Week3 Structural elements: Based on the loads to be carried. Material used Form Shape Mass Materials: Stone, earth, clay, concrete, durable. Mass construction be: Modular, non-modular Masonry materials: Stone + clay + concrete Definition: buildings with units of various natural or manufactory products. Bond: the pattern Course: horizontal row Joints: the way units are connected Morter: mixture of cement or line Masonry properties: the unit together act as a monolithic whole Vertical element: walls, columns Horizontal: beams arches.
Strut(column)
Tie (cable)
Beam Horizontal element can support tension, compression
Footing and foundations: how buildings don’t move Foundations- substructure, transfer all loads on the structure to the ground. Shallow footing: soil condition is stable. 1.pad footings(isolated footings, help to spread a point load over a wider area of ground) 2.strip footing: when loads from wall is spread in a linear manner 3.raft footings (raft slab) provide increased stability
Deep foundation: High -rise building
Beams
Column Plate Bearing
Slab
wall
Shell Membrane
Domes
Arches Truss Cable
Form
Structural elements Structural system
Building
Foundation
Footings
system
Slab on Substru cture
ground
Strip Foundat
Spread
ion wall
footing
Pole foundatio n
Pad footing
footing
Activities: We have visited ten architectures in campus and look at their structural systems and materials used, exploring how is loads transferring the strength.
1. Lot 6 cafe Frame system, using materials with bricks and glass The loads transfer with the frame of the glass to the ground Enclosure systems: windows and doors use glass material.
Basement foundation
. 2.
Underground car park: Concrete construction, column arch. The loads transfer from two sides of the arch to the ground.
Beams transfer load on arch, picture
Theses are the trees on the top of the car park. Where the location the tree is , is where the arch built.
3.
Arts west student center: Truss structural system, the material is steel. Loads transfer with the truss.
Transferring load to the concrete
4.
Stairs on west end of the union house: Cable -beam- step force back to building. When we walked on the steps, the occupancy loads result from our weight. The loads transfer from the steel back to the wall. 5. North court of union house: Membrane structural. Membrane and steel cables transfer loads to masts and ground by tensile forces.
6.
Beaurepaire center pool: Concrete construction The enclosure systems, doors and windows use glass materials.
drainage system picture
7. North side of oval: Steel
frame
system. It is in the building process. The top uses truss inside.
8.
New Melbourne school of design under construction: Cantilever. Beams are the main structural element .A cantilever is a projecting beam structural member support at only one fixed end. (ching 2.15) ching p 2.15
9.
Old geology south lecture entry: a brick veneer system, brick on the outer face and the frame structure in the inner face.
10. Frame system
Reference list D.K.Ching, F. (2008). building construction illustrated. Canada: John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken, New Jersey.
Week 4 Span: the distance measured between two structural supports.
Spacing:
repeating
distance between a series of like elements, associated with supporting elements. Difference: spacing of the supporting elements depends on the spanning capabilities of the supported elements. Floor and framing systems Three types of materials: ď Ź Concrete
ď Ź Timber ď Ź Steel Concrete
systems:
slabs
span
between
structural supports. One-way, two-way, costing effectively foundation. High polished. Mix: cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, water, can be formed in to any shape Concrete strong in compression, weak in tension. To improve this, steel reinforcement in the form of mesh or bars. Steel system: heavy gauge. Girders (beams) and joists Heavy or light members depend on their structural function Plate girder: built up from plates or shapes that
are welded or riveted together.
Primary and secondary beams
Steel decking: metal decking is corrugated to increase is stiffness and spanning capability. The floor deck serves as a working platform during construction and as formwork for a sitecast concrete slab.
Open-web joists are lightweight, shop-fabricated steel members having a trussed web.
Open web permit the passage of mechanical services. Ceiling may be attached to bottom chords or be suspended if additional space for services.
Activities: scale, annotation and working drawing conventions. How‘scale’ us used: Construction
Documentation
tour
questionnaire: 1. Title block List the types of information found in the title block on the floor plan page Drawing title, north, drawing number, scale, project number Why might this information be important? -Given the background about the plan 2. Drawing content-plans -What type of information is shown in this floor plan?
Size, space connected with each other, building elements, dimension. - Provide an example of the dimensions as they appear on this floor plan? What units are used for the dimensions? Ramp 1:20, millimeter - Is there a grid? What system is used for identifying grid lines? Number ď Ź What is the purpose for legend? The plan on the diagram is too massy that there is a lot of details should be explained. Through the legend on the top of the paper, the symbol of the line can be illustrated.
ď Ź Why are some parts of the drawing annotated? Illustrate how the annotations are associated with the relevant part of the drawing. Because without the annotation people cannot know what the area is use for. The details of the section illustrates will be shown in the later pages. ď Ź Illustrate
how
references
to
other
drawings are shown on the plan. What do these symbols mean? The symbol means from which view to see the construction. For example, this symbol means the section can be detailed from page A40, the
front view.
