Masters of Architecture Thesis | Urban Strata

Page 1

Engaging Networks of [in]Visible Scars as Instruments for Mental and Social Health


Urban Strata Zachary Carson Design Thinking - Spring 2014 Professor: Pablo Moyano TA: Malia Kalahele Sam Fox School of Design + Visual Arts Washington University in St. Louis


i



table of contents

Introduction Premise Site Exploration Site Proposal Program Exploration Program Proposal Conclusion + 5 Slides

01-02 03-26 27-48 49-68 69-82 83-96 97-110

iii



statement of interest

How can the scar tissue within an urban context become the city’s identity? Healing these wounds could destroy recollection; as the scars fade, so does memory. Should the scars then be reopened? They could become a driving force in the development of a post-industrial, nonurban city. Or should they become a hybrid?

The identity of the city could be created through simultaneous confrontation and reparation of that which once engendered and defined this place. How then does the image of the city lead to design, thereby galvanizing a movement for change and reestablishing itself as a propulsive entity for growth?

2


1


4

PREMISE



scar tissue forg

otte

n sp ac

es

cha

ngin

infra

stru

g gr id

s urba

n ch arac ter

ctur

al in te

rrup

tion

Scar Tissue

s

n.

“An area of fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin after injury. A scar results from the biological process of wound repair in the skin and other tissues of the body. Thus, scarring is a natural part of the healing process.�

6



scale exploration

I am interested in the way scars develop across scales. At each level, the primary formal reading is consistent, only the objects change. From the scale of direct human observation, an inversion occurs where the scars become a network. This translates directly to the scale of a city, where a network of interruptions form a

greater system that can be read independently of the city fabric. At the scale of the parcel, a void becomes a unifying factor that brings coherency to its surroundings. A single missing piece changes perception from a multiplicity to a duality. Whether void, solid, or collateral damage, each aspect is unified by the scar. 8



datum

Scars can begin to distort a system in varying ways, depending on numerous factors. Despite the potential uniformity of the scar, the resulting scar tissue may be unique.

An established, coherent system often provides the best basis for reading scars, as this repetition and uniformity provide a datum against which the scar stands out.

10


Infrastructure defines the character of St. Louis. Railways and highways crisscross the urban fabric, more often than not leaving vast regions of undevelopable land in their wake. However, the remnants embody a spirit and character that is unique. Could St. Louis become the “Infrastructural City?� How can the stigma be reversed?


infrastructure

“I’ll show you that the image is still there unseen. It’s darkest before the light, if we shut our eyes to see the things that we have lost inside the lines between.” Hands Like Houses - “Developments”

12



memory

Memory of Place “Between the black and white, where everything goes gray, and everything’s unsaid, undone, and the negative bleeds away. To reveal the memory that we’ve waited for so long for.” Hands Like Houses - “Developments”

14


Lebbeus Woods - OneFiveFour


figure/ground Lebbeus Woods - Experimental Architecture

In Lebbeus Woods’ drawings, a consistent motif is one of an evolving figure/ground. The insertion of a secondary form transforms the drawing into a conflict. Initial reading shows two contrasting forms, a datum and a scar. However, as the drawing is examined, the scar becomes the figure, while the original image fades into the background. Formally, Woods explores the reading of scars using a similar system. A datum or base form is used to contrast a break. As a system, the three parts form a single set of interactions. The middle ground [scar] becomes the primary moment, while the deconstruction [scar tissue] is a response to the interaction between the scar and the base [datum].

