maharsi sayartaw by zawlin htwe

bk&m;&SifESifh wefckd;BuD;&[ef;awmfrsm; wm0wðomewfjynfokdY <uawmfrl&mvrf;c&D;ü [efYwm;aESmifh,SufcJhaom eaE´myeE´ e*g;rif;tm; r[mu½kPma&SYxm;vsuf &Sifarm*¾vmefrax&fjrwfukd qHk;rapNyD; atmifjrifawmfrlyHk

tyÜrm'"r®&opmpOf\ "r®'ge (yef;csD ukdausmfokduf \ txl;vuf&m)

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

udk;uG,ftm;xm;&mtrSef ygVdawmfjrefrmjyef &EkdifcJaomw&m;q,frsdK; (t*FkwÅdK&fygVdawmf? tmucF0*f? £|"r®okwf) jrwfpGmbk&m;onf &[ef;wdkYtm;&[ef;wd-Yk avmuü tvd&k t dS yfuek ?f ESpo f uftyfuek ?f pdwEf v S ;kH udk yGm;aptyfuek af om þw&m;q,frsKd ;wdu Yk kd &Ekid cf \ J / tb,fq,frsKd ; wdkYenf;[lrl avmuü tvdk&Sdtyf? ESpfouftyf? pdwfESvHk;udk yGm;ap wwfaom pnf;pdrw f u Ykd kd &Ekid cf \ J / tqif;vSjcif;udk &Ekid cf \ J / temuif; jcif;udk &EkdifcJ\/ oDvudk &EkdifcJ\/ jrwfaomtusihfudk &EkdifcJ\/ rdwfaqGwdkYudk &EkdifcJ\/ tMum;tjrifrsm;jcif;udk &EkdifcJ\/ ynmudk &Ekid cf \ J / w&m;wdu Yk kd &Ekid cf \ J / ewfjynfwu Ykd kd &Ekid cf \ J / &[ef;wd-Yk avmuü tvd&k t dS yfuek ?f ESpo f uftyfuek ?f pdwEf v S ;kH udk yGm;apwwfukef? &EkdifcJukefaom þw&m;q,frsdK;wdkY\ taESmihf t,Suw f o Ykd nf q,frsKd ;wdw Yk nf;/ ysi;f &dr?I x<uvHv Yk r&Srd o I nf pnf;pdrf OpömwdkY\ taESmihft,Sufwnf;/ wefqmrqifrI? twihftw,frjyK rIonf tqif;vSjcif;\ taESmiht f ,Suw f nf;/ roihaf vsmfaom tjyK trlonf temuif;jcif;\ taESmihft,Sufwnf;/ rdwfaqG,kwf&SdrI onf oDvwd\ Yk taESmuft,Suw f nf;/ £ajE´wüYkd rapmihpf nf;rIonf jrwfaomtusi\ hf taESmuft,Suw f nf;/ cRw, f iG ;f aprIonf rdwaf qG wd\ Yk taESmuft,Suw f nf;/ o&Zösm,fru I kd rjyKjcif;onf tMum;tjrif rsm;jcif;\ taESmiht f ,Suw f nf;/ rMum;emvdrk ?I rar;jref;rIonf ynm\ taESmihft,Sufwnf;/ rpdppfrI? rqifjcifrIonf w&m;wdkY\

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

taESmihft,Sufwnf;/ trSm;usihfrIonf ewfjynfwdkY\ taESmihf t,Sufwnf;/ &[ef;wdkY? avmuü tvdk&Sdtyfukef? ESpfouftyfukef? pdwfESvHk;udk yGm;apwwfukef? &EkdifcJukefaom w&m;q,frsdK;wdkY\ taESmiht f ,Suw f u Ykd m; þq,frsdK;wdyYk ifwnf;/ &[ef;wd-Yk avmuü tvd&k t dS yfuek ?f ESpo f uftyfuek ?f pdwEf v S ;kH udk yGm;apwwfukef? &EkdifcJukefaom w&m;q,frsdK;wdkY\ taMumif; w&m;wdo Yk nf q,frsdK;wdw Yk nf;/ x<uvHv Yk &Srd ?I rysif;&dro I nf pnf;pdrf OpömwdkY\ taMumif;wnf;/ wefqmqifrI? twifhtw,fjyKrIonf tqif;vSjcif;\ taMumif;wnf;/ oifhavsmfonfudk jyKrIonf tem uif;jcif;\ taMumif;wnf;/ rdwfaqGaumif;&SdrIonf oDvwdkY\ taMumif;wnf;/ £ajE´wdkYü apmifhpnf;rIonf jrwfaomtusihf\ taMumif;wnf;/ rcRwf,iG ;f aprIonf rdwaf qGw\ Ykd taMumif;wnf;/ o&Zösm,frIudk jyKjcif;onf tMum;tjrifrsm;jcif;\ taMumif;wnf;/ Mum;emvdrk ?I ar;jref;rIonf ynm\taMumif;wnf;/ pdppfr?I qifjcifrI onf w&m;wdkY\ taMumif;wnf;/ trSefusihfrIonf ewfjynfwdkY\ taMumif;wnf;/ &[ef;wdYk avmuü tvd&k t dS yfuek ?f ESpo f uftyfuek ?f pdwfESvHk;udk yGm;apwwfukef? &EkdifcJukefaom w&m;q,frsdK;wdkY\ taMumif;wdu Yk m; þq,frsdK;wdw Yk nf;[k rdeaYf wmfr\ l /

t*FkwÅdK&fygVdawmfjrefrmjyef? tmucF0*f? £|"r®okwfrS aumufEw k af &;om;ygonf/ t,f ' D w mwpf O D ;

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

E-mail:mts@mptmail.net.mm

t,f'w D mcsKyf jroef;pH

wm0efcHt,f'Dwm vGifjidrf;?oef;xdkufol

tzGJY0ift,f'Dwm OD;atmifoef;

'DZdkif;zGJYpnf;rI yef;psmef

tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; a':od *Ðrdk;

rsufESmzHk;yef;csD udak usmfrif;armif

aus;Zl;awmf&iS f a0blq&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D

twGif;yef;csD

yHkEdSyfrSwfwrf; (2)a&mif

ukdarmifarmifokduf? q&mausmf?aZmfrif;? udkausmfodkuf? yef;psmef? yef;csDa&Tpkd;[ef

jyifyqufoG,fa&;

edoZf"w k if

rsKd;aZmfatmif? aZmfrif;

uGeyf sLwmpmpD eef;pef;rmcsKd? auckdifrif;rif;xGef;

pmnTef;

xkwfa0ol ESifh jzefYcsda&;(yif&if;)

