pro’s vs. euk’s Robert Perry Malibu High School
THE CELL THEORY: ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS. ALL CELLS COME FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS. ALL TISSUES AND ORGANS ARE MADE OF CELLS.
THE
TWO
TYPES
OF
CELLULAR LIFE
1. PROKARYOTES The name, “before nucleus,” refers to the fact that prokaryotes came first, before the evolution of a nucleus.
2. EUKARYOTES The name, “true nucleus,” refers to the fact that eukaryotes came along later, and evolved a true membrane-enclosed nucleus to protect the chromosomes.
fungi animalia plantae
protista EUKARYOTES FIVE KINGDOMS AND TWO TYPES OF CELLS
monera PROKARYOTES
“bacteria”
1. PROKARYOTES . . . Prokaryotic means "before nucleus" BACTERIA ARE THE SIMPLEST, AND PROBABLY THE FIRST, FORMS OF LIFE ON EARTH. DID THEY COME HERE FROM OUTER SPACE?
NASA PHOTO OF BACTERIA? “FOSSILS” FOUND ON MARS.
IT’S A FACT, JACK !
PROKARYOTES ARE THE MOST ABUNDANT AND DIVERSE FORMS OF LIFE THAT EVER LIVED ON THE EARTH
THE BACTERIA CELL Size = 1 - 2 µ m
cytoplasm
DNA plasmid simple ribosome 3½
Photo Copyright © 2000 Dennis Kunkel
fimbriae, orPILLI pilli OR
bacterial flagella inclusion capsule cell wall plasma membrane
cocci
bacilli
spirilli
Circular cells
Rod shaped cells
Spiral shaped cells
The 3 Main Types of Bacteria Cells
Images Copyright Š 2000 Dennis Kunkel
http://www.pbrc.hawaii.edu/kunkel/
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION by BINARY FISSION which means: “splitting to make two”
Images Copyright © 2000 Dennis Kunkel
http://www.pbrc.hawaii.edu/kunkel/
Transfer of DNA by the process of CONJUGATION between 2 bacteria cells.
Hint: “sex” is the transfer of DNA from one individual to another. Images Copyright © 2000 Dennis Kunkel
http://www.pbrc.hawaii.edu/kunkel/
SPORE
SPORE FORMING BACTERIA
MANY SPECIES OF BACTERIA CAN FORM SPORES WHICH CAN SURVIVE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR A LONG PERIOD OF TIME.
Bacterial infections can be recognized by the following symptoms: fever cough raising sputum and a single complaint (such as sore throat, ear ache, sinus pain, cough).
(source: Kaiser Permenente)
PRO + PRO = EUK
SERIAL ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY Prokaryotes unite to form the first eukaryotes: (Lyn Margulis, Univ. of Mass.)
PRO + PRO
pro
pro pro
EUK
EUK +
=
pro
symbiosis
in a series serial arranged of stages endo inside (an organism) different orgsymbiotic 2anisms living together.
serial endosymbiotic theory
eukaryotes
autonomous prokaryotes
PROKARYOTES vs. EUKARYOTES Traditionally, prokaryotes are regarded as less specialized and evolutionarily "lower organisms" and the eukaryotes as more specialized "higher organisms". A more modern view is that prokaryotes are just as highly evolved as eukaryotes, but along different lines.
Dr J.A.Miyan, University of Manchester
PROKARYOTES Prokaryotes can be regarded as specially adapted to rapid exploitation of a wide variety of food sources; they are metabolically resourceful, their DNA replication is highly efficient and their simplicity can be regarded as streamlining (i.e. small cells eliminate the need for elaborate intracellular membranes, organelles or cytoskeleton and they have a very direct transcription-translation system of protein synthesis). Dr J.A.Miyan, University of Manchester
2. EUKARYOTES Eukaryotes are metabolically conservative, have tightly controlled and compartmentalized cell processes and have sacrificed replicative capacity and metabolic adaptability for the advantages of multicellularity which requires cell specialization. Also they have an elaborate transcriptional system, including non-coding DNA sequences and processing of messenger RNA (mRNA).
Dr J.A.Miyan, University of Manchester
EUKARYOTES “Eukaryote� means "true nucleus" nuclear membrane multiple chromosomes complex ribosomes mitochondria &/or chloroplasts: provide energy have double-membrane contain DNA flagella (complex) cytoskeleton
ANIMAL CELL (EUKARYOTE)
MITOCHONDRION PLASMA MEMBRANE NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
RIBOSOMES GOLGI
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM