PAM Centre Bangsar Case Study on Building Services by Zed

Abstract

Acknowledgement First and foremost, we would like to express our heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to our module coordinator and tutors, Ar. Zafar for providing guidelines and valuable insights leading to the successful completion of our project and sharing information with us. Our appreciation also goes to Mr. Adi who despite working hours, offered the approval of allowing us to carry out our site visitation and making all photography and recording works possible as well as the warm and welcoming treatment throughout the interview sessions and providing us with significant amount of information to ease the research process. Last but no least, to everyone in the group, without tour time, dedication and perseverance, this project would not have been a success of completion.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Abstract

Abstract This report is a review of building services and system applied in the selected multi-storey public building - PAM Centre Bangsar. The scope of building services focuses on passive and active fire protection system, air conditioning system, mechanical ventilation system, and mechanical transportation system. The report includes the basic introduction and working principle of the building systems, components and equipments, and processes of various building services found at PAM Centre Bangsar. This report allows us to understand how different building systems are integrated into the building, and works together to fulfill occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs and safety. The integration of building services ensures daily operation and efficiency of the building. In addition, this report familiarizes us with the application of building standards, in response to the requirement of UBBL 1984. This group was the divided to work on the respective topics, in preparation for site visit. Group members visited the building on two occasions, with more thorough research done during second visit. Mr. Adi, the Building Supervisor of PAM Center Bangsar as the tour guide to explain, gave useful guidance and assistance during site visit. By the end of report, we are able to identify and understand relevant information and components of various building systems, and the role of building services from everyday-operation to fire emergency. This will aids in our future design projects by being aware and conscious of the building services integration into its design.

The code below leads to a video that summarizes our findings and review on the building services of PAM Centre Bangsar.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Introduction

Limitation of Study Along the whole process of producing this case study report, we had encountered a few minor issue that caused delays in our work progress. The main limitation that we faced during the whole case study process was the accessibility of control rooms of PAM Centre. The rooms that we did not have access to were the TNB room, LV (low voltage) room, lift shaft etc. These rooms are only accessible for the authorised personnel because it is quite life threatening for those who do not know the system well to enter the room. Despite having a limited access, we still managed to figure out the possible ways each system work by doing more researches on that particular topic itself. Other than doing research, we actually managed to contact the building supervisor of PAM Centre, Mr. Adi. He sat down with us during our site visit and explained in detail each of the building services available in PAM Centre.

PAM Centre Bangsar

iii

Content

Table of Content Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………………………....…………. i Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….... ii Limitation of Study …………………………………………………………………...………………………… iii Table of Content …………………………………………………………………….…………………………... iv List of figures ……………………………………………………………………………………………….……... ix List of diagrams ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. xiii 1.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………..……………….……………. 1 1.1

Introduction to the PAM Center ………………………………………….…..………. 2

1.2

Purpose Group …………………………………………………………………....…………… 3

2.0 Passive Fire Protection System …………………………………………………………………... 4 2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….………..…. 5 2.2 Passive Containment ………………………………………………………………………….. 6 2.2.1 Compartmentation ………………………………………………………………. 6 i. Shaft ………………………………………………………………………………. 10 ii. Fire-rated Wall ……………………………………………………………... 15 iii. Fire Risk Areas …………………………………………………………….. 16 iv. Fire Rated Door ……………………………………………………………. 18 2.2.2 Flame Containment on Materials & Construction …………….. 20 i. Precast Concrete ……………………………………………………………. 20 ii. Masonry, Brickwork ……………………………………………………... 21 2.3 Evacuation ………………………………………………………………………………………… 22 2.3.1 Exit ………………………………………………………………………………………. 22 i. Horizontal Exit ……………………………………………………………….. 23 ii. Vertical Exit …………………………………………………………………… 25 2.3.2 Evacuation Route ………………………………………………………………. 29

PAM Centre Bangsar

Abstract

Table of Content 2.3.3 Evacuation Route Distance ……………………………………………….. 31 2.3.4 Place of Assembly Evacuation …………………………………………… 32 2.4 Fire Fighting Access …………………………………………………………………………. 35 2.4.1 Fire Appliance Access ……………………………………………………….. 35 2.4.2 Fire Fighting Shaft …………………………………………………………….. 37 i. Fire-Fighting Lobby ……………………………………………………….. 40 ii. Fire-Fighting Lift ……………………..…………………………………….. 41 iii. Fire-Fighting Staircase …………..…………………………………….. 42 2.5 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 44

3.0

Active Fire Protection System …………………………………………………………………… 45 3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………….. 46 3.2 Fire Detection and Alarm Systems …………………………………………………. 47 3.2.1 Automatic Fire Detection Systems ……………………………………. 50 i. Smoke Detection Systems ……………………………………………. 51 ii. Heat Detection Systems ………………………………………………. 55 3.2.2 Manual Call Point ……………………………………………………………….. 58 i. Manual Fire Alarm Pull Station ………...…………………….……. 58 ii. Manual Fire Alarm Pull Stations ……………….………………….. 59 3.2.3 Fire Alarm Bell ……………………………………………………….…………… 62 3.2.4 Emergency Light ……………………………………………………………….. 66 3.2.5 Voice Alarm Systems …………………………………………………………. 68 3.2.6 Voice Communication Systems …………………………………………. 70 i. Digital Alarm Communication ……………………………………….. 70 ii. Fireman Intercom System ……………………………………………. 71 3.2.7 Control and Indicative Equipment ……………………………………. 74 i. Control Panel …………………………………………………………………. 74 ii. Master Control Console ……………………………………………….. 78 3.2.8 Fireman Switch ………………………………………………………………..… 79

PAM Centre Bangsar

Abstract

Table of Content 3.3

Fire Fighting System ………………………………………………………………………. 81 3.3.1 Water-based System …………………………………………………………. 81 3.3.1.1 Hose Reel System ………………………………………………… 83 i. Hose Reel ……………………………………………………………… 83 ii. Hose Reel Pump ………………………………………………….. 87 iii. Fire Water Storage Tank ……………………………………. 88 3.3.1.2 Dry Riser System …………………………………………………. 90 i. Landing Valves ……………………………………………………… 91 ii. Riser Pipe …………………………………………………………….. 94 iii. Air Release Valve ………………………………………………… 95 iv. Breeching Inlet …………………………………………………… 95 3.3.2 Non-Water-based System …………………………………………………. 97 3.3.2.1 Fixed Extinguishing System ……………………………….. 98 i. Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing System ………….…… 99 ii. Carbon Dioxide Cylinders …………………………………. 100 ii. Discharge Nozzle …………………………………………….. 100 3.3.2.2 Portable Fire Extinguishers .…………………..…………… 103 i. Dry Powder Type ………………………………………………. 104 ii. CO2 Type ………………………………………………………….. 107

3.4 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………… 109

4.0 Air Conditioning System …………………………………………………………………………… 110 4.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………… 111 4.2 Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) System ……………………………………….. 113 4.3 Components …………………………………………………………………………………… 114 4.3.1 Outdoor Unit ……………………………………………………………………. 114 4.3.1.1 DC Inverter Unit ………………………………………………… 115 i. Inverter Compressor …………………………………………. 116 ii. Condenser Coil ………………………………………………….. 116

PAM Centre Bangsar

Abstract

Table of Content 4.3.1.2 Pipes …………………………………………………………………… 117 4.3.2 Indoor Unit ………………………………………………………………………. 118 4.3.2.1 Fan Coil Unit (FCU) ……………………………………………. 118 i. Cassette Unit ……………………………………………………… 118 ii. Ducted Unit ……………………………………………………….. 119 4.3.2.2 Air Handling Unit (AHU) ……………………………………. 122 4.3.2.3 Expansion Valve …………………………………………………. 126 4.3.2.4 Evaporating Coil …………………………………………………. 126 4.3.2.5 Controller Unit (Thermostat) …………………………….. 126 4.4 Refrigerant Cycle ……………………………………………………………………………. 127 4.5 The Zoning System and its Implementation at New PAM Centre .. 128 4.6 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………. 132

5.0 Mechanical Ventilation System ………………………………………………………………… 133 5.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………… 134 5.2 Circulation System …………………………………………………………………………. 135 5.2.1 Ceiling Fan ……………………………………………………………………….. 135 5.3 Extract System ………………………………………………………………………………. 138 5.3.1 Spot Ventilation Exhaust Fan …………………………………………… 138 5.4 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………. 140

6.0 Mechanical Transportation System ………………………………………………………….. 141 6.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………. 142 6.2 Elevator ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 143 6.2.1 Machine Room-Less Traction Lift ……………………………………… 144 6.2.2 Brand and Specification of Lift Used ………………………………… 145

PAM Centre Bangsar

vii

Abstract

Table of Content 6.2.3 Basic Component of an Elevator ……………………………………… 146 6.2.4 Location of Elevators in PAM Centre ……………………………….. 156 6.2.5 Operation of Fire Lift ………………………………………………………. 159 6.3 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………… 160

7.0 References ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 161

PAM Centre Bangsar

viii

List of Figures

List of Figures Passive Fire Protection Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.6 2.2.7 2.2.9

Figure

2.2.10

Figure

2.2.11

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

2.2.12 2.2.13 2.2.14 2.2.15 2.2.16 2.2.17 2.2.18 2.2.19 2.2.20 2.2.21 2.3.2

Figure

2.3.4

Figure

2.3.5

Figure Figure Figure Figure

2.3.7 2.3.11 2.3.12 2.3.14

Figure

2.3.15

Figure Figure

2.4.1 2.4.2

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

2.4.5 2.4.7 2.4.8 2.4.9 2.4.10

Figure

2.4.11

Figure Figure

2.4.12 2.4.13

PAM Centre Bangsar

Panoramic view at second floor of PAM Centre. (Ting Ying, 2019) Openable window in lift lobby. (Ting Ying, 2019) Protected lobby and Staircase enclosures. (Ting Ying 2019) Fire staircase with ventilation. (Ting Ying 2019) Lower ground floor showing fire risk area of the control room separated by fire rated wall. (Ting Ying, 2019) Second floor plan showing the AHU room at Auditorium area which separated by fire rated wall. (Ting Ying, 2019) Roof top plan showing the AC condenser with ducting. (Ting Ying, 2019) The control room at lower ground floor. (Zien Loon, 2019) AHU room at 2nd floor of auditorium. (Zien Loon, 2019) AC condenser at rooftop (Zien Loon, 2019) Double fire door at lift lobby area (Ting Ying 2019) Fire exit door from cafeteria to the assembly point(Ting Ying 2019) Emergency exit signage (Ting Ying 2019) Precast concrete wall at level 6 (Ting Ying 2019) Concrete floor, beam and columns in PAM Centre. (Ting Ying 2019) Brickwork for fire staircase enclose. (Ting Ying 2019) Aesthetic appearance of brick wall at second floor. (Ting Ying 2019) Horizontal exit represented by lift lobby in PAM Centre Bangsar. (Ting Ying 2019) Staircase serving as an exit from floor above to street floor . (Ting Ying 2019) Reinforced concrete and brick wall wall and fire-resistant escape staircases are located within an enclosed. (Ting Ying 2019) Fire escape plan found on wall in the lift lobby (Ting Ying 2019) Left side of assembly point. (Ting Ying, 2019) Right side of assembly point.(Ting Ying, 2019) Lower ground plan showing the fire staircase to assembly point route. (Ting Ying, 2019) Ground plan showing the fire staircase to assembly point route.(Ting Ying, 2019) One sixth and one fourth appliance access.(Ting Ying, 2019) Building volume of PAM Centre along with the width of street. (Ting Ying, 2019) Fire-fighting lobby at ground floor. (Ting Ying, 2019) Fire fighting lift. (Ting Ying, 2019) A signage of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Bomba Lifâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. (Ting Ying, 2019) Internal of fight fighting lift.(Ting Ying, 2019) Fire escape staircase have two separate staircases at the PAM Centre. (Ting Ying, 2019) The door swing at no point encroach as stated in By-law UBBL 1984 Section 168. (Ting Ying, 2019) Site measurement of the riser and tread.(Ting Ying, 2019) Site measurement of the headroom. (Ting Ying, 2019)

List of Figures

Active Fire Protection Figure Figure

3.2.4 3.2.7

Figure Figure

3.2.11 3.2.12

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

3.2.14 3.2.17 3.2.18 3.2.19 3.2.20 3.2.22 3.2.25

Figure Figure Figure

3.2.26 3.2.27 3.2.28

Figure

3.2.30

Figure Figure Figure Figure

3.2.32 3.2.3 3.3.4 3.3.5

Figure

3.3.7

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

3.3.8 3.3.10 3.3.11 3.3.15 3.3.16 3.3.18 3.3.20 3.3.21

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

3.3.22 3.3.27 3.3.28 3.3.29 3.3.31 3.3.34

Figure

3.3.35

Figure

3.3.37

Figure

3.3.38

PAM Centre Bangsar

Smoke detector. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Heat detector at Generator Room, PAM Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Manual Call Point at PAM Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Manual Fire Alarm Pull Station at PAM Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Fire Alarm at PAM Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Emergency Light at PAM Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Speaker at Ceiling PAM Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Horn on wall, PAM Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Digital Alarm Communication PAM Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) â&#x20AC;&#x153;Telefon Bomba Apiâ&#x20AC;? at Ceiling PAM Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Control Panel Room in PAM Main Building Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Control Panel of PAM Main Building Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) CO2 Panel PAM Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) IG55 Control Panel TNB Room PAM Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Master Control Console and Remote Control Headset PAM Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Location Fireman Switch PAM Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Fireman Switch PAM Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Hose reel at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Zien Loon, 2019) From left to right, hose reels at fire fighting access lobby, staircase at the middle of the building, and fire staircase. (Zien Loon, 2019) From left to right, duty pump and standby pump at pump room. (Zien Loon, 2019) Hose reel pump control panel at pump room. (Zien Loon, 2019) Fire water storage tank at pump room. (Zien Loon, 2019) Interior of fire water storage tank. (Zien Loon, 2019) Landing valve at fire staircase. (Zien Loon, 2019) Canvas hose in hose cradle beside landing valve. (Zien Loon, 2019) Dry riser at fire staircase. (Zien Loon, 2019) Air release valve on top of riser pipe. (Zien Loon, 2019) 4-way breeching inlet installed near assembly point. (Zien Loon, 2019) 4-way breeching enclosed within a box. (Zien Loon, 2019) Diesel generator in Genset room. (Zien Loon, 2019) CO2 cylinders in Genset room. (Zien Loon, 2019) Multijet discharge nozzle in Genset room. (Zien Loon, 2019) GI55 Agent cylinders beside TNB room. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Dry powder portable fire extinguisher near main staircase. (Zien Loon, 2019) Dry powder portable fire extinguisher near fire staircase. (Zien Loon, 2019) Carbon dioxide portable fire extinguisher at AHU room. (Zien Loon, 2019) Carbon dioxide portable fire extinguisher near air conditioning condenser. (Zien Loon, 2019)

List of Figures

Air Conditioning System Figure Figure

4.3.2 4.3.3

Figure

4.3.4

Figure

4.3.5

Figure

4.3.6

Figure

4.3.7

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 4.3.9 4.3.10 4.3.12 4.3.13 4.3.14 4.3.17 4.3.22 4.3.23 4.3.24

Panasonic FSV-EX DC Inverter Unit. (Vanessa Huang, 2019) Components of Panasonic FSV-EX DC Inverter Unit (Panasonic Corporation, 2018) Dimensions of the inverter units at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Panasonic Corporation, 2018) Panasonic FSV-EX Inverter Compressor (Panasonic Corporation, 2018) Rear view of the inverter unit showing the condenser (Panasonic Corporation, 2018) Rooftop Floor Plan showing the inverter unit and the piping system (Panasonic Corporation, 2018) CU-RF-C and CU-RF-AUD pipes. (Vanessa Huang, 2019) CU-RF-B pipe (Vanessa Huang, 2019) Cassette Unit (Vanessa Huang, 2019) Cassette Unit Components (Daikin Malaysia, 2019) Ducted Unit. (Vanessa Huang, 2019) Round Diffuser. (Vanessa Huang, 2019) Ducted Unit (Crane, 2015) Floor plans showing the indoor units. (Vanessa Huang, 2019) AHU components (Paul Evans, 2018) Expansion Valve (Indiamart, 2019) Copper Evaporating Coil (MEP Site, 2016) Thermostat. (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

Mechanical Ventilation System Figure

5.2.1

Figure Figure

5.2.2 5.2.3

Figure

5.3.1

Figure

5.3.2

Figure Figure Figure

5.3.3. 5.3.4 5.3.5

Figure

5.3.6

PAM Centre Bangsar

Ceiling fan installed at break out space of PAM Centre Bangsar. (Kah Ying, 2019) 2.4m diameter Essence ceiling fan. (Big Ass Fans, 2019) Section showing location of ceiling fan and air circulation in PAM Centre Bangsar. (Kah Ying, 2019) Spot ventilation exhaust fan installed at prayer room. (Kah Ying, 2019) Inline fan helps to boost the air from internal space to external space. (Lumera,2019) In-Line fan used at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Kruger Ventilation, 2006} Ceiling air diffuser at toilet. (Kah Ying, 2019) Grille installed at the external wall of PAM Centre Bangsar. (Kah Ying, 2019) Ductwork leading to external grille. (Kah Ying, 2019)

List of Figures

Mechanical Transportation System Figure

6.2.1

Figure

6.2.2

Figure Figure Figure

6.2.3 6.2.5 6.2.6

Figure

6.2.7

Figure

6.2.8

Figure

6.2.9

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

6.2.10 6.2.11 6.2.12 6.2.13 6.2.14 6.2.15 6.2.16 6.2.17 6.2.18 6.2.19 6.2.20 6.2.21

Figure Figure Figure

6.2.23 6.2.26 6.2.27

PAM Centre Bangsar

Plan and Section of MRL ("4 Elevator drawing machine room less for free download on Ayoqq.org", 2019) Machine room-less traction lift (National Joint Apprenticeship & Training Committee, 2008) Qualification Certificate of Lifting Machine. (Yin Yee, 2019) Elevator Car (Khizhniak, n.d.) Interior part of Elevator car used by PAM Centre Bangsar. (Yin Yee, 2019) Two-leaf centre opening door at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Yin Yee, 2019) Two types of floor indicator in the Lift Car at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Yin Yee, 2019) Two types of button in the Lift Car at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Yin Yee, 2019) Emergency Phone in the Lift Car at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Yin Yee, 2019) Handrail in the Lift Car at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Yin Yee, 2019) Lighting in the Lift Car at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Yin Yee, 2019) CCTV in the lift car at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Yin Yee, 2019) Air Vent in the Lift Car at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Yin Yee, 2019) Lift lobby at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Yin Yee, 2019) Exterior part of elevator in PAM Centre Bangsar. (Yin Yee, 2019) Call button at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Yin Yee, 2019) Floor Designator at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Yin Yee, 2019) Exterior Floor Indicator at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Yin Yee, 2019) Fire Lift Sign at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Yin Yee, 2019) KONE EcoDisc® hoisting machine ("KONE N MonoSpace® Passenger Elevator", 2019) Spring Buffer ("EECO Pit Equipment | Elevator Equipment Corporation", n.d.) Door elevator assembly of elevator door (Kaariaho, 2018) Small machine box located beside the elevator at top most at top most floor of PAM Centre Bangsar. (Yin Yee, 2019)

xii

List of Diagrams

List of Diagrams Passive Fire Protection Diagram 2.1.1 Diagram 2.2.2 Diagram 2.2.4 Diagram 2.2.5 Diagram 2.2.8 Diagram 2.3.1 Diagram 2.3.3 Diagram 2.3.6 Diagram 2.3.8 Diagram 2.3.9 Diagram 2.3.10 Diagram Diagram Diagram Diagram