OD;jroef;pH (NrJ-03881) tyÜrm'pmpOf (189)?a½T0gxGe;f (2)vrf;?(33)&yfuu G ?f '*HkNrdKUopfajrmufykdif;? &efukefNrdKU/ zkef;-584738

wpfjynfvHk;jzefUcsda&; OD;atmifjrifh(qifawmifBuD;pmay) 41? 29vrf;(atmuf)?&efukefNrdKU/zkef;-381834

yHkESdyfol OD;armifarmifvS (05745) a&TEikd if yH EkH ydS w f u dk ?f trSw-f 90(pD)? urÇmat;bk&m;vrf;?&efukefNrdKU/

zvif ? ZrÁLwvl? tkyaf &-8000? wefz;kd -(450)usyf

]]bk&m;qH;k rwmu qif;&Jatmif rqH;k rbl;/ csrf;omatmifcsnf;yJ? uk, d u f om xifcsifovkd xif aewm .../}} ]]awG;w,f? xifw,fqkdwm &rf;&wmAsmh? wnfhcsifrS wnfhwm/}} ]]wpf&uf (24-em&D)jynfhoGm;NyDqkdawmh aumif;aumif;vSvSBuD; odygvdrfhr,f? wcsKdU tm; xkwfwm tESpf av;? ig;q,f&SdNyDvkdY ajymMuw,f? aoaocsmcsm pdppfNyD;Munfyh g?wpf&ufjynf&h UJ vm;}} ]]aeYwkdif; tdyfaew,f? bmjzpfvkdY tdyfa&; r0MuovJ? tdyfa&;0atmif vkyfwmrS r[kwfbJ? tdycf sif&if rtdycf sifwhJ ae&m&Sw d ,f? tJonfae&mukd a&mufatmifomG ;? tdyaf &;0oGm;vdrrhf ,f/}} ]]tJ'g (edoZf"kwif)[m &efol (xderd'¨)ukd EkdifwJh vufeufAsmh? ppfwkdufr,f? ppfwkdufr,feJY acgif;tH;k BuD;awGeq YJ adk wmh rEkid w f m[m 'gaMumifAh smh}}

pmrlcGifhjyKcsuf rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuf

523^2004 (8) 527^2004 (9)

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

aus;Zl;awmf&Sifwdk \h

tckcsrf;om? aemifcsrf;om

aus;Zl;pum;

bk&m;&Si&f UJ tqH;k trukd t&,lMurSjzifh or®m oarÁm"d? yapöu? t*¾om0u? r[mom0u? yuwd om0u tp&SdwJh tpm;pm;aom aAm"dqk rsm;udk rdrdwkdY vkdcsifvQif &MuyghAsm/ bk&m;&Sif&JU tqHk;trESifh tckae tckcsrf;om&? tckvnf; csrf;om? aemifvnf; csrf;omwmayghAsm/

yd#uoHk;yHk\ vkd&if;tcsKyf yd#uoH;k yHq k w dk m tvGeu f s,f0ef;w,f/ yd#uoH;k yHu k dk tqDxw k yf gqkv d Qif ]aAm"dyu©, d } w&m; oHk;q,fhckepfyg; &w,f/ aAm"dyu©, d w&m; oH;k q,fch ek pfyg;ukd tqD xkwfvQif ]r*¾if&Spfyg;}&w,f/ r*¾i&f pS yf g;ukd tqDxw k v f Qif ]odu©moH;k yg;} &w,f/ odu©m oHk;yg;qkdwm t"doDv? t"dpdwå? t"dynm ygyJ/ odu©moHk;yg;ukd tqDxkwfvQif ]{aum "ar®m=w&m;wpfc}k &w,f/ ½kyaf y:? emrfay:rSmaeNyD; ,ckvadk qmifxm; awmh (½IrSwfaeawmh)um,uH aomif;usef;rI?0pDuH aomif;usef;rI r&Sb d ;l / tJ'g ]t"dov D }vkaYd c:w,f/ t"dov D tm;aumif;vQif pdwaf wG aomif; usef;rIr&Sb d J Nidr0f yfyjd ym;NyD; wnfaeawmhw,f/ tJ'g ]t"dpdwå}vkdY ac:w,f/ t"dpdwå (orm"d)tm;aumif;vkdY tcsdefMum vQif b,fvl? b,fewf? b,fjA[®mrS zefwD;vkdY rjzpfb;l / vQyfwpfjyuftwGi;f uka#wpfoed ;f jzpfNyD; ysufaew,f/ ½kyfukd emrfu odaevQif jzpf?ysufukd odawmhwmyJ/ jzpfysufukdodwm ]t"dynm}vkdY ac: w,f/

BudKuf&ma&G; b,foGm;MurvJ

pmnTef;

(1) a&mif

bk&m;&Sif&JU tqHk;treJYae&if cE¨mukd,frSm b,fewf? b,fjA[®mrS jyKjyifp&D if zefw;D rI rjyK&bJ jzpfysuaf ewJh tJ'½D yk af y:? emrfay:rSm pdwu f av;xm; NyD; cE¨mukd,f&JU jzpfwm? ysufwmukd odaewJh pdwf uav;eJY ao&ifaemufq;kH edAÁmefra&mufao;awmif vl? ewf? jA[®mawmh jzpfrSmyJ/

oDvukd jynfhpHkatmif ]]apwD,*FP0wf? aAm"d,*FP0wf? q&m orm;rdb0wf? om;r,m;0wf? 'gawG vkyf&wmu p&Pukokdvf? oDvbufu Asmh/ 'gawGvyk &f if;eJY aqmifv?Ydk ½Irw S v f aYdk &m r& bl;vm;/ 'D0wfawG rjznfb h eJ YJ oDv jynfph ykH ghrvm;/ oDv rjynfph &kH if vdv k m;awmifw h wJh csr;f om a&m &yghrvm;Asm? csrf;omrI r&S&d if orm"d r&bl;/ orm"d r&awmh ynmvnf; r&Ekdifbl;Asmh/}}

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

(,cifvrStquf)

'geuxm? oDvuxm ponf w&m;awmfqkdwm tif rwef odraf rGUygw,f?yxray;vSL rIepYJ yfNyD;awmh 'geuxmukd a[m &ygw,f/ NyD;awmh oDvuxmukd a[m&ygw,f? oDvqkdwm ol wpfyg;toufudk rowf&bl;?ol wpfyg; Opömukd rck;d &bl;? olwpf yg;\ om;r,m;ukd rjypfrmS ;&bl;? olwpfyg;tusKd;rJjh zpfatmif rvdrf &bl ; ? rl ; ,pf r k d u f r J a pwwf w J h ao&nf ao&ufudk raomuf&bl; ponfjzifh ukd,feJYEIwfukd apmifh pnf;&wJh uk, d u f sifw h &m;ygyJ?tJ'D oDvukd usL;vGef&if tyg,fi&J vnf; uswwfw,f?vljzpfwt hJ cg rSmvnf; toufwkdjcif;? tem rsm;jcif;? &efolrsm;jcif;? ypönf;

t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;MuD;

Opömr&Sd &Sm;yg;jcif;tp&Sw d hJ raumif; usKd;awGeJYawGUNyD; qif;&Jwwf w,f? oDvvHNk cHK&ifawmh vlb Y 0? ewfb0? csrf;omwJhb0awGrSm jzpf&w,f?jzpf&mjzpf&mrSm touf &Snfjcif; tp&SdwJh aumif;usKd; awGeJY jynfhpHkNyD;csrf;om&w,f ponfjzifh oDvtaMumif;ukd a[m &ygw,f? tJ'gNyD;awmh ewfjynf

taMumif; o*¾uxmudk a[m& ygw,f? 0dyóemqkdawmh avm b? a'gopdwu f ;l uav;rQjzpfciG hf r&atmif rjywf½IaeyHkukd a[m& wmuk;d ? 'Dawmh t&Sio f m&dyw k å&m a[mwJh w&m;awGu tvGefodrf arGUaew,f? tJ'Dvkd odrfarGUwJh w&m;awGudk em&awmh wrÁ'gXdu rSm a&S;ujyKcJhwJh raumif;rI

tukov dk t f aMumif;u jyefay:vm w,f? tJ'gukd pOf;pm;NyD;awmh pdwfylyefae&Smw,f? ]]aMomf ... ighrmS raumif;rIawG rsm;vku d yf gbd? 'Davmufraumif;rIrsm;aewJh ig [m 'DavmufodrfarGUwJh w&m;eJY awmh rwefygbl;}}ponfjzifh pOf; pm;NyD;awmh pdwfysHUvGifhylyefae&Sm owJh? tJ'gukd t&Sifom&dykwå&m

