BIODIVERSITY Taxonomy of Common Marine Organisms Robert Perry Malibu High School www.MarineBioPhotography.com
Disclaimer: The images in this slideshow are all ŠRobert Perry except where not cited. Images may not be copied, posted, transferred, modified, or taken from this slideshow without written permission. Un-cited images in this show were mostly taken from the public domain of the world wide web. The images are used here for non-profit, non-commercial, educational purposes only. Any un-cited image that is NOT available for our noncommercial educational use will gladly be removed immediately by emailing us. Persons viewing this PowerPoint presentation should not use or redistribute for commercial purposes.
All Rights Reserved. bperry@smmusd.org www.MarineBioPhotography.com
Disclaimer #2: The groups of organisms discussed in this slideshow represent only the most commonly observed marine life forms. There are dozens of other equally interesting and important groups of organisms, however they may not be quite so obvious at the beach. Apologies go out, in advance, to nematodes, sipunculids, ctenophores, nematomorphs, nemerteans, tardigrades, brachiopods, phoronids, insects and all the rest. The status of the 5 kingdom classification scheme used in this slideshow is in flux. Some experts use 5 kingdoms, some don’t. We recognize that most of the life on Earth, in the past and in the present, consists of bacteria. Likewise, there is some debate over the Protist group. In this presentation the term “protist� has been limited to single celled eukaryotes. We have placed the large marine algae in with the plants for ecological reasons.
TAXONOMY A branch of marine biology that classifies organisms into related groups based on inherited traits.
THE MOST BROAD, GENERAL GROUPS CONTAINING THE LARGEST NUMBERS
KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY THE MOST NARROW & SPECIFIC GROUPS CONTAINING THE FEWEST NUMBERS
GENUS SPECIES
THE SCIENTIFIC NAME
The 5 Kingdoms of Life • There are over 3.5 million named species, and an estimated total of at least 50 million different species of organisms alive today on Earth.
• MONERA Ultra-microscopic and hard to collect or observe at Zuma.
• PROTISTA Very common in plankton samples taken at Zuma.
• FUNGI Ultra-microscopic and hard to collect or observe at Zuma.
• Their relationships can be reduced to 5 major groups called the Kingdoms.
• PLANT Found only as natural ocean debris at Zuma.
• ANIMAL Found in water, sand and in plankton samples from Zuma.
• KINGDOM MONERA (aka PROKARYOTA) Most abundant and diverse forms of life on Earth --- in the past and present. Often broken into two Kingdoms: Eubacteria Archaebacteria Ultra-microscopic size –1 – 2 μm Important in ecosystem as producers, decomposers, and infections (parasites) Identified through culturing, incubating and their biochemistry Image source: Triarch
2. KINGDOM PROTISTA Eukaryotic Single-celled Some producers, some heterotrophs, some parasites.
© Robert Perry
3. KINGDOM FUNGI multicellular filamentous body with spores embedded in organic material heterotrophic by absorbing
Image source: http://www.natmus.dk/nmf/nb/8/english/art7.htm
4. KINGDOM PLANTAE multicellular autotrophic
5. KINGDOM ANIMALIA multicellular
heterotrophic by ingesting
The PLANT KINGDOM
Each Kingdom is divided into groups called Phyla. In the Plant Kingdom "Phyla" are often called "Divisions." Kingdom Plantae
Division Chlorophyta
Division Rhodophyta
Division Phaeophyta
Division Angiosperma
Title: University of Tsukuba
chloro phyta “GREEN ALGAE”
• Chlorophytes are mostly found in freshwater. The species we see are bright green, small and found growing in very shallow waters. They are the least abundant of all marine plants.
More Chlorophytes…..
“GREEN ALGAE”
Codium Enteromorpha Ulva
Found in the high intertidal attached to rocks. Images - © Robert Perry
Rhodo phyta “RED ALGAE” Title: University of Tsukuba
• Rhodophytes are the most abundant marine algae in California. They range in color from pink to purple and are mostly medium sized. Some have calcified cell walls for protection.