Illustrate how floor levels are noted on the plan. On the bottom of the page, it illustrates which floor is the page about. Are some areas of the drawing clouded? Why?
3. DRAWING CONTENT-ELEVATIONS What type of information is shown in this elevation? How does it differ from the information shown on the plan? The elevations are divided into four parts, the south, north, east and west. Finished floor level, room number, door number and window number are shown in the diagram with symbol.
What types of levels are shown on the elevations?
Illustrate
how
levels
are
shown in relation to the elevation. Finished floor level, spot level. What types of information on
the
elevations
are
expressed using words? Illustrate how this is
done. About constructing details, explain what part of it is. For example: solder course to top of wall Area shown hatched recessed 20mm Illustrates how the doors and windows are identified on the elevations? By
illustrating
from the symbol of the doors and windows number. Find
where
this elevation is located on the plans. A30-01, A30-02 DRAWING CONTENT-SECTIONS What type of information is shown in this section? How does it differ from the
information shown on the plan and elevation? It divided the elevations in many sections and it is 3D photo about the building. Provide
examples
of
how
different
materials are shown on the sections. The materials used are more illustrated by the diagram rather than words. The bricks, steel frame can be seen apparently from the stretch. 5.DRAWING CONTENT-DETAILS What sorts of things are detailed? Walls details, building details (roof, function room), canopy details, plan details, stair details. Provide
examples
of
how
different
materials are shown on drawings at this scale.
Because the scale is 1:20 that is more clear than the other. The material used can be shown by the drawings. For example, the materials like thermal insulation, the brick and the steel frame. Reference list D.K.Ching, F. (2008). building construction illustrated. Canada: John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken, New Jersey.
Week 5
Wood to timber: Why is timber seasoned?( seasoning is the process of removing water) ď Ź To adjust the moisture content so the timber is appropriate for the intended use ď Ź To provide increased dimensional stability Short column: be subject to failure by crushing rather than by buckling. Long column: be subject to failure by buckling rather than by crushing. ( ching 2.13) Frames& walls Fixed frames:
Hinged frame
Three-hinged frame:
Wall system Walls are the vertical constructions of a building that enclose, separate, and protect its interior spaces. Exterior walls Interior walls Opening for doors and windows Masonry walls
Masonry walls are durable, fire-resistant, and structurally efficient in compression. A wythe refers to a continuous vertical section of a wall that is one masonry unit in thickness
Seasoned timber: Reasons as to why timber is seasoned include; it makes the timber stronger, easier to work with and shows fewer tendencies to warp, split or shake. Buckling: in science, buckling is a mathematical instability, leading to a failure mode. Nogging: Similar to egging, Nogging is the assault or vandalism of any person, place, or thing, using eggnog.
Activities:
First we draw the graphs in 1:1 scale for three dimensions in order to build the model. From the top view, front view and right hand side view. The first thing we do is to build the surrounding walls, are made of plastic, we combined them with glue. As the first of three pictures shows, and then we cover the surrounding walls as roof.
The second step is to build step stairs. We use the material which make ice holly to build we think this is suitable because its length and thickness are suitable. Again, we combined them with glue and put it on the left of the model. The model has three floors. Hence, we ignore footings at first, after finishing all step, we put wood under the plank. Footings:
Reference list: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckling http://www.ask.com/question/why-is-timber-sea soned D.K.Ching, F. (2008). building construction illustrated. Canada: John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken, New Jersey. http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Nogging
week 6 Roof systems Concrete roofs: flat, plates of reinforced or precast Structural steel frame roof: flat, sloping, portal frames Trussed roofs: constructed form a series of open web type steel or timber elements. A flat roof
Sloping roof
Rigid frames Consists
of
two
columns and a beam or girder
CHING ‘Building construction illustrated’ p 6.06-6.07 Steel trusses are generally fabricated by welding or bolting structural angles and tees together to form the triangulated framework.(ching 6.08)
Folded plate structures are composed of thin, deep elements ioined rigidly along their boundaries and forming sharp angles to brace each other against lateral buckling
roof terminology : ridge, the horizontal line of intersection at the top dormers: projecting sturctures built out from a slopng roof. Gable: triangular portion of wall enclosing Rake: inclined,edge of a sloping roof Shed: roof having a single slop Eave: overhanging lower edge of a roof Hip: inclinde projecting angle Vally: an intersection of two inclined roof surfaces Soffit: underside of an overhanging roof eave. Top chord:
Activity:
There are many information about presentations of others from the site Williamston and Newport. I find different structural systems and process of the building comparing to our group’s visit. We all focus on different points. From Yang Liu’s presentation shows the constructing process is much slower. They are more about the foundation systems and materials that will be used to build, the concrete, the timber. The building plan is shown as well. From QIANLONG LIU ‘s presentation, I find they focus on the roof systems and foundation walls. The building uses timber frame concrete slab on the ground. the structural steel is used to build roof and the metal decking can be seen from the picture.