❦ u odawmfrlwJhtwGuf pdwfat; at;csrf;csrf;eJY w&m;emEkdifatmif ar;jref;awmfrlygw,f? ]]'g,um wrÁ'gXdu? oif[m iga[mwJh w&m;ukd pl;pl;pkdufpkdufremEkdifbl; xifw,f? b,fvjdk zpfaeovJ}}vkYd ar;ygw,f? ]]t&Sifbk&m;a[mwJh w&m;uawmh odyaf umif;wmygyJ bk&m;? 'gayr,fhvkdY wynfhawmf rSm raumif;rI tukokdvfawGu tvGefrsm;aeygw,f? tJ'gukd awG;awmqifjcifrdwmeJY pdwfu ylavmifNyD; ysUH vGiahf eygw,fb&k m;}} vkdY avQmufw,f/ 'Dawmh t&Sif om&dyw k &å mu wrÁ'gXdurSm pdwf ylyefrI Nidr;f ap&ef &nf&, G Nf yD;awmh y&d,m,feJY ar;cGef;rsm;xkwfyg w,f? ]]wrÁ'gXdu? oif tJ'D raumif;rIawGukd jyKwm[m oif ud, k w f idk u f jyKcsifvYdk jyKwmvm;? okdYr[kwf olwpfyg;u apckdif;vkdY rvTrJ a&SmifomwJh twGujf yK&wm vm;}}vkdY ar;awmh ]]t&Sifbk&m;? wynfah wmf uk, d w f ikd af wmh b,f rSm jyKcsifrmS vJ? rif;rIxrf;qkad wmh bk&ifrif;jrwfu ckdif;vkdY rvTJr a&SmifomwJhtwGuf jyK&ygw,f}} vkdY jyefavQmufxm;ygw,f/

y&d,m,feJhar; 'Dawmh t&Sio f m&dyw k å&m u ]]aeygOD;? 'Dvq dk &dk if tJ'gawG [m oifhraumif;rIawG [kwfygh rvm;}}vkdY y&d,m,feJY xyfNyD; ar;jyefw,f? 'Dae&mrSm aoao csmcsm pOf;pm;Muaemf? wrÁ'gXdu &JU raumif;rIawG r[kwfbl;vkdY t&Sifom&dykwå&mu rqkdygbl;?

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

wrÁ'gXdu pdwfoufom&m&NyD; w&m;emEkid af tmifvYdk oifrh aumif; rIawG [kwyf ghrvm;vkYd y&d,m,feYJ ar;wmom jzpfw,f? trSefu awmh raumif;rIqkdwm ukd,fho abmtwkid ;f yJ jyKvkyo f nfjzpfap? olrsm;ckdif;vkdY jyKvkyfonfjzpfap? jyKvkyfwJholrSm tukokdvfuawmh jzpfwmcsnf;ygyJ? pdwx f ufoef&if tjypfBuD;w,f? pdwrf xufoef&if tjypfi,fw,f? 'gavmufom jcm;em;ygw,f?'gayr,fh wrÁ'gXdu rSmawmh A[kow k u r&Sw d t hJ wGuf ]]tif; ...'Draumif;rIawG[m igu vkyfcsifvkdY vkyf&wmr[kwf bl;? bk&ifrif;jrwfu ckdif;vkdY vkyf &wm? 'Draumif;rIawG[m igeJY rqkid b f ;l /bk&ifrif;jrwf&UJ raumif; rIawGcsnf;yJ}}vkdY olu wpfcg wnf;qH;k jzwfcsuf csvu dk yf gw,f? 'gaMumifh olYrSm pdwfylyefrIawG Nidr;f at;NyD;awmh t&Sio f m&dyw k &å m a[mawmfrlwJhw&m;ukd pl;pl;pkduf pkduf emEkdifoGm;ygowJh/ tJ'gukd taMumif;jyKNyD; awmh bkef;BuD;wkdYa&Tbkdu 'um BuD; wpfa,mufu uwfv;kH pum; wpfckukd ajymw,f? ]]a[h ..vl [m todÚmPf ynm&Sw d idk ;f vnf; ae&mwum aumif;wmr[kwb f ;l ? todÚmPfr&Sdwm? xlwm ewm vnf; enf;enf;awmh aumif;wm &Sdao;w,f}}vkdY oluajymawmh wjcm;vlawGu ]]b,fvkd[mvJ Asm}}vkYd 0kid ;f ar;w,f?'Dawmh olu ]]Munfhygvm;uG? wrÁ'gXdu[m A[kokwtodÚmPfeJY jynfhpHk&if ol&Y UJ ylyefr[ I m Nidr;f rSmr[kwb f ;l ?

]bk&ifrif;jrwfu ckdif;vkdYvkyf&&if toifhtukokdvf [kwfyghrvm;} vkYd t&Sio f m&dyw k &å mu y&d,m,feYJ ar;wmukd olu A[kokwtod ÚmPfr&Sw d hJ xlww l v l rl Ydk bk&ifrif; jrwf&JU tukokdvfcsnf;yJvkYd wpf xpfcs qH;k jzwfNyD;awmh pdwyf yl efrI Nidrf;at;oGm;wmuG? 'gaMumifhxl wmvJ enf;enf;awmh aumif; w,f}}vkdY tJ'D 'umBuD;uajym w,f? awmfawmf&mS &SmazGazG ajym wwfwJh 'umBuD;yJ? 'gayr,fh wkY d 'umawGu wrÁ'gXduukd tm;us NyD;awmh todÚmPfenf;atmif awmh ckdraeMueJY? todÓPfeJY jynfhpHkonfxuf jynfhpHkatmif w&m;ukd emMu&w,f? w&m;pm rsm;ukdvnf; Munfh½Iavhvm& w,f ? A[k o k w &S d w J h o l a wG u k d ar;jref;&w,f/

tEkavmrÚmPf wrÁ'gXdu[m ckeuajym cJhwJhtwkdif; t&Sifom&dykwå&m&JU y&d,m,far;cGef;aMumifh pdwfat; csrf;omNyD;awmh ½dk½dkaoaoeJY pl; pku d Nf yD; w&m;emaeygw,f? t&Sif om&dyw k &å muvnf; tpOftwkid ;f oDv? orm"d? ynmawGudk a[m oGm;ygw,f? 'gaMumifh wrÁ'gXdu [m w&m;emae&if; ESv;kH oGi;f NyD; vkdufoGm;wJhtwGuf tEkavmr ÚmPfudk &oGm;ygowJ/h tEkavmr ÚmPfqw dk m oH;k rsKd;&Sw d ,f? tedp?ö 'ku©? tewåudk oH;k oyfqifjcifwhJ or®oeÚmPfrpS NyD;awmh 0dyóem ÚmPftm;vH;k ukd tEkavmrÚmPf vkaYd c:wmvnf; &Sw d ,f?r*fa&muf

