhu dhatuhu." ya'ni:
"Yang '\'lUj ûd i tu iai tu ?aqq Ta' ala. Hanya sanya lalah Allah sebenarnya lagi tertentu la daripada fihaq dhatNya: itulah wujüdNya."
Dan lagi pula katanya: "Wa inna'l-'alama laysa illa tajalliyahu." "Dan bahwa sanya 'alam itu tiada ada ia melainkan tajallI ?aqq Ta'a.la (ya'nI Dan lagi pula katanya: "Fa '1- 'alamu mut awahhamun ma 1ahu wujüdun "Naka 'alam i tu iaitu yang dhrahmikan jua, tiada ada baginya wujiid
Maka berhimpunlah 288 sekalian Ahlu'l-$üfi dan segala Mutakallimin mengatakan: "Al-'àlamu bi jami'i ajza'ihi a'radun wa'lma'rûdu huwa'l-lahu." • • ya'ni:
"Yang 'alam dengan segala suku-sukunya [ituJ beberapa dan ma'rüç1 itu iaitu ?aqq Ta'àlà."
Maka Murad daripada 'arac} itu pada
mereka itu [22J:
"Al-'araç1u la yabqà zamanayni.,,(l4-) ya 'ni:
"Yang 'araç1 itu tiada ia kekal pada dua masa."
Dan Murad daripada ma'rüç1 itu iaitu wujûd Allah yang azalI lagi (14) Ya'nI adalah 'arag itu berubah-ubah lagi ber ganti-ganti dan hilang.
Maka datang yang ganti sebagainya pada tiap-tiap nafas
dan ketika. 288
minhu.
The text reading berhimpunkan is incorrect.
-171-
abadI.
Ia1ah yang qa'im sendiriNya dan Ialah yang mengqiyamkan 289
bagi lainnya.
Maka
dinamai akan 'aImn itu dengan nama
wujüd; hanya sanya adalah dinamai akan dia dengan nama dan la shay', batil dan khayàlI dan sarabi dan Maka apabi1a adalah
jua.
'àlam itu demikian - ya'nI tiadalah
kebilangan keadaannya itu jikalau kelihatan pada penglihRt mata sekalipun - maka tiadalah menduai wujüd kata mereka itu bahwa
Ta'ala.
Ta'àla dengan 'àlam itu esa.
mereka itu bahwa 'alam(15) dengan bersuatu.
Sebab inilah Bukan
Ta'àlà sewujüd dan
Kerana itulah kata mereka itu bahwa faqq Ta'ala dengan
'àlam berlainan pun tiada dan bersuatu pun tiada, kerana berlainannya dan ber-suatunya i tu menghendaki dua adalah ia milik bagi
Ta'ala.
jüd.
Hanya sanya
Su'àl (jika ditanyai seseorang):
"Bahwa matahari yang dilangit dengan matahari yang kelihatan didalam chermin esakah atau dua?"
Jawab: "Bahwa matahari yang dilan-
git dengan matahari yang didalam chermin esa jua."
Su'àl (jika
ditanyai seseorang): "Bukankah ketahuan daripada perkataan ini bahwa matahari yang dilangit dengan matahari yan g didalam chermin itu sewujüd?" (15) shay'
Jawab: "Bahwa [23J sekali-kali tiada sewujüd matahari
sebab dinamai akan 'à1am itu là shay' kerana ia tiada pada tiap-tiap nafsu,l_amr dirinya, tetapi adalah shay'
pada fihaq dijadikan Allah akan dia.
?ashiyah minhu.
289 The text reading pegiyàmkan is incorrect. 290
The text reading
1s corrupt.
-172-
yang dilangit dengan matahari yang didalam chermin.
Maka yang
demikian itu tiada ter[semJbunyi pada segala Budiman yang tajam 'aqlnya, kerana matahari yang didalam chermin i tu tiada kebilangan adanya, dan hanya yang kebilangan itu matahari yang dilangit jua. Maka jikalau ada ,rojüd matahari yang dilangit itu pada matahari yang didalam chermin nischaya berhubunglah dan sewujüdlah keduanya. Maka yang demikian itu sekali-kali tiada diterima 'aql.
Dan jikalau
ada sesuatu suku daripada vrojüd matahari yang dilangit, atau chahayanya ada pada matahari yang kelihatan didalam chermin nischaya hangat dan tertunulah ctermin itu.
Dan lagi pula jikalau ada
wujüd matahari yanG dilangit itu pada matahari yang kelihatau didalam chermin itu betapa luas pada 'aql, kerana matahari yang dilangit itu kira-kira tiga puluh kian dunia ini besarnya, dan chermin itu qadar sejari jua besarnya.
Maka betapa dapat chermin
yang luas sejari meluluskan matahari dilangit yang besarnya tiga puluh kian dunia
•
• t
lnl.
Maka nyatalah bahwa matahari yang kelihatan
didalam chermin itu bayang-bayang dan tempat kenyataan dan bekas matahari yang dilangit jua." Adapun maksud Wujüdiyyah yang
mengatakan ?aqq Ta'ala
dengan 'aram esa jua, iaitu dikehendakinya sewujüd.
Lan
Allah dan 'alam
Maka Allah itu 'alam dan 'alan itu Allan - na'üdhu bi'l-
[24J daripada beri'tiqad yang demikian itu! Shahdân ,
Adalah mushâhadah segala 'Arif yan g kâmf.L mukammal
akan H.aqq Ta'ala dengan 'alam itu seperti kata Sàhibu Miftàhi'l• •
Ghayb (qaddasa'l-Làhu sirrahu!):
-173-
"\.J'a amrna 'l-kummalu wa 'l-mumakkanüna la yanfüna '1'alama 'ala ma yanflhi ahlu'l-shuhüdi'l-(16) haliyyi wa la yuthbitünahu 291 'ala ithbati àhli'l-hijabi ma'a i'tirafihim bi'l-9aqqi wa'l'alami {va tamylzihim bayna'l-9aqqi wa ma siwàhu." "Ada.Lah segala yang kâm l l yang Ahlu 'l-Tamldn tiada d Lnaf'Ekan 'ala'11 seperti yang dina.flkan Ahlu'l-Shuhüd al-Hall, dan tiada diithbatkan mereka itu akan 'âlam seperti yang diithbatkan Ahlu'l-Hijab; serta diqabülkan mereka itu akan Haqq Ta\àla 'alam, dan dibezakan mereka itu antara Ta'ala dengan 'a1am.
ya 'nI
Tanblh.
Ketahui olehmu, hai Talib!, bahwa perkataan
shat9iyyat(17) yang terlanchar 1isannya setengah 'Arif, pada9al ghalàbah mabolmya, seperti katanya: "Ana'l-Lahu!" dan "Ana'l:tlaqqu!" dan barang sebagainya yang ketahuan daripada perkataan itu bahwa
Ta'ala densan makh1üq suatu
yang demikian itu
dan sewJ.jüd.
sekali-ka1i tiada
Maka
dan tiada
-----------_._--------------------(16) Itu tinggal da1amnya: iaitulah mem[b]eri manfa'at dan yang pada
itu iaitu barang yang keluar
daripada lisannya setengah Ahlu'l-Làh itu tataka1a ghalabah mereka itu. shara' dan
mabok
Maka yang demikian itu tiada mufakat dengan hukum • Hanya semata-mata dengan dia perangai bashar-
iyyah jua, tiada dengan ikhtiyar mereka itu padanerkataan itu.
:tlashiyah minhu.
'Afa'l-Lahu 'anhu.
(17) Adapun murâd daripada seperti dibuang periuk yang mendidih
itu pada lughat, buang; biuhnya yang tiada berman-
fa'at dan tinggalkan barang yang beri manfa'at.
Demikian lagi qalb
segala Ahlu 'l-Lah i tu upama periuk yan.; mendidih dan shat:tLiyyat i tu buih
-
ia itulah yang terang 1agi tiada beri manfa'at segala
asrar. 291
The text reading yushbitünahu is corrupt.
-174disengaja 292 mereka itu akan perkataan
itu.