16



reverence in action

Infrastructural Recollection “There seems something more speakingly incomprehensible in the powers, the failures, the inequalities of memory, than in any other of our intelligences. The memory is sometimes so retentive, so serviceable, so obedient; at others, so bewildered and so weak; and at others again, so tyrannic, so beyond control!” Jane Austen - “Mansfield Park”

18



st louis observations

St. Louis presents a challenge as an urban condition defined by scars. Upon first glance it is a poster-child for the symptoms of postindustrial decline. Public housing failure, rampant vacancy and infrastructural dominion become the figure to the city’s void. However, looking past these ailments reveals a network of positive scar tissue. A first-rate park system, city-wide accessibility and abundant potential for change come together to form a backbone waiting to be utilized. Thus I believe that any new development, in order to create an image for the city and engender a civic focus, must walk the fine line between these scars. 20


1940

1950

1960


visible/invisible 1970

increase, white increase, black decrease, white decrease, black

2000

The development of St. Louis’ population is well documented, specifically in regards to population decline. Even without context, the mapping reveals the disparity and shifting that can be read in urban form. Below the surface, there are invisible scars that remain to this day. Not all invisible scars are a process, nor are all of them intentional. Redlining is still impacting the character and form of St. Louis today. North St. Louis was isolated along Delmar Avenue in order to contain the black community, and is now a hot-bed of racial tension, disparity and decline.

22



deterioration

The lifespan of a building presents one of the clearest readings of a city’s history. As the city grows, shrinks, changes or holds constant, so do the landmark buildings within the fabric. St. Louis’s built history is one of deterioration and survival.

24



deterioration-impact

This deterioration has a greater effect on far more than the image of the building itself. The urban context in which it sits is directly affected, thus the impact of these changes begins to focus in scale towards the individual

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28

SITE



research proposal

In order to choose a site, parameters needed to be set up. The city of St. Louis, though fragmented and fighting decline, has a far more serious problem in its invisible scars. Social issues of income disparity, lack of

education and racial segregation become defining factors in many neighborhoods. These factors, when mapped together, will focus this investigation into scars while providing a basis of understanding for the task of selecting a site.

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rebuilding

The evolution of the building continues as the city begins to rebuild. There are two routes for this once-great site. The first, and most common, sees the site fall victim to a generic, out of touch developer-driven building that not only removes the legacy of the historic building, but accelerates decline

32


The second option, the one St. Louis needs most, is that of intervention. What if the building was never torn down? The built fabric that

we see, no matter the state, carries with it the power of memory. Adaptively reusing the building allows it to become an icon once again.


34

reutilization


removal

vacancy begins


fabric loss

vacancy spreads

vacancy defines

The school is the civic center of many St. Louis neighborhoods. The relationship between the two is precarious in that without one, the other seems to decline rapidly. The loss of a neighborhood school takes with it the opportunities and unifying character of the area.

36


Income Below Poverty Line

Education Less Than HS

Population: Black

Unemployment


demographics

The overlaying of these social scars provides a clear reading of the most afflicted neighborhoods. The intensity of these issues spreads from the four hubs into the surrounding neighborhoods as well, impacting beyond boundaries. 38


LRA owned vacant land privately owned vacant land schools stable neighborhoods

LRA owned vacant land privately owned vacant land schools stable neighborhoods


vacancy LRA owned vacant land privately owned vacant land schools stable neighborhoods

LRA owned vacant land privately owned vacant land schools stable neighborhoods

40



vacancy

Like the social scars, physical deterioration in the city creates a network of high-impact zones. Overlapping education factors in the forms of vacant schools reveals a connection between lack of education and proliferation of vacancy

42


city schools mapping closed repurposed open non-Ittner


school mapping

The schools designed by William Ittner in the early 19th century are one of the city’s greatest architectural treasures, as well as one of the clearest means of mapping the decline of the city itself. St. Louis’ North Side, though much maligned, is actually one of

the most heavily populated with schools, both by Ittner and otherwise. At the same time the densest area of closure of these local, vernacular schools coincides almost perfectly with some of the most deteriorated neighborhoods in the city, also on the North Side.

44


North Side Focus LRA owned focal points open ittner reused ittner closed ittner


concentration

The North Side of St. Louis, much maligned and often ignored features the highest concentration of school closings, illustrated by the vacant Ittner schools in the area. The connection between these closings and the loss of community fabric provides the opportunity for an intervention where these scars stand as a testament to the communities that have been lost.