❦ cgeD; ocFg½kayu©mt&ifyh idk ;f ukd tEk avmrÚmPfvYdk ac:wmvJ&w dS ,f? r*f0DxdxJu tEkavmrÓPf qkd wmvnf; &Sw d ,f? tJ'D oH;k rsKd;xJ rSm wrÁ'gXdu &oGm;wmukd b,f ÚmPfvJvkdY twdtusqHk;jzwfzkdY uawmh rvG,fygbl;? "r®y't| uxmrSm aomwmywård *¾ó Mo &awm-aomwmywård *f&UJ atmuf bufu tEkavmrÓPfvkdY qkd xm;wmukd axmufqMunfh&if awmh aomwmywård *fa&mufvek ;D rSmjzpfwJh ocFg½kayu©mt&ifhykdif; ÚmPfudk qkv d [ dk ef&ydS gw,f? bm aMumifhvJqkdawmh or®oeÓPf ukd qkdvkd&if; O',AÁ,ÓPf r a&mufrv D &Ydk ifvnf;qkzd , G &f ydS gw,f? okdYr[kwf w½kP0dyóemvkdY&if vnf; qkzd , G &f yd S gw,f? tvGeaf 0;wJh aomwmywård *feaYJ wmh axmufNyD; qk d z G , f r &S d y gbl ; ? 'gaMumif h aomwmywård *f\ atmufbufu tEkavmrÚmPfvkdY qkdwJh "r®y' t|uxmtvkdtm;jzifh aomwm ywård *feYJ ra0;vSwhJ ocFg½kayu©m ÓPft&ifhykdif;ukd qkdvkdw,fvkdY ,loifhygw,f? 'Dvkd,l&wmrsm;&Sd yg&JUvm;vkq Yd &dk if &Syd gw,f? bk&m; tavmif;awmfrsm;[m jrwfpGm bk&m;\ omoemrSm0ifNyD; &[ef; jyKvQif tEk a vmrÚmPf t xd 0dyóemukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkww f ,f vkdY t|uxmrsm;rSm jyqkdxm;yg w,f? tJ'v D dk qkv d &dk mrSm r*f0x D d xJu tEkavmrÚmPfudkawmh r,l&ygbl;? r*f0DxdxJu tEk avmrÚmPfukd a&muf&ifawmh r*fzv dk u f v dk nf; wpfcgwnf;a&muf

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

oGm;awmhwmygyJ? tEkavmrÓPf wGif &yfwefaY e½d;k r&Syd gbl;?NyD;awmh bk&m;avmif;qkw d muvnf; bk&m; jzpfrnfh aemufq;kH b0 bk&m;jzpf rnfh tcsdefusrSom r*fzkdvfukd a&mufEidk yf gw,f? a&S;a&S;apmapm b0awGwkef;uawmh r*fzkdvfukd ra&mufEkdifygbl;? 'gaMumifh tEk avmrÚmPfvkdY qkdayr,fh bk&m; tavmif;awmfrsm; EkpOfb0u a&mufw,fqw dk hJ tEkavmrÓPf [m ocFg½kayu©m t&ifyh idk ;f ÓPf vko Yd m ,l&ygw,f?,ck wrÁ'gXdu &oGm;w,fqkdwJh tEkavmrÓPf ukv d nf; enf;wlyJ ,loifyh gw,f/

wrÁ'gXdu aoqHk; ,ckajymaewJh ]]jzpfwkdif; rSw½f ?I owdjyK? apmifrh t I pOfxm;}} qkw d hJ t&d,m0gow&m;eJY pyfNyD; ajym&&if a wmh 0d y óemÓPf omrefudk ,lvQifvnf; ,loifyh g w,f? atmufxpfqHk; or®oe ÚmPf,lvQifvnf; oifhygw,f/ ,lcsif&m ,lEidk yf gw,f? b,f[m ukyd , J , l l trSw&f rI?owdtapmifh ta&Smuf tumuG,fuav;u awmh olYrSm &oGm;ygNyD? t&d,m aetdrfxJvnf; a&mufaeonf rnfygNyD? 'gaMumifh t&Sifom&d ykwå&m rax&fjrwfBuD;u ]]'g avmufqkd&if tyg,fav;yg;rS umuG , f E d k i f w J h owd t apmif h ta&Smufuav;eJY jynfhpHkoGm;NyD? 'gavmufqkd&if pdwfcs&NyD? awmf avmufNyD? olYrSm 'gxufvnf; wk;d wufp&mr&Sad o;bl;}}vkYd ,lq NyD;awmh w&m;ukd ed*Hk;csKyf tqHk;

owfawmfrlvkdufygw,f? tJ'Dvkd w&m;a[mNyD;awmh t&Sifom&d ykwå&mvnf; jyef<uawmfrlw,f? wrÁ'gXduvnf; t&Sio f m&dyw k &å m ukd vkdufykdYNyD; vrf;ckvwfu jyef vmwJt h cgrSm a&S;b0a[mif;awG u &efNidK;zGJUvmcJhwJh bDvl;ru EGm;ra,mifaqmifNyD; a0SUowfvkdY aoqHk;oGm;&&SmowJh/ 'Dae&mrSm EGm;ra,mif aqmifNyD; a0SUowfw,fqkdwmukd rBudKuf&if? EGm;rrSm yl;uyfNyD; a0SU owfw,fvYdk 'Dvydk , J El idk yf gw,f? 'gu bmaMumifah jym&ovJvYdk qkd wmuawmh ,ckumvrSm a0zef wJv h al wGu aygvGe;f vk?Yd usrf;*ef xJrSm&SdwJhtwkdif; twdtusajym vkduf&if ,kwåd&Sd r&Sd a0zefwwf MuvkYd ,ckacwfvil ,fawG&UJ tjrif eJY jyif,lcsifvnf; ,l&atmif ajym&wmygyJ? olYusrf;pm tqkd uawmh EGm;ra,mifaqmifNyD; a0SU owfw,fvkdYyJ &Sdygw,f/

wkodwm ewfjynfa&muf tJ'D a0SUowfvYdk aoqH;k oGm;wJhtcgrSm wrÁ'gXduBuD; b,fukda&mufoGm;ovJvkdY qkd awmh wkodwmqkdwJh ewfbkHukd a&mufomG ;ygowJ?h pwkr[m&mZf? wm0wðom? ,mrm? wkow d mqkd awmh ewf j ynf a jcmuf x yf r S m pwkw¬ewfjynfaygh? tJ'Dewfjynf [m bk&m;tavmif;awmfwkdY\ pH&mvnf;jzpfvYdk tifrweftav; jyKtyfwhJ ewfjynfygyJ? tJ'D wrÁ 'gXduBuD; aoqH;k oGm;w,fqw dk m ukd Mum;od&wJh &[ef;awmfawGu

❦

'gaMumifh ]jzpfwkdif; rSwf½I? owdjyK? apmifhrItpOfxm;}qkdwJh 'Dt&d,m0go owdtapmifhta&Smuf uav;[m tifrwefyJ aumif;ygw,f? 'Dt&d,m0go aetdrfrSm raezl;ao;wJholawGukd ]qm;jrnf;tprf;oabmeJY aeprf;MunfhMuyg}vkdY bkef;BuD;u txl;wdkufwGef;ygw,f/