Reference list D.K.Ching, F. (2008). building construction illustrated. Canada: John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken, New Jersey.
WEEK 7 Moisture & thermal protection E-learning: Detailing for heat& moisture How water be prevented from lowing out of floor?
from e -learning
Details for moisture: An opening Water present at the opening A force to move water Opening can be: planned elements: windows, doors Or unplanned element: poor construction. So, how to keep water away from opening? Typically uses slopes and overlaps Flashing
Drips or break between surfaces
Lapping joints
horizontal
Overlapping materials or internal Baffles deflect the kinetic energy Of wind-driven raindrops
Controlling heat: Heat is conducted through building envelope Effective controlling of heat gained and heat loss energy, save money, increase comfort level. Three ways: thermal insulation, thermal breaks, double- glazing Double- glazing: air space between glass panes reduces the flow of heat through the glazed elements.(ching)
Thermal protection: Text: Joint sealants To provide an effective seal against the passage of water and air, a joint sealant must be durable, resilient, and have both cohesive and adhesive strength. (ching) A parapet is a low wall projecting from the edge of a platform, terrace, or roof. Parapets may rise above the cornice of a building or form the upper portion of a defensive wall on a castle. (Jackie craven)
A vapour barrier is a plastic membrane laid under the slab to improve its performance against rising damp. It is also called a 'moisture barrier' because it stops the moisture from the soil migrating into the concrete slab. This must be placed under the slab for all areas where there are to be
habitable rooms. Gutter: Gutter may refer to: Rain gutter, a narrow trough or duct which collects rainwater from the roof of a building and diverts it away from the structure, typically into a drain.  Street gutter, a depression which runs alongside a city street, usually at the curb and diverts rain and street-cleaning water away from the street and into a storm drai Parapet: A parapet is a low wall projecting from the edge of a platform, terrace, or roof. Parapets may rise above the cornice of a building or form the upper portion of a defensive wall on a castle. 
Reference list http://architecture.about.com/od/buildingparts/g/parapet. htm https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/conte nt/bcgbc4010a/10_floor_systems/01_concrete_slab_general /page_007.htm D.K.Ching, F. (2008). building construction illustrated. Canada: John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken, New Jersey.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutter http://architecture.about.com/od/buildingparts/g/p arapet.htm
Week 8 Opening: doors& windows Door leaf: top rail stile, feature panel glass, mid rail, bottom rail Door in three dimensions:
Windows: Timber window: inserting walls, into concrete Load carried around the window opening Roof load is carried down Window sash
Sash refers to the fixed or movable framework of a window in which panes of glass are set. Glass:
Benefit& difficulties The efficiency of a beam is increased by configuring the cross section to provide the required moment of inertia or section modulus with the smallest possible area, usually by making the section deep with most of the material at the extremities. (ching 2.14) ď Ź Moment of inertia is the sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of its distance form a coplanar axis of rotation.
ď Ź Deflection is the perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course under transverse loading, increasing with load and span and decreasing with an increase in the moment of inertia. Constructing details of doors and windows: Interior doors should offer the desired degree of visual. Building code requirements for fire resistance, glazing must be satisfied. Exterior doors should provide weather tight seals. Natural lighting, ventilation, view are all factors affect windows type. Exterior doors, window frames should have low thermal conductivity. Window glazing should retard the transmission of heat. Doors operation type:
Bypass
sliding,
exterior and interior use
Folding sliding, interior
Surface sliding, exterior an interior use
Swinging sliding
Pocket sliding, interior use
Activity
My part of the detail is about the glass frame. It illustrates the part under the roof system. When I go to the site, I can see the steel frame, glass. Comparing to the graph I get, the
columns are the glasses and there is a difference between the frame and the ground floor that may be used for moisture. The 1:1 stretch:
Reference list http://www.thefreedictionary.com/window+sash D.K.Ching, F. (2008). building construction illustrated. Canada: John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken, New Jersey.
Week9 Constructing details: 1. Health and safety 2. Repairable surfaces 3. Movement joints 4. Maintenance access 5. Cleanable surfaces Stress and structural members: Short, thick columns are subject to failure by crushing rather than by buckling. Long, slender columns are subject to failure rather than by crushing. The higher the slenderness ratio of a column, the lower is the critical stress tat will cause it to buckle. Effective length: the distance between inflection points in a column subject to buckling. When this portion o a column buckles, the entire column fairs. Both ends fixed: k=0.5
Composite beams are constructed from more than one material to increase stiffness or strength (or to reduce cost). Sandwich panel: Sandwich panels generally consist of two outer metal sheets (steel, aluminium, other) with a stabilizing core of insulation sandwiched between them.
picture from rockwool-coresolutions.com The connectors used to join the structural elements may be in the form of a point, a line, or a surface.