2.3.13 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.6

Overview of diagram for Passive Fire Protection System at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Ting Ying, 2019) Floor Plans Showing Compartments (Ting Ying, 2019) Floor Plans Showing Compartments (Ting Ying, 2019) Protected lobby requirement for building >18m height. (Hamzah Abu Bakar., 2006) Showing thickness of concrete fire-rated wall (Madeh Izat, 2019) Section showing the exit route to final exit in PAM Centre. (Ting Ying, 2019) Horizontal exit. (Hamzah Abu Bakar., 2006) Floor Plans showing highlighted location of horizontal and vertical exits. (Ting Ying, 2019) Floor Plans Showing Evacuation route. (Ting Ying, 2019) Seventh Schedule showing the table of maximum travel distances in office. Dead-end of travel distance to exit in office lower ground floor. (Ting Ying, 2019) Section showing assembly point of PAM Centre. (Ting Ying, 2019) Building volume of PAM Bangsar along the road. (Ting Ying, 2019) Floor plan showing location of fire-fighting shaft. (Ting Ying, 2019) Ground floor plan showing the fire-fighting lobby. (Ting Ying, 2019)

Active Fire Protection Diagram 3.1.1 Diagram 3.2.1 Diagram 3.2.2 Diagram 3.2.3 Diagram 3.2.5 Diagram 3.2.6 Diagram 3.2.8 Diagram 3.2.9 Diagram 3.2.10 Diagram 3.2.13 Diagram 3.2.15 Diagram 3.2.16 Diagram 3.2.21 Diagram 3.2.23 Diagram 3.2.24

PAM Centre Bangsar

Overview of Active Fire Protection System at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Overview Fire Detection System at Main Building at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Fire Detection Systems Diagram. (Naveen Alarm Systems India Pvt Ltd. ,2017) Overview Fire Detection System for CO2 and GI55 Extinguisher at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Smoke detector spacing installed in the ceiling.(Oheap Fire and Security, 2019) Floor Plans Showing The Location Of Smoke Detector. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Illustrate Rate-of-Rise response VS Fixed Temperature Response Retrieved from (Oheap Fire and Security, 2019) Heat detector spacing installed in the ceiling. (Oheap Fire and Security, 2019) Lower Ground Floor Plan Showing The Location Of Heat Detector. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Floor Plans Showing The Location Of Smoke Detector. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) DEMCO Fire Alarm Details. (Naveen Alarm Systems India Pvt Ltd. ,2017) Floor Plans Showing The Location Of Fire Alarm Bell. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Location of Digital Alarm Communication PAM Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Floor Plans Showing The Location Of Fireman Intercom. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) CO2 Control Panels and IG55 Control Panel connected to Main Control Panel at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

xiii

List of Diagrams

Diagram 3.2.29 Diagram 3.2.31 Diagram 3.2.34 Diagram 3.2.35 Diagram 3.3.1 Diagram 3.3.2 Diagram 3.3.3 Diagram 3.3.6 Diagram 3.3.9 Diagram 3.3.12 Diagram 3.3.13 Diagram 3.3.14 Diagram 3.3.17 Diagram 3.3.19 Diagram 3.3.23 Diagram 3.3.24 Diagram 3.3.25 Diagram 3.3.26 Diagram 3.3.30 Diagram 3.3.32 Diagram 3.3.33 Diagram 3.3.36 Diagram 3.3.39

PAM Centre Bangsar

Location of Main Control Panel, CO2 Control Panels and IG55 Control Panel at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Lower Ground Floor Plan Showing The Location of Master Control Console at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Section Showing The Location of Fireman Switch at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Lower Ground Floor Plan Showing The Location of Fireman Switch at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Section showing height of building. (Zien Loon, 2019) Overview of water-based system at PAM Center Bangsar. (Zien Loon, 2019) Typical Arrangement of Hose Reel System. (Green Simex Engineering Sdn. Bhd., 2012) Floor plans showing location of hose reel. (Zien Loon, 2019) Lower ground floor plans showing location of pumps. (Zien Loon, 2019) Lower ground floor plans showing location of fire water storage tank. (Zien Loon, 2019) Dry riser system connected to fire engine. (elitefire, n.d.) Typical Arrangement of Dry Riser System. (Abu Bakar, 2006) Floor plans showing location of landing valve of dry riser system. (Zien Loon, 2019) Section showing dry riser pipe. (Zien Loon, 2019) Lower ground floor plan showing location of breeching inlet. (Zien Loon, 2019) Overview of non-water-based system at PAM Center Bangsar. (Zien Loon, 2019) Overview of non-water-based system. (Osha,2017) Typical Arrangement of Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing System. (Abu Bakar, 2006) Lower ground floor plans showing location of IG55 Cylinders.(Feliciana Sofian, 2019) Types of portable fire extinguisher against different types of fires. (Zien Loon, 2019) Steps to use a portable fire extinguisher. (Zien Loon, 2019) Floor plans showing location of landing valve of dry riser system. (Zien Loon, 2019) Floor plans showing location of landing valve of dry riser system. (Zien Loon, 2019)

xiv

List of Diagrams

Air Conditioning System Diagram 4.1.1 Diagram 4.3.1 Diagram 4.3.11 Diagram 4.3.15 Diagram 4.3.16 Diagram 4.3.18 Diagram 4.3.19 Diagram 4.3.20 Diagram 4.3.21 Diagram 4.4.1 Diagram 4.5.1 Diagram 4.5.2 Diagram 4.5.3 Diagram 4.5.4 Diagram 4.5.5

Overview of Air Conditioning System at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Vanessa Huang, 2019) Comparison between inverter air conditioner and non-inverter air conditioner. (Daikin Corporation, 2018) Air Grille. (Vanessa Huang, 2019) Air Handling Unit in PAM Centre Bangsar Connection between the outdoor unit to the indoor unit through Air Handling Unit(Daikin, 2019) Generic schematic diagram of AHU (NFPA.org, 2019) Second floor plan showing the location of AHU Room. (Vanessa Huang, 2019) Diagram showing AHU cooling process in the auditorium room (Vanessa Huang, 2019) Refrigerant Cycle Principle (Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Guide, 2015) Sectional diagram showing the pipe flow from the outdoor unit to each indoor unit. (Vanessa Huang, 2019) Sectional diagram showing the pipe flow from the outdoor unit to each indoor unit. (Vanessa Huang, 2019) BMS System (Panasonic Corporation, 2018) Piping length (Panasonic Corporation, 2018) Piping run (Panasonic Corporation, 2018)

Mechanical Ventilation System Diagram 5.1.1 Diagram 5.2.4 Diagram 5.3.7

Overview of Mechanical Ventilation System at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Kah Ying, 2019) Floor plans showing location of ceiling fans of circulation system. Lower ground floor plans showing location of spot ventilation exhaust fan. (Kah Ying, 2019)

Mechanical Transportation System Diagram 6.1.1 Diagram 6.2.4 Diagram 6.2.22 Diagram 6.2.24

Diagram 6.2.25 Diagram 6.2.28 Diagram 6.2.29 Diagram 6.2.30

PAM Centre Bangsar

Overview of Mechanical Transportation System at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Yin Yee, 2019) Components of an Elevator. (Yin Yee, 2019) Spring Buffer ("279215065 Kone Monospace Controller Manual Pt2 PDF | Elevator (11K views)", 2012) Counterweight ("279215065 Kone Monospace Controller Manual Pt2 PDF | Elevator (11K views)", 2012) Main parts of elevator door (Kaariaho, 2018) Ground floor plan of PAM Centre Bangsar showing the location of both normal lift, fire lift; lift lobby and lift shaft. (Yin Yee, 2019) End-to-end distance of PAM Centre. (Yin Yee, 2019) Section showing the location of lift shaft and lift lobby of PAM Centre Bangsar. (Yin Yee, 2019)

Introduction

1.1

Introduction To PAM Center Bangsar

PAM Centre is currently new headquarters of the Malaysian Institute of Architects (PAM), is Bangsarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s latest landmark which located Jalan Tandok in Bangsar. PAM Centre is a 10 storey office building, consists of a basement car parks. It was designed by architects Mohd Heikal Hasan of HMA & Associates and completed in 2016. The design concept of the building is striking in its liberal use of raw finishes and clever spatial organization on a limited land area. exterior is a minimal grid design that promotes passive air ventilation while the interior is industrial made from exposed brickworks, precast concrete and hidden steel column. This architecture also achieved certificate of Platinum Award for Green Building Index that includes rainwater harvesting system used for irrigation and sewage, a 25kW photovoltaic system that is generated through solar consumption and vertical greenery to maximise usage of limited space.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Introduction

1.2

Purpose Group

PAM Center Bangsar, was designed to accommodate different functions within the office building, such as cafeteria and bookshop. For designation of purpose groups as determined under the law (UBBL 1984 Clause 134) it is required a building is divided into compartments, used or intended to be used for different purposes, the purpose group of each compartment shall be determined separately as the main purpose of use of that building or compartment shall be taken into account in determining into which purpose group it falls.

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 134 For the purpose of this Part every building or compartment shall be regarded according to its use or intended use as falling within one of the purpose groups set out in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws and, where a building is divided into compartments, used or intended to be used for different purpose, the purpose group of each compartment shall be determined separately. Provided that where the whole or part of a building or compartment, as the case may be ,is used or intended to be used for more than one purpose, only main purpose of use of the building or compartment shall be taken into account in determining into which purpose group it falls.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

2.1

Introduction

Passive Fire Protection (PFP), an integral component of the components of structural that allow a fire to act upon the system itself, to compartmentalize and contain the fire to save lives and to protect the structure, such as by fire-resistant walls, floor, and doors. Passive Fire Protection must be considered at the planning design stage of a building project. In accordance with UBBL 1984 Part VIII that focuses on passive containment, emergency evacuation and fire fighting access. Diagram as shown below summarizes the Passive Fire Protection System of PAM Centre Bangsar. The system groups are basically divided into Passive Containment, Evacuation and Fire Fighting Access.

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

Passive Containment

● ● ●

Compartmentation Staircase & Lobby Enclose Flame Containment on Materials & Construction

Evacuation ● ● ●

Exits Evacuation Route Distance Place of Assembly Evacuation

Fire Fighting Access

● ●

Fire Engine Access Fire Fighting Shaft

Diagram 2.1.1. Overview of diagram for Passive Fire Protection System at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Ting Ying, 2019)

Passive Containment The passive containment system is described to be consists of interconnected cells within the building and can control the situation all by themselves while without any actively involved. It avoids fire spread and prolongs time for safe evacuation of the building occupants, thereby it must be considered at the planning stage in a building project. Evacuation Emergency evacuation is the urgent immediate egress or escape of people away from an area that contains threat or a hazard to lives. Fire Fighting Access Firefighter access to enable firefighters to gain access from external to rescue any people trapped in the building and to allow fire fighting from the outside of building.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

2.2

Passive Containment

Passive containment can control the situation all by themselves while without any actively involved because it acts as components of structure to confine a fire to the zone of origin, avoid fire spread and leaving more time to safe evacuation for occupants of the building.

2.2.1 Compartmentation In accordance with by-law UBBL 1984 Clause 133, compartmentation means any part of a building which is separated from all other parts by one or more compartment walls or floors or by both and shall also include any room space above such part of the top storey. At the same time, it limits of compartment sizes to prevent fire travel far to another spaces as determined under by-law UBBL 1984 Clause 136. The purposes of dividing into smaller compartment are limiting the spread of fire, smoke migration to confine it to the fire area itself and providing clear and safe evacuation routes during fire. Besides, fire compartments are divided by compartment walls and compartment floors made out of a fire-resisting construction which hinders the spread of fire.

Compartmentation A Compartmentation B Compartmentation C

LOWER FLOOR PLAN

Compartmentation A Compartmentation B Compartmentation C

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

Compartmentation A Compartmentation B Compartmentation C FIRST FLOOR PLAN

Compartmentation A Compartmentation B Compartmentation C

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

Compartmentation A Compartmentation B Compartmentation C THIRD FLOOR PLAN

Compartmentation A Compartmentation B Compartmentation C FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System Compartmentation A Compartmentation B Compartmentation C FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

Compartmentation A Compartmentation B Compartmentation C SIXTH FLOOR PLAN

Compartmentation A Compartmentation B Compartmentation C SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

Compartmentation A Compartmentation B Compartmentation C ROOF FLOOR PLAN

Diagram 2.2.2 Floor Plans Showing Compartments (Ting Ying, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 138 The following walls and floors in buildings shall be constructed as compartment walls or compartment floors: (1) Any wall or floor separating a flat or maisonette from any other part of the same building; (2) Any wall or floor separating part of a building from any other part of the same building which is used or intended to be used mainly for a purpose falling within a different purpose group as set out in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws; and (3) Any floor immediately over a basement storey if such basement storey has an area exceeding 100 square metres.

Figure 2.2.2 Panoramic view at second floor of PAM Centre. (Ting Ying, 2019)

Conclusion Fire compartmentation in buildings in the form of walls and floors is designed to protect the occupants in and around a building and fire rescue from the spread of fire within designated period time. Therefore, larger more complex buildings will make much greater use of compartmentation based on by-law UBBL 1984 design regulation. Each purpose group is considered separately although many of the recommendations are similar for a number of purpose groups.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System (i) Shaft In accordance with by-law UBBL 1984 Clause 150, protected shaft penetrate across compartment floors and walls. There have two type of shafts. However,service shafts carrying lifts and escape staircases is the type that can be found in PAM Centre. Lift Shaft Lift shaft of PAM Centre from first floor to seventh floor have ventilated with size approximately 2800 x 3000mm vent that allowing are movement in the area. The openings capable of allowing natural ventilation is about 0.42 square metres to allow air movement keep refresh and release the smoke if fire happening. Therefore, the lift shafts have meet the By-laws UBBL 1984 requirement section 151.

Figure 2.2.3 Openable window in lift lobby. (Ting Ying, 2019)

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 151 Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metres per lift located at the top of the shaft. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the light shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System Fire Staircase Shaft PAM Center building total height is about 29.88m. Therefore, protected staircase lobby requirement can be found in this building with ventilation opening in order to ensure natural ventilation in the area and smoke easily to be released.

Diagrams 2.2.5 Protected lobby requirement for building >18m height. (Hamzah Abu Bakar., 2006)

Figure 2.2.6. Protected lobby and Staircase enclosures. (Ting Ying 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Figure 2.2.7. Fire staircase with ventilation. (Ting Ying 2019)

Passive Fire Protection System

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 157 A protected staircase or a protected shaft containing a staircase shall not contain any pipe conveying gas or oil or any ventilation duct other than a duct serving only that staircase or shaft.

Conclusion There have two type of shafts in PAM Centre. However, service shafts carrying lifts and escape staircases act as exit for people leave safely from the building in case of emergency to limits the spread of fire.

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 189 (1) Every staircase provided under these By-laws in a building of four storey or more, or in a building where the highest floor level is more than 1200 millimetres above the ground level, or in any place of assembly, or in any school when such staircase is to be used as alternative means of escape shall be enclosed throughout its length with fire resisting materials. (2) Any necessary openings, except openings in external walls which shall not for the purpose of this by-law include walls to air-wells, in the length of such staircase shall be provided with self-closing doors constructed of fire-resisting materials.

Conclusion From the above brief of By-law UBBL 1984 section 189 (2), fire staircases provided with fire rated door used in PAM Centre fulfill the UBBL 1984 requirements. Therefore it sufficient to control the spread of fire during fire happening.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 198 (1) All staircase enclosure shall be ventilated at each floor or landing level by either permanent openings or openable windows to the open air having a free area of not less than 1 square metre per floor. (2) Openable windows shall meet the operational requirements of the D.G.F.S (3) In buildings not exceeding three storeys above ground levels, staircase enclosure may be unventilated provided that access to them at all levels except the top floor is through ventilated lobbies.

Conclusion Lobby and staircase isolated and protected in the form of walls and floors is designed to protect the occupants in and around a building and fire rescue from the spread of fire within designated period time. Therefore, all components that form the exit route shall be of protected and enclosed construction according to UBBL 1984 section 157, 189, 197 and 198.

Section 243 (1) In a building where the top occupied floor is over 18.5 metres above the fire appliance access level fire lifts shall be provided. (3) The fire lifts shall be located within a separate protected shaft it opens into a separate lobby. (4) Fire lifts shall be provided as the rated of one lift in every group of lifts which discharge into the same protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the rising main, provided that the fire lifts are located not more than 61 metres travel distance that the fire lifts are located not more than 61 metres travel distance from the furthermost point of the floor.

Conclusion In conclusion, the fire-fighting shaft designed in PAM Centre meets the standards as stated in the UBBL 1984 under section 198, 243. The height office is 29.88m, therefore a fire-fighting shaft is provided. In reference to figure , the shaft is equipped with a lobby, staircase and lift for fire-fighting purpose, allowing high accessibility for firefighters to carry out rescue operation efficiently during the case of a fire.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System (ii) Fire-rated Wall Fire-rated wall is a feature of a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s passive fire protection system. It provides fire-resistant barrier used to prevent the spread of fire to another space or rooms. Fire-rated walls are typically constructed by noncombustible materials. The Fire-rated walls in the PAM Center Bangsar are made out of concrete and brick wall. Concrete has a great degree of resistance against fire. This is derived from the fact that concrete has lower heat conductivity than steel and can thus last longer under the same fire conditions.The fire-rated wall is also designed to be able to withstand a minimum 5 lb./sq.ft., and additional seismic loads (NFPA 221, 2006). Thickness shall also be put in mind depending on the fire resistance rate.

Diagram 2.2.8 Showing thickness of concrete fire-rated wall (Madeh Izat, 2019)

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 148 (6) Any compartment wall or compartment floor which is required by these by-laws to have FRP of one hour or more shall, excluding (a) Any floor finish; (b) Any surface finish to a wall or ceiling which complies with the requirements of by-law 2014; or (c) Any ceiling which complies with the descriptions specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws. Be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials and, apart from any ceiling, the required FRP of the wall or floor shall be obtained without assistance from any non-combustible material.

Conclusion In compliance to the UBBL requirements, the fire-rated wall in the building is shown to be thicker than other wall to prevent fire spreading. Materials chosen is also a noncombustible material. By incorporating fire-rated walls, there will be a longer period of time for users to get out of the building in case of fire.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System (iii) Fire Risk Areas Fire risk area means the area based on the degree of fire hazard that have to be separated from the other area of the occupancy. Addition, it separated by constructing qualified of fire rated compartment such as walls, floors and doors. In PAM Centre Bangsar, the fire risk areas separated by fire rated concrete wall.

CONTROL ROOM

LOWER FLOOR PLAN AHU ROOM

AHU ROOM

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

AC CONDENSER

ROOF PLAN

Figure 2.2.12 The control room at lower ground floor. (Zien Loon, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Figure 2.2.13 AHU room at 2nd floor of auditorium. (Zien Loon, 2019)

Figure 2.2.14 AC condenser at roof top (Zien Loon, 2019)

Passive Fire Protection System UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 139 The following areas or uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by the local authority based on the degree of the fire hazard: (a) boiler rooms and associated fuel storage areas; (b) laundries; (c) repair shops involving hazardous processes and materials; (d) storage areas of materials in quantities deemed hazardous; (e) liquified petroleum gas storage areas; (f) linen rooms; (h) flammable liquid stores.

Conclusion In accordance with by-law UBBL 1984 section 139, the fire hazard area can be found in PAM Centre Bangsar,such as (a), (c), (d). Therefore, the possible solution of fire risk areas in PAM Centre Bangsar is separated by constructing compartmentation of fire rated walls, and doors which has complied with By-law UBBL section 139.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System (IV) Fire Rated Door Fire rated door can provide a barrier to the spread of fire and limited smoke to general movement of people around the building. Each fire door will be designed to provide the function depending on the building specific design criteria. It required to provide resistance to the passage of fire which react to the heat of a fire and expand to close gaps between the door and its frame. Fire doors are made from a solid timber frame which covered fire-resistant glass and made up of various components, such as smoke seals, hinges, hinges, latches and closing mechanism.

Figure 2.2.15 Double fire door at lift lobby area (Ting Ying 2019)

Figure 2.2.16 Fire exit door from cafeteria to the assembly point (Ting Ying 2019)

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 162 (1) Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided. (2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirement for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws. (3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour. (4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of half-hour. (5) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS 476:1951.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

2.2.2 Flame Containment on Materials & Construction The materials forming a building should be chosen to have regard to the safety of the structure and occupants. The adequacy period may necessitate their protection to prevent the premature failure of the structure by collapse or failure of load bearing capacity. Additional resistance may be achieved by protective coverings, casings or membranes. Fire resistance relates to the form of construction, not the material, and is stated in terms of performance in relation to British Standards methods of test: 1. Load bearing capacity means that resistance to collapse 2. Integrity means that resistance to fire penetration 3. Insulation means that resistance to transfer of excessive heat.