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

w&m;obifrmS aqG;aEG;Muw,f? wrÁ'gXduBuD;[m (55)ESpu f mv ywfvHk; tifrwefMurf;MuKwfwJh raumif;rIawGukd jyKoGm;w,f?'D uaeYyJ tJ'&D mxl;u xGu&f w,f? 'DuaeYyJ t&Sifom&dykwå&mukd ,m*kqrG ;f vSLNyD; 'DuaeYyJ aooGm; &SmNyD? b,frmS rsm; jzpf&mS avrnf vJ ponfjzifh aqG;aEG;Muw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;u <u vmawmfrlNyD;awmh wrÁ'gXdu wkow d mewfjynfrmS jzpfaMumif;ukd a[mMum;awmfrlygw,f? 'Dawmh &[ef;awmfawGu ]]jrwfpmG bk&m;? 'D v l B uD ; [m (55)ES p f y wf v H k ; vlawGukd owfNyD;awmh wkodwm ewfjynfukd a&mufoGm;ygovm; bk&m;}}vkdY xyfrHNyD; ar;avQmuf Mujyefw,f?jrwfpmG bk&m;uvnf; ]][kwfw,f cspfom;wkdY? oHo, r&SMd ueJ?Y oluaocgeD; yef;0ifcsdef uav;rSm uvsmPrdw-å rdwaf qG aumif;jzpfwhJ om&dyw k &å mukd trSD &oGm;w,f? om&dyw k å&m\w&m; ukd em,lNyD; tEkavmrÚmPfukd &oGm;wJhtwGuf tyg,fab;u vGwNf y;D wkow d mewfjynfud k a&muf oGm;w,f}}vkdY jrwfpGmbk&m;u &Sif;vif;rdefYMum;awmfrlw,f/ okbmodwH okPdwGme? em*a& apm&Cmwaum/ tEkavmrcEÅð v'¨ge? arm'wd wd'd0H *awm/ em*a&-&mZN*dK[fNrdKUü? apm&Cmwaum-wrÁ'gXdurnf aom ckd;olowf AkdvfBuD;onf? ok b mod w H - t&S i f o m&d y k w å & m aumif;pGma[mMum; jrwfw&m;uk?d

okPdwGm-e-Mum;em&í? tEk avmrcEÅð-tEkavmr 0dyóem ÚmPfu?dk v'¨ge-&í? 0g-&aom aMumif?h wd'0d -H wkow d mrnfaom ewfjynfavmuok?Yd *awm-a&muf vsuf?arm'wd-0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om vsuf ae&ayownf;/ tJ'g "r®y' t|uxm rSm txift&Sm;jyqkx d m;wJh pum; ygyJ? 'gaMumifh 0dyóem owd tapmifhta&Smufuav;[m tp p t&m&mrSm vHkNcHKw,f? pdwfcs &w,f? tm;ukd;&w,fqkdwm[m tvGefyJ xif&Sm;ygw,f? 'Dowd tapmifhta&Smuf uav;om r&Sd &ifawmh wrÁ'gXduBuD;[m vlY b0u aoqHk;onfESifh wpfNydKif euf tyg,fi&JusoGm;rSm aocsm aeygw,f? olYtukokdvfawGu olu Y dk qGcJ sr,fvYdk tqifoif&h adS e Muygw,f? 'gayr,fv h Ydk aocgeD; uav;rSm uyfNyD;awmh w&m;em NyD ; 0d y óemowd tapmif h ta&Smufuav;ukd &oGm;wJt h wGuf olt Y ukov dk af wGu 0ifrqGEJ idk b f ;l ? Ekid if jH cm;oH½;kH xJ0ifNyD; ckad ewJv h u l dk &Jom;awGu zrf;cGifhr&wmESifh vnf; cyfww l yl ?J 'gaMumifh wrÁ 'gXdurSm tyg,fi&Juvnf; vuf rwifuav; vGwo f mG ;w,f?tyg,f vGw½f w kH iG f ruao;bl;? ewfjynf avmuxJ a&mufoGm;vkdufao; w,f? b,favmufae&musovJ qkw d m pOf;pm;om MunfMh uayawmh/

"eOÆmeD ykaPÖ;rjzpfyHk ,ck w&m;emNyD; w&m; tm;xkwfMuwJh yk*¾dKvfawGvnf;

❦ pdwyf g vufygeJY xdxad &mufa&muf tm;xkwfxm;&if ewf&Gmok*wd a&mufzkdYuawmh aocsmygw,f? tcsdKUa,m*Da[mif;awGu olwkdY rSm jyif;jyif;xefxef a&m*ga0'em wpfcck jk zpfvm&if olt Y vkv d ydk J t rSwfowduav;u ay:vmwJh taMumif;? tJ'Dvkdowduav;eJY ½IrSwfvkdufawmh 'ku©a0'emawG vnf; oufomoGm;whJtaMumif; ukd ajymMuygw,f? tJ'v D dk owd u tvkv d jdk zpfvmwm[m jrwfpmG bk&m;vufxufawmfu "eOÆmeD qkw d hJ ykaPÖ;rrSm jzpfyekH v YJ nf; wlyg w,f/ "eOÆmeDu aomwmyef Oyg odumr yJ? ol&Y UJ cifyeG ;f ykPÖm;u jAm[®Pt,l&SdwJhtwGuf wpfaeY aomtcgrSm jAm[®Pq&mawGudk yifhzdwfNyD; auR;arG;ylaZmfygowJh? tJ'v D dk auR;arG;wJt h cgrSm "eOÆmeD uvnf; tdrfolwkdY&JU 0wå&m; ausyGefpGmeYJ xrif;? [if; pm; aomufz, G &f mrsm;ukd vku d Nf yD; urf; vSrf;ay;aeygowJh? ykPÖm;q&m awGudk auR;arG;{nfhcHaewkef;rSm Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;udk csD;rGrf;&Sdckd;wJh pum;rsK;d ukd rqkzd v Ydk nf; olcY ifyeG ;f u tvsifaeYuwnf;u ydwfyif awmif ; yef x m;owJ h ? 'gayr,f h cvkwfwkdufrdNyD; ajcacsmfoGm;wJh emusifwhJ 'kua© 0'emjzpfvmawmh trSwfowdu olYtvkdvkd a&muf vmw,f? tJ'Dvkd a0'emeJYw&m; ukd owd&NyD;awmh jrwfpGmbk&m; ukdvnf; owd&vmwJhtwGuf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sd&mqD vuftkyfcsD NyD;awmh earmwó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó vkdY

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

oH;k Budrw f idk w f idk q f Ndk yD; &Scd ;dk rdowJ?h 'gaMumifh 'ku©eJYawGU&wJhtcgrSm owdu olYtvkdvkdjzpfay:vm wwfygw,f? aocgeD;rSm 'ku© a0'emawGeJY awGU&awmhvnf; w&m;tm;xkwfxm;wJh yk*¾dKvfrSm 'DvkdyJ trSwfowdu olYtvkdvkd jzpf v mEk d i f y gw,f ? 'gaMumif h tyg,fav;yg;rS vGwfajrmufNyD; ok * wd u k d a &muf o G m ;Ek d i f w m? 'DtrSwf&wJh owd[m tifrwef aumif;ygw,f?tifrwef tm;uk;d & pdwfcs&ygw,f? 'gaMumifh olYukd t&d,m0go-t&d,mwkdY\ ae td r f v k d Y a[mxm;aywmyJ ? tm;rxk w f z l ; ao;wJ h o l a wG [ m tm;xkwpf &m tifrwefaumif;yg w,f?tm;xkwNf y;D yk*Kd¾vaf wGuawmh bke;f BuD;wku Yd txl;wku d w f eG ;f p&m rvkdygbl;? olYowdu olY[mol wkdufwGef;aeygvdrfhr,f/

tm;xkwfMunfhMuprf;yg tm;rxkwf&ao;wJh ol awGukdawmh tm;xkwfMunfhprf; ygvkdY bkef;BuD;wkdYu wkdufwGef; a[majym&ygw,f? bmaMumifv h J qkdawmh olwkdYu w&m;t&om ukd rodMuao;vkyYd gyJ? w&m;a[m &wmu aps;a&mif;&wmeJYvnf; wlygw,f? aps;a&mif;wJh ol[m rodao;wJholawG odatmif olY ypö n f ; aumif ; aMumif ; ajymjy aMumfjim&w,f? rkefYqkd&if csKdyg w,f? qdryhf gw,f? aumif;ygw,f ponfjzifh aMumfjim&w,f?t0wf txnfqkd&ifvnf; vSygw,f? ckid yf gw,f? ayghygw,f ponfjzifh

aMumfjim&w,f? oHk;zl;wJh olawG twGuq f &dk ifawmh bmrQaMumfjim aezkYd rvdyk gbl;? aumif;rSe;f odwhJ twGuf olt Y vkv d dk 0,f,al eawmh wmygyJ? w&m;uvnf; 'gvkyd gyJ? rodao;wJh yk*¾dKvfawGtwGuf w&m;&JU tusKd;ukd ajymjyNyD;wku d f wGe;f &ygw,f? w&m;tm;xkwNf yD; yk*¾dKvfawGukdawmh wkdufwGef;zkdY rvkdygbl;? olwkdY o'¨gw&m;eJY olY tvkv d dk owd&NyD; tm;xkwaf e Muygw,f? ur®|mef;ausmif;ukd rvmygeJOY ;D vkYd wm;vkaYd wmifr&bl;? wpfcgwpf&HrSm ur®|mef;ausmif; u tm;xkwfp a,m*DtopfawG eJY jynfhusyfaew,f? tJ'Dvkdtcg rSm a,m*Dta[mif;awGudk rvm ygeJOY ;D vkYd awmif;yef&w,f? 'gay r,frh &ygbl;? olwrYdk mS vnf; tcGihf omwJh tcguav;rSm tm;xkwf csifvGef;vkdYygqkdNyD;awmh twif; vmNyD; tm;xkwfMuwmygyJ?tJ'g bmaMumifhvJqkd&if t&d,m0go aetdrrf mS ae&wmukd aumif;rSe;f odoGm;vkdYygyJ? NyD;awmh olwkdYrSm &&SdoGm;wJh o'¨geJYowduvnf; olt Y vkv d dk wku d w f eG ;f EI;d aqmfaevkYd ygyJ? 'gaMumifh ]]jzpfwkdif; rSwf½I? owdjyK? apmifhrItpOfxm;}}qkdwJh 'Dt&d,m0go owd tapmifh ta&Smufuav;[m tifrwefyJ aumif;ygw,f? 'Dt&d,m0go aetdrfrSm raezl;ao;wJo h al wGudk ]]qm;jrnf;tprf;oabmeJY aeprf; MunfMh uyg}}vkYd bke;f BuD;u txl; wdkufwGef;ygw,f/ qufvufazmfjyygrnf

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

pm;aomufrIur®|mef; r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf (,cifvrStquf) w,f/ b,folY iSm;&OD;rSmvJ}} ]]riSm;&ygbk&m;}} ]]b,forl Q riSm;&ygbl;/ NyD;awmh 0D&, d a&m &SmOD;rvm;}} ]]r&Sm&ygbk&m;}} ]]tJ ..&SdwmyJ? a,m*DwkdYxJ &SdwJh0D&d,eJY &Sw d o hJ wdae&mukd tdwo f eG zf marSmuf toH;k csypfvu dk f prf;yg/ toHk;cswwf&if tJ'DtqifhoHk;qifh jrifEkdif w,f/ 'gu wkt Yd m;xkwaf ewJh a,m*Dwpfa,muf&UJ tp? tv,f? tqHk;vkdY ajymrSmayghav/ rSwftm;? trSwaf vhusichf gp? rSwv f Ydk orm"d&ifo h efvmwJt h ykid ;f vm;/ orm"dÓPfqw dk meJY rSwÓ f Pfqw dk m twlwl

]]wkpYd muawmh bmwH;k / trd;k rsm;rd;k ovkad jym w,f/ trk;d rsm;rk;d xm;wm pyf½v kH m;/ xyfxm;&wm vm;}} ]]xyfxm;wmygbk&m;}} ]]xyfxm;&wm? oGyrf ;dk wmawmif oGyo f nf b,favmufaumif;aumif; pyf½Hkav;qkd b,fhES,f wHk;/ xyfxm;&wmyJ/ oGyfavmuf pdwfcs&wm r&Sd bl;xifw,f/ 'gawmif pyfaewJhae&mukd xyfxm; &w,f/ 'grS rk;d r,dw k muk;d As/ 'DrmS vnf; trSwpf yf½kH wGif r[kwfbl;/ xyfaeatmifudk rSwfprf;yg/ rSwf prf;yg? a[m'D a,m*DwkdYukd owday;ckdif;wmxif

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

]]b,fem; awGUzl;cJhwHk;/ r&Sdbl;/ tJ'Dawmh cifAsm;wkdY bl;ukef; vkduf&SmraeeJY? usDusif;vkduf&Sm raeeJY? usDusif;OD;vnf; vkduf&SmraeeJY/ 'Dtwkdif;yJ tedpö? 'ku©? tewå vkduf&SmraeeJY? olYoabmol? tedpö? 'ku©? tewåqkdwm ynwfxifw,f/ [kdrSm oabmawGUvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dtcgus&if wkdY vu©Pm ½kyfawG ay:vmvdrfhr,f/ tJ'D½IuGufuawmh tHyJ½I &rSmyJ/ pm;wJha,m*Dwpfa,muf&JU ½IuGufonf atmuftu H o dk m t"duxm;ygwJ/h b,fae&ma&muf a&muf oabmaygufvm;/wkx Yd idk u f r®|mef;rSm ESmoD;0 onf ½Iuu G jf zpfovkad yghav/ pBuøur®|mef;rSm z0g; jyif tv,fonf ½IuGufjzpfovkdayghav/ pm;wJh ae&meJY taxGaxGtrlt&mtykdif;rSm atmuftHonf ½Iuu G yf /J nmbufu0g;&if? nmbufatmuftaH ygh/ [kw&f UJ vm;Asm}} ]]rSeyf ghb&k m;}} ]]tJ'gav;ukd ½I&if;rwfwwfeJY atmufu i½kwfqHk? txufu i½kwfusnfayGUxifw,fa[h/ wpfcgwnf; 'DuwHawG;av;eJYqGwfNyD;awmh tzwf uav;ukd vQmuav;ay:wifvkdufw,f xifw,f a[h/ tJ'aD wmh ½du k rf csvku d b f ;l vm;/ ½du k cf svku d w f hJ tcgus&if c&rf;csOfo;D rD;zkwef YJ i½kwo f ;D axmif;awmh t&nfpOfovkdAsm/ vQmukdoGm;NyD; ]'wf}ceJpOfvkduf wm? ]'wf}ceJ pOfwmyJ/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm vQmay:rSm tJ'x D ifaewmav;ukd Munfv h u dk w f ahJ ,m*Dwpfa,muf [m ]'wf}ceJqkd ]&SJ}ceJ wpfcgwnf; vQmwpfjyifvHk; jyefYxGufwm? pyfwmav;? csKdwmav;qkd vQmacgif; xJrmS enf;enf;av;? csOfwmav;qkd vQmacgif;xJrmS wHawG;av;eJaY &m&m tcsOfav;aerSmayghav/tcsOfu enf;enf; aerSmyg/ cHwGif;&nfrsm;rsm;aerSmaygh/ cHwiG ;f &nfav;yg pOfomG ;rSmaygh/ c&rf;csOfo;D rD;zkwf i½kwfqHkeJY axmif;vkdufawmh b,fvkdaewHk;/ tJvkd yJAs? pOfwmav;enf;enf;av;/ tJ'DpOfwmav;vkd 'Dbuf vQmacgif;u wpfae&mav;ukd oGm;½dkufwm uG,/hf ]Asp}f qkad wmh tJ'gav; oGm;½du k w f muk;d / vQmeJY xdum jyefxu G o f mG ;wm? csKdw,fq&dk if wpfjyifv;kH vkYd xifw,f/ csOfw,fqkd wpfjyifwnf;vkdY xifw,f/ tJ'gBuD;ukd aocsmrSwf/ rSwf&if;rwfwwfeJY wpfcg