Rigid or fixed joints maintain
Pinned joints theoretically allow rotation but resist translation in any direction
the
angular
relationship
between the joined elements.
Roller joints allow rotation but resist translation in a direction perpendicular into or away form their face
cornice, A cornice (from the Italian cornice meaning
"ledge")
is
generally
any
horizontal
decorative molding that crowns a building or furniture element— the cornice over a door or window, for instance, or the cornice around the top edge of a pedestal or along the top of an interior wall.
Activity:
We have a guided visit site with our tutor and have a brief understanding of constructing details. The building has five floors and one basement.
This is basement. The concrete column is made of precast concrete, transferring the loads to the ground. The columns are indeed two stores high and divided by the roof system
The precast concrete also used to build the wall.
Then we go the second floor, is used for kitchen. There are a number of tunnels can be seen.
The steel frames are used.
Drainage system, using for preventing water like rain flow into the interior room.
The steel columns are used for supporting the pouring concrete. They will be removed when the concrete get solid.
Theses holes are used for mechanical maybe the columns will be built there, which connected to the under floor.
Bracing in order to provide resistance to the forces acting on.
Steel frame built on the top floor. It is in the processing.
Post-Tensioning is a method of reinforcing (strengthening) concrete or other materials with high-strength steel strands. The benefits post-tensioning brings to a structure include large open plan, column free floor spaces. The technology reduces the amount of conventional reinforcement and concrete required thus delivering a more economical and environmentally friendly solution. The main materials used for this building are concrete, steel and timber roof somewhere. There are fire resistances on every floor and drainage systems. Also, the roof will be built with a slop to allow rainwater flows down as the constructor says, maybe two degrees. The building also takes the new technology, the post tension to reduce the amount of reinforcement and concrete.
Reference list http://www.ecourses.ou.edu/cgi-bin/ebook.cgi?topic=me&chap_ sec=06.1&page=theory http://www.rockwool-coresolutions.com/sandwich+panel+techn ology/sandwich+panel+definition http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornice http://www.structuralsystems.com.au/services-aamp-techn ology/post-tensioning.html D.K.Ching, F. (2008). building construction illustrated. Canada: John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken, New Jersey.
Week 10 E-learning: 1. Lateral supports: earthquake and wind loads on an light-weight structure.
How to solve? 1. Bracing, a braced horizontal surface.
2. Shear walls.
3. Moment resisting frames, moment joints. The areas where the earthquake occurs, the buildings are separated from foundation so that the movement of the land
does not affect the building. High buildings has soft story on the ground, it usually insert bracing to keep it open. The failure of the construction: Exposed timber roof, the cracking may occur. The temporary timber slabs until the glue has set, is the glue strong enough to glue the plywood? Etc. Material used of selecting Health Pollution Waste Energy Glossary: Dynamic loads: dynamic loads are applied suddenly to a structure, often with rapid changes in magnitude and point of application. Two main types are wind loads and earthquake loads. The structure, components, and cladding of a building must be designed to resist wind-induced sliding, uplift. Overturning.
Shear wall: a wood, concrete, or masonry wall capable of resisting changes in shape and transferring lateral loads to the ground foundation. Lifecycle: Longevity of materials is not just their embodied energy, timelessness of the materials. Braced frame:
A timber or steel frame braced with diagonal members. Fascia& corrosion Corrosion is the gradual destruction of materials (usually metals) by chemical reaction with its environment.
The details are about steel frame and glass. It is under roof system and is connected to the ground. From the stretch, the long columns are glasses divided into two columns.
The square staff is the steel frame.
There is also moisture control near the ground.
Reference list http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion D.K.Ching, F. (2008). building construction illustrated. Canada: John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken, New Jersey.
Workshop The teacher asks us to use the limit materials to build something within 40 minute. The span must be over 1000mm. After the discussion, we decided to build a truss structural. First we draw the diagram in order to know how to cut the timber column. We cut the columns and prepare to use nail to connect them.
We use nail to connect the columns.
After all the groups finished, we are supposed to determine the maximum load the structure can bear. This is from the first group, where the structure begins to break when the load is 191kg.
The break becomes bigger while the load continuous increasing.
Then it is our group’s term. Our truss seems stronger.
The maximum load the truss can bear is 349kg and then it breaks up. I think if we add up one more beam in the middle of the truss, it will be stronger because one nail is not enough to reinforce the columns.