(i) Precast Concrete Concrete is often listed as among the best fire-resistant material and also can be a sustainable building material. Its durability ensures that fewer resources are needed to repair or replace concrete structures. Structures built with insulated concrete have optimal energy performance, and lightcolored concrete absorbs less heat and reflects more light, thus reducing the heat-island effect in urban environments. In PAM Centre Bangsar, the floors, exterior walls, columns and beams, are made up of four hours fire rated precast concrete members.

Figure 2.2.18 Precast concrete wall at level Figure 2.2.19 Concrete floor, beam 6 (Ting Ying 2019) and columns in PAM Centre. (Ting Ying 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

(ii) Masonry, Brickwork Brick are the most common and favoured construction material, used for the construction of wall to give aesthetic appearance to the structure while attract attention from people. In PAM Centre Bangsar, there are using brickwork at the two end side of fire lobby staircase and second level besides of lecture hall.

Figure 2.2.20 Brickwork for fire staircase enclose. (Ting Ying 2019)

Figure 2.2.21 Aesthetic appearance of brick wall at second floor. (Ting Ying 2019)

Conclusion From the above brief considerations, it is obvious that designers and builders need to have data on the materialsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; performance, under the conditions of fire, of materials and especially combinations of materials forming elements. Therefore, the materials quantified by means of fire resistance rating that forming in PAM Centre Bangsar chosen having regard to the fire safety of the structure and occupants.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

2.3 Evacuation The principle on which means of escape provisions are based on the time available for escape is greater than the time needed for escape. In order to achieve this, it should protect the routes which included enclosed corridors, emergency staircase to the final assembly area by providing fire resisting construction. It also need to allow air movement to an escape route to discourage smoke from entering in the fire happening.

2.3.1 Exit An exit that is used to provide a safe means of escape from a structure or area in the event of an emergency, such as a fire. A designated main doorway can be used as an emergency exit if it meets certain safety standards such as the ability to be easily opened from the inside. However, emergency exits are often reserved exits that may only be used in the case of an emergency. Fire escape exits, which consist of ladders and stairways mounted to the outside of a building, are a special type of emergency exit. UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 174 (1) Where two or more storey exits are required they shall be spaced at not less than 5 metres apart measured between the nearest edges of the openings. (2) Each exit shall give direct access to (a) A final exit; (b) A protected staircase leading to a final exit; or (c) An external route leading to a final exit.

Exit Route

Final Exit

Travel Distance

Final Exit

Travel Distance

(at ground floor)

Exit Route

(at lower floor)

Diagrams 2.3.1 Section showing the exit route to final exit in PAM Centre. (Ting Ying, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System (i) Horizontal Exit In accordance with by-law UBBL 1984 section 133, horizontal exit means exit that lead to an adjacent space with horizontal separated compartment within the same floor. In PAM Center Bangsar, the horizontal exits including lift lobby, firefighting lobby, corridor and fire-protected pathway that lead towards the emergency escape staircase accessed through fire-rated doors. The horizorizontal spaces also designed with opening window to release smoke from fire coming into space. The spaces are also made up by fire-rated materials to ensure taking safety factors as a priority for evacuees evacuating from the building.

Figure 2.3.2 Horizontal exit represented by lift lobby in PAM Centre Bangsar. (Ting Ying 2019)

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 171 (1) Where appropriate, horizontal exits may be provided in lieu of other exits. (2) Where horizontal exits are provided protected staircases and final exits need only be of a width to accommodate the occupancy load of the larger compartment or building discharging into it so long as the total number of exit widths provided is not reduced to less than half that would otherwise be required for the whole building. (3) For institutional occupancies the total exit capacity other than horizontal exits shall not be reduced by more than one-third that would otherwise be required for the entire area of the building.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

Diagrams 2.3.3 Horizontal exit. (Hamzah Abu Bakar., 2006)

Conclusion From the above brief of By-law UBBL 1984 section 171, horizontal exits used in PAM Centre do fulfill the UBBL 1984 requirements as they are apparent throughout the floor in every level of the building. All horizontal exits are placed leading to the provided protected staircase in the office levels whilst the ground floor provides horizontal exit towards its final exit which is the main entrance of the building as determined in clause 171 and 174. Therefore, it is easing occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; evacuation procedure to identify horizontal exits and to egress off the building.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

(ii) Vertical Exit Vertical exit is any path of travel such as staircase serving as an exit from the floors above or below the street floor. In PAM Centre, consists of 8 levels, including of basement car park, all share several common emergency escape staircase routes leading to the ground floor exit and towards the assembly point. These staircases are vertical exits that are critical during the evacuation procedure when occupants are vacating at high levels of within the office building. These staircases are the means of evacuation from the upper levels to the lower levels. In addition, the reinforced concrete wall and fire-resistant escape staircases are located within an enclosed space accessible through a fire-rated door.

Staircase serving as an exit from floor above to street floor .

Figure 2.3.4

(Ting Ying 2019)

Reinforced concrete and brick wall wall and fire-resistant escape staircases are located within an enclosed. (Ting Ying

Figure 2.3.5

2019)

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 169 No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit.

Conclusion Horizontal and vertical exits in PAM Centre meets By-laws UBBL 1984 requirements as they are apparent throughout the floor in every level of the building as determined in section 169 and 171. Therefore, it is easing occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; evacuation procedure to identify horizontal exits and to egress off the building. PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

(iii) Location of Exit The exit door (horizontal exit)

Fire staircase (vertical exit)

LOWER FLOOR PLAN

The exit door (horizontal exit)

Fire staircase (vertical exit)

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

The exit door (horizontal exit)

Fire staircase (vertical exit) FIRST FLOOR PLAN

The exit door (horizontal exit)

Fire staircase (vertical exit) SECOND FLOOR PLAN

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

The exit door (horizontal exit)

Fire staircase (vertical exit) THIRD FLOOR PLAN

The exit door (horizontal exit)

Fire staircase (vertical exit) FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

The exit door (horizontal exit)

Fire staircase (vertical exit) FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

The exit door (horizontal exit)

Fire staircase (vertical exit) SIXTH FLOOR PLAN

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

The exit door (horizontal exit)

Fire staircase (vertical exit) SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

The exit door (horizontal exit)

Fire staircase (vertical exit)

PAM Centre Bangsar

ROOF PLAN

Passive Fire Protection System 2.3.2 Evacuation Route The office levels of PAM Center Bangsar consists of 8 floors in total, including a basement carpark level. The lobby is located at ground floor along with the main entrance of the building which serves as the main evacuation exits to the main road. The escape routes from within the building circulate vertically and horizontally to direct occupants towards the exit located at the ground floor. The fire escape plans can be found at lift lobby of each floor. It generally demonstrates current position of the occupant, evacuation route, location of fire fighting lift, emergency exit, escape staircases well as several active interventions such as fire extinguisher, hose reel, alarm switch etc. Thus, an emergency action plan, it is crucial to determine the following: ● Specific evacuation procedures which including routes and exits. ● Procedure for assisting evacuees to those ● Conditions under which an evacuation would be necessary

Figure 2.3.7 Fire escape plan found on wall in the lift lobby (Ting Ying 2019)

Lower Ground Floor Lower ground car park level consists of two sides configuration point that allows occupant to access the emergency route vertically towards the exit and assembly point at the ground floor to be discharged out from the building in case of fire emergency. The simple spatial configuration in this level also eases the occupant to conveniently converge and identify the circulation pattern that directs them towards the exit lobby and emergency escape staircase. Lift shaft Staircase shaft Evacuation Route

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

(i) Ground Floor Level Ground floor is where the lobby located. In case of fire emergency, occupants are free to exit through different emergency exits from every cardinal direction of the level- opening exits towards south, east and west. It aids in easing movement of the occupants, especially when there is a crowd during the emergency.

Lift shaft Staircase shaft Evacuation Route

(ii) Office Floor Level 1-7 The evacuation route of the office levels is uniformed throughout the building. Fire staircase exits are located at both sides of the building. The circulation that run through alinear horizontal axis along the corridor and into office lots, easing escape of occupant during a case of an emergency.

Lift shaft Staircase shaft Evacuation Route

(iii) Roof Top Level The roof level directed towards the staircase in the both ends of building and will be directed downwards to the lobby at ground floor. Lift shaft Staircase shaft Evacuation Route

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

2.3.3 Evacuation Route Distance In accordance with by-law UBBL 1984 section 133, travel distance means the distance required to be traversed from any point in a storey of a building to either the fire-resisting door in the staircase enclosure or if there is no such door, the first stair tread of the staircase. UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 165 (3) In the case of individual rooms which are subject to occupancy of not more than six persons, the travel distance shall be measured from the doors of such rooms: Provided that the travel distance from any point in the room to the room door does not exceed 15 metres

In Seventh Schedule of UBBL By-laws, the maximum travel distance given to exits and dead-ends are stated in the table which separated by purposed group and limit when alternative exits are available. It is to shows and proves the distance of travel implemented in PAM Centre to provide necessity for occupants when the fire is happening. UBBL 1984 Seventh Schedule: Maximum Travel Distance Purpose Group

Limit when alternative exits are available (1)

Office

Dead-End Limit (metre) 15

(2) Unsprinklered 45

(3) Sprinklered 60

Diagram 2.3.9 Seventh Schedule showing the table of maximum travel distances in office.

Diagram 2.3.10 Dead-end of travel distance to exit in office lower ground floor. (Ting Ying, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

2.3.4 Place of Assembly Evacuation Assembly point is to facilitate the safe exit of people from the emergency site to bring evacuees to a more secure location. In PAM Centre Bangsar, all exit points from the emergency escape staircases at ground floor are to directed to designated assembly point located at both sides of the building.

Figure 2.3.11 Left side of assembly point. (Ting Ying, 2019)

Figure 2.3.12 Right side of assembly point.(Ting Ying, 2019)

Assembly Point (Right)

Assembly Point (Left) Diagram 2.3.13 Section showing assembly point of PAM Centre. (Ting Ying, 2019) .

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

Assembly Point Route

Fire staircase Assembly Point Route

LOWER FLOOR PLAN

Figure 2.3.14 Lower ground plan showing the fire staircase to assembly point route. (Ting Ying, 2019) . Assembly Point Route

Fire staircase Assembly Point Route

GROUND FLOOR FLOOR

Figure 2.3.15 Ground plan showing the fire staircase to assembly point route. (Ting Ying, 2019) .

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 178 Exits for institutional and other places of assembly In the building classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated as to avoid any under undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom.

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 179 Each place of assembly shall be classified according to its capacity as follows: Class A - Capacity … 1,000 persons or more Class B - Capacity … 300 to 1,000 persons Class C - Capacity … 100 to 300 persons

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 183 Every place of assembly, every tier or balcony and every individual room used as a place of assembly shall have exits sufficient to provide for the total capacity thereof as determined in accordance with by-law 180 and as follows: (b) doors leading outside the building at ground level or not more than three risers above or below ground one hundred persons per exit unit; (c) staircases or other types of exits not specified in by-law 177 above seventy-five persons per exit unit; (e) every Class B place of assembly (capacity three hundred to one thousand persons) shall have at least two separate exits as remote from each other as practicable, and if of a capacity of over six hundred at least three such exits.

Conclusion From the above brief of By-law UBBL 1984 section 178, 179 and 183, the assembly point of PAM Centre Bangsar is classified as class B as the office building is intended to accommodate a total of approximately less than 1000 people including office staffs and security personnel. Addition, the three means of exits points provided at ground floor that lead to assembly point that in accordance with section 183 because the assembly area of building is segregated from the building that evacuees are at a safe from danger. In compliance with the by-law UBBL requirements under section 178, 179 and 183, the place of assembly of PAM Centre Bangsar therefore is a suitable spot to evacuate to in a case of emergency fire.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

2.4 Fire Fighting Access Fire fighting access is an access opening that make sure fire fighters to gain access from external to rescue any occupant who is trapped in the building as well as to allow fire fighting from the outside of building. This ensures that efficient fire fighting equipment to carry out the rescue operation efficiently.

2.4.1 Fire Appliance Access A pathway for vehicular access to the exterior of a building is needed to enable high reach appliances, for instance turntable ladders and hydraulic platform that using for pumping appliances to supply water and equipment for fire fighting and rescue activities. Access requirements increase is depending on building size and height. UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 140 All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street of road or open space of not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fine brigade appliances. The proportion of the building abutting the street, road or open space shall be in accordance with the following scale:

Volume of building in cubic meter

Minimum proportions of perimeter of building

7000 to 28000 28000 to 56000 56000 to 84000 84000 to 112000 112000 and above

One-sixth One-fourth One-half Three-fourths Island Site

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

Figure 2.4.1 One sixth and one fourth appliance access.(Ting Ying, 2019)

PAM CENTRE

Figure 2.4.2 Building volume of PAM Centre along with the width of street. (Ting Ying, 2019)

56.768m

11.698m

19842m3

MAIN ROAD

Diagram 2.4.3 Building volume of PAM Bangsar along the road. (Ting Ying, 2019)

Conclusion In conclusion, with a total approximate volume of 19842m3 that PAM Centre occupies, a minimum of one fourth perimeter of the building should be provided with fire appliance access road, However, incompliance to UBBL 1984, the adjacent street to PAM Centre is less than the given width of 12m. Therefore, the width of the street would deter fire appliance access throughout, prolonging the process of accessing the building in time during a fire emergency. PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

2.4.2 Fire Fighting Shaft Fire-fighting shaft is likely to be provided in high rise building, building with deep basement and building with large floor areas. It consists of fire-fighting stair, fire-fighting lobby, fire main and fire-fighting lift which provided within the building to allow equipment and personnel to reach a fire quickly to assist the fire service in protecting life, reduce building losses and minimise environmental damage. In PAM Centre Bangsar, this shaft link all the necessary floors of the office building while maintaining a maximum of 2-hour duration of fire resistance to the occupant and firefighter.

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

SIXTH FLOOR PLAN

SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

ROOF FLOOR PLAN

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

(i) Fire Fighting Lobby Within the fire-fighting shaft, this protected lobby provides access from a fire-fighting staircase to the accommodation area and to the associated fire-fighting lift. Fire mains, such as hose reel and wet riser system are also located at the lobby to allow efficient fire-fighting operation. In PAM Centre, the fire-fighting lobby is pressurized to prevent ingress of smoke during a fire event.

Firefighting staircase

Figure 2.4.5 Fire-fighting lobby at ground floor. (Ting Ying, 2019)

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

(ii) Fire Fighting Lift In accordance with by-law UBBL 1984 section 133, fire fighting lift means lifts capable of being commandeered for exclusive use of firemen in emergency in order to rescue evacuees who may trapped on the upper floors. When case of fire breaking out in the office building, these lifts are designed for additional fire protection along with direct control of the fire and rescue service.

Figure 2.4.7 Fire fighting lift. (Ting Ying, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Figure 2.4.8 A signage of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Bomba Lifâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. (Ting Ying, 2019)

Figure 2.4.9 Internal of fight fighting lift. (Ting Ying, 2019)

Passive Fire Protection System

(iii) Fire Fighting Staircase In accordance with by-law UBBL 1984 section 133, fire fighting staircase means a staircase designated as a recognized means of access into the building for firemen in the event of a fire. In PAM Centre Bangsar, the emergency escape staircase provides the necessity as a fire-fighting staircase. Addition, this fire fighting staircase reaches the high throughout of the building in order to direct access of every floor of the building.

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 168 (1) Except as provided for in By-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircase. (4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings. (5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.

Conclusion From the above brief of By-law UBBL 1984 section 168, the fire staircase have two separate staircases at the PAM Centre and the door swing at no point encroach as stated in By-law UBBL 1984 Section 168. Therefore, the staircase design in PAM Centre meets the fire protection requirement.

Figure 2.4.10 Fire escape staircase have two separate staircases at the PAM Centre. (Ting Ying, 2019)

1200

Fire Rated Door

Figure 2.4.11The door swing at no point encroach as stated in By-law UBBL 1984 Section 168. (Ting Ying, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System Guide To Fire Protection In Malaysia Part VII: Fire Requirements The following information on steps and stair must be shown on drawings submitted to JBPM: (ii) dimension of treads and risers; treads shall not be less than 255mm, risers shall not be more than 18mm (By-law 106) (iii) width of steps or stairs which shall be calculated in accordance with By-law 168. (iv) depth of landing which shall not be less than the width (By-law 106)of the staircase. (v) Minimum headroom of not less than 2 metre measured vertically from any point over the full width of the stairs.

175mm 2970mm

265mm

Figure 2.4.12 Site measurement of the riser and tread.(Ting Ying, 2019)

Figure 2.4.13 Site measurement of the headroom. (Ting Ying, 2019)

Conclusion From the above brief of Guide To fire protection in Malaysia, the dimension of fire staircase in PAM Center Bangsar meets the requirement. Therefore, it is a suitable spot to evacuate to in a case of emergency fire.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Passive Fire Protection System

2.5 Conclusion Passive Fire Protection System acts as essential part to be installed. Effective passive fire protection system in PAM Centre Bangsar represent good in planning because it complies with the by laws UBBL 1984 requirements. The building provides adequate fire appliance access, and other facilities to assist fire and rescue personnel. Through designing and installing building services that safe escape routes for the occupant of the building, passive containment avoid the spread of fire to prolong the time for evacuation To achieve this, fire rated wall and doors are used. PAM Centre Bangsar also provided evacuation routes are also effectively planned, such as exit points are located at both ends of the building, connected by a linear hallway for ease of evacuation during fire. In additional, firefighting stairs, firefighting lobby, and fire fighting lift are also provided at both sides of the building to allow firefighters and equipment to reach the fire quickly and reduce building losses and minimize environmental damages. In conclude, PAM Centre Bangsar has effectively generate a safe building by providing sufficient passive fire protection.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

3.1

Introduction

Active Fire Protection System consists of manually operated and automatic fire protection systems that work together to detect fire, suppress and extinguish fire, and facilitate fire rescue. Active Fire Protection System should be considered since design stage of a project, in compliance with UBBL 1984 Part VIII that focuses on fire alarms fire detection, fire extinguishment and fire fighting access. Diagram below summarizes the Active Fire Protection System of PAM Centre Bangsar. In general the system is divided into Fire Detection and Alarm System, and Fire Control System.

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

FIRE DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEM ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Smoke Detector Manual Call Point Fire Alarm Bell Voice Alarm System Voice Communication System Control and Indicative Equipment Fireman Switch

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM ● ●

Water-Based System Non-Water-Based System

Diagram 3.1.1. Overview of Active Fire Protection System at PAM Centre Bangsar

Fire Detection and Alarm System Smoke detector and manual call point will trigger the fire alarm bell in the event of fire. Voice alarm system is used to make announcement while voice communication system is used by firefighter to communicate among each other. The control room houses the control and indicative equipments that are used to control the system and indicate location of fire. Fire Fighting System Both water-based and non-water-based system are used to extinguish the fire at PAM Centre Bangsar. Water-based system consists of hose reel system and wet riser system. Portable fire extinguisher is used for non-water-based-system.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

3.2

Fire Detection and Alarm System

Once the fire presents. There are two ways to detect fire; automatically and manually. Automatically using the detection systems ( Smoke Detection or Heat Detection ) and manually someone break and activate manual call point. Both will trigger the fire alarm bell giving alerts to the building occupants to evacuate the building and it will automatically transmit the signal to the control panel. The control panel works as a “brain” that activate the emergency light as well as voice alarm system through speaker and siren that has been installed in the whole building to guide the building occupants to escape. In the same time, the control panel also transmit a signal that can summon the fire department. Then, the fire department will call the control room of PAM building through Digital Alarm Communication to make sure it is a real alarm or false alarm. If it is a real alarm, the Fire Brigade will come to PAM Centre Bangsar. Furthermore, the firefighters will communicate each other through Fireman Intercom Systems that have been installed at every floor in PAM building. The Fireman Intercom system or known “Telefon Bomba Api” is connected to the Master Control Console located at Control Panel Room at Lower Ground of PAM Building. They also might use the Fireman Switch with the special key to to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served.

EMERGENCY LIGHT

SMOKE DETECTOR FIRE (SMOKE)

ALARM

MANUAL CALL POINT

VOICE ALARM SYSTEM

MAIN CONTROL PANEL FIRE STATION

DIGITAL ALARM COMMUNICATION

FIRE BRIGADE

FIREMAN SWITCH

FIREMAN INTERCOM SYSTEM

MASTER CONTROL CONSOLE

Diagram 3.2.1. Overview Fire Detection System at Main Building at PAM Centre Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian,2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

Diagram 3.2.2 FIre Detection Systems Diagram (Naveen Alarm Systems India Pvt Ltd.,2017)

MAIN CONTROL PANEL

FIRE (SMOKE)

SMOKE DETECTOR

FIRE (HEAT)

HEAT DETECTOR

FIRE ALARM PULL STATION

CO2 CONTROL PANEL

CO2 RELEASED

GI55 CONTROL PANEL

GI55 AGENT RELEASED

ALARM

Diagram 3.2.3. Overview Fire Detection System for CO2 and GI55 Extinguisher at PAM Centre Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System Generator room , Low Voltage Room, and TNB Room in PAM Centre Bangsar are using both some detector and heat detector inside the generator room. If heat or smoke detected by the detectors, it will automatically triggers fire alarm that located outside. Furthermore, the fire alarms will send signal to control panel. For Generator room and Low Voltage Room The CO2 control panel will release CO2 gases. TNB Room GI55 Control Panel will release GI55 Agent. Both this action will give notification to the Main Control Panel. UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire fighting Access Section 225 : Detecting and Extinguishing Fire (1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws.

Occupancy hazard IV OFFICES 1. 4 storeys and less or less than 1000 sq.m gross floor area 2. 5 storeys and over or exceeding 100 sq.m 3. Exceeding 18m but less than 10000 sq.m 4. Exceeding 30m or 10000 sq.m

Fire Alarm System

2 1&2 2

Note: Types of Fire Alarms 1. Automatic Fire Detectors System. 2. Manual Electrical Fire Alarm System.

The height of PAM Centre Bangsar exceeds 18m but less than 30m, based on the Tenth Schedule of UBBL 1984, the fire alarm systems that required to be installed in the building is Automatic Fire Detector System and Manual Electrical Fire Alarm System. Automatic Fire Detectors System that are found in PAM Centre Bangsar are Smoke Detection System and Heat Detection System. Furthermore, Manual Electrical Fire Alarm System that installed in this building are Manual Call Point and Manual Fire Alarm Pull Station.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

3.2.1 Automatic Fire Detection Systems Automatic fire detection systems are designed to respond one or all of three major physical - chemical created from process involved during a fire. Three major product that created are thermal energy, radiation, and airborne particulates. These product are based on heat, flame, and smoke detection systems. The thermal energy produced by a fire causes both a laminar and turbulent airflow. 1). Heat The heated air movement are detected by a thermal detector designed to activate when the temperature of the air has reached a predetermined threshold.

2). Radiation (ultraviolet) The radiation given off by a particular fire depends on the fire intensity and the material being burned. Flame detectors are designed to detect both infrared and ultraviolet radiation (Grabowski,1972).

3). Airborne particulates. This particulates or smoke particles are aerosols range 0.01 to 10 microns. If particles smaller than 5 microns that are not visible in human eyes. Smoke detector responds to both visible and invisible types There are classified into two : ionizing type and photoelectric type.

In PAM Building there are two types of automatic fire detection system being used; Smoke Detector and Heat Detector System.

Smoke Detection System can be found in the ceiling of every floors the PAM main building and the Heat Detection Systems only can be found in the Generator room, Generator Room, and TNB Room in PAM building.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

3.2.1.1 Smoke Detection System

Smoke detection system is an automatic initiating devices that will detect the smoke and react automatically during emergency time. Smoke detector is typically cased in a disk-shaped plastic enclosure and powered by a central alarm system as a power with battery backup as well.

Figure 3.2.4. Smoke detector (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

There are 3 types of smoke detection according to SchrollDec (2007) : 1). Spot Smoke Detection Spot-type smoke detectors use either the ionization principle of operation or the photoelectric principle .Respond to the smoke particles produced by a fire. They operate on the ionization, photoelectric, or other smoke particle analysis principle of operation. 2). Ionization Smoke Detection. As the smoke passes through the chamber, the paarticle was ionized and detected by charged plates in the detector. Commonly used in residential houses. 3}. Photoelectric Light-Scattering Smoke Detection. The principle is that the rays from the light source do not normally fall onto the photosensitive sensor. Light is projected through the chamber and will be scattered if it strikes smoke. It is more responsive to the visible particles produced by smoldering fire however, it less responsive to the smaller particles typical of most flaming fires. It is also less responsive to black smoke than to lighter colored smoke.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

In PAM Building, They are using the DS-PS Photoelectric Smoke Detector uses an optical photoelectric sensing chamber to detect smoke that increases efficiency and extends life safety and property protection capabilities. Smoke detectors are installed in every ceiling of enclosed room of PAM Center in Bangsar as a fire indicator. If there is smoke, fire , or carbon monoxide trigger the smoke detector, it may activate alarm system as well as sprinkler system as an immediate action to extinguish the fire to prevent fire spreading.

Diagram 3.2.5. Smoke detector spacing installed in the ceiling. (Oheap Fire and Security, 2019)

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire fighting Access Section 225 : Detecting and Extinguishing Fire (1)

Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws

Section 153 : Smoke Detection In Lift Lobbies (1) (2)

All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors Lift not opening into a soke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo detectors unless incorporated with a force to close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a present time.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

SIXTH FLOOR PLAN

SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

ROOF TERRACE FLOOR PLAN

Diagram 3.2.6. Floor Plans Showing The Location Of Smoke Detector. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

3.2.1.2 Heat Detection System

Figure 3.2.7 Heat detector at Generator Room, PAM Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

Unlike smoke detector, Heat detectors do not respond to smoke. If the temperature increases to fast or above certain point, the heat detector will trigger the fire alarm. Heat detector is a device that designed to save property rather than life. Heat Detection Systems must be resistant to corrosion.Heat Detection Systems are installed in where there is a electrical and mechanical machine There are two kinds of Heat Detectors; spot and line. PAM building is using Spot type of Heat Detectors that is a single unit installed in the single location throughout the protected area When the heat rises above 58 degree Celsius , hot air from the fire will rise and enter the sensor chamber. Inside heat sensors called thermistor will melt a low fusing alloy or bending a bimetallic strip which causes the alarm to sound alerting the occupants. UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire fighting Access Section 225 : Detecting and Extinguishing Fire (1)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

Normal Condition Response

Therminator partially sealed from surrounding air

Therminator exposed to air

Rate-of-rise response

Fire Detected on fast increase of ambient temperature

Fixed Temperature

Fire Detected on slow increase of ambient temperature

Diagram 3.2.8. Illustrate Rate-of-Rise response VS Fixed Temperature Response. (Naveen Alarm Systems India Pvt Ltd.,2017)

Pneumatic detectors consist of a chamber filled with air and a movable diaphragm into which the chamber is put. As the temperature rises, the chamber with air expands and deforms the diaphragm. This triggers a set of contacts that alert of the danger. Rate-Of-Rise sensors (ROR) is heat detector alarms that respond to the rapid increase in temperature

Diagram 3.2.9.. Heat detector spacing installed in the ceiling. Retrieved from Diagram 3.2.5. Smoke detector spacing installed in the ceiling. (Oheap Fire and Security, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Diagram 3.2.10

Lower Ground Floor Plan Showing The Location Of Heat Detector. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

In PAM Centre Bangsar, Heat detection are installed in the Generator room, Low Voltage Room, and TNB (Tenaga Nasional Berhad) Room that located separately from the PAM main building as in there are many electrical and mechanical systems that can heat up and may occur explosion. Therefore each room have their own control panel that separated from PAM main building.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

3.2.2 Manual Call Point

i. Manual Call Point PAM building are equipped with Manual call point which is manually activated by the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s occupants that sounds the evacuation alarm once there is a fire or emergency condition by pressing the button manually by human. Manual call points are located at all exits each floor with travel distance to a call point not more than 45 metres within the building. The manual call points are placed approximately 1,4 metres above the floor. Manual call point should be located near the exits of the building. It should be accessible, operated, and identified easily. UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire fighting Access Section 155 : Fire Mode of Operation (1)

The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.

Figure 3.2.11. Manual Call Point at PAM Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System ii. Manual Fire Alarm Pull Station Is an initiating device that is manually operated by a person to cause a fire alarm signal. This allows building occupants to initiate a fire alarm if the fire detector have not yet trigger the fire alarm automatically. Manual Fire Alarm Pull Station is located approximately 1,4 metres above the floor below the generator room control panel. UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire fighting Access Section 155 : Fire Mode of Operation (1)

The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.

There are two types of manual fire alarm pull stations : (1) Single-action station Require only pulling action from the users. (2) Double-action station Require two essential actions such as breaking glass and pulling. In PAM Bangsar the one that being used is double action system fire alarm pull stations. Inside a manual fire alarm pull stations there is a simple switch that closes a set of contact that causing an alarm signal.

Figure 3.2.12 Manual Fire Alarm Pull Station at PAM Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

SIXTH FLOOR PLAN

SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

ROOF TERRACE FLOOR PLAN

Diagram 3.2.13 Floor Plans Showing The Location Of Smoke Detector. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

3.2.3 Fire Alarm Bell Fire Alarm Bell can be activated manually by pressing call point button or automatically triggered by smoke or heat detector. Once it is activated, the fire alarm bell will continuously ringing loudly to alert people if there is a emergency. It also initiate an audible-visual signal to alert the building occupants and local fire department

Figure 3.2.14 Fire Alarm at PAM Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

Diagram 3.2.15.. DEMCO Fire Alarm Details. Retrieved from

https://www.demcoalarm.com/products_UL Dome_bell.html

Product Brand : DEMCO Produced by DEMCO INDUSTRIES SDN BHD Advantages : High sound level output, loud, distinctive and clear ringing sound. Low power consumption Quick and easy installation Corrosion resistant finish.

Based on Laws of Malaysia Uniform Building , the fire bell alarm must produce at least 65 dB noise level or 5 dB above the ambient noise level. The audio alarm should be trembling (not single stroke) to keep noticing the occupant to escape the building. The operation of Fire Alarm Bell powered from the fire alarm panel battery supply as it not depend on building electrical system

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

There are two types of fire bell (Alertek,2006) : (1) Continuous bells Use an electronic coil called a Solenoid to pull back a hammer. When the hammer goes back, it disconnects the circuit. Causing the Solenoid to let go, sending the hammer into the gong and ringing it. WHen the hammer moves forward, it reconnects the circuit, which pulls the hammer back again. This cycle keep moving continuously until the power is disconnected. (2)

Single Stroke Bells Use a Solenoid which pulls the hammer back and holds it. When the power is disconnected, the hammer moves forward and ringing the bell. After hitting, the hammer bounces back and ready to be rang again. Single stroke bells require a timing circuit to make them ring more than just one.

PAM building using DEMCO brand that adopting continuous alarm bell type system due to higher sound level output.

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire fighting Access Section 237 : Fire alarms (1) (2)

(3)

Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to those By-laws All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage areas exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a two stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section. Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.

Section 155 : Fire mode of operation (1)

The fire mode mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

SIXTH FLOOR PLAN

SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

ROOF TERRACE FLOOR PLAN

Diagram 3.2.16. Floor Plans Showing The Location Of Fire Alarm Bell. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

3.2.4 Emergency Light Emergency lights is lighting when emergency happened. It automatically switch on when the power supply to the normal lighting provision being cut due to emergency condition. The emergency light should give enough sufficiency to enable the occupants to see its surrounding and also the pathway to evacuate the building safely. Emergency light should be legible from at least 30 metres in distance. The minimum duration for the emergency escape lightning is one hour. (Fire Safety Advice Centre,2011)

Figure 3.2.17. Emergency Light at PAM Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire fighting Access Section 253 : Emergency Power System (1)

(5)

Emergency power system shall be provided to supply illumination and power automatically in the event of failure of the normal supply or in the event of accident to elements of the system supplying power and illumination essential for safety to life and property. Current supply shall be such that in the event of failure of the normal supply to or within the building or group of buildings concerned, the emergency lightning or emergency power, or both emergency lightning and emergency power will be available within 10 seconds of the interruption of the normal supply. The supply system for emergency purposes shall comprise one or more of the following approved types : (a) Storage Battery Storage battery of suitable rating and capacity to supply and maintain at not less than 87.5 percent of the system voltage the total load of the circuits supplying emergency lighting and emergency power for a period of at least 1,5 hours. (b) Generator Set A generator set driven by some form of prime mover and of sufficient capacity and proper rating to supply circuit carrying emergency lighting or lighting and power with suitable means for automatically starting the prime mover on failure of the normal service.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System UBBL 1984 Tenth Schedule: Table of Requirements for Fire Extinguishment Alarm Systems and Emergency Lighting Occupancy hazard IV OFFICES 1. 4 storeys and less or less than 1000 sq.m gross floor area 2. 5 storeys and over or exceeding 100 sq.m 3. Exceeding 18m but less than 10000 sq.m 4. Exceeding 30m or 10000 sq.m

Emergency Lightning

a c c

Note: Types of Energy Illumination (a) Signal point units (c) Generators

The height of PAM Centre Bangsar exceeds 18m but less than 30m, based on the Tenth Schedule of UBBL 1984, the types of Energy Illumination that required for the building is the Generators as a power supply when the normal electricity is off. The Generator in PAM Centre Bangsar can be found at Lower Ground Floor besides the car parking area. In PAM building, the emergency lights are located in : Lift Lobbies Stairways Circulation Walkway Emergency exits Escape Routes Toilets Enclosed room Roof top Control Panel Room Generator Room Low Voltage Room TNB Room Pantry Surau Carpark

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

3.2.5 Voice Alarm System Voice alarm system is a media to deliver messages throughout the whole building to communicate with buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s occupants to exits and excavate during fire outbreak. Voice Alarm system is controlled activated by the Control Panel.

Aside from fire alarm bell, Voice Alarm System give the alert tone and followed by playing pre-recorded messages to notify and guide the building occupants what to do and the escape route and procedure.

Emergency audio alarm communication system : Voice messages are more effective than tone signals. Reduce the time it takes for an individual to react to emergency. Alert tone to inform occupants about an emergency. Using pre-recorded message as an instruction of excavation. All loudspeakers are automatically connected to the fire alarm. Provide clear directions to the people in the building that give exact instructions to whom not familiar with the building. UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire fighting Access Section 239 : Voice Communication System. There shall be two separate approved continuously electrical supervised voice communications systems.,, one a fire brigade communications system and the other a public address system between the central control station and the following areas : (a) Lifts, lift lobbies, corridors, and staircases; (b) In every office area exceeding 92.9 square metres in area; (c) In each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with the public address system.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

In PAM Center Bangsar there are two types of voice alarm systems : 1. Speakers installed on the ceiling in interior spaces every floor of PAM Centre Bangsar. 2. -

Horn Resistant to weathering. Produce louder volume. Found at open space; parking area, electrical and mechanical rooms and rooftop.

Figure 3.2.18. Speaker at Ceiling PAM Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Figure 3.2.19. Horn on wall, PAM Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

Active Fire Protection System

3.2.6 Voice Communication System i. Digital Alarm Communication â&#x20AC;&#x153;Direct Link to Jabatan Bombaâ&#x20AC;? Fireman Intercom System is a voice communication system in the control room beside the control panel that directly connected to Fireman Station to ease and facilitate the fast communication. When the fire alarm is triggered and ringing, it automatically send the signal to control panel> Furthermore, the control panel will send the signal to the local fire station. Therefore, the fire station will call and communicate with the control room in PAM Centre through this telephone to make sure is it really a real fire or it is just a false alarm.

Figure 3.2.20. Digital Alarm Communication PAM Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire fighting Access Section 239 : Voice Communication System. There shall be two separate approved continuously electrical supervised voice communications systems.,, one a fire brigade communications system and the other a public address system between the central control station and the following areas : (a) Lifts, lift lobbies, corridors, and staircases; (b) In every office area exceeding 92.9 square metres in area; (c) In each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with the public address system.

Diagram 3.2.21 . Location of Digital Alarm Communication PAM Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System ii. Fireman Intercom System Fireman Intercom System is coloured in red. The function of voice communication system is to communicate critical information in two ways. It is a network to telephone handsets connected to the master headset at the Fire Command Centre. Especially the communication between firefighters is the most crucial aspects during emergency for fire evacuation purposes. The fireman intercom system located near the emergency escape of the building. Figure 3.2.22. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Telefon Bomba Apiâ&#x20AC;? at Ceiling PAM Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

SIXTH FLOOR PLAN

SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

ROOF TERRACE FLOOR PLAN

Diagram 3.2.23 Floor Plans Showing The Location Of Fireman Intercom. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

3.2.7 Control and Indicative Equipment i. Control Panel Control panel is a â&#x20AC;&#x153;brainâ&#x20AC;? of the fire detection and alarm system. It is responsible to monitoring all inputs from fire detection systems (heat and smoke detector) or from manual call point that triggers the alarm that the location will be shown in the control panel and then also output such as alarm bells, voice alarm system through speaker and horns, and also transmit a signal to a local bomba fire station. A fire control room must be provided with permanent and emergency lightning. According to Osha (2014) when an automatic or manual device activated and send signal to control panel, can be programmed to : Initiate agent release Activate a pre-discharge alarm Activate visual and audible alarm Shutdown ventilation systems Shutdown machinery equipment Notify emergency personnel UBBL 1984 Tenth Schedule: Table of Requirements for Fire Extinguishment Alarm Systems and Emergency Lighting Occupancy hazard IV OFFICES 1. 4 storeys and less or less than 1000 sq.m gross floor area 2. 5 storeys and over or exceeding 100 sq.m 3. Exceeding 18m but less than 10000 sq.m 4. Exceeding 30m or 10000 sq.m

Fire Alarm System

2 1&2 2

Note: Types of Fire Alarms 1. Automatic Fire Detectors System. 2. Manual Electrical Fire Alarm System.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire fighting Access Section 238: Command and control centre Every large premises or buildings exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, waterflow detectors, fire detection, and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard.

The height of PAM Centre Bangsar exceeds 18m but less than 30m, based on the Tenth Schedule of UBBL 1984, the fire alarm systems that required to be installed in the building is Automatic Fire Detector System and Manual Electrical Fire Alarm System. All of these Manual and Automatic Fire Alarm System are controlled by the Control Panel as a central brain of all these systems. There are total four control panels in PAM Centre Bangsar : 1. Main Control Panel is the for the main building located in Control Room the Lower Ground Floor of PAM Building 2. CO2 Control Panel for LV Room 3. CO2 Control Panel for Generator Room 4. IG55 Control Panel for TNB Room. The control system for mechanical and electrical rooms ( Generator room, LV room,and TNB Room ) are equipped with both smoke and heat detectors and each room has its own control panel. If the alarm for this room triggered, these control panel will only send the notification to main control room. In other words, these control panel cannot give the emergency alerts to the whole PAM Centre Bangsar building.

MAIN CONTROL PANEL (CONTROL ROOM )

CO2 CONTROL PANEL (LV ROOM)

CO2 CONTROL PANEL (GENERATOR ROOM)

IG55 CONTROL PANEL (TNB ROOM)

Diagram 3.2.24 CO2 Control Panels and IG55 Control Panel connected to Main Control Panel at PAM Centre Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

Figure 3.2.25. Control Panel Room in PAM Main Building Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

Figure 3.2.27. CO2 Panel PAM Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Figure 3.2.26. Control Panel of PAM Main Building Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

Figure 3.2.28. IG55 Control Panel TNB Room PAM Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

Active Fire Protection System Main Control Panel

CO2 Control Panel

LV ROOM

GENERATOR ROOM

GI55Gas Suppression Control Panel

Diagram 3.2.29 Location of Main Control Panel, CO2 Control Panels and IG55 Control Panel at PAM Centre Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

Main Control Panel located inside the control room. Meanwhile, the CO2 Control Panel and GI55 Gas Suppression Control Panel located outside of that room. PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System ii. Master Control Console Master Control Console comprises a Master Headset, a System Control Module, and Zone Control Modules. The master headset is used to communicate with remote headsets that installed every floor of the PAM Centre building. The operator will able to communicate with remote headsets. When the fireman call the Master Control Console, the light will turn on according to the location where the intercom system being used at that time. So that, the control room man will able to know the position and can guide the fireman by telling where the smoke came from by looking at the control panel as well as the building condition by cctv.

Zone Control Modules

Master Headset

System Control Modules

Figure 3.2.30. Master Control Console and Remote Control Headset PAM Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire fighting Access Section 238: Command and control centre Every large premises or buildings exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, waterflow detectors, fire detection, and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard.

Diagram 3.2.31. Lower Ground Floor Plan Showing The Location of Master Control Console at PAM Centre Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

3.2.8 Fireman Switch Fireman’s switch is a specialized switch disconnector to turn off all electrical equipment in case of fire heating that may cause any electrical equipment to explosion. The switch will only turn off the electrical equipment of the level where level of switch is located. They are located 2 metres above the ground. Therefore, only fireman can access and use it by using special key. Besides that, it can also be used to run under voltage release or shunt trip in the main incoming breaker. If there is a fire in the building, the fireman uses an insulated rod (Fireman axe) to pull the handle which isolates the utility supply to the building The switch in PAM Center Bangsar is located at below the alarm bell and the fire control panel in every single floor near fire exit doors.

Figure 3.2.32. Location Fireman Switch PAM Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire fighting Access Section 133. Interpretation : Fire Requirement (1)

“Fireman’s Switch means a switch located adjacent to the fire lift by the designated floor to enable the fire brigade to gain control of the fire lifts.

Section 240 : Electrical isolation switch (1)

(2)

Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square metres shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served. The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman’s switch specified in the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

Diagram 3.2.34. Section Showing The Location of Fireman Switch at PAM Centre Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

Diagram 3.2.35.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Lower Ground Floor Plan Showing The Location of Fireman Switch at PAM Centre Bangsar (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

Active Fire Protection System

3.3

Fire Fighting System

Fire is essentially a chemical reaction known as combustion. The four factors to start a fire are fuel, oxygen, heat and chemical reaction. Hence in order to extinguish a fire, one of the four factors need to be eliminated. This can be done by: ● Removing the heat. ● Eliminate oxygen or dilute the oxygen concentration in the burning zone. ● Remove the fuel. ● Interrupt the chemical chain reactions. However, fire can be started by multiple types of combustibles. Different types of extinguishing agents can be effective when applied to fires for which they are best suited. Various types of fire fighting systems that adopt any of the above methods can be used to suppress and extinguish fire. In the case of PAM Centre Bangsar, both water-based system and non-water-based system are used to effectively extinguish different types of fire.

3.3.1 Water-Based System The most popular medium for building fire suppression is water, which is readily available and relatively low in cost. It is non-toxic, can be stored at atmospheric pressure and normal temperatures, and takes the heat out of a fire. UBBL 1984 Tenth Schedule: Table of Requirements for Fire Extinguishment Alarm Systems and Emergency Lighting Extinguishing System

PAM Centre Bangsar

A - Automatic Sprinklers.

G G AG

G - Hose Reel.

Active Fire Protection System

29.88m

Diagram 3.3.1. Section showing height of building. (Zien Loon, 2019)

The height of PAM Centre Bangsar exceeds 18m but less than 30m, based on the Tenth Schedule of UBBL 1984, the extinguishing system required for the building is hose reel system. Hence, water-based automatic sprinkler system is not installed in the building. The water-based system of PAM Centre Bangsar consists of hose reel system and dry riser system.

WATER-BASED SYSTEM

HOSE REEL SYSTEM

● ● ●

Hose Reel Hose Reel Pump Fire Water Storage Tank

DRY RISER SYSTEM

● ● ● ●

Landing Valves Riser Pipe Air Release Valve Breeching Inlet

Diagram 3.3.2. Overview of water-based system at PAM Center Bangsar. (Zien Loon, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System 3.3.1.1 Hose Reel System Hose reel system comprises hose reel pumps, fire water storage tank, hose reels, pipework and valves. It is installed to provide a reasonably accessible and controlled supply of water for occupant of PAM Centre Bangsar to use for first-aid fire-fighting during early stages of a fire. It is often possible for a fire to be extinguished in its initial stage by the use of a jet of water from a hose reel. The system is manually operated and activated by opening a valve which enables the water to flow into the hose. The pressure loss will activate the pump to ensure adequate water flow and pressure to discharge through hose. Fire water storage tank

Hose reel

Hose reel pump

Diagram 3.3.3. Typical Arrangement of Hose Reel System. (Green Simex Engineering Sdn. Bhd., 2012)

i. Hose Reel The hose reels consist of drum, hose, nozzle, and stop valve. At PAM Centre Bangsar, the universal swing type is used, where the hose drum rotates around a horizontal shaft and the hose can be withdrawn from any direction, hence giving more flexibility for drawing off the hose. The hose used is made of reinforced rubber. The jet spray hose nozzle can be twisted to turn on/off. Stop valve ensures that nozzle can only be released after opening the valve. Hose reels are used to discharge water to extinguish type A fires (wood, paper, cloth etc.) Below are the steps to use a hose reel: 1. Turn on the water supply at the stop valve. 2. Run the hose out for the required distance to the fire. 3. Turn the water on at the nozzle. 4. Direct the stream at the base of the fire. PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

Drum

Hose

Stop valve

Nozzle

Figure 3.3.4 Hose reel at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Zien Loon, 2019)

For PAM Centre Bangsar, hose reels are generally installed at fire fighting access lobby, fire staircase at the end of the building, and the staircase at the middle of the building, for every floor. This complies with the requirement by UBBL 1984, UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire fighting Access Section 230 (2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.

Figure 3.3.5 From left to right, hose reels at fire fighting access lobby, staircase at the middle of the building, and fire staircase. (Zien Loon, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

SIXTH FLOOR PLAN

SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

ROOF TERRACE FLOOR PLAN

Diagram 3.3.6 Floor plans showing location of hose reel. (Zien Loon, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System Based on the floor plans, the location of hose reel strategically covers every corner of the building. The distance between each hose reel is approximately 30m. They are located where users are least likely to be endangered by the fire, and prominent positions at each floor level along escape routes such as the center of building and fire staircase, so that they may be used by people leaving the building. The hose reel at fire fighting access lobby also fulfill the requirement by UBBL 1984.

ii. Hose Reel Pump Pump is provided to provide adequate supply of water to each hose reel at all times. Two pumps are installed but one is for stand-by purpose. When the duty pump fails to operate, the standby pump will be activated to supply water to the hose reel. Both duty and standby pumps can be switched on and off manually using the hose reel pump control panel. However, in the event of fire, the pump should not be switched off.

Figure 3.3.7 From left to right, duty pump and standby pump at pump room. (Zien Loon, 2019)

Figure 3.3.8 Hose reel pump control panel at pump room. (Zien Loon, 2019)

Diagram 3.3.9 Lower ground floor plans showing location of pumps. (Zien Loon, 2019)

Even though the water source is located at lower ground level, hose reel pump ensures that sufficient water pressure is supplied for the hose reel system to be effective to extinguish fire even at the topmost level. PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System iii. Fire Water Storage Tank Fire water storage tank (hose reel tank) is the water source for the hose reel system. It reserves the water required for hose reel system to operate effectively. The hose reel tank at PAM Centre Bangsar is made of concrete and is equipped with a pulley-style water level indicator to show the amount of water available. The indicator level drops as the float rises with the water level.

Water level indicator

Access opening

Figure 3.3.10 Fire water storage tank at pump room. (Zien Loon, 2019)

Float Figure 3.3.11 Interior of fire water storage tank. (Zien Loon, 2019)

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire fighting Access Section 247 (2) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for the fire fighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

Installation of fire water storage tank complies to UBBL 1984. The water level indicator helps to ensure that the water reserved reaches the minimum storage required for the hose reel system.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

Diagram 3.3.12 Lower ground floor plans showing location of fire water storage tank. (Zien Loon, 2019)

Together with the hose reel pump and domestic water tank, the hose reel tank is located at the pump room at lower ground floor. In short, the hose reel tank and pumps at lower ground level supply and distribute water to hose reels installed at every floors of the building, which make up the hose reel system of PAM Centre Bangsar.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System 3.3.1.2 Dry Riser System PAM Centre Bangsar is a multi-storey building, hence, it is difficult to evacuate and can be hazardous in the event of fire. Fixed fire-fighting equipment such as wet or dry riser should be installed depending on the height of the building and local fire authority regulations. UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire fighting Access Section 230 (1) Dry rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 18.3 metres but less than 30.5 metres above fire appliance access level.

As shown in Diagram 3.3.1. (refer pg. 82), the height of building requires the installation of dry riser system to comply with UBBL 1984. Dry riser does not contain water, but is charged with water by the firefighters by connecting it to the outlet side of the fire engine, the suction side is connected to a water main via fire hydrant. Fire engine acts as a pump to force the water from the main into the riser. Therefore, dry riser act as an extension of the firemanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hose.

Diagram 3.3.13. Dry riser system connected to fire engine. (elitefire, n.d.)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System Dry riser system at PAM Centre Bangsar comprises of a riser pipe, landing valves at each floor, canvas hose with nozzles to aim water jet at the fire, and breeching inlets for firemen to pump water from lower ground level.

Landing valves

Air release valves Riser pipe

Breeching inlet

Hose cradle

Diagram 3.3.14. Typical Arrangement of Dry Riser System. (Abu Bakar, 2006)

i. Landing Valves Landing valves allow connection of canvas hose to the dry riser system, and can only be used by a trained fire-fighting personnel. To use it, the blank cap has to be removed to allow coupling of the hose, the handwheel is then rotated anti-clockwise to activate water flux into the hose.

Handwheel

Blank cap

Figure 3.3.15 Landing valve at fire staircase. (Zien Loon, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Figure 3.3.16. Canvas hose in hose cradle beside landing valve. (Zien Loon, 2019)

Active Fire Protection System

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

SIXTH FLOOR PLAN

SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

ROOF TERRACE FLOOR PLAN

Diagram 3.3.17 Floor plans showing location of landing valve of dry riser system. (Zien Loon, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire fighting Access Section 230 (2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.

The landing valves are strategically located at the fire fighting access lobby and fire staircase, covering both ends of the building. In compliance with UBBL 1984, landing valve provide hose connection at fire fighting access lobby. They are installed at not more than 0.75m above the floor level. Therefore, firefighters can access to the water main at both ends of all floors for fire extinguishment.

ii. Riser Pipe Riser pipe is a pipe that extends vertically from one floor level to the next for the purpose of carrying and distributing water. Since dry riser system is used at PAM Centre Bangsar, the pipe is maintained empty of water when it’s not used, and charged with water to extinguish fire in the event of fire. Riser pipe used at PAM Centre Bangsar complies to UBBL 1984 in terms of its diameter and materiality. Since the highest landing valve is located approximately 30m above the breeching inlet, riser pipe with 150mm diameter is used. The riser pipe is also made of galvanized iron that is sufficient to withstand the water pressure.

Riser pipe

150mm Figure 3.3.18 Dry riser at fire staircase. (Zien Loon, 2019)

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire fighting Access Section 230 (3) Dry risers shall be of minimum “Class C” pipes with fittings and connections of sufficient strength to withstand 21 bars water pressure. (6) The dry riser shall not be less than 102 millimetres in diameter in buildings in which the highest outlet is 22.875 metres or less above the fire brigade pumping inlet and not less than 152.4 millimetres diameter where the highest outlet is higher than 22.875 metres above the pumping inlet.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

Diagram 3.3.19 Section showing dry riser pipe. (Zien Loon, 2019)

At PAM Centre Bangsar, the riser pipe transport water from lower ground level up to roof terrace level (8th floor).

iii. Air Release Valve The air release valve at the top of the riser pipe allows air in the pipe to escape when the system is being filled with water, but closes when the pipe is full of water. When the system is in operation, the valve can be opened and closed manually to vent any remaining air.

Figure 3.3.20 Air release valve on top of riser pipe. (Zien Loon, 2019)

iv. Breeching Inlet Fire brigade breeching inlet is connected to the bottom part of dry riser. In the event of fire, the inlet will be connected to an fire engine to supply water and boost pressure to the dry riser system. The breeching inlets at PAM Centre Bangsar comprises of 4 inlets, each consisting of a male coupling and a back-pressure valve. The inlets are protected by blank cap secured with a chain. A drain valve is also fitted below all the inlets to drain the system after use. PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

Blank cap Inlets Drain valve

Figure 3.3.21 4-way breeching inlet installed near assembly point. (Zien Loon, 2019)

Figure 3.3.22 4-way breeching enclosed within a box. (Zien Loon, 2019)

UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire fighting Access Section 230 (7) 102 millimetres diameter dry riser shall be equipped with a two-way pumping inlet and 152.4 millimetres dry risers shall be equipped with a four-way pumping inlet.

According to UBBL 1984, 4 inlet is needed for a 150mm riser pipe, hence, 4-way breeching inlet is used at PAM Centre Bangsar to ensure sufficient supply of water to the dry riser system.

Diagram 3.3.23 Lower ground floor plan showing location of breeching inlet. (Zien Loon, 2019)

One of the breeching inlet is installed directly on the external wall of the building, while the other on a short wall nearer to the main road at the other end, thus nearer to the fire brigade pumping appliance. Each breeching inlet connects to riser pipe installed at their respective side. In brief, the fire engine pump water from external hydrant into the wet riser system which distributes water to both ends of every floor, allowing fire extinguishment to be carried out by firefighters. PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

3.3.2 Non-Water-Based System There are many cases where water-based system are not suitable to be used to extinguish the fire, such as fires that involve flammable and combustible liquids and gases, electrical equipment, and combustible metals. Hence, non-water-based system is needed to extinguish those types of fires. In the case of PAM Centre Bangsar practicing two types of non-water-based extinguishing system. There are fixed and portable fire extinguishers to counter different scope and scale of fire. Fixed extinguishing system is a automatic system that installed for the certain area or spaces only that intended to suppress big scale of fire On the other hand, the portable fire extinguisher can be found everywhere in each rooms every floor of PAM building that are meant to be used and being carried by building occupants manually to extinguish small fire scale.

NON-WATER-BASED SYSTEM

FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

● ● ●

CO2 Fire Extinguisher GI55 Fire Extinguisher

●

Dry Powder Type Fire Extinguisher CO2 Type Fire Extinguisher

Diagram 3.3.24 Overview of non-water-based system at PAM Center Bangsar. (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System

3.3.2.1 Fixed Non-Water-Based Fire Extinguisher System Fixed fire extinguisher is installed for large quantities of high risk of inflammable electrical and mechanical machines. Automatically operated by their own control panel. It is also equipped with smoke detector, heat detector devices, alert, and extinguish the fire before extensive damage may occur. There are two types of fixed extinguisher system adopted in PAM building. They are : 1. Chemical Agent (CO2) 2. Inert Systems ( GI55 ) Elements of Fixed Extinguisher System : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Discharge Nozzle: to disperse the extinguishing agent Piping: to transport the extinguishing agent. Control Panel: integrates displays their operational status and condition. Warning Alarm: provide an audible or visual alarm when fire detected. Warning Sign Fire Detectors: detects fire , smoke, heat and causes an alarm. Signal Pull Station : manually discharge the fire extinguishing system. Cylinder : Agent storage

Diagram 3.3.25 Overview of non-water-based system. Retrieved from

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/evacuation/fixed.html

PAM Centre Bangsar

Active Fire Protection System i. Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing System Carbon dioxide is dry and non-conductive, hence ideal for containing fires from electrical equipment. It covers the flames with a blanket of heavy gas that suffocates the fire by reducing the oxygen content of the surrounding atmosphere to a point where combustion is impossible. It does not damage the equipment and disappear without leaving any residue when the work is completed. Thus, it is suitable to be installed at power stations. Carbon dioxide extinguishing system consists of carbon dioxide (CO2) cylinders, steel piping,and discharge nozzles.

Discharge nozzle

Steel piping CO2 Cylinder

Diagram 3.3.26 Typical Arrangement of Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing System. (Abu Bakar, 2006)

Diesel generator is housed in the Genset room at PAM Centre bangsar, it provides emergency power supply to the building. It is a combination of diesel engine and electric generator which induce the risk of fire that involves flammable liquid and electrical equipment, that is suitable to be extinguished by carbon dioxide.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Figure 3.3.27. Diesel generator in Genset room. (Zien Loon, 2019)

Active Fire Protection System Carbon Dioxide Cylinders Carbon dioxide cylinders are designed to hold the gas in liquefied form at room temperature. At PAM Centre Bangsar, the gas is stored at high pressure. When smoke or heat detector detect fire, carbon dioxide will be discharged rapidly to flood the room. The smallest cylinder at the right is the pilot cylinder that will activate the discharge valve from each cylinder.

Figure 3.3.28 CO2 cylinders in Genset room. (Zien Loon, 2019)

Diagram 3.3.14. Lower ground floor plans showing location of carbon dioxide cylinders. (Zien Loon, 2019)

Carbon dioxide cylinders are located in the Genset room. It supplies carbon dioxide due to large electrical fire risk in the room that consists of diesel generator. Discharge Nozzle Discharge nozzle is used to diffuse carbon dioxide into the room. Total flooding system is used where the entire room will be filled with carbon dioxide vapor to a prescribed concentration that is sufficient to prevent combustion. Hence, the openings at Genset room is kept to a minimum to prevent leakage of gas which will affect the efficiency of the system. Multijet discharge nozzle is used in the Genset room as it is more efficient in distributing the gas evenly to flood the room with carbon dioxide in a short period of time. PAM Centre Bangsar

Figure 3.3.29 Multijet discharge nozzle in Genset room. (Zien Loon, 2019)

100

Active Fire Protection System ii. IG55 Extinguishing System IG55 extinguishing system is a gaseous type of fire suppression. It is a mixture of Inert Gases; 50% Nitrogen and 50% Argon to extinguish fire. Its being used when water, foam, or powder extinguisher are not effective and cause damage. Also its known as the “cleanest” extinguisher. IG55 able to extinguish surface burning fire in class A,B, and C hazard used to suppress the fire by lowering the Oxygen to 12.5%. If the Oxygen content reduced 15%, the fire will start to stop burning. When IG55 agent discharged to a room, it introduce a mixture of gases that will allow a person to breath in lower Oxygen level. Advantages of Inert Gases (Fire Suppression.LTD) ● No ozone depleting. ● Not contribute to global warming ● Non toxic ● No residue to clean up after the discharge ● Versatile ● Cost Effective ● Suitable for occupied spaces ● Easy and economical refill ● Excellent visibility during discharge

The typical arrangement GI55 Extinguisher System is similar to CO2 extinguisher system. The difference is only the gases that being used. Also, the IG55 Extinguisher systems is safe for the occupants in that room. When smoke or heat detector detect fire, the GI55 agent will be discharged through a network of piping and nozzles. Each nozzle is fixed in certain location to deliver the uniformly.

In PAM Centre Bangsar, IG55 Extinguisher System is installed only on TNB (Tenaga Nasional Berhad) room. Inside TNB room there are Electrical Power where the equipments are very sensitive and irreplaceable. It is also safe for the occupants where might be people inside the TNB room for checking and maintenance. As well as its provide clear vision due to its agent is colourless where the sight is crucial for electrical room that is very dangerous.

PAM Centre Bangsar

101

Active Fire Protection System

Both cylinders and IG55 Control Panel located outside of TNB Room.

Diagram 3.3.30. Lower ground floor plans showing location of IG55 Cylinders (Feliciana Sofian , 2019)

Figure 3.3.31. GI55 Agent cylinders beside TNB room (Zien Loon, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

102

Active Fire Protection System 3.3.2.2

Portable Fire Extinguishers

Portable fire extinguishers are are first-aid fire fighting appliances that can be carried easily by the occupants to expel extinguishing agent under pressure. Proper usage of portable fire extinguisher is effective to control and extinguish a fire before it escalates into a full scale fire. However, they are ineffective against a large scale fire.