“RED ALGAE”
It’s a fact, Jack: Red algae fossils are the oldest multicellular fossils known on Earth.
More Rhodophyta . . .
Some are leafy and foliaceous
“RED ALGAE”
Some are hard and calcified
Division Phaeophyta Phaeophytes are the largest plants in the ocean. They are brown to brownishgreen in color and may grow as long as 100m.
Phaeo phyta “BROWN ALGAE”
more Phaeophyta . . .
“BROWN ALGAE”
Images - © Robert Perry
Kelp forests are one of our most important ecosystems, providing SHELTER for thousands of other organisms.
Macrocystis is harvested for commercial use to extract algin, a tasteless emulsifying agent found in hundreds of products.
Image source: ISP Corp Used with permission.
Division Angiophyta (aka Angiosperma) Flowering plants are the dominant photosynthetic organisms on land. They have evolved roots, stems, leaves, flowers and seeds, but are relatively rare in the ocean.
Angio phyta “FLOWERING PLANTS�
Only 2 Angiophytes live in the ocean in California
Image Š Robert Perry
Zostera
Phyllospadix
Phyllospadix flowers in the late spring and summer.
Image Š Robert Perry
The PROTIST KINGDOM
The Protist Kingdom
Unicellular eukaryotes collected in our plankton samples.
(Some experts believe the Protist Kingdom also includes “algae.� We call them plants).
Kingdom PROTISTA
Phylum Protozoa
Phylum Chrysophyta
Phylum Dinoflagellata
Phylum Protozoa • Protozoans are common members of both the microplankton and nanoplankton samples we collect. All are singlecelled, heterotrophic eukaryotes.
Proto zoa “first animal”
Foraminifera
Radiolaria
more Protozoans . . . (some freshwater classics)
Ameba proteus
Paramecium caudatum
Phylum Chrysophyta. (aka, Bacillariophyta)
Other than the tiny and very abundant autotrophic bacteria, DIATOMS are the most abundant and important autotrophs in the ocean that we will be able to see. All are unicellular and most are planktonic.
Chryso phyta “golden algae� DIATOMS
Chrysophyta
upper half of frustule epitheca
hypotheca lower half of frustule
Each cell is enclosed within a silicon dioxide (SiO2) [aka “glass�] frustule.
More Chrysophyta . . .
dino phyta “rotating algae� DINOFLAGELLATES Title: University of Tsukuba
(aka, Pyrrophyta)
Dinoflagellates are redbrown, microscopic, unicellular, planktonic organisms enclosed in cellulose armor. They swim with flagella and may alternate between heterotrophic and autotrophic life. Many are toxic.
Cellulose plates:
cell wall = cellulose
Dinoflagellate bloom = “red tide� Lingulodinium polyedra
Autotrophs in sun, heterotrophs in dark.
More Dinoflagellates‌
The ANIMAL KINGDOM
eukaryotes
ANIMALS
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
porifera
Animal cladogram based on DNA sequencing From National Museum of Natural History
Phylum Porifera Sponges are masses of cells perforated by external pores leading to internal water canals. They have no tissues. All are benthic and aquatic, most are marine. California species are irregular and colorful.
pori fera “PORE BEARING�
Porifera . . . water is pumped in the small pores
water is pumped out the big pores
Š Robert Perry
Porifera . . .
Species of sponges are often identified solely on the basis of their internal microscopic skeletal spicules.
eukaryotes
porifera
ANIMALS
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
cnidaria
Animal cladogram based on DNA sequencing From National Museum of Natural History
Phlyum Cnidaria (aka, COELENTERATA)
Cnidarians are round animals that have stinging tentacles around a central mouth. The cells are arranged in two tissue layers. Some are planktonic, some are benthic. Most are marine, some colonial.
cnidaria “stinging nettle�
Cnidaria stinging tentacles
mouth
round body symmetry
Class Scyphozoa
Class Hydrozoa
THE “JELLYFISH”
THE “HYDROIDS”
Class Anthozoa ANEMONES CORALS, etc.
3 Classes of Cnidaria Images - © Robert Perry
Deadly (or painful) Cnidarians !
eukaryotes
porifera
ANIMALS
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
cnidaria platyhelminthes
Animal cladogram based on DNA sequencing From National Museum of Natural History
Phylum Platyhelminthes THE FLAT WORMS
Flat worms are almost two-dimensional worms that are found in the plankton and benthos. These may have been the first bilateral animals (with a “head” and “tail”), and tissues arranged in small organs.
“platy” = flat “helminthe” = worm
head anterior
Platyhelminthes Bilateral symmetry ‌a head and a tail‌
organs anterior
dorsal view
left lateral
right lateral
tail Planaria
posterior
posterior
eukaryotes
porifera
ANIMALS
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
cnidaria platyhelminthes
bryozoa
Animal cladogram based on DNA sequencing From National Museum of Natural History
Phylum Bryozoa
bryo zoa “moss animal”
aka, Ectoprocta
Bryozoans are worm-like colonial animals that live inside boxes. Individual “zooids” are nearly microscopic. Each has a long neck with a ciliated hand known as a lophophore. Some species, like Begula neritina above, grow erect like plants Images - © Robert Perry
“Jack Frost” Bryozoan, Membranipora, on Macrocystis fronds
1.
3.
2.
eukaryotes
porifera
ANIMALS
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
cnidaria platyhelminthes
bryozoa
annelida
Animal cladogram based on DNA sequencing From National Museum of Natural History
Phylum Annelida body divided into Repeated segments
Segmented worms are divided into 3 classes: 1-earthworms 2-leeches 3-polychaetes
All the common marine worms are Polychaetes, or “bristle worms.”
annelid “annulus” = ring or segment
body divided into repeated segments
Setae (hairs) on both sides of each body segment
http://biology.fullerton.edu/biol261/ch/ch17.html
Ph.Annelida - Cl.Polychaeta.
Ph.Annelida - Cl.Polychaeta. There are 2 kinds of polychaete worms in the sea. Class Polychaeta Marine Worms
Sub-Class ERRANTIA the free-living polychaetes
Sub-Class SEDENTARIA the tubedwelling polychaetes
head
segmented body
head tail left image from internet source unknown
eukaryotes
porifera
ANIMALS
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
cnidaria platyhelminthes
bryozoa
mollusca
annelida
Animal cladogram based on DNA sequencing From National Museum of Natural History
Phylum Mollusca Mollusks have a soft, muscular body which may or may not be protected by one or more shells. The 3 body regions are: 1--Headfoot. 2--Visceral Mass. 3--Mantle Cavity.
mollusca “mollis� = soft
visceral mass
mantle cavity headfoot
Brown turban, or kelp snail Norrisia norrisii
The 5 Classes of Mollusks Phylum MOLLUSCA
Class GASTROPODA
Snails, slugs.
Class BIVALVIA
Clams, oysters, scallops, mussels.
Class AMPHINEURA (Polyplacophora)
Chitons.
Class CEPHALOPODA
Octopus, squid.
Class SCAPHOPODA
Tusk or tooth shells.
Last 3 images from internet authors unknown
eukaryotes
porifera
ANIMALS
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
cnidaria platyhelminthes
bryozoa arthropoda mollusca
annelida
Animal cladogram based on DNA sequencing From National Museum of Natural History
Phylum Arthropoda Arthropods have jointed limbs because the entire body is enclosed in an external skeleton. They must moult this external skeleton to grow.
Arthro pod jointed limbs
Phylum ARTHROPODA
INSECTS
SPIDERS
The most diverse group of animals on earth, but, alas! They don’t live in the ocean
Don’t live in the ocean either
Class CRUSTACEA Arthropods with two pairs of antennae. Crabs, lobsters, barnacles, copepods, etc. Found in ocean, freshwater and in moist places on land.