46


st louis place

old north

the ville

jackson school

webster school

marshall school


ittner sites

eliot school fairground

LRA owned focal points open schools closed ittner

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eliot school

Of all the closed Ittner schools, the Eliot Elementary School in the Fairground neighborhood provides the best opportunity for the recreation of a civic center. At the literal junction of three historic neighborhoods, the site is surrounded by disparate social functions, rampant vacancy, and dilapidated public space. However, the site also provides a great deal of potential for change and growth. The empty lots form a network that can reach residents of all socio-economic standing. The social amenities are accessible even in their isolation, and the potential for public space is high. Bring to this equation a new neighborhood center residing in one of the proudest architectural moments within the neighborhood, and the network of positive growth and engagement could become a catalyst for social change in the area.

50



neighborhood quality 1 mile radius + land use

Fairground Neighborhood The Fairground Neighborhood became driven by rapid residential growth at the end of the nineteenth century. Today, however, the neighborhood is an example of the drastic and rapid decline of North St. Louis neighborhoods. Historically the neighborhood has been volatile, illustrated by the race riots that occurred in Fairgrounds Park in the 40s.

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vacant parcels

vacant buildings


neighborhood quality % below high school education

Education levels are low, vacancy is high, and crime is prevalent. However, there is more to the neighborhood than the surface issues. A rich and historical urban fabric survives despite the vacancy, as is highlighted by the skyline viewed from the Eliot School itself.

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56

fabric deterioration



anchors + icons

Grand Ave. Water Tower

Bissell St. Water Tower

Anchors + Icons Grace Hill Health Center

Grace Hill Settlement House

St. John’s Church Eliot School

58



the site in context

Designed in 1898, the Eliot School remains almost completely original to its design. The school was one of Ittner’s first, and the beginning of his mission to improve the spaces for education in the city of St. Louis. Rather than focusing on economy as the rest of the public schools had, Ittner designed for the needs of

healthy students, such as effective lighting, adequate ventilation, and most importantly, ample space. The school exemplifies Ittner’s H-Plan type, which fostered a wide central space for communal interaction. However, since its closure in 2004, the neighborhood around it has crumbled, leaving a wide swath of vacancy.

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basement floor plan scale: 1/32” = 1’0”

first floor plan

scale: 1/32” = 1’0”

second floor plan scale: 1/32” = 1’0”


building documentation

third floor plan

scale: 1/32” = 1’0”

building section scale: 1/64” = 1’0”

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64

site texture



building documentation

A decade of closure has not been kind to the building. Vandals, weather and lack of care have combined to leave the building in a state of severe cosmetic decay. However, and far more importantly, the building is just as unique as ever. Despite the appearance, the spaces within the school are still provocative. The hauntingly empty hallways and classrooms are filled with the ghosts of activity, motion and community. There is great potential in these spaces.

66



site collage

As a once great neighborhood center, the Eliot school still presents a powerful opportunity despite its conditions. At the literal junction of three historic neighborhoods, the site is surrounded by disparate social functions, rampant vacancy, and dilapidated public space. However, the site also provides a great deal of potential for change and growth. The empty lots form a network that can reach residents of all socio-economic standing. In order to engage this network, an applicable program must be chosen for this site, one that addresses both the current and future needs of the community as a whole.