Hanya sanya
berlaku atas lisan mereka itu dengan tiada ingat llican dirinya serta [25J terlanchar lisan yang lawas 293 tatakala maboknya, dan yang mengigau tatakala tidur dan
dengan sesuatu pekerjaan, dan
yang ter'ad at akan sesuatu perkataan(18) seperti orang yang latah. Maka terlanchar lisànnya dengan tiada ikhtiyarnya. segala 9al Ahlu'l-Làh paàa
Demikian lagi
kerana adalah ghalib
pada penglihat mereka itu, fana' [akanJ dirinya dan akan segala ma sivla'l-Làh, serta mathqül dan karam ia pada tiap-tiap ketika pada siang dan malam dalam mushahadahkan
Ta'üla.
Lalu berlaku
atas lisànnya segala mereka itu daripada segala asna' Allah hingga ter'adatlah pada Lf sânnya i "Hm!a'l-Lahu! - HUvra'l-Làhu!" atau "Huwa'l-tIaqqu: - Huwa'l-tIaqqu!" 'Ana'.
Haka tertukarlah "Huwa ' itu dengan
Maka yang demikian itu diperlakukan tIaqq Ta'ala atas
Lf sân mereka i tu, dan dengan tiada Lkht.Lyâr-nya ,
adalah pada
dinamai akan yang mengata[kanJ
.. .
itu
.
(18) Adapun Murad daripada mabok itu pada istilàh Ahlu'l-Süfi iaitu tiada ingat 'abd akan dirinya dan gha l a bah minhu.
waridnya tajalli
ma siwa'l-Làh sebab Ta'ala padanya.
' Afa'1- Latlu "anhu ,
292
Tne text reads sahaja (archaic forro of sengaja).
293
The text is corrupt.
?ashiyah
-175-
dan marfü'u'l-galam pada
Ta'ala jua.
Dan
dibiarkan mereka itu akan dia hanya pada perkataan dan barang sebagainya jua.
Tetapi pada
shara,(19)
akan dia(20) dan tiada diberikan mereka itu akan dia(21) pada segala i'tiqad yang tiada
dan zindiq dan segala perbuatan yang Ta'ala.
Jikalau pada
[26J fana'nya dan
maboknya sekalipun tiada gugur daripadanya taklif, iaitu amr dan nah!, kerana adalah
Ta'ala qa'im dengan memerintahkan
'aqlnya dan dipeliharakanNya (19) Ya'ni: tiada disiksa
dia daripada segala perbuatan Ta'ala akan dia pada hari qiyamat,
ker-aria ia mengat aj kan ] lagi kerana
i tu tiada dengan ikhtiyarnya,
daripada lisannya sebab ghalabah kekerasan
Ta'ala atasnya.
Seperti firman Allah Ta'âla:
'rnni ana'l-Làhu!' daripada puhun [kan]
dibukit rürisina. itu mu'min pada
Naka adalah yang mengata-
Ta'ala.
minhu.
'Afa'l-Lahu 'anhu. (20) Ya'nI jikalau tiada dibunuh akan dia.
minhu.
'Afa'l-Làhu 'anhu. (21) Ya'nI segala i'tiqad yang bersalahan dengan Kitab Allah dan Rasülu'l-Làh baran g yang
ijma' segala 'Ulana', atau Allàh.
Ya'ni
mereka i tu akan dia
dengan mur t ad dan zindiq, dan jikalau tiada dibunuh alcan dia.
lIa shi yah minhu.
' Afa' l-Lahu 'anhu.
-176-
yang
Serta [diJ anugerahiNya
mengerjakan segala fi'l-Lah.
pada
Kata Shaykh
ketahuan [ma'nànyaJ
akan dia pada
gh a l a bah maboknya serta fana' Ibn
demikianlah
perkataan segala 'Arif bi'l-Lah.
Hai 1alib!, sekali-kali tiada jadi wujüd wujüd
Ta'alà itu
dan wujùd makhlùq itu sekali-kali tiada jadi wujùd Ta'ala jikalau fana' fi'l-Lat dan baqa' bi'l-Lah sekalipun.
Seperti kata Shaykh 'Ali ibn AQmad al-Mahà'imi (qaddasa'l-Làhu sirrahu1) didalam kitabnya Irà'atu'l-Daaà'ig
Mir'atu'l-
tragà'ig: "Bf.annahu wa in ba.Larha ma baLagha la takhruju min haddi'l-haqa'iqi'l-kawniyyati wa là yablu ghu ratbâtan ilahiyyatan wa 'in fàniyan fi'lLahi aw baqiyan bihi khilàfi ma tawahhama ba'du'lsuf'ahâ 'i."
ya 'ni:
·
" Bahva sanya jikalau wa s i l 'abd dengan kesudahsudahan kepaàa Ta'àla sekalipun maka sekali-kali tiada ia keluar daripada had makhlüq, dan tiada jadi dLperwu jûdnya ai-an 'rojûd Allah jikalau jadi i a fana' fi'l-Làh [atauJ baaa' bi'lLah sekalipun - bersalahan dengan yang di i 'tiqadkan seten ga h jàhil yanz zindiq."
Shahdan.
Barang siapa [27J mengata[kanJ perkataan shathiyyat ••
atau dii'tiqadkannya pada
'ibarat perkataan itu dengan tiada
ghalabah maboknya(2 2) seperti Lah itu, maka jadilah ia
segala AQlu'l-
dan zindi q; lagi kaf i r pada Allah
(22) Ya'ni ingat akan dirinya dengan ikhtiyarnya. The text reading khaf or
conveys no meaning.
-177-
pada
shara', dan
akan dia didalam dunya dengan
bunuh dan didalarn akhirat senantiasa kekal da1am neraka selamaLamanya ,
Rabbana la tuzigh qulübana ba'da idh hadaytana wa hab lana. min Ladunka rahmatan innaka anta 'l-wahhab • • Ertinya:
Hai Tuhan kami!, jangan kiranya Kau palingkan hati kami kemudian daripada sudah Kau tunjuk pada jalan yang benar, dan anugerah kiranya akan kami daripada çaçlratHu ratJ.mat. Bahwa sanya Engkau jua yang amat menganugerah.
Wa ial1a'l-Lahu 'ala sayyidina Muçammadin wa alihi wa ia:tJ.bihi wa sallam.
TaslIman
kathIrffi1.
ya
ràhimin • • Tammat pada
'alayhi wa sallam
seribu seratus dualapan puluh enam tahun kepada tahun waw, kepada dua belas hari bulan Sha'ban, kepada hari A9ad pada waktu ba'da salatiJl-zuhri. • •
Wa katibuhu
akhI
'Abdu'l-'AzIz.
CHAPTER VII
English translation of the text
-179-
The Proofs of tl1e Truthfu1 in Refuting the ZindIqs
Al-Shaykh N端r u ' l - DI n al-RanIrI
Maxwell Text no. 93 [Royal Asiatic Society, London]
-180-
Bismi'l-Lahi'l-Rahrnani'l-RahIm •-
.:;::;:.=:.::;......:::.....::::.=;:.:.=0-::;-=.;;:;:;.
In the name of God the Merciful the Beneficent.
li Ilâhin huwa kanati'l-daratu gharIaatan.
fi
nawalihi
Every praise be to God - to \v.hom all
praise is due:
AlI souls are submerged in the ocean of His
generosity.
an'ama 'alayha bijüdihi'l-tawfiga ula'ika mina'l-
VIa
nabiyyIna
And through His generosity He has
bestowed upon them His succour.
They are those fram amongst the bi 9aggihim 9 agg a'l-
Prophets and the Truthful. wa
God has
established their veracity by true confirmation, and they had, by the affirmation of their faith, separated truth from falsehood. Wa
9aaa'igahum bi'l-tadaIgi fa
'ulÜffiahum wa
They investigated the objects of their sublime research scrupulously as even thus did they reco rd their knowledge and make clear the way of religion. tawfIgi'l-ragIgu tabi'ahum wa illa And
50,
Fa man hasala lahu li • wa'l-zindiga.
has the fine succour of God then he would
assuredly follmv them, but as for him who fails to follmr verily he is from amongst the Deviators and the ZindIqs.