yJ/ rSwv f &Ydk wJt h odawG ajymwmav/ uk, d Mf unfah e wJhtaMumif;t&mav;ukd wdwdyy odvmwmav/ jzpfysufvIyf&Sm;rI jrifvmwmav/ tJ'DjzpfysufeJY vIyf&Sm;rIeJY tJ'g orm"dÓPfBuD;yJ/ tJ'g rSwftm; aumif;rS rSwÓ f PfwufrmS r[kwb f ;l vm;/rSwÓ f Pf wufrS [ku d todÚmPfu xGurf ,f/tJ't D odÓPf uvnf; rSwfÓPftm;aumif;vmvkdY&Sd&if tdrfu wnf;u xGufvmNyD? cifAsm;wkdY 'D"r®m½HkxJrSm tod ÓPfxGufvmvdrfhr,fvkdY rxifeJY? olYtrSwfukd 'D ÓPf rDEkdifavmufwJh rSwftm;aumif;wJhae&m[m ÓPfyiG w hf myJ/ pBuøomG ;&if;eJv Y nf; yGirhf ,f/ pm;&if; eJv Y nf; yGirhf ,f/ pdwo f mcs? olb Y ufu vufayguf ruwfb;l / cifAsm;wku Yd dk arQmfaew,f/ ÓPfbufu [kwv f m;}} ]]rSeyf ghb&k m;}} ]]olaY e&ma&muf olyiG ahf y;rSmyJ/ vufayguf ruwfb;l / cifAsm;wkYd b,fov l yk v f yk ?f oabmayguf vm;/ tJ'Dawmh wkdYbufu trSwfukd pyfaexyfae atmif rSwf&rSm? tJvkdpyfae? xyfae orm"dÓPf &ifo h efNyD; [kb d ufrmS 0dyóemÓPfpOf wufomG ;NyD/ wufoGm;vkdY vu©PmÓPfukdjrifwJh a,m*Dwpf a,muf? vu©PmÓPfqkdwm tedpö&JUoabmav/ tedpv ö Ydk qkid ;f aygufrvmbl;/ wkq Yd idk ;f ayguf&UJ oabm eJY wlyghrvm;}} ]]rwlygbk&m;}} ]]'Dtem;rSm usDusif;qkdwm &Sdvm;}} ]]&Syd gw,fb&k m;}} ]]bl;uke;f a&m}} ]]&Syd gw,fb&k m;}} ]]&Sdw,f/ usDusif;qkdwm bmac:wHk;/ pyg; usD ajymwmxifw,f/ bmajymwmwHk;/ usDusif;&JU t"dyÜg,f &Sdygw,f/ usDusif;qkdvkdY &GmxJoGm;cJhawmh usDusif;awGUcJo h vm;}} ]]rawGUcJyh gbk&m;}} ]]rawGUbl;/ cifAsm;wkdY usDusif;vkduf&Smrae eJY? rawGUbl;/ bl;ukef;a&m &GmxJusawmh awGUzl; vm;}} ]]rawGUygbk&m;}}

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

]]ydik af eygNyDb&k m;}} ]]at;-tJ'aD wmh pm;wmawG Adu k w f if;½Hw k iG f r[kwyf gbl;/ ½kyAf u kd v f nf;wif;ovdk ÓPfAu kd v f nf; wif;atmifpm;cJph rf;yg/ wdu Yk ½kyAf u kd w f if;zdYk pm;wm vm;a[h/ ÚmPfAdkufa&m wif;cJh&JUvm;/ ½kyfusawmh pm;cJhw,f/ pdwfusawmh pm;cJh&JUvm;/ pdwftpmu owdxifw,f/ owduaeay;wJh tpmxifw,f a[h/ at;-pdwftpmyg pm;cJh&r,f/ oabmayguf NyDvm;}} ]]aygufygNyDb&k m;}} ]]at;-tJvdkeJY 'D[mudk rSwf&if;rSwf&if;eJY rSwpf rf;yg/ 'g ur®|mef;jzpfomG ;NyDxifw,fa[h/ 'g ur®|mef;jzpfomG ;NyD/ olUrSwpf rf;/ rSwt f m;aumif;vm NyD/ rSwfÚmPfawG 'DhxufwufvmNyD/ wpfcgwnf; todÚmPfuvnf; oleJYwGJNyD;awmhudk wufvmNyD/ todÚmPf&ifu h sufvmwJh a,m*Dwpfa,muftwGuf usawmh csdKwmudk vQmay:wif½pI rf;/ ud, k phf w d u f , kd f ydik o f mG ;NyDxifw,f/ orm"dÚmPf&iho f efNyDav/ ud, k hf pdwfudk,f 'Dem;ae[Jhqdk aevdkY&NyDxifw,f/ tJ'g csdKwmwpfco k ;kH Munf?h yxrcsdKwmjzpfwhJ olU&JU"mwfukd awGUvdrrhf ,fxifw,fa[h/ "mwfveG w f ,fxifw,f/ rl&if;"mwfav;yg;tjyifudk "mwfvGef"mwfqdkwm &Sd w,fxifw,f/ cg;wmonf Muuf[if;cg;&JU "mwf vGef r[kwb f ;l vm;/ 0ga,mowå&d UJ "mwfveG rf [kwf bl;vm;/ csdKwmvnf; csdKwm&JU"mwfveG &f rdS mS av/ 'g yx0D&JU"mwfvGefr[kwfbl;vm;/ olU"mwfvGefwm ta&SUu ay:wm&SdrSmyJ/ aocsm0g;? q,fcsufxuf rydkbl;/ tJ'D"mwfvGefudk qdkwm r[kwfbl;vm;/ Muufqkdvnf; Muuf[m ukefoGm;wmyJ? csdKwJhowåd? 0ufqv dk nf; 0uf&UJ tDwo hJ wåd ukeo f mG ;wmyJ/ [kwf &JUvm;}} ]]rSeyf ghb&k m;}} ]]tJ'Dawmh 'D0ufwpfckwnf; ajymMunhfygpdkY Asm/ yxrqHk; tDwJhowåd q,fcsufavmufawmh awGUrSmyJ/ 0g;qdk aoaocsmcsm0g;? q,fcsufavmuf udyk J MumMum0g;vd&Yk &dS if tJ't D w D o hJ wå?d t&omowåd ukeo f mG ;NyD/ csOfzefzY efq Y w dk mav; ay:vmw,f/ csOf qdkwm awaZmowådxifw,f/ zefYqdkwm 0ga,m