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70

PROGRAM



total square footage = 43,900

housing

public space

outreach

one bedroom

public corridors

education

square footage = 500 quantity = 11 total square footage = 5500

square footage = 1500 quantity = 4 total square footage = 6000

square footage = 850 quantity = 3 total square footage = 2550

two bedroom

athletic space

offices

square footage = 900 quantity = 9 total square footage = 8100

square footage = 7000 quantity = 1 total square footage = 7000

square footage = 550 quantity = 3 total square footage = 1650

three bedroom

outdoor space

meeting space

square footage = 1200 quantity = 4 total square footage = 4800

square footage = 5300 quantity = 1 total square footage = 5300

square footage = 1500 quantity = 2 total square footage = 3000

total square footage = 18,400

total square footage = 18,300

total square footage = 7200

community places

Community Places at Eliot Proposal Program

Duffe Nuernberger - Community Places at Eliot Proposal

Places For People is the product of a concerted effort to reduce and eventually end homelessness in St. Louis. Rather than the typical model of transitional housing, however, the Community Places at Eliot will provide permanent, support-oriented housing. The services available include addiction counseling, training and parenting courses. Similar projects have shown a high retention rate among residents as well as improvements in mental conditions such as schizophrenia and depression. Along with apartments, the development will include 24-hour support and monitoring by on-site staff, community support workers during the week, 100% accessibility and communal spaces both within and without.

72


basement floor plan scale: 1/32” = 1’0”

first floor plan

scale: 1/32” = 1’0”

outreach outreach program program

outreach program

private private program program

private program

public public program program

public program

second floor plan scale: 1/32” = 1’0”


planned program

third floor plan

m

scale: 1/32” = 1’0”

outreach program private program public program

building section scale: 1/64” = 1’0”

The Community Places at Eliot will provide 24 rent-assisted apartments to the homeless or those suffering from substance abuse issues and mental illness. One aspect of the project that sets it apart is the focus on diversity in ages. From young adults who have aged out of foster care to older adults, the project aims to bring a “multi-generational” group of tenants in order to provide a communal atmosphere of support.

74


residential (private use) vacant or abandoned public uses public centers vacant buildings


public/private

n re

u ad

ch il d

The redevelopment of the Eliot School into apartments for those without the mental and financial means to support themselves provides an anchor ol program. The combination of public de r and private, mixed in with outreach and assistance allows the building to become a microcommunity. However, the general privatization provides opportunity for a public intervention. This led to mapping and analysis of the public amenities in the neighborhood.

lts

The outer ring maps the users by age, determining the percentage of each group that would use this program. The next ring displays square footage in terms of neighborhood potential, and the final ring focuses on average hours of access.

spiritual/physical hub future hub

environmental hub economic hub

ho urs o p e n

use groups_positive

yo

p ro g r a m s i z e ul

ul

g

ts

un

ad

use groups_missing

ts

ad

program size program size within community hours open hours closed

76


personal care facilities

school

employment sites

religious spaces

library

parks

healthcare facilities

vacant buildings


healthy community

prayer garden church of god tower village senior services bryan hill elementary

good hope missionary baptist spiritual

grace hill settlement house grace hill water tower health center st louis public library - divoll branch bible church of the nazarene

windsor park

physical

jubilee community church/child care christian love missionary church greater st louis black tourism small world day care environmental

emotional

Similar to the Eliot School redevelopment, the Fairground neighborhood provides a number of public uses aimed at health and wellness. Categorically, these programs begin to form a network of like-uses, each with its own usegroup and accessibility factors. In mapping these aspects, the missing piece can be found.

78


residential impact area healthcare impact area community impact area


health mapping emotional

emotional

social

spiritual

physical

environmental

spiritual

physical

environmental

mental

mental

site acts as positive locus

social

6 dimensions of human health

programmatic deficit

The mapping of public uses combined with a focus on healthcare and outreach can be synthesized into the concept of a healthnetwork. At the center of this network is a positive locus that engages the larger system. However, the complexity of healthcare necessitates a second level of understanding. Using the six dimensions of human health, the neighborhood can be understood not only by what it has, but what it needs.

80


Faith Identity

Community

Neighborhood Network

School

Health Network

Health Locus Social

Emotional Spiritual


network mapping

Recreation

Activity

Sustenance

Education

Mental

Physical

Environmental

There are two networks in every neighborhood, that of the community functions and that of health. The removal of a school removes a crucial link in this first network. The restoration of this community anchor will not only restore the neighborhood network, but will allow a single space to engage in both networks, simultaneously strengthening individual connections while fostering new, cross-network relationships.