Wa'l-
wa'l-salrunu 'ala'l-nabiyyi'l-shafIai wa cala alihi wa ahli'l-wathIgi.
And prayers and peace be upon the
compassionate Prophet, and upon his Fo.Ll.owers and his Companions [2J who are people of certainty [in their belief).
-181-
Wa ba'du. 295 Fazagülu sagI'l-rasüli al-shaykhu Nüru'l-dIni ibni 'Aliyyin ibni al-shafi 'iZYU.
ibni
al-RanIriyyu
Thus nov speaks the cup-bearer who passes around
the cup of the Messenger of Allah (on whom be peacel) Shaykh Nüru'l-Din ibn 'AlI ibn
ibn
by name, of
the land of nanIr and of the school of Shafi'I.
Falamma takhalafa
wa'l-mu'anidIna mina'l-sufaha'i fI wujüdi wa nisbati'l-'alami from
ta'ala.
When some of those
the ignorant and wicked who set up false beliefs, who
are prejudiced towards religion
ISlam],(l) and those who
are obstinate, (2) disputed concerning the question of [God's] Being; identifying God with the Universe or World - fa altamasa
.
..
-
__'du'l-ajalli min ashabina - sorne of my friends -
-
are
among the many of the high ranking personages in the land [of Acheh?] requested me [to '\vrite a treatise in cle.rifying for them the issue involvedJ. islami bi barakati sayYidina salami.
wa thabbathu fI dlni'l'alayhi
wa'l-
May Allah preserve them, and through the blessings of
our lord J'.IutIammad (on whom be peace!) may they be guided to, and confirmed in, the religion of Islam: (1)
Those who set up false beliefs (Ahlu'I-Ta'sIb) .- •
(2)
Those who prevented the correction of false beliefs
(Ahlu'l-Mu'anid).
295
Now then! This is the custonary phrase which indicates that the writer has fini shed his formaI introduction and is ready to confront his subject more directly.
-182-
Fa 'allaftu wa tarjamtu hàdhihi'l-risaIata bi'l-jawiyyati min
wa ghayrihim.
l now translate and set
into Jawl this treatise, the contents of which l have culled from aIl the books of the SüfIs and of others.
•
li daf'iJl-zindIgi.
Wa sammaytuha
This treatise l entitle: ?ujjatuJl-
li daf' iJI-Zindig - which means The Proofs [3J of the Truthful in Refuting the Zindigs.
Herein l shall mention and make
cOQparisons between the beliefs of the four groups, namely: the Hutakallinln and the
the Philosophers and those who uphold
the doctrine of a heretical Wujüdiyyah, in order to expose their respective views on the relationship berween God and the Universe or World; whether He is identical with it or whether this is not so, as will be explained in the following pages. Let me begin by elucidating the meaning of [the termJ being. Being is essence (dhàt), or the constituent determinant of a thing.(3) This the
is at times perceptible to the eyes in
of the external World or Universe, and at times not
perceptible to the eyes, although it is established by the intellect (5) ('agI) and by religion (shara'), or throu gh mystical (3)
That is, quiddity.
(4)
The 'presence' of the creature is through constant remembrance
of God as the mysteries of God are experienced by him.
(5)
the Qur'an, the
ijma' of the 'Ulama J•
of the Messenger of God, and the
-183-
revelation or insight(6) (kashf),
direct experience (dhawg).
This [essence] is the Being of God. According to the MutakallimIn, there are two categories of being: firstly, the Being of God, and secondly, the being of the Universe or World.
God's Being is Necessary Being and is self-
existent, and the being of the World is Contingent Being; that is, it is created and externalized by God from not-being ('adam). Furthermore it is dependent for its existence upon God.
Thus the
two beings are in reality not identical; this is so because the Being of God endures frcm and to aIl eternity and is the principle of creation, whereas the being of the Universe is ever new and is created.
?rom their
the Mutakallimln] definition it is clear
that being is two: the one, Real Being, and the other, Metaphorical Being.
Metaphorical Leing belongs to Real Being. If [Metaphorical
Being and Real Being] bot没 are identical, then they are one. Whosoever holds and believes that the }1ost Exalted Truth [4J and the Universe are one and the saroe then he is an unbeliever, for - as the
say - their words betray that they believe the Being of
God and the being of the Universe to be one reality and one being.
(6)
That which the creature acl霉eves through God's manifestations;
that is, to contemplate God through His grace.
The creature
attains to several mysteries, these being the benefits of [His] manifestation, and mystical insight or revelation.
-184-
We are in complete a greement with the HutakallimIn concerning their belief in tDis matter.
According to our definition, being is
one; and that is the Essence of God Most Exalted.
The Universe is
non-existent and is not qualified to be considered as a category of being as it is Absolute Nothingness or Pure Not-Being ('adamuJlThus when the Universe is
and the Being of
God is Absolute Being
(7)
of 'adamuJl-mahd. and 'ltTU.iĂźduJl-mahd? .. .â&#x20AC;˘
whence this identity
In truth the Universe is
Appearance; depending for its existence upon the Being of God. It is the theatre of manifestation of the One Real Being - the ima ge reflected in the allegorical mirror: Gad is likened to the looker into the glass, the world is like the forro reflected therein. Thus God t s Being and t i1e Universe are neither the same nor different, for its identity or non-identity would require two entities existing per
So
it is only the Being of God that is
existent, and the Universe is non-existent, there is then no possibi11ty for comparison. and the Universe is one.
That 1s why we say the Being of God
Even though to outward perception the
Universe exists, existence cannot be attributed to it - for in itself it does not possess real being.
As people say [5J the king
(7)
absolutely real being.
(8)
[one,] the looker into the gl a s s and [two,J the world
[reflectionJ.
-185-
and his armies are one and the same.
Although his armies are
numerous in number, yet they do not count, for the king's existence alone is real.
Furthermore it is likened to an image in the mirror
and the possessor of that image; to external perception they are two, but i n point of fact it cannot be said of them that they are two, for the ima ge in the mirror cannot be considered as existent. Question (if people should ask): "Are t ne Imaxe in the mirror and the possessor of that image two beings or one and the same?" Answer: "The ima ge i n the mirror and the possessor of that image are one and the same, for t he ima ge is not considered as existent. In point of fact the ima ge is merely a manifestation of its possessor.
Th at is why people say t h a t the image in the mirror
and the possessor of that ima ge are one and the same - neither two nor any other." What the
mean when they say t his is in reality
the sane as what the Süfis mean. There are no differences of • opinion between t he two groups [on this point). Shahdan. 296 The contention of
trutakallimin is based upon reason and Tradition, (9)
for they perceive externally that the World exists and is subject
(9)
the Qur'an, the
of the Messenger of God, the
ijma' of aIl the 'Ulama J • 296 The use of shahdan before sentences is very cornmon in classical Mal ay literature. Tt is mos t probably an abbreviation of shahida ••• He testifies that ••• ft. also Wilkinson, p. 434.
-186-
ta change, and
perceive internal1y that God's existence is
eternal and not subject to change.
Sa
affirm the [existence
of] two beings: the one Contingent Being (jà'izu'l-wujud), and the other Necessary Bei ng (wajibu'l-wujud). Creation and Necessary Being Creator. the two of them
Contingent Be i ng is
The relationship between
the C8ntingent and the Necessary] is t hat
of Creation and Creator.
Thus they
the MutakallimIn] say
that the two beings are not identical [6J in nature, so that the generality of people would not slip into the error of believing tha t bhey are one and the s ame , as those who hold the doctrine of a heretical Wujüdiyyah and t he ZindIqs believe. The
too base their view upon the rati onal faculties
and Tradition, but they add to this also mystical revelation or insight (kashf), and direct experience (dhrovq).
They
with the
eyes of the internaI perception and experience the existence of only One Real Being - and that i5 Allah - Who is imperceptible to the eyes i n this world, for that which is perceptible [to the eyes] does not possess real being a s Allah does.