Solids (wood, paper, cloth)

Flammable liquid

Flammable gas

Electrical equipment

Cooking oil & fats

Water

✓

Foam

✓

Dry Powder

✓

Carbon Dioxide

✓

Extinguisher type

Provided at PAM Centre Bangsar Diagram 3.3.31 Types of portable fire extinguisher against different types of fires. (Zien Loon, 2019)

Suitable types of portable fire extinguisher should be selected to counter different types of fire. At PAM Centre bangsar, Dry powder type and carbon dioxide type portable fire extinguishers are provided, which is sufficient against all types of fire. Below are the steps to use a portable fire extinguisher: 1. Pull the pin at the top of the extinguisher to break the seal. 2. Aim the nozzle at the base of fire from a safe distance. 3. Squeeze the handles to discharge the extinguishing agent. 4. Sweep the nozzle side to side at the base of fire. Diagram 3.3.32 Steps to use a portable fire extinguisher. (fire extinguisher, 2018)

PAM Centre Bangsar

103

Active Fire Protection System i. Dry Powder Type Portable Fire Extinguisher Dry powder type portable fire extinguisher is versatile, suitable for all classes of fire risks, and is particularly suitable for fires involving flammable liquids. The powder (monoammonium phosphate) smother fires and forms a barrier between the burning material and the source of oxygen. However, it leave a residue once the fire has been put out.

Figure 3.3.33 Dry powder portable fire extinguisher near main staircase. (Zien Loon, 2019)

Figure 3.3.34. Dry powder portable fire extinguisher near fire staircase. (Zien Loon, 2019)

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

PAM Centre Bangsar

104

Active Fire Protection System

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

PAM Centre Bangsar

105

Active Fire Protection System

SIXTH FLOOR PLAN

SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

ROOF TERRACE FLOOR PLAN

Diagram 3.3.35 Floor plans showing location of landing valve of dry riser system. (Zien Loon, 2019)

Dry powder portable fire extinguisher can be found at every floor of the building, typically at the middle and both ends of each floor. This is because this type of fire extinguisher is more versatile compared to the other type used in the building The location of dry powder portable fire extinguisher also strategically covered all part of the building where the maximum distance between each extinguisher is approximately 30m.

PAM Centre Bangsar

106

Active Fire Protection System ii. Carbon Dioxide Type Portable Fire Extinguisher Carbon dioxide portable fire extinguisher is suitable for use on fire involving flammable liquids and electricity. It consists of a pressure cylinder containing liquid carbon dioxide under pressure. The liquid will change to gas and expand instantly when pressure is released. It is discharged through the nozzle as a cloud, and extinguish the fire by excluding oxygen. Compared to the dry powder type, carbon dioxide type has the following advantages: â&#x2014;? Non-toxic (only dangerous to life in high concentration) â&#x2014;? Does not damage materials or leave a contaminating agent

Figure 3.3.36 Carbon dioxide portable fire extinguisher at AHU room. (Zien Loon, 2019)

Genset

Figure 3.3.37 Carbon dioxide portable fire extinguisher near air conditioning condenser. (Zien Loon, 2019)

TNB Control room

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

PAM Centre Bangsar

107

Active Fire Protection System

AHU

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

AC condenser

ROOF TERRACE FLOOR PLAN

Diagram 3.3.38 Floor plans showing location of landing valve of dry riser system. (Zien Loon, 2019)

Carbon dioxide portable fire extinguisher can only be found at lower ground floor, 2th floor, and roof terrace, where the electrical equipments are placed. This type of extinguisher protect the electrical equipment by extinguishing fire at early stages without leaving any residue, hence the components and operation of the equipments will not be interrupted after the use of fire extinguisher.

PAM Centre Bangsar

108

Active Fire Protection System

3.4

Conclusion

Active Fire Protection System is very crucial to be installed. PAM Centre Bangsar has successfully fulfill all the requirements based on UBBL 1984. Active Fire Protection System both automatic or manual are working together to detect fire, suppress and extinguish fire, they are spread through all levels in PAM building and facilitate fire rescue. Mainly, all electrical and mechanical system that support services (Control Room, Generator Room, LV Room, and TNB room) as well as fire water storage tank are the most important thing to support the building services. They are located in the Lower Ground Floor for easier accessibility. These room are using fixed non-water-based fire extinguishing system ( CO2 and GI55) and equipped with its individual control panel .As well as Portable CO2 Extinguisher are provided and used manually by building occupants particularly for electrical machines. Hose reels ( provided at fire fighting access lobby, fire staircase at the end of the building, and middle staircases ) and Portable Dry Powder extinguisher are provided at every floor and can be used manually by building occupants during the event of fire. PAM Centre Bangsar also provides two breeching inlets. Each breeching inlet connects to riser pipe installed at their respective side. In brief, the fire engine pump water from external hydrant into the wet riser system which distributes water to both ends of every floor, allowing fire extinguishment to be carried out by firefighters. In short, PAM Centre Bangsar has successfully generate a safe building by providing sufficient active fire protection both automatically and manually.

PAM Centre Bangsar

109

Air Conditioning System

4.1

Introduction

Air conditioning system is the process of controlling temperature and humidity of an occupied space through mechanical means to a more favorable conditions. The main purpose of this system is to achieve an environment that fulfill thermal comfort and good indoor air quality. As it greatly profits the occupants and users of the space, the use of air conditioning system has become increasingly common service, particularly in tropical countries that are relatively hot and humid, such as Malaysia. MS1525:2007 Clause 8: Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV) System Subclause 8.1.2 - Indoor Design Conditions For the purpose of engineering design, room comfort condition should consider the following three main factors: a) dry bulb temperature; b) relative humidity; and c) air movement (air velocity). The indoor design conditions of an air-conditioned space for comfort cooling should be as follows: a) recommended design dry bulb temperature 24 Âş C - 26 C b) minimum dry bulb temperature 23 C c) recommended design relative humidity 50 % - 70 % d) recommended air movement 0.15 m/s - 0.50 m/s e) maximum air movement 0.70 m/s

The New PAM Centre Bangsar has a concept of green building, to promotes and follows green building regulations, which is to make the most of natural and passive design. However, due to the needs and requirements of achieving indoor thermal comfort, the building needs to use the aid of air conditioning system. Thus, the Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) system is chosen as the air conditioning system in PAM Centre Bangsar building. VRF system is known to makes the most of budget and space while offering energy-efficient technology that provides superior occupant comfort. It also achieves such success by dividing a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interior into zones, each of which can be operated separately. To comply with the Green Building Design Strategy, the use of air conditioning system are minimized and only equipped in office spaces, meeting rooms, auditorium, galleries and control room while the common areas utilize passive cooling system.

PAM Centre Bangsar

111

Air Conditioning System The diagram below summarizes the Air Conditioning system used in the PAM Centre Bangsar, which is the Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) system. The system comprised of outdoor unit and indoor unit.

VARIABLE REFRIGERANT SYSTEM

OUTDOOR UNIT DC Inverter Unit Inverter Compressor ○ Condenser ● Pipes ●

INDOOR UNIT

●

○

○ ○ ● ● ● ●

Fan Coil Unit Cassette Unit Ducted Unit Air Handling Unit Expansion Valve Evaporation Coil Controller Unit

Diagram 4.1.1. Overview of Air Conditioning System at PAM Centre Bangsar

Outdoor Unit All the outdoor components are housed in a DC-driven Inverter Unit. Starting with the refrigerant gas being compressed at the inverter compressor and sent to the condenser where it turns into liquid.

Indoor Unit The indoor unit used in the PAM Centre Bangsar are Fan Coil Unit and Air Handling Unit system. Both system are directly connected to the outdoor unit through copper pipes where the refrigerant are flowed through the expansion valve and evaporating coils in the indoor units.

PAM Centre Bangsar

112

Air Conditioning System

4.2 Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) System VRF system is an air-conditioning system configuration where there is one outdoor unit and multiple indoor units. The outdoor unit may has one or more compressors that are inverter driven, so their speed can be varied by changing the frequency of the power supply to the compressor. ASHRAE Journal 2007 â&#x20AC;&#x153;VRF system refers to the ability of the system to control the amount of refrigerant flowing to each of the evaporators, enabling the use of many evaporators of differing capacities and configurations, individualized comfort control, simultaneous heating and cooling in different zones, and heat recovery from one zone to another.â&#x20AC;? (Goetzler, 2007)

Variable Refrigerant Flow system is based on several working principles: 1. Uses refrigerant as the coolant material in the system (in contrary to the chilled water systems, where refrigerant is used for cooling/heating the water that is circulated throughout the whole system). 2. Uses inverter compressors that allow lower power consumption with partial cooling/heating loads. 3. Several air handlers (indoor units) may be used on the same refrigerant loop / circuit. 4. The ability of modular expansion (especially useful for large projects, that can grow in stages). As can be seen from the principles, advantages of using VRF System can be listed as such: 1.

Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving - The units are electrically efficient and the system provides precise amount of cooling needed, which means it runs less frequently but adequate to fulfill the needs of the users. Requires Less Space - The air handlers in this system are generally smaller hence they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t usually need ductworks, which means less space for the equipments needed. Reduced noise - The components of this system, both outdoor and indoor units, create less noise compare to the traditional split system. Other than that, the condensing unit which usually causes more noise is located at outdoor. Precise and independent control - VRF system allows users to individually control the adjustment required for each zones and control the amount of refrigerant needed for it. This is also known as the Zoning System which will be further discussed at chapter 4.4 Construction Flexibility - Outdoor and indoor units are both modular units which simplify installation and allows future expansion.

These principles are what makes the VRF system very sustainable and energy efficient, which suits the concept of the PAM Centre Bangsar as a green building. PAM Centre Bangsar

113

Air Conditioning System

4.3 Components The PAM Centre Bangsar uses Panasonic FSV-EX VRF Air Conditioner as its air conditioning system. Like any typical VRF air conditioning system, the model comprises of outdoor units and indoor units.

4.3.1 Outdoor Units The outdoor units are placed on the top most floor of the building, the roof terrace. The units comprise of:

4.3.1.1. DC Inverter Unit

Diagram 4.3.1. Comparison between inverter air conditioner and non-inverter air conditioner. (Daikin Corporation, 2018)

An inverter air-conditioners vary their cooling/heating capacity by adjusting the power supply frequency of their compressors. An inverter type air-conditioner adjusts the speed of the compressor motor to control the refrigerant (gas) flow rate, thereby consuming less current and power. The DC Inverter units have a variable-frequency drive that comprises of an adjustable electrical inverter to control the speed of the electromotor, which means the compressor and the cooling / heating output. By controlling the speed of the compressor motor, less power and current will be consumed. The inverter type that is used in PAM Centre Bangsar is the 2 pipe FSV-EX inverter unit, it implies that the type only allows either cooling or heating, in which the cooling type is used for this building.

PAM Centre Bangsar

114

Air Conditioning System

Panasonic 2-Pipe FSV-EX ME2 Inverter Specs: ● Up to 64 indoor units connectable ● Cooling operation is possible with outdoor temperature as high as 52°C (Dry-bulb temperature) ● Long pipe length (up to 1000m) ● Higher Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) of 4.7 ● Wide range of systems from 22.4 kW - 224.0 kW ● Lower noise produced (54 dB)

Figure 4.3.3.. Components of Panasonic FSV-EX DC Inverter Unit (Panasonic Corporation, 2018)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Figure 4.3.2. Panasonic FSV-EX DC Inverter Unit (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

Figure 4.3.4.. Dimensions of the inverter units at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Panasonic Corporation, 2018)

115

Air Conditioning System The outdoor inverter units are where the refrigerant cycle happened. Thus, the units comprises of: i. Inverter Compressor The purpose of the compressor is to compress the refrigerant, specifically R410A refrigerant gas, from low pressure to high pressure. In the Panasonic inverter unit, there are two independently controlled inverter compressors to achieve high efficiency. Redesigned components in the body provide performance improvement especially in the rated cooling condition and EER performance.

Figure 4.3.5. Panasonic FSV-EX Inverter Compressor (Panasonic Corporation, 2018)

ii. Condenser Coil (Heat Exchanger) The condenser coil then changes liquefies the refrigerant by a fan that blows cool outside air through the heat exchanger section to cool down the refrigerant inside. The condenser coil used is the Blue Fin condenser in which the cooper coils are coated to enhance its durability. The coated layer provides a greater resistance against corrosion. Figure 4.3.6. Rear view of the inverter unit showing the condenser (Panasonic Corporation, 2018)

CU-RF-A (Central Unit Refrigerant Flow A) CU-RF-B (Central Unit Refrigerant Flow B)

CU-RF-C (Central Unit Refrigerant Flow C) CU-RF-AUD (Central Unit Refrigerant Flow Auditorium)

Figure 4.3.7.. Rooftop Floor Plan showing the inverter unit and the piping system (Panasonic Corporation, 2018)

PAM Centre Bangsar

116

Air Conditioning System

4.3.1.2 Pipes

Figure 4.3.8. CU-RF-C and CU-RF-AUD pipes (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

Figure 4.3.9. CU-RF-B pipe (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

The indoor units are directly connected to the outdoor units through the piping system. VRF system comes in 2 pipe or 3 pipe system where the 2 pipe systems is for either cooling or heating mode whereas 3 pipe system allows both cooling and heating to run in the same time. In this case, the PAM Centre Bangsar uses the 2 pipe VRF system. The 2 pipes consists of liquid pipe that distribute the liquefied refrigerant gas from outdoor to indoor units and gas pipe to carry the gas back. In the building, there are 4 sets of pipes running through the building. The pipes are made out of copper rather than steel. They are also insulated to comply with MS1525:2014 clause 8.

MS1525:2007 Clause 8: Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV) System Subclause 8.5 - Piping Insulation All piping installed to serve buildings and within buildings should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions. Exceptions: Piping insulation is not required in any of the following cases: a) piping installed within ACMV equipment; b) piping at fluid temperatures between 23 C and 49 C; and c) when the heat loss and/or heat gain of the piping, without insulation, does not increase the energy requirements of the building.

PAM Centre Bangsar

117

Air Conditioning System

4.3.2 Indoor Units The indoor units are where the evaporation process happened. The units are installed at each room that needed air conditioning and directly linked to the outdoor unit through the pipes. There are two indoor units used in the building:

4.3.2.1 Fan Coil Unit (FCU) In the PAM Centre Bangsar, the Fan Coil Unit is used most for the indoor unit. Fan Coil Unit comprises of a heating and/or cooling heat exchanger or 'coil' and fan. Fan coil unit houses evaporator coil, small motor driven centrifugal fan or blower, air filter, control, drain pan, diffuser and covered by an outer casing. There are various types of fan coil unit, there are also ducted and non-ducted FCU. There are two types of FCU used in the PAM Centre Bangsar.

i. Cassette Unit Cassette units are installed into the ceiling instead of on the wall. The indoor unit itself sits flush to the ceiling and distributes conditioned air through two, three or four sides of the unit. In this building case, the cassette unit is a four-way cassette unit. This makes the unit very versatile and able to distribute air flow to the wide range of area. The cassette type is more decorative compare to the other type and used in smaller Figure 4.3.10. Cassette Unit (Vanessa rooms. Huang, 2019)

Diagram 4.3.11. Cassette Unit Components (Daikin Malaysia, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

118

Air Conditioning System ii. Ducted Unit

Figure 4.3.12. Ducted Unit (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

Figure 4.3.13. Air Grille (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

Figure 4.3.14. Round Diffuser (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

The ducted FCU unit are connected to ductworks. It is less decorated than the cassette unit and are used in a slightly bigger room. The unit consists of return grille where air comes in, the cooling coil, blower and then connected to the exhaust diffusers through ductworks. The diffusers come in variety of types but the one that is used in PAM Centre Bangsar are linear grille and round diffusers. Expansion Valve

Refrigerant that passes through Evaporating Coil are boiled and absorbs heat

Air Filter

Cooled Air Discharged through Grilled Diffuser.

Fan Air Intake through Inlet Grille

Diagram 4.3.15. Ducted Unit (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

Both cassette unit and ducted unit have the same working system where it circulates a coolant or heating medium to raise or lower the temperature of the air, where in this building the coolant medium is R410A refrigerant gas,and supply it to the air conditioned room. The process starts when air is pulled into the unit by a motor driven blower fan through the grille panel where it goes through an air filter to prevent dirts and dusts going into the unit. The air will then be conditioned by the evaporating coils inside the unit. Finally, the cooled air will be forced out of the unit through the diffusers. The air that have been used are then pulled into the the units again and recirculate the air, creating a cycle. PAM Centre Bangsar

119

Air Conditioning System

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

PAM Centre Bangsar

120

Air Conditioning System

FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

SIXTH FLOOR PLAN

SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

Diagram 4.3.16. Floor plans showing the indoor units (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

121

Air Conditioning System

4.3.2.2 Air Handling Unit (AHU) Air Handling Unit (AHU) is a device to supply and circulate air as part of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system (HVAC). The main significance of AHU is it supplies the room with fresh outdoor treated air. In other words, there is a new intake of natural air from the environment to the building. AHU also consists of returning duct where the warm air are pulled and return to the outdoor environment. Basically, AHU has a very similar operations and system with Fan Coil Unit system, but bigger in size and working compatibility.

Figure 4.3.17. Air Handling Unit in PAM Centre Bangsar (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

Diagram 4.3.18. Connection between the outdoor unit to the indoor unit through Air Handling Unit(Daikin, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

122

Air Conditioning System AHU usually taken the shape of a large metal box that houses the refrigerant evaporator or the cooling coils, motor driven fans, dampers, humidifier, air filter as well as the supply and return ducts. Exhaust Blower

Return Duct

Dampers

Grille

Supply Duct Supply Blower Cooling Coil Grille

Dampers

Filters

Diagram 4.3.19. AHU components (Paul Evans, 2018)

i. Inlet and Outlet Grille Serves as the openings where air is pulled in and discharged to the outdoor environment. Grilles are placed to prevent dirts being pulled in. ii. Dampers Dampers are multiple sheets of metal which can rotate. They can adjust their degree of openness to restrict the amount of air that can enter or exit. iii. Filters Blocks out the fine dust and pollutants that escape the grille. iv. Evaporating Coil The coil that will cool down or heat up the air. The coils are flowed with refrigerant from the outdoor unit, connected by pipes. v. Blower Fan Fans that will pull in outside air and blow it to the room as well the air from the room towards the outside environment. vi. Supply and Return Ducts Ductworks that supply the treated air into the room and return the used air from the room.

PAM Centre Bangsar

123

Air Conditioning System

In contrary to the Fan Coil Unit that only recirculate the indoor air, Air Handling Unit admits air from the outside and treats the outside air and mixed it with the admitted indoor air before it discharged the air to the room served.

Diagram 4.3.20. Generic schematic diagram of AHU (NFPA.org, 2019)

The fresh outside air are sucked in through an inlet that is covered with grille to prevent trashes from the outside to come into the building. The outside air are then combined with the circulated air that has gone through the dampers (exhaust valve). The air are then further treated by the filters inside the AHU to catch the smaller pollutants such as dust that failed to be blocked by the grilles. Next, the air will then pass the evaporating coils to be either cooled or heated, depending on the users need. At the end of the AHU, a motor driven blower fan is placed to pull the air from the outside and discharge it through the supply duct to the room. Used air are then brought back by another fan through the return duct. Some of the air will be reuse and brought to while some will be discharged to the outdoor environment.