82



programmatic concept

In order to tie into the redevelopment of the Eliot School as a place for the mental and physical care of those who need it, new development must become a public function that impacts both physical and community health challenges in the area. By developing a healthy and engaging program, a healthy and engaged lifestyle will follow. The improved programmatic health of the neighborhood will

improve the physical health over time. The Fairground Neighborhood is a hub of religious stability, health outreach, and environmental engagement. Thus, the neighborhood currently engages spiritual, emotional, environmental and physical health. All that remains, and the necessary choice for programmatic development, is an engaging and public combination of social and mental health.

84


galleries auditorium computer lab

education

outreach

technology center cafe

printing lab

Mental Health

The first aspect of this healthy network is that of mental health. Education disparity is the primary social scar of this neighborhood, and as a catalyst for broader issues it must exhibit primacy within the scheme. Education, outreach and the tools to implement both come together to create a working building for those in need of help at any age.


program breakdown

farmers market flexible venue

display

active core

outdoor space

horticulture space

Social Health

The second aspect is social health. When the community center of a neighborhood is lost, the sense of identity is lost with it. In order for educative program to be successful, there must be a public aspect to the building that allows it to be used by the general public. In providing this, any stigma is removed and the community buys in.

86


By combining the Mental health aspects of education and outreach with the social health aspects of public gathering and interaction, the entire neighborhood can access the n re site at all times, rather than specific use-groups at designated times. This causes an augmentation of the existing public program condition in the neighborhood.

de r u ad

ch il d

ol

lts

use groups_positive

ho urs o p e n

use groups_missing added usage program size

p ro g r a m s i z e

yo

program size within community

hours closed added hours

ul

ul

g

hours open

ad

ts

un

added program size

ts

ad


program modeling existing conditions

small program

medium program

large program

mental_technology

social_display

mental_education

social_core

social_outdoors

mental_outreach

88


ch il d

n re

added use potential through outreach

added opportunity through program size

yo un

g

ad

ul

ts


model interventions

ol

de r u ad

lts added accessibility

ho urs o p e n

ul

ts

p ro g r a m s i z e

ad

The addition of program affects different aspects of the site’s public potential. The addition of public functions aimed at outreach, as seen in the plan, add hours and accessibility. The dialogue between large functions and small elements adds square footage to the vacant site. And lastly, the variation and interplay of distinct yet correlated program provides an multifaceted space for all residents.

90


Mental Health

total square footage = 27,500

education

mentoring space for students in school or those not currently enrolled

classrooms

total square footage = 6500

square footage = 750 quantity = 6 total square footage = 3000

offices square footage = 250 quantity = 8 total square footage = 2000

counselor amenities square footage = 1500 programmed education spaces for residents and visitors of all ages

outreach art studio

total square footage = 16,000

square footage = 1500 quantity = 4 total square footage = 6000

cullinary space square footage = 1500 quantity = 4 total square footage = 6000

horticulture space square footage = 4000

technology center computer lab square footage = 2000

printing lab square footage = 1000

auditorium square footage = 2000

digital resource center, primarily a computer lab total square footage = 5000


total square footage = 40,500

display

public art galleries used for local users of the building and open to the public

exterior galleries

total square footage = 6000

square footage = 500 quantity = 4 total square footage = 2000

program proposal

Social Health

interior galleries-closed square footage = 500 quantity = 4 total square footage = 2000

interior galleries-open square footage = 500 quantity = 4 total square footage = 2000 a multi-purpose, centralized outdoor space with permanent seating and lights

active core basketball court

total square footage = 11500

square footage = 6000

bleachers square footage = 1000

gymnasium square footage = 2000

cafe square footage = 1500

storage square footage = 1000

outdoor space soil remediation zone square footage = 1000

land reutilization in order to catalyze a use for the vacant land in the neighborhood total square footage = 23000