God's Being is Real
Being and Absolute, and the being of t he Universe is metaphorical and [a thingJ determined; it i5 the shadow of God's Bein g.
Of
this shadow existence cannat be predicated, nor can absoluteness be attributed to t l1is nothingness, f or if it exists then it wou.l.d mean that the Universe 1s 1dent1cal w1 t h God , and if 1ts nothâ ngie ss were absolute t hen 1t vlOuld mean that t he Universe 1s nothing
-187-
whatsoever.
Yet the Universe is perceptible; so it is clear that
t he Universe is a manifestation of t he Being of the Truth Mos t Exalted.
The relationshi p between God and the Un i ver s e then is
neither that of identity nor that of non-identity, for the Universe is a manifestation of,
belongs to God.
It is clear that according to the definition of the existence and real essence are [7J, in point of meaning, one and the same; and
is the Essence of the Truth.
TIle meaning
of the Süfls' definit i on of t he real essence [of a thing] is •
t.hat s 'Essence is wha't makes a thing what i t is'
that is - 'the
thing from which a thing becomes '; and this 'thing' [or essenceJ is r eality. As for example, the reality [or essence ] of tne pot is the wheel, and the reality [or essence] of the boat is its maker.
According to the definition of the Logicians: 297 'Essence
Ls whCJ.t makes a thing what it is as rationality is to man' 297 The Logicians may be distinguished from the Mut akal l i ml n (Loquentes or Dialecticians or Theologians) in that their method of inquiry was through logic In this they were more akin to the Philosophers, altllough t hey differed with the Natural Philosophers in that they sought to comprehend t hings from principles. They were interested in the Idea or Essence of things. To them God is first of aIl the Ne ce s s ar i l y Existing Being as a gainst the Wi s e Creator of t he Natural Philosophers. The Nutakal1imin, hOVlever, employed dialectics (ka1am) in their method of enquiry (Qi. De Boer, T.J., The history of philosonhz in Islam, transl ated into English by E.R. Jones, London, 1961, pp. 42- 43i 106-128. Hereafter cited as De Boer. Cf. also El article Kalam). Ranlri here confuses the definitions of-rhe and the Logicians. That the real essence of man is his rationality is also the view of the Mut illcal l i ml n (ft. TaftàzànI, p. Il). To the Logicians the existence of a thing i8 the thing itself (Cf. De Boer, p. 113). --
-188-
that is - 'the essence of man is his rationality'. that the meaning of
It is evident
Logicians' definition [of the term essence]
is quiddity. The differences between the endeavours of the rfutakallimIn and the SüfIs in their affirmation of God's Being and that of the • Universe are differences in expression not in meaning; as people say 'fifteen' and 'twenty minus fivete
The mean1ng is identical
although the expression is note W'nen yau have camprehended the beliefs of the EutakallimIn and the
l shall now proceed to expose the beliefs of the
Philosophers.
According to the Philosophers,2 98 the Being of God
and the Universe are both co-existent fram and to all etern1ty, for [8J it
the Universe together with aIl its parts] is an
emanation fram God.
It emanates of its own accord, without any
act [of willing] on God's part - like the emanation(IO) of heat lightJ from the sun coming from its essence; as long as the sun exists so will the heat
lightJ.
Hence in like manner,
as long as t :e Essence of God exists, so will the Universe - never separate nor existing per (10)
apart, as it were, from the Divine
tlle world emanates fram the Essence [of God] by i ts
own free will, without being willed into existence by God. 298 The contentions of the Philosophers intheir doctrine of the eternity of the World 1s exposed by GhazzalI in the Tahafut, chapters I-111. Cf. also corresponding chapters in Tahàfut alTahafut.
-189-
Essence from and to aIl eternity in absolute communion.
Furthermore
they say t hat God has no power whatsoever over aI l [that which emanates from Him], and that He has no power to create anything other than and ap art from[that] which emanates from Him. no power to change the lJniverse that already is.
He has
Furthermore they
say t hat t he seven layers of heaven and the seven layers of earth are not created eternity. oneself mercy.2 99
nihilo and that they too exist from and to aIl
They also say
to ask for God's help 1s to esteem
soul] for indeed the creature is always under The fruits of worship are nothing but assimilation to
God i nsofar as t his is possible. 300
They further say that Gad Most
Exalted is the Lover and the Beloved with respect to Himself. 30l 299
Ibn SIna summarises t l체s idea in a quatrain ascribed to him: 'Tis we who on God's Grace do most rely, Who put our vices and our virtues by, For where Tay Grace exists, the undone done Is reckoned, and the done undone thereby.
Raniri would agree vnth Ab첫 Sa'Id ibn AbI'I-Khayr's rep1y:
o steeped in sin and void of good , dost try To save thyself, and thy misdeeds deny? Can sins be cancelled, or neglect made good ? Vai n1y on Grace Divine dost thou re1y: Brovme, E. G., A literary history of Persia, Cambridge, 1956, 4 vols., vol. 2, p. 267. 300
Q[.
301
Cf. Tahafut al-Tahafut, p. 184.
pp. 16 8-171; also Tah창fut
pp. 293-300.
-190-
Such utterances as they bave let out and t l1eir entire belief are utter ignorance and downright rejedion of the truth - may God preserve us from them! When you have comprehended the views and beliefs of the Philosophers, l shall now proceed with the [exposition of the] views and beliefs of the Wujüdiyyah [9]. two groups: the one the true
The Wujüdiyyah are of Wujüdiyyah, and the other
the false Wujüdiyyah; in t he same manner as the Murji'ah302 are divided into two groups: the first group is the Hurji'ah
and the second 1s the Hurji'ah mal'Ünah.(ll)
_e___
-
The Kurj1'ah marhümah are the Comnanions of the Prophet (on whom be peace!), and the Nurji 'ah mal 'ünah are fran amongs t the seventytwo heretical sects [aIl of] which are the contents of Hell. Similarly, the WujÜdiyya.1-} 1I11:11ch is from amongst the are aIl the
(may AlIàh count us from among them!), and the
Wujüdiyyah of t he us f'r-om them!).
group
group are aIl the ZindIqs (may God preserve The reason why t.ne Wujüdiyyah are known as
wujüdiyyah is because in their discussions, sayings and belief they (11) They are called
Hurji 'ah mal 'üna.:'1 because they believe
[erroneously] that we must postpone judgment on those who commit grave sins. 302
Cf. El article Murdji'a; also Tibyan, p. 84.
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are ,.!ont to dweLL upon the question of God' s Being [or Existence]. Let me now elucidate the beliefs of both the groups of t he Wujudiyyah so that l may draw a
between them.
According
to the heretical Wujùdiyyah, being is one; and that is the Being of God. This Absolute Being of God does not exist by Itself by which it can be distinguished save in relation to the creatures. 303 Hence t :îe creatures are God' s Being and t :1e Be Ing of God Ls the being of the creatures.
The World is then God and God is the World.
In this "o!ay they affirm [as inseparable] Gad' s Absolute [lOJ Betrig with the being of the creatures, and they say that nothing exists but Gad.
Furthermore they believe the formula la ilaha illa'l-Lah
to mean: 'There is no being save God's Being.'
They desire its
meaning to be: 'There is no being in me save God's Being which is my being.'
They further say that: t1We are of the same being and
substance as God," and that God's Essence can be known, and His qualities(12) and dimensions(13) clearly visible by virtue of His external existence in space and time. (12)
[Indeed] these are the
by qualities we Mean colour, taste, sroell, warmth and
coldness, dryness and aIl such things that are the attributes of physical bodies. (13) By dimension is mearrt largeness and sna.l.Lne s s , shortness and width, depth and weight, and so on.
303 Q!. ?amzah p. 125. The idea that God does not exist by Himself by which He can be distinguished save in relation to the creatures is rejected by Hamzah• •
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sayings and be1iefs of
who are c1early unbelievers.