Phylum Arthropoda:
Class Crustacea external skeletons
jointed limbs
Phylum Arthropoda:
Class Crustacea
Benthic sand crab Benthic isopod
Planktonic copepod shrimp
Benthic barnacles
eukaryotes
porifera
ANIMALS
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
cnidaria platyhelminthes
bryozoa arthropoda mollusca
annelida echinodermata
Animal cladogram based on DNA sequencing From National Museum of Natural History
Phylum
Echinodermata Calcium spines or plates embedded in skin. 5 body regions. Water-vascular system of locomotion. All are medium sized, benthic and marine.
echino dermata “spiny skin�
Echinodermata 5 body regions tube feet (podia) water vascular system
spiny skin
Š Robert Perry Dive Log 1242
Phylum ECHINODERMATA
Class Asteroidea stars
Class Echinoidea
Class Holothuroidea
Class Ophiuroidea
urchins
cucumbers
brittle stars
Class Crinoidea lillies
Bottom right 2 images from internet authors unknown
Echinodermata Dendraster excentricus is an Echinoderm. The $and dollar$ at Zuma Beach trap detritus and provide shelter to other animals in the middle subtidal zone.
eukaryotes
porifera
ANIMALS
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
cnidaria platyhelminthes
bryozoa arthropoda mollusca
annelida echinodermata
ch o
rda ta Animal cladogram based on DNA sequencing From National Museum of Natural History
Phylum Chordata Dorsal, hollow nerve cord. Notochord. (becomes backbone in “higher” Chordates). Pharyngeal gill slits. Post-anal tail.
chord ata “to have a cord” dorsal nerve cord; notochord
Phylum CHORDATA Subphylum UROCHORDATA Subphylum VERTEBRATA Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class Aves Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Order Cetacea Suborder Mysticeti Suborder Odontoceti Order Pinnipedia Family Phocidae Family Otariidae
Chordata aves mammalia
urochordata
osteichthyes
chondrichthyes
PHYLUM CHORDATA
SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA
Image courtesy of Russ Hopcroft, Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF)
seanet.stanford.edu/Urochordata/index.html
-- Chordates without a vertebral column. -- Primitive “fishlike” chordates such as Oikopleura or Clavelina huntsmani. Group also includes tunicates and salps.
PHYLUM CHORDATA
SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA CHORDATES THAT HAVE A BACKBONE
http://www.flickr.com/photos/phosphorbox/85659288/
VERTEBRATES
VERTEBRATA - CHONDRICHTHYES
FISH WITH BONES (AND BACKBONE) MADE OUT OF CARTILAGE --SHARKS --RAYS
--CHIMERAS
VERTEBRATA - OSTEICHTHYES
FISH WITH BONES (AND BACKBONE) MADE OUT OF BONE MOST OF THE WORLD’S FISH BELONG TO THIS CLASS
VERTEBRATA - REPTILIA --SCALEY SKIN --LAY EGGS ON LAND --VERY FEW IN OCEAN --EXTREMELY RARE IN CALIFORNIA WATERS Sea turtles http://costaricanconservationnetwork.files.wordpress.com
Marine iguanas
Sea snakes http://www.divetime.com
http://www.galapagosmap.com/pictures/marine_iguana.jpg
VERTEBRATA - AVES
-- feathers -- warm blooded (aka, birds)
-- lightweight, hollow bones
VERTEBRATA - MAMMALIA
-- HAIR (at some point in life) -- WARM BLOODED -- NURSE THEIR YOUNG
Marine members Class Mammalia
Order Cetacea
Order Pinnipedia
whales
seals
Fins, not flippers.
Flippers, not fins.
Blowhole(s), not nostrils.
Nostrils, not blowholes
Never come ashore.
Come ashore to rest and breed.
Order Cetacea baleen
teeth
Sub-order Odontoceti Toothed whales Single blowhole.
Sub-order Mysticeti Baleen whales
Teeth.
Double blowhole.
Most abundant and diverse whales.
Baleen, not teeth.
Order Pinnipedia
External ear flaps. No external ear flaps. Hind flippers cannot fold under body to walk or run on land.
Family Phocidae
Hind flippers fold under body to walk or run on land.
Family Otaridae
THE END