urban farming square footage = 5000

community gardens square footage = 2000

parking square footage/ car = 300 parking spots = 50 total sqr footage = 15000

92


Catalyzation Network total square footage = 27,500

mental health education quantity = 15 avg. square footage = 425 total square footage = 6500

outreach quantity = 9 avg. square footage = 1750 total square footage = 16000

technology center quantity = 3 avg. square footage = 1500 total square footage = 5000


total square footage = 40,500

social health display quantity = 12 avg. square footage = 500 total square footage = 6000

program compilation

Catalyzation Network

active core quantity = 5 avg. square footage = 2300 total square footage = 11500

outdoor space quantity = 4 avg. square footage = 5750 total square footage = 23000

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The goal is to create a network of support for residents to defend against physical, social and mental ills while becoming active and preventative within the community as a whole. This new neighborhood center must become the first step in healthcare access.


96

program orientation



conclusions

Catalyzation Network aims to bring socially aware, outreach driven, active spaces to the Fairground community. By acknowledging the loss of the neighborhood’s school as a major catalyst for the rapid decline, this strategic intervention can make the difference between continued deterioration and revitalization. Working in conjunction with the planned redevelopment of the Eliot School allows

the Network to not only pay homage to the history of the neighborhood, but to engage in the development of a real, future anchor. Beyond this intervention, it is imperative for the project to tie into and further the existing, positive network of healthy living within the community. Doing so will allow the residents, current and future, to break the cycle of poverty and decline through empowerment.

98



100

vision of the future


Scar Tissue St. Louis presents a challenge as an urban condition defined by scars. Upon first glance it is a poster-child for the symptoms of post-industrial decline. Public housing failure, rampant vacancy and infrastructural dominance become the figure to the city’s void. However, looking past these ailments reveals a network of positive scar tissue. A first-rate park system, city-wide accessibility and abundant potential for change come together to form a backbone waiting to be utilized.


102

scar tissue

premise


Re-Centering The identity of the city could be created through simultaneous confrontation and reparation of that which once engendered and defined this place. How then does the image of the city lead to design, thereby galvanizing a movement for change and reestablishing itself as a propulsive entity for growth? Of all St. Louis’ scars, the lack of access to education is the most catalytic in the degradation of neighborhoods both physically and emotionally. In order to site a new project, an engagement with a literal and symbolic representation of the loss of education needed to be undertaken. This led to an examination of closed schools, and the discovery of the work of William Ittner.


site analysis Recreation

Activity Faith Identity Sustenance

Community

Education

Neighborhood Network

School

Health Network

Health Locus Social

Mental

Physical

Emotional Environmental

re-centering

Spiritual

104


Places For People Eliot Elementary School in the Fairground neighborhood provides the best opportunity for the recreation of a civic center. At the literal junction of three historic neighborhoods, the site is surrounded by disparate social functions, rampant vacancy, and dilapidated public space. However, the site also provides a great deal of potential for change and growth. The empty lots form a network that can reach residents of all socio-economic standing.


iss an tA

al ve.

Brid ge

N.

d

Gr an

Bl

vd .

site selection

lor

tur

places for people

F N.

Na Av e.

106


Mental + Social Health The redevelopment of the Eliot School into apartments for those without the mental and financial means to support themselves provides an anchor program. The combination of private space with outreach and assistance allows the building to become a micro-community. In order to tie the redevelopment of the Eliot School to the greater site, new development must become a public function that impacts both physical and community health challenges in the area.


program analysis

education

existing conditions outreach

small program

medium program

technology center

large program

mental_technology display

social_display

mental_education

active core

social_outdoors

mental_outreach outdoor space

mental+social health

social_core

108


Catalyzation Network The Fairground neighborhood is a hub of religious stability, health outreach, and environmental engagement. Thus, the neighborhood currently engages spiritual, emotional, environmental and physical health. All that remains, and the necessary choice for programmatic development, is a combination of social and mental health.