Shaykh
Hul;1yI' 1-Dln i bnu '1- 'Arabi (may God sanctify his secret!) in his book the FutütŒtu'l-Nakkinah, wherein he deals with the exposition of the belief of aIl the adepts in the mystical doctrine, [positively] rejects and invalidates the school of [the heretical] Wujüdiyyah.
He says:
••• From these sayings the belief of a group has strayed from the path of truth for they say: "Nothing exists save tha t we see ;." So they have made out the Universe to be God, and God the Universe itself. AlI SUcJ:l beliefs are erroneous, for the Being of God is that upon [aIl other] beings depend for their existence. (That is, God's Being creates their existence). If indeed their gnosis were perfect they would not have said such a thing. [In reality] they are ashamed of the people of Islam and they fear that they might be proved wrong by the generality of the schools and by religion.
If they openly declare: "We are God and God is
us" they will not be accepted by them
the people of Islàm).
So they hide themselves behind veils that t heir evil words and strayed bel ief may not be seen
heard and known).
And they
couch t heir vrords: "Gad is indeed ourselves and our beings and we are His Self and His Being" in [crafty] disguise.
But su ch
deception does not escape [the understanding of] the wise, and are not hidden from those who are perfeet in their understandin g.
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Shahd ân ,
Their sayf.ngs an d beliefs are like the sayings and
beliefs of the 'Ali Ilahiyyah304 and t ;1e Isma 'iliyyah30 5 of the RafidI3 06 who say t hat God descended an d became i ncarnated in 'Ali •
ibn Abi Talib (may God glorify his countenance:). They are also • like the Jews say t hat God's prophet 'Uzayr 1s the son of God, as God Most G od.,3 07
says: 'The Jews say
that 'Uzayr is the son of
And their sayings and belief are like
of the
say that Jesus is the son of God, as God Most Ex al ted says:
1
And t ::e Christians say that the Nessiah is the son
of Gad.,3 0B [12J Sorne of t iem
the Christians believe] t hat
God is t.he Third of Three, a s Gad says:' They have be come unbelievers who say that verily God is t h e Third of Three.,309 them say t.ha t the Prophet Jesus Ls in fact God ,
And SŒJe of
Furthermore the
Christians maintain t hat God descended from the realm of Divinity (lah.üt) into t ha t of Humanity (nasüt - that Ls He assumed a physical form i n the realm of boàies), and t hat havi ng done
50
30 LI- Cf. EI articles 'Ali Ilàhi (vol. l of the 1960 edition), Ghulat; 305
Cf. El articles Isma'IIIya, Sab'Iya.
306
fi.
307
Qur'an 9:30.
30 3
9:30.
309
Ibid., 5:73.
EI article Cf. Tibyan, p. 34.
Cf. Tibyan, p. 40.
He
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proceeded to return to the sphere of Divinity.3 10
Such sayings
beliefs ar e a rejection of the truth, for God says: 'They h ave disbelieved who say t hat; God Ls Jesus son of Mary.3 l l Harken!,
o wise,
to
God has said i n the Qur'àn wherei n the creation
of man i5 ment ione d i n t wenty-ei ght places. of the ZUbag,3 l3
The author
(may God sanctify his secre t J) says: "And God
has mentioned says
Bayan. 3l 2
man in twenty-eight
and He
that man is created." Here then is the clear dist j.nction drawn between the statement
that God's Be1ng is t he bein g of the creatures, and the being of the creatures is God's Beine, and man [13J is God, and t he statement of t je Christians that Jesus is God.
AlI these
[erronecus stateuentsJ are not concealed from the learned and wise.
'AlI ibn
al-tlahà'imi in his book entitled Irà'at u'l-
Daq)i' i q31 4 says: Whosoever bel ieves t hat the i ntellect and the soul (self) or nature i n its entirety - the universals - and what is below [the grade ofJ these; such as the stars and aIl the elements, the animal, vegetal and mineraI kingdoms, are God with regard 310
Cf. Tibyan, p. 37.
311
Qur'an 5:72.
312 Bayan: exposition. A warning to the reader t hat an exposition fol1ows immediately. Cf. also Wilkinson, p. 137. 313 Cf . Brockelmann, C., Geschichte der Ar a bi s chen Litteratur, Leiden, 1 898-1942, Supplementband II, p. 113. Hereafter c ited as GALS II. 314
Cf. GAL3 II, p. 310-11.
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to their manifestation, t ,:e n he is in error in t _le salle mannar as he v/ho says that 'Zayd' s hand is Zayd' - even though Zayd's hand is t he totality of his manifestation. Hhen he is in abject error i n affirming what is not God to be God, then he becomes an unbeliever and a ZindIq ••• even if we say that what is manifested and externalized in the World is God, or His attributes, it does not in the least that God's Being is external existence manifesting Itself witt aIl Its perfection in each of the individual things ••• The meaning of the saying 'unity of existence' is that the totality of existence of aIl thinGs is one; and that is the manifestation of God in t he Universe. They did not mean tnat each one of the entire beings [existences] forms a totality in the Universe wnerein Gad is manifested togetDer with His Essence, His Attributes, and His Names. . Furthermore he [i.e. al- :":aha'imIJ says in his book NasIhah: -.-.-
.
__ -
31 5 The uni ty of be Lng is that wher eby things are actualized; and this is one.
The author of the
(may God sanctify his
secret!) says: The unity of being is by which the existence of things are actualized. That which actualizes [the existence of t hings] is never va1id ta be regarded as 'being' except with reference te the Being of God. Thus whosoever wishes to interpret God as the Lniverse and the Universe as Gad, and man - so they say - is God, then he has committed perfidy against God and His Messenger, and has upheld as true t :le beliefs of the Jews and the Christians.
They believe in
315
Cf. GALS II, p. 113.
This work , however, is not recorded.
316
2[. GALS II, p. 280.
Also mentioned in the Tibyan, p. 95.
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a kind of
Isllli1 to dare to gi ve an interpretation to such
evil words and strayed and utterly unbelieving belief - may God preserve us from t hem! - which cannot be tolerated by t he seven layers of heaven and earth.
God says:
The heavens ar e apt to split asund er an d the earth crack and t he mountains to fall [16J apart when they heard the sayings of the Jews and the Christians that the God is called Merciful begat a son.317 vfuen you have comprehended the sayings and
of the
heretical Wujüdiyyah l shall novT proceed to expound the sayings and beliefs of t he true Wujüdiyyah which represent t he (may God count us from amongst their group!).
According to the
true Wujüdiyyah God's Being is One; neither numbered nor limited, neither in wholes nor in halves, neither united nor in parts, neither personal nor impersonal (private nor general), neither atom nor body - and such like. Shahdàn.
God's Bein g is immutable,
aIl those
attributes mentioned [aboveJ cannot be predicated to Him, for to Hirn lit is now a s it was then' - that is, when nothing was yet created He was not t hose t hings.
Furthermore vmen He created aIl
the t nings He was not those t hings and His Bein g was not identical with theirs.
Verily God's Being rests solely upon Hi s Essence.
He is never the being of t ne creatures and the creatures' being is never God's Being. 317
As
Qur'àn 19:90- 91.
Shaykh
ibnu'l-'ArabI (may God
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sanctify his secret:) s ays: "The Necessary Bein g is the Absolute Being" [17J - that is God's Being is not created being (mugayyad). God's Being, qualitatively and quantitatively, is
and
His existeYice and His very Essence cannot be discussed or investigated.
As God says 'wa zuhadhdhirukumuJI-Lahu nafsahu,31 8 -
that is, 'God has struck you with awe from attaining to knowledge of His very Essence.'
And the Prophet (on whom be peace:) says:
"VeriIy you are aI l a s fools Hith respect to knowledge of His Essence."
And the Prophet David (on whom be peace:) says: "Glory
be to Him Who has made the admission of man to his incapacity to thank Him ':,i th adequate t hankfulness, just as He has made his admission of failure to know Fin 'vi th perfect knowLedge ;"
Ab체 Bakr
(may Allah accept him:) says: 'IGlory be to Him Who has made naught but the only way for His creatures to know Him the inability to lm Olt' Rim." It is therefore clear t liat for the creature to strive to attain perfect knowledge of and unity with God is vain except if and se cr-et
He wills. f )
[18J As Shaykh ShiblI (may God sanctify his
says ''li th respect
ta
a certain young man: "Knowest thou
why thy striving for unity (tawhid) is [inJvalid ,?" replies "1 do not know, sire."