PAM Centre Bangsar

124

Air Conditioning System

The AHU is located in and is only used for the auditorium room. Reasons being the auditorium room is a large space. Thus, a stronger and bigger air conditioning system is needed to cool the room faster. Dampers

Refrigerant enters evaporating coil as cool liquid and return as warm vapor

Air Filter

Fresh outside air intake through inlet grille

Some of the used air are returned to the AHU to be recirculate

Cooled air is vented to the space through supply duct Ductworks

Used air is sucked in by fan through return duct Some of the used air is discharged to outdoor

Diagram 4.3.21. Diagram showing AHU cooling process in the auditorium room (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

In addition, the use of Air Handling Unit for the Auditorium Room is in reference with the UBBL 1984, third schedule, clause 12 that reads: UBBL 1984 Third Schedule Clause 12 - Piping Insulation The minimum scale of fresh air ventilation in conjunction with recirculated, filtered and conditioned air meeting with the requirements of ASHRAE STANDARD 62-73 shall be as follows: Residential building .. Commercial premises Factory and Workshop School classroom .. Projection room .. Theatre and Auditorium Canteen .. .. Building of Public Resorts Offices .. .. Conference Room .. Hospital wards .. Computer room .. Hotel rooms .. ..

PAM Centre Bangsar

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

0.14 .. .. 0.14 .. .. .. 0.28 .. .. .. .. 0.14

cmm per occupant 0.14 cmm per occupant 0.21 cmm per occupant cmm per occupant 0.14 cmm per occupant 0.14 cmm per seat 0.28 cmm per occupant cmm per occupant 0.14 cmm per occupant 0,28 cmm per occupant 0.14 cmm per occupant 0.14 cmm per occupant cmm per occupant

125

Air Conditioning System

4.3.2.3 Expansion Valve The expansion valve cools down the warm refrigerant liquid from the condenser as well as removes pressure to allow the change of state of matter in the evaporator. It also separates the high and low pressure sides as well as distribute the cold liquid refrigerant to the evaporator coils in indoor units. Figure 4.3.22. Expansion Valve (Indiamart, 2019)

4.3.2.4 Evaporating Coil An evaporator coil is the part of an air conditioner or heat pump that absorbs the heat from the air in a building. Located inside the blower compartment or air handler, the evaporator coil holds the chilled refrigerant. As the air from the blower fan moves over the coil, the cold refrigerant removes the heat from the indoor air. The refrigerant becomes warmer and travels back to the compressor outdoors.

Figure 4.3.23. Copper Evaporating Coil (MEP Site, 2016)

4.3.2.5 Controller Unit (Thermostat) The controller unit which is the remote control (thermostat) are located in each room that are equipped with air conditioning system. The remote control unit allows users to set and control the temperature and other adjustments to suit their need.

Figure 4.3.24. Thermostat (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

126

Air Conditioning System

4.4 Refrigerant Cycle

Diagram 4.4.1. Refrigerant Cycle Principle (Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Guide, 2015)

The VRF system are based on the basic principle of refrigerant cycle. It use refrigerant as its cooling medium. The Panasonic FSV-EX uses R-410A refrigerant gas as the heat-transfer fluid and the working fluid, achieving a very high energy efficiency ratio (EER) of 15 to 20 and integrated energy efficiency ratio (IEER) of 17 to 25. The R-410A refrigerant gas is more energy dense than water or air. This means that a smaller volume of vapor or liquid refrigerant is required to move the same amount of heat. This can result in pumping motor savings and a more efficient transfer of heat to/from zones. The cycle starts with the compressor. (2) The compressor takes the refrigerant gas in from the low pressure side of the circuit, and discharges it at a much higher pressure into the high pressure side of the circuit. It keeps the refrigerant flowing through the system at specific rates of flow, and at specific pressures. (3) Then, the pressured gas flows to the condenser where it turns into liquid and gives off heat to the outside air by the use of condensing coil. The high pressure liquid refrigerant will flow down the liquid line, through a filter drier that is designed to prevent contaminants from flowing through the system, and on to the metering device, the expansion valve. (4) The expansion valve is part of the indoor unit and it divide the high pressure and low pressure sides of the system. It also maintain and control the specific flow rate of the refrigerant into the evaporators. As the high pressure liquid refrigerant passes through the valve, its pressure will drop to a low pressure and moves to the evaporation process. (1) The evaporator coils will evaporate the liquid at a temperature that's about 10Â° to 15Â° below the temperature setting.Finally, the cold evaporated air will be discharged into the room. Then the air that have circulate the room and become warm, low-pressure gas are pulled by the indoor unit and sent back to the compressor. Thus, the cycle will repeat the process once again.

PAM Centre Bangsar

127

Air Conditioning System

4.5 The Zoning System and its Implementation at New PAM Centre As mentioned above, PAM Centre Bangsar uses the 2 pipe Variable Refrigerant Flow system. The outdoor unit, the DC Inverter Unit, is located at the top most floor which is the sky terrace. There are 9 units of inverter in total. The units are connected with 4 sets of pipes, two towards the AC Room on the left side of the building, two to the right side of the building. Pipes that goes to the right side are CU-RF-AUD and CU-RF-C pipes meanwhile CU-RF-A and CU-RF-B goes to the other side. The pipes are continued to the lower ground at each AC Room and linked to the dedicated indoor unit at each floor. The sectional diagram below shows the connection of each pipe to the indoor units.

CU-RF-A (Central Unit Refrigerant Flow A) CU-RF-B (Central Unit Refrigerant Flow B) CU-RF-C (Central Unit Refrigerant Flow C) CU-RF-AUD (Central Unit Refrigerant Flow Auditorium)

Diagram 4.5.1. Sectional diagram showing the pipe flow from the outdoor unit to each indoor unit. (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

128

Air Conditioning System A zoning system implies that temperatures can be controlled and adjusted in a single zone without affecting the rest of the building. VRF system divide the building’s interior into zones and each zone has its own thermostat which communicates with the zoning system. This is possible because of the outdoor units’ inverter-driven compressor that varies its motor rotation speed, allowing it to precisely meet each zone’s conditioning requirement while reducing overall power consumption. Basically, the temperature in each zones can be adjust independently depending on the user’s comfort need. Advantages of Zoned Systems is it is much easier to keep everyone in the building comfortable, while cutting energy costs by being able to turn thermostats up or down as needed. In addition, being able to control the temperature of each zone from a single unit replaces the need for separate units in a home.

Fan Coil Units - Cassette and Ducted Unit Air Handling Unit FCU - Cassette Unit FCU - Ducted Unit

Diagram 4.5.2. Sectional diagram showing the pipe flow from the outdoor unit to each indoor unit. (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

129

Air Conditioning System

Diagram 4.5.3. BMS System (Panasonic Corporation, 2018)

The VRF System in the building is controlled by the Building Management System (BMS). It is a computer-based control system installed in buildings that controls and monitors the building's mechanical and electrical equipment such as ventilation, lighting, power systems, fire systems, and security systems. When designing an integrated HVAC system with multiple technologies, it is important to integrate system controls as well. Control strategies may be implemented that allow the various HVAC systems to be sequenced together for optimized building operation based on the needs and requirements of its occupants. Applications of the strategies may include time-of-day scheduling per zone allowing for conditioning of only occupied spaces, ventilation control, etc. Additionally, the interface keeps facilities staff connected to their overall HVAC systems. The BMS system is located in the control room at the basement floor.

PAM Centre Bangsar

130

Air Conditioning System The piping system span long distance within the building. Needless to say, there are certain sizing requirements need to be met for it to be functioning well. The Panasonic FSV-EX also features an increased piping length for greater flexibility. Adaptable to various building types and sizes Actual piping length : 200m Max piping length : 1,000m

Diagram 4.5.4. Piping length (Panasonic Corporation, 2018)

Furthermore, it allows up to 50m length difference between the longest and the shortest piping from the first branch.

Diagram 4.5.1. Sectional diagram showing the pipe flow from the outdoor unit to each indoor unit. (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

Diagram 4.5.5. Piping run (Panasonic Corporation, 2018)

PAM Centre Bangsar

131

Air Conditioning System

4.6 Conclusion The PAM Centre Bangsar has successfully achieve the indoor thermal comfort requirements with an excellent and minimal energy consumption design. The chosen air-conditioning system correspond with the concept of being green building. By using the VRF system, the building can maintain efficiency in cooling the indoor spaces while saving more energy. This is proven by the benefits that Panasonic FSV-EX provides such as eco-friendly refrigerant, the R410A refrigerant gas, the zoning system that allows independent control for each unit, low energy DC inverter. The Modularity also took parts in cost-saving and sustainability as it allows future expansion. In addition, AHU unit is also incorporated in the building. Thus, another system where the fresh outside air are treated to be supplied into the building is also utilized in the building. To conclude, the PAM Centre Bangsar has taken the appropriate approach as a green building.

PAM Centre Bangsar

132

Mechanical Ventilation System

5.1

Introduction

Mechanical ventilation is the process of changing air in an enclosed space by the use of mechanical devices such as fans. The creation of air movements is important to improve indoor air quality and achieve thermal comfort for the occupants of the building. This can also be achieved through natural ventilation when there is a pressure difference among different parts of building, or between building’s interior and exterior. For the case of PAM Centre Bangsar, natural ventilation is preferred over mechanical ventilation due to lower operation and maintenance cost, and also to fulfill Platinum rating by Green Building Index (GBI). Thus, the dependence on mechanical ventilation system in the building is minimal and does not require large mechanical ventilation system to achieve thermal comfort. However, some spaces at the lower ground level still requires the use of mechanical ventilation for the comfort and health of its occupants. Diagram below shows the mechanical ventilation system used in PAM Centre Bangsar.

MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

CIRCULATION SYSTEM

●

Ceiling Fan

EXTRACT SYSTEM

●

Spot Ventilation Exhaust Fan

Diagram 5.1.1. Overview of Mechanical Ventilation System at PAM Centre Bangsar (Zien Loon, 2019)

Circulation System Ceiling fan creates internal air movement to assist natural ventilation. Extract System Exhaust fan is used to extract stale internal air and moisture from the building.

PAM Centre Bangsar

134

Mechanical Ventilation System

5.2

Circulation System

Circulation system does not provide real ventilation to the building, as there is no introduction of fresh air. At PAM Centre bangsar, fresh air is drawn into the building mainly through natural ventilation, the circulation system then support the air movement by circulating it around a designated area.

5.2.1 Ceiling Fan Ceiling fans are the most visible mechanical ventilation system in the building. It circulates air within a space for the purpose of reducing the perceived temperature by the method of evaporation of perspiration on the skin of the occupants, thus cooling the body and improving thermal comfort of the interior spaces. This allows the occupants at PAM Centre Bangsar to tolerate higher temperatures because of air in motion.

Figure 5.2.1 Ceiling fan installed at break out space of PAM Centre Bangsar. (Zien Loon, 2019)

Winglets

Fan blade

Figure 5.2.2 2.4m diameter Essence ceiling fan. (Big Ass Fans, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

135

Mechanical Ventilation System â&#x20AC;&#x153;Essenceâ&#x20AC;? ceiling fans by Big Ass Fans is used at PAM Centre Bangsar. The airfoils of the fan are well-designed and are powerful enough to propel air down by almost 10 metres. Although the fan rotate a very slow speed, it still has big impact on comfort. The fan rotate in anti-clockwise direction. This will force the air in the space down, creating the wind chill effect that makes occupants feel cooler.

Figure 5.2.3 Section showing location of ceiling fan and air circulation in PAM Centre Bangsar. (Kah Ying, 2019)

2-Floor Plan

PAM Centre Bangsar

136

Mechanical Ventilation System 4-Floor Plan

5-Floor Plan

6-Floor Plan

7-Floor Plan

Diagram 5.2.4 Floor plans showing location of ceiling fans of circulation system. (Kah Ying, 2019)

The ceiling fans are installed at second floor to ventilate the air of lobby at ground floor, It is also installed at forth, fifth, sixth, and seventh floor to ventilate break out spaces at second, forth, fifth and sixth floor respectively. The ceiling fan is strong enough to circulate air down to 2 to 3 floors.

PAM Centre Bangsar

137

Mechanical Ventilation System

5.3

Extract System

Extract system works by depressurizing the room. When the air pressure inside the room is lower than outdoor air pressure, the air will be extracted from the room and displaced by fresh air outside of the room. Typically, an extract system composed of a single fan connected to an exhaust point through ductwork.

5.3.1 Spot Ventilation Exhaust Fan Spot ventilation exhaust fan represents an extract system in its simplest form. It is intended to reduce concentration of moisture or pollutions in the space. It consists of a fan, ceiling air diffuser, ductwork, and grille. Ductwork

In-Line Fan

Ceiling Air Diffuser

Figure 5.3.1 Spot ventilation exhaust fan installed at prayer room. (Kah Ying, 2019)

Inline fan Ductwork

Internal ceiling air diffuser

External grille

Figure 5.3.2 Inline fan helps to boost the air from internal space to external space. (Lumera,2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

138

Mechanical Ventilation System Fan Fan is a device for impelling air through inlet points or ducts, forming part of the distribution system. At PAM Centre Bangsar, In-Line fan that incorporates a centrifugal fan is used. It is installed in the ductwork of the system. It can efficiently move large or small quantities of air over a wide range of pressure. It consists of impeller which revolve inside a casing shaped like a scroll.

Figure 5.3.3 In-Line fan used at PAM Centre Bangsar. (Kruger Ventilation, 2006)

Ceiling Air Diffuser Ceiling air diffuser is used to capture pollutants and moisture generated from the toilet and exhaust to the outdoors. The ceiling air diffuser also has a filter mounted on it to trap particulate matter and thus ensure that the recirculated air is more pure. This can also in the long run reduce the amount of cleaning required for ducts. Figure 5.3.4 Ceiling air diffuser at toilet. (Kah Ying, 2019)

Grille Exterior grille protects the spot ventilation exhaust fan from damage. It is placed at the edge of the ductwork in order to prevent certain elements from creating havoc on the building. Grille have the ability to dispel moisture, heat and pressure but also act as a barrier against weather elements such as rain, snow and hail. It also prevents little rodents such as squirrels and birds from making a home in ventilation system.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Figure 5.3.5 Grille installed at the external wall of PAM Centre Bangsar. (Kah Ying, 2019)

139

Mechanical Ventilation System Ductwork Ductwork channels the air from those enclosed space to outside of the buildings by pipes and tunnels. The stale air will be transported throughout the tunnels and expelled to the exterior. The ductwork at PAM Centre Bangsar is made of galvanized mild steel.

Ducts

Grille

Fan

Diffuser

Diagram 5.3.7

Figure 5.3.6 Ductwork leading to external grille. (Kah Ying, 2019)

Lower ground floor plans showing location of spot ventilation exhaust fan. (Kah Ying, 2019)

At PAM Centre Bangsar, spot ventilation exhaust fan is used in the washing area inside the prayer room and toilet at lower ground floor. The room is enclosed and lack of natural ventilation. This may cause a foul smell within the enclosed space and the air moisture percentage is high. Hence, installation of the exhaust fan will solve the issue.

5.4

Conclusion

In short, mechanical ventilation system at PAM Centre Bangsar act as a supportive role to the ventilation of the building. Circulation system is used to assist natural ventilation, while the extract system is used at the lower ground floor where natural ventilation is limited.

PAM Centre Bangsar

140

Mechanical Transportation System

6.1

Introduction

Mechanical transportation system is a transport device that is commonly used in this modern era to simplify the movement of users in a big and high building. It can usually be found in buildings more than four storeys. The absence of mechanical transportation system will definitely make the vertical movement of a high-rise building a very difficult task for the users. This is where all the mechanical transportation system comes in. There are several type of mechanical transportation system that can be found easily in most of the buildings which are: ● Lift / Elevator ● Escalator ● Travelator In PAM Centre Bangsar, instead of using all types of mechanical transportation systems, they only use one type for the 10 floors building, which is elevator. This is because PAM Centre is a green building and by having only one type of mechanical transportation system, the carbon footprints of the building can be greatly reduced. Diagram below shows the mechanical transportation system used in PAM Centre Bangsar which is elevator. MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

ELEVATOR

●

Machine Room-Less Lift (MRL)

EXTERIOR COMPONENTS

● ● ● ●

Call Button Exterior Floor Indicator Floor Designator Fire Lift Sign

INTERIOR COMPONENT ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Elevator Doors CCTV Interior Floor Indicator Button Emergency Phone Handrail Lighting Air Vent

Diagram 6.1.1. Overview of Mechanical Transportation System at PAM Centre Bangsar (Yin Yee, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

142

Mechanical Transportation System

6.2

Elevator

An elevator is an enclosed box that being housed in a shaft for safe and efficient vertical movement of people, materials, and equipments to different levels of the building (connecting the lowest floor and the highest floor). It requires a lobby on each floor and it only carry a limited number of passengers. There are several types of elevators but only one type of elevator is used by PAM, which is machine room-less elevator. The principal components of an elevator are car, cables, elevator machine, control equipments, counterweights, hoistway, rails, penthouse and a pit. Although PAM Centre is a green building but they still need to use elevator in the building because in accordance to UBBL, every non-residential building need to have at least 1 lift for every 4 storeys. PAM Centre have a total of 10 storeys (LG, G, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, R), this is why there are two elevators functioning in the building.

UBBL 1984 Part VI: Construction Requirements Section 124 For all non-residential building exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided.

Figure 6.2.1 Plan and Section of MRL ("4 Elevator drawing machine room less for free download on Ayoqq.org", 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

143

Mechanical Transportation System

6.2.1 Machine Room-Less Traction Lift A machine room-less traction lift is a traction elevator system using special materials and improved electric motors that require little space, eliminating the need for the machine room. This elevator design uses flat polyurethane-coated steel belts that are considerably smaller than the traditional cables, allowing the sheave to be much smaller. Reducing the size of the sheave allows the elevator drive components to be directly in the elevator shaft. Additionally, the controls can be installed in a more convenient area of the building. The machine room-less elevator system is suitable for applications between 2 to 30 stories and is approximately 40% more energy efficient than comparable traditional traction elevator system. Variable Voltage Variable Frequency (VVVF) drive is then generated by the permanent magnets that are installed together with the motor.Thus, it is ideal for PAM Centre Bangsar to adopt this type of elevator so that the building is more sustainable.

Figure 6.2.2 Machine room-less traction lift (National Joint Apprenticeship & Training Committee, 2008)

Advantages of Machine Room-Less Elevator being used in PAM Centre ●

Save building space ○

No machine room required and only uses a small control box on the 8th floor of PAM Centre

●

Save building electricity for up to 70%

●

Do not uses hydraulic oil

○ ○

●

Reduced the carbon footprint of PAM Centre Eliminate the risk of fire

Great design flexibility for architects ○

Do not need to think about where the machine room should be placed

PAM Centre Bangsar

144

Mechanical Transportation System

6.2.2 Brand and Specification of Lift Used in PAM Centre Bangsar Kone N Monospace Kone N Monospace is a flexible solution for residential and low to mid-rise commercial buildings. It provides a superb ride comfort with the use of latest elevator technology that make sure that it has a smooth and silent operation. Kone N Monospace also features a broad range of interior option which is aesthetically pleasing. The hoisting technology, lighting and also standby solutions that being used in this particular type of elevator has an excellent eco-efficiency compared to the others. Specifications Description: Machine room-less elevator for new buildings Speed: 2.5 m/s Max. travel: 90m Max. load: 1600kg Max. passengers: Up to 21 person Max. elevators in group: 4

Figure 6.2.3 Qualification Certificate of Lifting Machine (Yin Yee, 2019)

Specification Stated on Qualification Certificate of Lifting Machine for PAM Centre Registration No.: WP PMA 24232 Manufacturerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Name: Kone Elevator Co. Ltd Manufacturing No.: 3156261 Max. travel: 29.88m Max. load: 1500kg Max. passengers: 22 person Max. elevator in group: 4 PAM Centre Bangsar

145

Mechanical Transportation System

6.2.3 Basic Component of an Elevator

Lift Motor Car

Lift Door

Counterweight Buffer

Diagram 6.2.4 Components of an Elevator (Yin Yee, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

146

Mechanical Transportation System

a) Shaft / Hoistway A shaft or a hoistway is a vertical space for the elevator to move. It allows elevator to move without any obstacles. The lift pit is also included in the shaft. The size of the lift shaft and pit depends upon the size and speed of the car as well as the type of door gear. The pit should be watertight and drainage should be provided. The lift shaft must be plumb, finished smooth and painted to prevent the collection of duct. Provision should be allowed for air to escaped below or above a moving car to prevent air pressure building up. In PAM Centre, each shafts are equipped with a smoke vent to allow smoke to escape in the event of a fire. The is one of the requirements stated in UBBL for lift shaft. UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 151 Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lifts shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metre per lift located at the top of the shafts. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the lift shaft shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts.