total square footage = 27,500

education

mentoring space for students in school or those not currently enrolled

classrooms

total square footage = 6500

square footage = 750 quantity = 6 total square footage = 3000

Social Health

total square footage = 40,500

display

public art galleries used for local users of the building and open to the public

exterior galleries

offices

interior galleries-closed

square footage = 250 quantity = 8 total square footage = 2000

square footage = 500 quantity = 4 total square footage = 2000

counselor amenities

square footage = 500 quantity = 4 total square footage = 2000

interior galleries-open

square footage = 1500 programmed education spaces for residents and visitors of all ages

outreach

total square footage = 6000

square footage = 500 quantity = 4 total square footage = 2000

art studio square footage = 1500 quantity = 4 total square footage = 6000

a multi-purpose, centralized outdoor space with permanent seating and lights

active core total square footage = 16,000

program creation

Mental Health

basketball court

total square footage = 11500

square footage = 6000

bleachers square footage = 1000

cullinary space

gymnasium

square footage = 1500 quantity = 4 total square footage = 6000

square footage = 2000

cafe square footage = 1500

horticulture space

storage

square footage = 4000

square footage = 1000

technology center computer lab square footage = 2000

digital resource center, primarily a computer lab

outdoor space total square footage = 5000

soil remediation zone square footage = 1000

land reutilization in order to catalyze a use for the vacant land in the neighborhood total square footage = 23000

urban farming printing lab square footage = 1000

square footage = 5000

community gardens

parking

square footage = 2000

square footage/ car = 300 parking spots = 50 total sqr footage = 15000

catalyzation network

square footage = 2000

auditorium

110



works cited

Information Sources Song Lyrics Lebbeus Woods

Hands Like Houses. “Developments (Unseen).” Unimagine. James Paul Wisner, 2013. MP3. Woods, Lebbeus. Radical Reconstruction. New York: Princeton Architectural, 1997. Print. Woods, Lebbeus. OneFiveFour. New York: Princeton Architectural Pr., 1989. Pages 32, 44. Print Myers, Tracy, Lebbeus Woods, and Karsten Harries. Lebbeus Woods: Experimental Architecture.

Memory Quote St. Louis Decline

Gordon, Colin. “Mapping Decline: St. Louis and the Fate of the American City.” Mapping Decline.

Demographics

Apr. 2014. <http://www.stlouiscitytalk.com/2011/01/fairground-park-neighborhood.html>.

Landmarks Association of St. Louis. National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Eliot

School Information

Web. 15 Feb. 2014. <http://www.socialexplorer.com/>.

Groth, Mark. “St. Louis City Talk.” The Fairground Park Neighborhood. N.p., 29 Jan. 2011. Web. 21

Architectural Information

The University of Iowa. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. <http://mappingdecline.lib.uiowa.edu/>.

Beveridge, Andrew. “Visually Explore Demographic Data.” Social Explorer. Oxford University Press,

Fairgrounds History

Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Museum of Art, the Heinz Architectural Center, 2004. Page 16.

Austen, Jane. Mansfield Park. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992. Page 108. Print.

School. Cynthia Hill. St. Louis: National Park Service 1990. Print.

DR Partners LLC. “St.Louis Public Schools Listings.” Web. 3 Mar. 2014. <http://www.drpartnersllc.com/>.

Redevelopment Plan

Places For People. Eliot School Redevelopment Proposal. Rep. St. Louis: Duffe Nuernberg Realty,

Mapping

2009. Print.

ArcGIS. Computer software. Vers. 10.1. ESRI

Image Sources Mill Creek

Henry, Virginia Anne. The Sequent Occupance of Mill Creek Valley. Thesis. Washington

Maps + Street Views

University in St. Louis, 1947. St. Louis: 1947. Print.

Google Maps <maps.google.com>

112



acknowledgments

Thank You Thank you to Pablo Moyano and Malia Kalahele for their input and guidance. Thank you for taking the time to read and engage with the content in this book. 114



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