Then Shaykh ShiblI cor..tinues: "'Tis
because thou seekest His unity through thineself own endeavour).
The young man
with thine
If thou seekest His unity through His grace then
318 Ibid., 3:27, 29: Allah milices you cautious of (retribution from) Himself. The text simply means that All창h warns you against disobedience to Himself, and not - as in RRnlri's version attainin s to lmowledge of His very Essence:
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thou wouldst assuredly attain to it. 1f319
Herein lies the secret
of the saying of the Prophet (may God bless him and peace be upon h Lm I ): "None can knov God, except God; none can mention God , except God; none can see God, except God. 1f
That is, none can
know God except sole1y by His grace, none can mention God except sole1y through His grace, and none can see Him except solely by His grace. The belief of aIl those from amongst the group of the true Wujüdiyyah concerning the meaning of the formula la ilàha illa'lLàh
is no God but God) is that: là vrujüda shay'an
illà'l-Làhu (nothing exists in reality save God), and that 1s: ma fi'l wujüdi illa huwa nafiyyu'1-maShrik1 'an wujüdihi [19J wa ithbàtu
fi wujüdifli bila
(there is nothing
in existence except His existence, and this is ta negate any partner with respect to His existence, and to affirm His oneness and attribute His unity to Himself without attr1buting existence to others).
The existence of aIl creation 1s as if it were a shadow -
a metaphorica1 being - whereas the original and true being is that of God Most Exalted.
319
In metaphorical being there is no reality;
Ibnu'l-'Arabi interprets this very saying: If you regard Him through Him if you regard the Essence from the point of view of the Essence), then He regards Himself through Himse1f, which is the state of unit y; but if you regard Him through yourse1f from your point of view as a form) then the unity vanishes.
Cf. 'AffifI, pp. 10-11.
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it is anni h i l at ed and is not}üngness when set against true being. As Shaykh Junayd (may God sanctify hi s secret!) says: "That [existence] which is new, when set against eternal existence, is left without a trace" - meaning it is annihilated. AlI the [upholders of t he true Wujüdiyyah]
make
extinct in their contemplation aIl the existences of creation when they contemplate the Existence of God which is Real and Absolute, and they say: "Nothing possesses real existence save God." It is evident that that which is other than Gad is absolu te nothingness - at no time possessing real being - since aIl the learned and t he imbued with truth are in agreement i n their statements, their analogies, their love and insight; further that which is other than God is
min halthu
wa la
bi
wujüdin ma 'ala'l-Lahi ta'àla - [20J (absolute nothingness by virtue of Ilis Essence, and it cannot be described a s existing together with God).
Shaykh ibn
(may God sanctify
his secretn says: "That which is other than God cannot, to the People of Unit y and the Peo ple of Gnosis, be described as existent and cannot be described as having absolute being, for it can never be that the being of a thing is one with God's Bei ng.
Apart from
His Essence the Unity of His Being rests upon His Essence. And that which is other than God is not a being that is absolute by virtue of the fact that God does not create a thing except that 320
ft.
GALS II, pp.
-200-
whic h He has caused to be created."
As the sublime Words of God
Most Exalted convey: 'AlI things perish except His face. ,321 And the Prophet (may God bless him and may peace be upon him:) says: "Be"IVare! - everything save God is vain and every p1easure is transitory.3 22 Shahdag.
[21] How entirely rea1 is the difference between
[the meaning of] the words of the
that God and the Universe
is one, and the words of the Wujüdiyyah Deviators that God and the Universe is identical.
The
mean, when they say this, that
God alone exists, that His existence a10ne is rea1 and rests upon His Essence.
They never mean in the least that God's existence
depends upon the Universe as they that: 'Existence is God.'
the Deviators] who as sert
And as Shaykh
Ibnu'l-'Arabi
(may God sanctify his secret:) says in the ••• And the true Being be10ngs only to God the Real and particular in point of His Essence. His Being is His Essence.323 He further says: ••• And that t he Wor1d is nothing but His manifestation. 321
Qur'an 28:88.
322 This is not wnat the Prophet said. They are LabId's famous lines for which 'Uthman himself sat among the people to hear him recite: Why, surely everything save Gad 1s but vanity, and every pleasure must inescapably pass away; and every man shal1 one day know what he has earned when the account-books are laid open before God. Cf. Arberry, A.J., The seven odes, London, 1957, p. 126. 'alayhi bi qa1am Abü'1-'A1à AflIl, 2v. ln l, p. 104. Raniri does not quote Ibnu'l-'Arabi faithful1y.
-201-
Further ••• That the World is only an imagination [in the mind of Tt has no real existence. AlI the sürIs and the Mutakallimin are in concerted agreement in •
assertlng that: "The World together with aIl its parts is nothing but a series of accidents; and that of which they are accidents is God.,,3 24
The meaning of 'accident' in their terminology [22J
is: 'an accident [is a thing that] does not endure two instants of time.,(14)
The meaninz of that upon
the accidents depend
is God's Being, Eternal, Beginningless.
Re is the self-subsistent
One, and Re is the One Who gives subsistence to others.
Renee,
the World is not fit ta be categorized as 'being' - it is called darkness, non-being, imagination and mirage; it is nothing but a shadaw. When that t he World is such
its existence cannot be
categorized as being even though it is perceptible) it cannot then be another eXistent apart from God the Exalted. This is the reason why they say that God and the Universe is one.
They do not intend
it to mean that the World(15) and God are one being and identical. (14) The accidents change, come in succession and disappear.
Others
like them come and replace at each breath and instant. (15) The reason why this world is called not-being Lor no-thing] is because it never becornes a real thing at each breath of its appearance, but it is a thing insofar only as God creates it. 324 2[. pp. 29-30. RaulrI's notes (14) and (15) elucidating the meaning of 'accidents' bear an identity with what Jàmi says in Flash 26
-202-
This is why they say t hat God and the Universe are neither the same nor different, for their identity and non-identity would require t wo entities existing
It [the UniverseJ belongs
to God. Question (should someone asIe): "Are the sun in the heavens and the sun that is reflected in the mirror one and the same or t,vo?"
Then answer: "The sun in the heavens and the sun reflected
in the mirror are one."
Question (should someone ask [further]):
"Is it not true t hen that from
s aying it is clear that the
sun in the heavens and the sun in the mirror are one being?" Answer: "Indeed [23J t.he sun in the heavens and the sun in the mirror are not in the least one being.
Such an assertion cannot
be accepted by the learned who have a sharp mind for the sun in the mirror is not regarded as having existence. only the sun in t l1e heavens.
That which exists is
If the sun in the heavens also
exists in the mirror then assuredly tbey are in communication and both of them are one being.
[ButJ t _lĂ&#x17D;s Ls absurd for wer-e even a
part of the sun's being or its light immanent in the sun in the mirror then the mirror would become heated and Hould burn away. Furthermore if the being of the sun in the heavens is immanent in the being of the sun in the mirror, then to t he mind it
the
mirrorJ would be extremely immense; for the sun in heaven is about thirty times bigger t han this world - and the mirror i3 merely a finger's length in size.
How then can a mirror of a finger's length
-203-
accommodate the sun in heaven whose size is thirty times this earth!
Tt is clear then that the sun that is seen reflected in
the mirror is the image, the manifestation, and the reflection of the sun in heaven." The purpose of the deviatin g Wujüdiyyah when they say that God is identical with the Universe, is to mean that God and the Universe are one being.
God [to themJ is the Universe, and the
Universe is God - may God preserve us [24J from such beliefs! Shahdan.