The shaft in PAM Building is built higher than the ceiling of lift lobby because it allows an overrun for the elevator car when it is moving upwards in a high speed. This can prevent the elevator car from directly bump into the solid ceiling of the shaft and cause injuries or malfunction of elevator car. The shaft should be constructed of reinforced concrete or brickwork in cement mortar and should have sufficient strength to carry the dead and superimposed loads. It should have a fire resistance of at least an hour and constructed entirely of incombustible material. The shaft may have an opening in its structure for the cables operating the lift into the room containing the lift motor.

PAM Centre Bangsar

147

Mechanical Transportation System b) Car A car acts as a carriage for both goods and people to send to the desired destination. It only move vertically up and down the hoistway. There are quite a few of components inside the elevator car that help on operation of elevator.

Figure 6.2.5 Elevator Car (Khizhniak, n.d.)

Figure 6.2.6 Interior part of Elevator car used by PAM Centre Bangsar (Yin Yee, 2019)

Interior Components i. Elevator Doors There are two sets of doors required at lift entrance. One is the car doors that fitted to the lift car and the other one is landing doors that fitted to the lift shaft enclosure. Landing doors must be made of incombustible material because it can help to reduce fire risk, ensure safety of the passengers and keep dust out of the lift shaft. The door type that PAM Centre uses is the two-leaf centre opening door. This type of door opens up faster and allow more people to go through it at one time. Figure 6.2.7 Two-leaf centre opening door at PAM Centre Bangsar (Yin Yee, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

148

Mechanical Transportation System ii) Floor Indicator The floor indicator in the lift car serves the same function as the on at the exterior part of the lift. It shows the direction of the lift car moving towards and also the current floor it is in. But in this case of interior floor indicator, it shows them that they reach their destination and when to get out of the lift. In PAM Centre, it have two types of floor indicator in the lift car, but both of them have the same function. The only difference is that one is the default floor indicator we can see in every elevator but the other one has PAM logo on it.

Figure 6.2.8 Two types of floor indicator in the Lift Car at PAM Centre Bangsar (Yin Yee, 2019)

iii)Button A call button is a user-operated push-button input device that sends a call signal to the elevator car. It allows users to choose their desired destination and reach their destinations hassle-free. The elevator in PAM Centre provide two types of call button in the elevator car, standard call button and call button for the disabled. The lowest button for standard call button panel should be minimum 900mm above the floor finish and the highest button should not exceed 1400mm from the floor finish.

Figure 6.2.9 Two types of button in the Lift Car at PAM Centre Bangsar (Yin Yee, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

149

Mechanical Transportation System iv) Emergency Phone An emergency phone is a device to help people that are stuck in an elevator to communicate with the outside world. It should be automatically connected to either on-site or off-site security or maintenance personnel. The emergency phones in the elevators of PAM Centre are mounted within a closed cabinet and the telephone line is connected to a digital communicator. It can be activated when someone pressed the emergency bell button. It notify the authority and allow two-way communication.

v) Handrail A handrail act as one of the safety feature in the elevator as it provide support for elderly and disabled when they are tired or preventing the move of the wheelchair. It can also prevent them from falling if the car is unstable. The handrail in PAM Centre was built around 800mm above the floor finish to make sure that it is more user friendly to every age group.

vi) Lighting Lights in the lift car play an important role in illuminating the enclosed space. Without the lighting in the elevator, it might invite some safety issue for the users. The interior of elevator car in PAM Centre are equipped with two rows of lights and the light they use is warm colour light, which give a comfortable feeling for the users.

PAM Centre Bangsar

Figure 6.2.10 Emergency Phone in the Lift Car at PAM Centre Bangsar (Yin Yee, 2019)

Figure 6.2.11 Handrail in the Lift Car at PAM Centre Bangsar (Yin Yee, 2019)

Figure 6.2.12 Lighting in the Lift Car at PAM Centre Bangsar (Yin Yee, 2019)

150

Mechanical Transportation System vii) CCTV An elevator is an enclosed space and it is quite difficult to control anything that might happen in it. By having CCTV in the car, it can help to reduce danger that might be happening. Both the elevators in PAM Centre are under CCTV surveillance to protect the the safety of the users.

viii) Air Vent An air vent in an elevator is important to ensure for the ventilation inside the car even in a hot temperature. It can prevent the elevator car from being in vacuum phase once the doors closes. Both elevator cars in PAM Centre are fixed with an air vent on the top corner of the car. It only uses fan for the ventilation instead of air conditioner because air conditioner will increase the carbon footprint of the building.

Figure 6.2.13 CCTV in the lift car at PAM Centre Bangsar (Yin Yee, 2019)

Figure 6.2.14 Air Vent in the Lift Car at PAM Centre Bangsar (Yin Yee, 2019)

c) Lift Lobby A lift lobby is a room that store groups of elevators together. Every lift lobby needs to be placed above each others. It provides an adequate area for the peak-load gathering of passengers to ensure rapid and comfortable service. It also makes sure that the main circulation of the building will not be blocked by people that are waiting for lifts.

Figure 6.2.15 Lift lobby at PAM Centre Bangsar (Yin Yee, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Figure 6.2.16 Exterior part of elevator in PAM Centre Bangsar (Yin Yee, 2019)

151

Mechanical Transportation System Exterior Components i) Call Button A call button is a button that located at the lift lobby to request for an elevator to stop at certain floor to either pick up or drop off passengers. The call buttons are usually mounted around 1m above the finished floor. It consist of both up and down buttons. The two elevators in PAM Centre share one set of call button as they are in one group. Figure 6.2.17 Call button at PAM Centre Bangsar (Yin Yee, 2019)

ii) Floor Designator A floor designator functions as a signage for users to identify which floor they are currently on. The floor designator in PAM Centre is pasted on the wall right in front of the elevator door. Beside the floor designator, all the important places in the building also being well displayed. This makes sure that users can always being alert of where they are, and at the same time make it easier for them to check where to go.

Figure 6.2.18 Floor Designator at PAM Centre Bangsar (Yin Yee, 2019)

iii) Floor Indicator A floor indicator is located at both inside and outside the elevator. For exterior floor indicator, it normally being placed on top of the elevator door frame. It is used to indicate the direction of travel of an arriving elevator with its current location. The exterior floor indicator of PAM Centre shows both direction and location of the elevator. It also have a built in speaker gives audible signals when the car arrives.

Figure 6.2.19 Exterior Floor Indicator at PAM Centre Bangsar (Yin Yee, 2019)

PAM Centre Bangsar

152

Mechanical Transportation System iv) Fire Lift Sign A fire lift sign is a signage that located at the exterior part of the elevator to show the firefighters where exactly the fire lift is located. This will make the fire fighting operation easier in case of fire.

Figure 6.2.20 Fire Lift Sign at PAM Centre Bangsar (Yin Yee, 2019)

Hoisting Machine A hoisting is the main device to operate the elevator car. The motor that is used in the elevator in PAM Centre is Kone EcoDisc. It is so thin and able to be placed in a narrow place. This is why PAM Centre do not need a machine room for the elevator. It efficiently saves the space for other uses. Figure 6.2.21 KONE EcoDiscÂŽ hoisting machine ("KONE N MonoSpaceÂŽ Passenger Elevator", 2019)

Buffer The shaft will being extended downwards to form a lift pit. In the lift pit, bufferFigure will be6.3 placed there to cushion the fall of elevator at the same time Polyurethane minimize the damage and injuries of both the users and the elevator car. Buffer PAM Centre uses spring buffer because the speed of the elevator car is around 2.5 m/s. This kind of buffer can absorb more force acting on in compared to polyurethane buffer.

Diagram 6.2.22 Spring Buffer ("279215065 Kone Monospace Controller Manual Pt2 PDF | Elevator (11K views)", 2012)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Figure 6.2.23 Spring Buffer ("EECO Pit Equipment | Elevator Equipment Corporation", n.d.)

153

Mechanical Transportation System Counterweight It is a weight that is placed beside the car to make sure that the car is always balance. It also served a purpose of energy saving as it will decrease the power that needed to raise or lower the car. Similar to any other elevator, elevators in PAM Centre also use counterweight to increase the energy efficiency. The counterweight is placed at the side, right below the motor of the elevator.

Diagram 6.2.24 Counterweight ("279215065 Kone Monospace Controller Manual Pt2 PDF | Elevator (11K views)", 2012)

Safety System It is a system that control all the safety features of the elevator such as the locking of the door and the air flow in the car. In PAM Centre, every elevator doors are secured by the door operating system. The elevator shaft door will always being locked when the car is at other levels to prevent the incident of people falling into the elevator shaft because of shaft doors that can be opened easily. When the elevator car is in the correct position, the door operating system unlocks and pulls open both the car door and the elevator shaft door.

Diagram 6.2.25 Main parts of elevator door (Kaariaho, 2018)

PAM Centre Bangsar

Figure 6.2.26 Door elevator assembly of elevator door (Kaariaho, 2018)

154

Mechanical Transportation System Control System It is a system that control all the criteria of the lift such as the speed of the car, time delay for door opening etc. Although MRL elevator has no machine room, PAM Centre have a small size control box that locate next to the elevator door at the top most habitable floor. It allow the maintenance people to carry out maintenance easily. It stores the main circuit board and microprocessor. It also consists of a brake release device which would be used in the event of power failure to roll the lift.

Figure 6.2.27 Small machine box located beside the elevator at top most at top most floor of PAM Centre Bangsar (Yin Yee, 2019)

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 154 (1) On failure of mains power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors open.

Section 154 (2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation: Provided that where sufficient emergency power is available for operation of all lifts, this mode of operation need not apply.

PAM Centre Bangsar

155

Mechanical Transportation System

6.2.4 Location of Elevators in PAM Center

Normal Lift Lift Lobby Fire Lift Lift Shaft Diagram 6.2.28 Ground floor plan of PAM Centre Bangsar showing the location of both normal lift, fire lift; lift lobby and lift shaft (Yin Yee, 2019)

i) Fire Lift There are two elevators used in PAM Centre, one is normal lift and the other one is a fire lift. According to UBBL, a fire lift need to be located within a separate shaft with the other normal elevator. UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Section 243 (3) The fire lifts shall be located within a separate protected shaft if it opens into a separated lobby.

Lift Grouping From the plan above we can see that the two elevators in PAM Centre are being group side by side, in line grouping. PAM Centre uses this kind of grouping because the distance between first elevator and last elevator is not that big. Users do not need a long walking time to reach the elevator. It is also a more economic as it save the construction cost. In accordance to UBBL, if there is one group of lift, then there must be at least one fire lift provided. PAM Centre have only one group of lift and it does consist of one fire lift.

PAM Centre Bangsar

156

Mechanical Transportation System

Diagram 6.2.29 End-to-end distance of PAM Centre (Yin Yee, 2019)

Distance travel UBBL also stated that the travel distance from the furthest point need to be less than 61 meter to arrive at a lobby. We can see from the figure above, the distance from end-to-end of the PAM Centre is around 57m, this is also why it only having one servicing fire lift. UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Section 243 (4) Fire lifts shall be provided at the rate of one lift in every group of lifts which discharge into the same protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the rising main, provided that the fire lifts are located not more than 61 metres travel distance from the furthermost point of the floor.

Height of the Building PAM Centre Bangsar is a 10-storeys building and the height of the building between the fire access floor and the top most habitable floor is 29.88m. Refer to Diagram 3.3.1. It already exceeded the requirement stated in UBBL, which is 18.5m. This is why there is a fire lift provided in PAM Centre Bangsar. The fire access level is at LG and the fire lift must be accessible for All levels of the building must be accessible by the fire lift, starting from the fire access level (LG) to the top most floor (8th). UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Section 243 (1) In a building where the top occupied floor is over 18.5 metres above the fire appliance access level fire lifts shall be provided.

PAM Centre Bangsar

157

Mechanical Transportation System

Lift Lobby Lift Shaft Diagram 6.2.30 Section showing the location of lift shaft and lift lobby of PAM Centre Bangsar (Yin Yee, 2019)

Lift Zoning Lift zoning is a method to divide a building into groups of elevator serving floors, called zones. It can consist of low zone, middle zone and high zone. This can maximise the elevator performance and also speed up the travel time of the passenger. In PAM Centre Bangsar, they do not practice lift zoning. The lift shaft goes all the way up to the top most floor and every levels are accessible by both the elevators. This is because the elevators of the 10-storeys building can still have it best performance when it travel from lower ground floor up to the 8th floor in one shot.

PAM Centre Bangsar

158

Mechanical Transportation System

6.2.5 Operation of Fire Lift The operation of elevator during an event of fire is a critical life decision. Elevator might be a life threatening device if people use it during building fire. There are two phase for the elevator when the building is on fire:Phase One Mode Phase Two Mode a) Phase One Mode When the elevator system receive the notification of an alarm from the fire protection system, it will automatically initiates the phase one mode. All the elevator cars will automatically moves to a designated floor. Any call signal will be ignored and any travelling car stop at the next landing without opening the door, then proceed to the designated floor. After every cars returned to the designated floor, the doors will be opened up. It can act allow smoke to escape through the elevator shaft. This is why every shaft needs to have opening. UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 154 (1) On failure of mains power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors open.

b) Phase Two Mode Phase two mode is the mode that allows rescue personnel to manually operate the elevator. This mode needs to be unlocked by a special key of the fire department personnel with a special key switch inside the elevator car. In this mode, the opening and closing of the door are also needed to be manually done.

PAM Centre Bangsar

159

Mechanical Transportation System

6.3 Conclusion In conclusion, mechanical transportation system really makes the vertical movement of people at PAM Centre Bangsar easier. Rather than using the traditional traction elevator, PAM Centre uses machine room-less elevator that has higher energy efficiency and space saving. The two small size machine room-less elevators are enough to provide service to the people in the building. Every users should be taught on how to efficiently using and operate the system. Although mechanical transportation system bring convenience to people, it also brings negative impact to the environment. So instead of using elevator, users should be encouraged to use staircase as well. Not only make themselves healthier, but at the same time reduces the amount of carbon dioxide released to the environment.

PAM Centre Bangsar

160

References Emergency Lightning. (n.d.). Emergency Lightning. Retrieved May 20, 2019, from http://www.firesafe.org.uk/emergency-lightning/ Goetzler, W.(2007). Variable Refrigerant System, ASHRAE Journal 2007. Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cead/5fcad003ce67b5787b4ff54f89eb7b158b0b. pdf Gosse, J. (2008). Building Automation: Control Devices and Applications (pp. 328 - 349). American Technical Publisher. Grondzik, W., & Kwok, A. (2015). Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings (12th ed.). Hamzah Abu Bakar. (2006). Guide to fire protection in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: The Institute of Fire Engineers (UK) Malaysia Branch. Heap, O. (2019). OHeap Fire & Security | Design & Installation. Retrieved from https://www.oheap.co.uk/fire-alarm-emergency-lighting-systems/design-installati on/#StageTwoDesign Hoffman, P. (2006). Basic Refrigiration System. Retrieved from: https://www.swtc.edu/Ag_Power/air_conditioning/lecture/basic_cycle.htm “Industrial Fire Protection Handbook” 2nd edition, R. Craig Schroll, © CRC Press 2002, ISBN: 1-58716-058-7. Safelincs. (2019). Retrieved from: https://www.safelincs.co.uk/customer.php?xCmd=acshow Jankovic, Alex. (2016). Back to basics: Variable Refrigerant Systems. Retrieved from: https://www.csemag.com/articles/back-to-basics-vrf-systems/ John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, Jersey. (2006). The Building Environment (3rd ed., p. 391). Canada. Kaariaho, I. (2018). TESTING OF ELEVATOR DOOR SILL ASSEMBLY [Ebook] (pp. 17 & 19). Finland. Retrieved from https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/142621/Kaariaho_Iiro-Elias.pdf? sequence=1&isAllowed=y Khizhniak, A. (2019). KONE Monitors 1.1M Elevators and Escalators with IBM Bluemix and Watson IoT. Retrieved from : https://www.altoros.com/blog/kone-monitors-1-1m-elevators-and-escalators-wit h-ibm-bluemix-and-watson-iot/ Kirchhoff, H. (2018). What Are the Functions of Compressors on Air Conditioners?. Retrieved from: https://homeguides.sfgate.com/functions-compressors-air-conditioners-85051.ht ml Klein, S. (2008). Building Automation : Control Devices and Application (1st ed., pp. 220-235). United States, America: American Technical Publishers, INC. (Klein, 2008) Kone Monospace Controller Manual Pt2 PDF | Elevator (11K views). (2012). Retrieved from: https://www.scribd.com/document/355095228/279215065-Kone-Monospace-Con troller-Manual-Pt2-PDF

PAM Centre Bangsar

161

References KONE N MonoSpace® Passenger Elevator. (2019). Retrieved from: https://www.kone.my/new-buildings/elevators-lifts/nmonospace.aspx LI ZA, W. (2017). Century-old institute PAM gets a new (and green) home - Star2.com. Retrieved from https://www.star2.com/culture/design/2017/07/19/century-old-institute-pam-get s-a-new-and-green-home/ Lobert, R. (2014). Machine-Room-Less (MRL) Elevator Overview. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZySZnmD9a5Q Mah, K. (2016). Bangsar’s striking new landmark is an architect’s dream come true | Malay Mail. Retrieved from https://www.malaymail.com/news/life/2016/09/11/bangsars-striking-new-land mark-is-an-architects-dream-come-true/1200553 Modern Smoke Detection - Building Technologies - Siemens. Retrieved from https://w3.usa.siemens.com/buildingtechnologies/us/en/fire-products-and-syste ms/fire-protection-products/fire-detection/smoke-detection-knowledge-center/mo dern-smoke-detection/pages/modern-smoke-detection.aspx MS1525:2007. (2007). Code of practice on an energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for non-residential building. Putrajaya: 2007 NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code® 2007 Edition, © National Fire Protection Association 2006. Retrieved from https://neufert-cdn.archdaily.net/uploads/product_file/file/3198/kone-n-monospa ce-brochure.pdf Panasonic. (2018). FSV Systems[Brochure].Retrieved from: https://issuu.com/panasonicnz/docs/j0006564__bro-ac-fsv18__web_spread Patel,

K., (2015). Review of HVAC With VRF Technology. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/15892304/A_REVIEW_OF_HVAC_WITH_Vrf_TECHNOL OGY

Products & Service. (2017). Retrieved from http://airlight.in/products/ SchrollDec, R. C. (n.d.). Fire Detection and Alarm Systems: A Brief Guide. Retrieved from https://ohsonline.com/Articles/2007/12/Fire-Detection-and-Alarm-Systems-A-Bri ef-Guide.aspx?Page=1 Smoke

Detector Fire Alarm Secutron » Bromindo. Retrieved https://www.bromindo.com/portfolio/smoke-detector-fire-alarm-secutron/

from

VRF or VRV ? Learn About The Differences And VRF System Design. Retrieved from https://coolautomation.com/wiki/vrv-or-vrf/ Variable refrigerant flow (VRF). (2014). Retrieved from https://www.seventhwave.org/new-technologies/variable-refrigerant-flow-vrf Walker, R. (2015). Refrigeration 101. Retrieved from: https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/Refrige ration_101.pdf

PAM Centre Bangsar

162

References What is an Emergency Exit? - Definition from Safeopedia. Retrieved from https://www.safeopedia.com/definition/5970/emergency-exit Woodford, C. (2018). How smoke detectors work. Retrieved from: https://www.explainthatstuff.com/smokedetector.html Hose

Reel | FireFighting.com.my. https://ﬁreﬁghting.com.my/category/hose-reel

(2012).

Retrieved

How

To Use A Fire Hose Reel | NZ Fire Protection Online. https://ﬁreprotectiononline.co.nz/how-to-use-a-ﬁre-hose-reel/

HOSE

REEL SYSTEM Excel Fire Malaysia. http://www.excelﬁre.com.my/service/hose-reel-system/

Retrieved

Protection, O. (2019). Spot Smoke | ORR Protection Systems. https://www.orrprotection.com/detection/conventional-smoke

PAM Centre Bangsar

Retrieved

from

163