Verily the contemplation amongst the learned who
are perfect is their knowledge regarding [the relationship betweenJ God and the Uni verse is as expounded by the author of the (may God sanctify his secret!): Indeed the perfect and those who have at t a i ned maturity [in knowledgeJ did not deny [the existence of] t be World as it was denied by t he Subjectivists.(16) They neither affirmed its existence as it was affirmed by the People (16) That which resides in it [?]: that is, it gives benefit [?], and
which according to the definition of the
are
that which escape from the tongues of sorne of the People of Allah when they are in the state of intoxication.
Such utterances are
not in accordance with religious law and reality.
They remain
human and the words they utter in their
are done
involuntarily. 325 This is the work of the celebrated Sadru'l-DIn al-QünawI. Cf. GALS T, pp. 807- 808. ••
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of Veil. But they accepted the existence of both World and God and they made a distinction between the two. Tanbih. 326 Know, 0 Seeker:, that ecstatic expressions
327
that escape from the tongues of the wise caused by t heir extreme intoxication such as: "I am
an d "I am the
and such
like, [would seem to] reveal to us that God, the Creator, and the created are one being.
But God forbid that they mean this, for
their ecstatic expressions are involuntary.
Such expressions occur
on their tongues when they are unconscious of themselves and [25J uttered when in the midst of intoxication; like those who talk in their sleep "Then they dream of something they desire; and like (17) The meaning underlying the term
is, from the point
of view of language, to 't'路':ro\v away' as one throws a"ltray the useless froth from a boiling pot, leavine only what is useful.
In the
same manner, the hearts of aIl the People of God are like the boiling pot, and their are clear
are the froth of their states; they
audibleJ but useless.
326 Tanbih: Mind following paragraphe
a warning of what is to be clarified in the
327 Compare vnth l1amzail's definition of this term and his interpretation of it in tIamzah pp. 158, 203. Also see tIamzah's definition and interpretation of fana': pp. 202, 163-4, 166-9. Cf. Ab眉 a1-Sarraj's interpretation in his Kitab al-Luma' fI'ledited by R.A. Nicholson, Leiden, 1914, pp. 99ff., and 375ff of the Arabie texte Also al-GhazzalI's Mishkat al-Anwar, translated by W.H.T. Gairdner, London, 1924, pp. 19-21 of the texte Compare also Ghazzali's definition of fana' with Hamzah's in Hamzah p. 164; and in connection with t his also路p. 202. Compare interpretation of tajrid (denudation) and tafrId (isolation) with Junayd's (Cf. Zaehner, R.C. l Hindu and Muslim mysticism, London, 1960, pp. 10, 152; and Sarraj QQ.cit., pp. 241-3 of the text).
-205-
those
vh10
become habitually hysterical with wor ds (18 ) [latah].3 28
These are aIl involuntary actions.
Similarly thi s is what the
People of Al l ah experience during their ecstatic utterances; t hey become extinct in themselves of aIl that is other than God and they are drowned every instant of the day and night in their contemplation of God. Then it occurred upon their tongues when they wer-e uttering the habituaI "He is God!" - "He is God!", or "He is the Truth!" - "He is t he Truth!", to transform the 'He' into 'l'. Such an occurrence is caused by God upon their tongues vathout The SüfIs calI t hose who utter shathiyy"at 'they who • •• are i n the state of be ing overpowered' and 'they
t heir endeavour.
whom God has caused to be exe mpt from the recordings of the Pen' (marfü'u'l- aalmn).
It is permitted to
to utter in such a
state only such wor ds as 'I am t ":e Truth1'
Howeve r according to the
(18) The meaning undérlying the term 'intoxication' is, according to the definition of the 9üfIs, extinction of the creature to himself, and to what is other than God.
This is brought about by
virtue of his be 1ng overpowered by God's visitation, and His manifestation to him. latah see Wilkinson, p. 587.
-206-
Prescribed Law(19) they are to be condemned. (20) permitted to them to [slip into]
It is not
erroneous beliefs of the
Deviators and the ZindIqs,(21) or to do deeds God does not favour. Should their [26J self-extinction and their intoxication be complete, they would still not be free from the responsibility of 'Do's' and 'Don't's', for God Most Exalted is ever pr eva i 1i n g upon their intellect in such a manner tihot He preserves them from conmitting acts contravening the Prescribed Law.
He bestows upon
them His grace so that they May perfornl their obli gat ory duties even though they May be intoxicated or extinct in the contemplation (19) I.e. He
not be punished by God in the Day of Resurrec-
tion, for he utters his ecstatic expressions involuntarily, and also because such utterances escape from his tong ue due to the overpowering manifestation of God upon him.
As [is the case whenJ
God says - 'Surely l am God I ,329 - from the olive tree on Nount Sinai.
The one
utters such ecstatic utterances is a believer
(mu 'min) to God ,
(20)
if they are not [already] condemned to death.
(21)
aIl beliefs that are contradictory to God's Book, the
sayings of the Prophet, and the consensus of aIl the 'Ulama'.
Or
[such beliefs that] make permissible what God has forbidden. they
the believers in falsehood] s :lall be charged
wi th apo s t asy and adherence to dualist doctrines Cz.indig) and if not they should be condemned to death. 329 qur'an 28:30; also 19:52, 20:10-14, 27:7-9, 28:29.
-207-
of God , Shaykh
ibn Fa<}lu '1_Lah330 said t.hat this is the
case with those who are learned in God as gleaned from their saydri gs ,
o
Seeker!, it can never be t hat God's BeinG and t he being of
the creatures are one being, and the being of the creatures never Being of God; [and this is so] even if one becomes extinct in the contemplation of Gad, or survive eternally in God.
As Shaykh 'Ali ibn Atunad al-Haha'imI (may God sanctify
his
in his book Ira'at al-Daaa'ig
says:
Mi r ' at al-Haaa'ig,
No matter how far he gets, he cannot get out of the limits of created beings, and he never attains to the divine rank - and even though he may become annihilated in God or subsisting through Him - contrary ta wha t; sorne silly people have believed. Shahdàn:
Whosoever [27J utters
and believes in its
interpretation a s being literaI wi t h out being truly extinct in his intoxication(22) in the manner of the Peo ple of Allah, then he is a Deviator and a ZindIq,33 1 furthermore he is a rejector (1f..afir) to God and to the Prescribed Law.
Such a person is to be condemned
to death i n this world and eternal Hell-fire in the next.
o our Lord, do not let our hearts stray Af t er Thou has shawn us the ri ght path, And bestow upon us Thine Mercy. (22)
J..§.. voluntarily, consci ous of himself.
330
Cf. GALS II, p. 617.
331
IT·
pp. 157-158.
-208-
Thou art indeed the Bestawer. And may God bless our Naster Huttammad; His Rouse and Companions, .And may peace be upon them aIl! Completed on the ilijrah of the Prophet (may Gad bless him and may peace be upon him!)
One Thousand One Hundred and Eighty-Six 332
years an the Year Waw333 on the Twelfth Day of Sha'ban, Sunday, after the MiĂ -day Prayers.
My brother, 'Abdu'l 'Aziz is the scribe.
332 The date gi v en here is of course incorrect.
TI1e real date of the completion of this wark is unknown. But it is most likely written between 1634 and 1644 just before he returned to RĂ nir (Cf. Voorhoeve, p. 5).
333
There are eight cycles ta the Javanese Year, the seventh be ing called waw ). Bee Pi geaud , Th., Handwoordenboek; Batavia, 1938, p. ix.
APPENDIX l
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APPENDIX II
The significance of the term zindIg
-239-
In Islam in medieval times the significance of what is termed by Western scholars and students of Islam as 'heresy' was not only religious, but - depending upon the situation in which it arose was invariably social and political as weIl.
There is no doubt
that the dissensions between political factions had in most cases a religious basis (as in Islam it is difficult to draw a distinction between the political and the religious).
Beginning perhaps with
examples in the notorious teachings of Ibn Saba' and Ibn Maym端n
--
(a.v. El) 'heresy' has since been regarded as a threat to undermine Islam and the structure of the Muslim
fram ,dthin.
It aIl started when, between the death of the Prophet and the fall of the Umawi Khilafat, two main groups arose to challenge what may be re garded then as the consensus of opinion of the community.
On the one hand we have the 8hi'at 'Ali, which was
later to develop during the course of the period into two main trends, one of vlhich was the Nawla group led by al-Mukhtar, and the other the ShI 'ah proper, or that which developed into the Ithna 'Ashariyyah. Isma'Ilis and the
From the Mawla group was to spring the followed later by the Assassins.
The
Shi'at 'Ali as such was a kind of political party - a healthy opposition party - without reli gious overtones; fighting for the settlerlent of the auestion of succession to the Khilafat.
On the
other hand we have the Khawarij, a group which soon developed extremist views and fostered anarchistic tendencies.
-240-
The 'AbbasIs have, so to speak, hitch-hiked to power on the vanguard of t he ShI'ah revolution which finally overthrew the UmawIs.
They have used the ShI'ah group as a 'catIs paw' to
achieve their own ambition - the mastery of the Khilafat. sooner had they achieved this than they discarded
No
ShI 'ah group
which had t hen become useless to t hem and which became instead a danger to their cause for which they were branded as a kind of outlaw.
Thus, then, the ShI'ah revolution did not cease; on the
contrary, it now grew with gr eat er vehemence, this time to overthrow
t ne 'Abbasis who had continued to create revolutionary situations. The growth of a kind of feudal and military rule in t he eleventh century helped greatly to create situations which became ideal breeding grounds for the Isma'Ilis and the Assassins, whose seductive teachings appealed to the masses to whom they were largely directed.
To counteract this state of affairs, the SunnI
state built madrasahs aIl over the Empire to disseminate the views of the Ahlü'l-Sunnah wa'I-Jama'ah. 334
This was a time when SüfI • brotherhoods arose and al-Ghazzali wrote his gr e at works. the time of the Mongol invasions in the thirteenth century the Shi'ah of the Isma'Il! trend and become a threat.
Assassins had ceased to
But the experiences which the SunnI State and
the 'Ulama' had in past history tau ght them much about indoctrination
334 See Taftazàni's brief account about the People of the Approved Way and the Community, Taftazàni, pp . 5-10. El article Sunna and related references therein.
-241-
of teachings alien and dangerous to Islam and to the Musl i m Community.
AlI such teachings considered as seditious and dangerous
have not been l abelled as 'heretical' in the true sense of the word, for throughout the entire course of Islamic religious history not one of the vrords used to denote seditious and dangerous teachings contrary to the spirit of Islam conveyed an iàentical meaning with tûe word 'heresy' as i t does in Christian religious history.
It
is a significant fact that, as Lewis has pointed out,335 the word hartaga or hartügI or hartIgI as used in modern Arabie literature is a loan-word of European Christian origine The first of t bese words to appear in the course of Islamic religious history denoting a kind of rebel to bid'ah (q.v. El), which means 'innovation.
1
is the word Innovation was then
looked upon with suspicion - and ri ghtly so, for by innovation was implied that of t he undesirable sort.
But as the vicissitudes of
time impressed upon the Conrraunity the need for adaptati on to alien environment anà social
innovation became gr aduall y dis-
tinguished by t he Community between the bad, or the undesir able, and the good, or the desirable.
Fr om the reli gious point of view,
however, t here can be no division of good and bad bid'ah.
An
innovation is always an innovation - and it is always undesirable in whatever historical periode
But from the historical and
sociological point of view the meaning underlying the term bid'ah
335 Lewis, B., Sorne observations on the significance of heresy in the history of Islam. Studia Islamica, vol. l, pp. 43-63.
-242-
has come to evolve so that distinctions between the good and the bad
are established.
Thus, then, in non-religious
it was made possible by the ijma' (q.v. El) that what was considered bad innovation at a period of time in the past or present may be considered as good innovation at a period of time in the future - depending of course upon the circumstances and the applicability of that innovation insofar as it would promote the welfare of the
It should be pointed out that when Lewis
said that opposition to a good bid' ah is aLs o a bid' ah336 the vord bid'ah here has a different meaning than it had originally, for there is nothing added to what already forms the consensus of opinion prior to the addition of a good bid'ah.
lt simply becomes
opposi tion, which means t?lat an addition to what already forms a body of opinion of the
is opposed.
There is no
addition.
But since what is opposed is good, such opposition is undesirable, and bid'ah here therefore means opposition to what is good and desirable.
A Muslim who is guilty of a bad bid'ah is not expelled
from membership in the CommunitjT and declared outside the pale of Islan.
Only when his bid'ah is persistent, excessive, and
agressive is he regarded as such. Next in chronological order to appear in lslamic religious history is the word
(q.v. EI), which means 'excessiveness'
or tendency to 'exaggerate' - to go beyond the limit, as Ibn Saba"s
336
Q!2.. cit., p. 53.
-243-
attitude towards 'Ali illustrates.
Such people are referred to as
the ghulat and are regarded as outside the pale of Islam. The term
cornes next.
TI1is term is generally translated
by Western orientalists as 'heresy'. which is of Persian origin, in the Sassanid times.
\·T8.S
It wou Id seem that the term,
first applied to the ï·:anichaeans
It was applied ta the ascetic and unorthodox
forms of the Iranian religion by those who upheld orthodoxy.
In
Islamic times zindiq was also applied to the Manichaeans, but more specifically to those who while outwardly professing IsImn were inwardIy professing dualist doctrines.
A classic exmaple was the
case of al-Hallaj. GraduaIIy it came to be applied to the unortho• dox in general. Unlike or ghuluW11 the charge of zindiq was no not just SÜ.1ply a theoretical one as in the case of the former two when a.l.L that t ne 'Ulama' could do was to e ondemn the guilty to damnation in the next world.
The charge of zindili brought about
practical consequences and one so charged was tried in court by the 'Ulama' and if found guilty was sentenced to death in a peculiar manner.
It has been knovm that such a dangerous charge had often
beeu levelled against one not really guilty of it, but one whom the accusers wished to liquidate for political or personal reasons.
At
the same time when zindia came to denote a Hanichaean or a dualist, it also denoted suspicious $üfi doctrines and beliefs, and atheism as we.lL,
-244-
Properly speakin g, however, the charge a gainst atheists or those \fho do not believe in any reli gion at aIl i5 denoted by the term
wl1ich a ppe ared in the historical context after zindig,.
Tnis means 'deviator 1 (from the right path).
But a gain, it later
came ta be almost identified with zindlo and was used against one guilty of propagating and holding subversive doctrines. t he point of view of Islamic reli gious history, the terms kafir and kufr are perhaps nearest the equivalent of the term 'heresy' in Christian religious history.
The term kafir is the
active participle of the verb kafara, which conveys the meaning 'to reject as false what is true'. and kufr is unbelief.
Kafir denotes the unbeliever
A person guilty of bid'ah, ghuluww, and
other forms of sectarian tendencies may still be considered a believer - that is, a Huslim.
But a Mus l i m who ceases to believe
in what he is re quired to believe is a kafir and is placed outside the pale of
The
is not a member of the Community and
he is also considered as a person who does not possess faith (iman), t hat is, he is not a Nu' min.
However, we find i n the vrritings of
the various 'Ulama' that the term kafi2: is loosely hurled about at each other.
As such it has no practical effect.
past-time, which is known as
But such a
became less frequent when
Islamic Law was systematized and codified, and t 路.:'e 'Ulama' gradually becmae unwilling to denounce other Muslims as kafir. point of fact there is a
prohibiting such behaviour.
In
....
- - - - - --
-
- -----------
-
- --
As used by RanlrI in the context in which he vehemently denounces term
it seems quite clear that he employs the as a convenient portmanteau term of abuse for the
suspected 'heresies' of t..ie latter.
tIamzah Ls definitely the
more learned of the two - at lenst fram his writings - in the understanding and exposition of the
doctrines in question.
Furthermore tIamzah does not indulge i n as far as l am aware, ?amzah uses the term
as RanirI does, and perhaps not more
t ··:,.an twi ce in hi s writings , and even sot:üs he doe s when referring to the Rawafid and the Mu'tazilah •
•
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