wnf; csOfwmvnf; vQmay:rSm rk;d ajy;av;vkyd ?J zswf qkdajy;? tedpövu©Pmqkdwm tJvkd? ukd,f½IaewJh ½kyfwpfcku Nidrf;aysmufNyD; aysmufaysmufoGm;wm? at; ..Nidrf;aysmuf aysmufoGm;wmvkdyJ awGU&w,f/ tJ'aD wmh a,m*DuaeNyD;awmh wynfah wmf 'Dvadk wGU &ygw,fqdk cifAsm;wku Yd tedpaö wGUzl;wmuk;d / tedp&ö UJ oabm awGUzl;vm;}} ]]rawGUzl;ygbk&m;}} ]]rawGUzl;bl;/ tJ'D½IuGufxJrSm csKdwmav; u &dyfceJqkd aysmufoGm;? &dyfceJqkd aysmufoGm;? tJavmufyJ awGU&w,f/ 'gu udk,faysmufaysmuf oGm;wmukd awGUwm? 'ku©vu©Pmukd tm;aumif;wJh a,m*Dwpfa,mufu 'Dae&mrSm csKdwmav; pm; Munf&h if;eJu Y dk zGm;qkd ysufusoGm;wm? wufvmvku d ?f zGm;qkd ysufusoGm;? wufvmvkduf zGm;qkdysufus oGm;? tJ'grsKd; jrif&w,f/ csdKwmav;u ay:vm vdkuf? ysufusoGm;vdkuf? ay:vmvdkuf ysufusoGm; vdkuf? tJ'gjrif&rSmyJ/ tewåxdatmifykdifwJha,m*D? pl;pdkuftm;aumif;vdkY tewåxdatmifjrifwJh a,m*D usawmh tJ'gav;u vQmtv,faumifwnfw h nfrh mS ? olrsm;aemuf jzwfrvdkufawmhbl;av/ 'Dtem;av; rSm rD;td;k uif;ay:udk a&pdr;f av; awmufcsvu kd f ovdyk /J awmuf q d k j rif & NyD ; &S J q d k aysmuf o G m ;wmav/ csufcsif;aysmufwm? 'Dae&mrSmay:? 'Dae&mrSm csuf csif; aysmufw,f/ Munfhvnf; bmrQrawGUbl;/ oabmyJxifw,f/ csdKwmMunfhvdkufawmh wu,f awGUvm;/ csOfwmMunfv h u dk af wmh wu,fawGUvm;}} ]]rawGUygbk&m;}} ]]oabmyJawGUwm/ tom&ua|e? &Smrae eJ?Y tom&ua|e-tESpo f m&r&Sb d ;l ? ig rydik b f ;l vd?Yk &SmraeeJY/ tJ'g tawG;awG? aemufrS pdEÅÓPfeJY awG;,l&wm? ½IuGufxJ wu,f'ufxdawGUwmu oabmyJAsm/ bmrQvnf; wdkY vufiif;rawGUvdkuf bl;av/ csdKwmqkdvnf; wdkYvufqkyfvufrd rawGU vdkufbl;av/ csOfwmqdkvnf; wdkY vufqkyfvufrd rawGUvku d b f ;l av/ 'gav;eJY awGU&r,fAs/ 'gqd&k if awmh pm;wJhae&m vu©PmÚmPfawG ydkifraebl; vm;}}

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

owådxifw,f/ 'Dvdkqdk twkduf"mwf&JU tm½Hkay: vmwmr[kwfbl;vm;/ ol[m awaZmr[kwfbl; vm;/ tJ'gay:vmrSm csOfzefYzefY? tJ'DuaepkdufrSwf OD;/ pdkufrSwfwJhtcg csOfwmaysmufoGm;&if zefouf wufwufyJ usefawmhw,f/ 0ga,mowåx d ifw,f/ tJ'zD efoufwufwufvnf; rSwpf rf;ygOD;/ rSwv f u dk f &if 0ga,mowåd twku kd "f mwfawGuek o f mG ;NyDqkd tcH "mwfbufuacgif;aqmifjzpfwJh tmayg"mwfxif w,f/ wdkY ajrjzLcJ0g;&ovdkyJAsm/ ajrjzLrIefYvm;? ajrqkyNf yD; 0g;&ovdak yghAsm/ ap;zeYzf efaY ygh/ 'gav; rSwAf sm/ 'gav;rSwaf wmh ap;zefzY ef?Y ap;wGw J aJG wmif aysmufomG ;NyD/ aemufq;kH zGmBuJBuJajr,mawGyJ usef awmhw,fxifw,f/ rl&if;yx0D"mwfyJr[kwfvm;/ tJ'aD wmh 0g;&if;0g;&if;eJY bmjzpfwmwH;k / zdeyfatmufu a&mfbmqd;k 0g;&wmrSaumif;ao;/ b,frmS wH;k 0uf om;? b,frSmwHk; aumif;ovm;? ydkifovm;? b,f olUar;p&mvdo k vJ/ 'DrmS rSw&f if;rSw&f if;eJu Y kd tykid ;f ydik ;f tjywfjywfukd ½kyt f qihq f ihf ysufroGm;bl;vm;}} ]]ysufygw,fb&k m;}} ]]at;-tJ'Dtwkdif;yJ/ xef;vsuf0g;vdkY&Sd&if vnf; yxrqHk; ol csdKwJhowåday:rSmyJ/ 'gNyD;&if aemufrSmawmh csOfzefYzefY oufwufwuf? NyD;awmh ap;wGw J ?JG zGmBuJBuJ 'Dtwkid ;f oGm;rSmyJ/ b,f[mjzpf jzpf tJ'aD v;csufuawmh ygwmcsnf;yJ/ a&SUrSm"mwf vGe&f if ay:rSmyJ/ cg;wm0g;&if yxrcg;wmay:rSmyJ/ aemufNyD;&if csOfzefYzefY oufwufwuf? ap;wGJwGJ? zGmBuJBuJomG ;rSmyJ/ b,f[mrSwrf w S ?f tJ'aD wmh b,f [mpm;pm;? b,frSmwHk; wdkY&Sdwm}} ]]r&Syd gbk&m;}} ]]tJ'Dawmh a,m*DwdkY ouFef;&SdwJhta&mifudk udkifMunfhprf;/ bmawGUwHk;/ ydwfpyJ udkifrdrSmaygh/ [dku t&dyfta,mifyJ/ 'DtndKa&mif&Sdvm;}} ]]r&Syd gbk&m;}} ]]r&Sdbl;/ tndKa&mif[qdk udkifvdkuf&if ydwfpudkif&ovdkyJ/ 0ufom;zwfuav;vnf; udkif Munfv h u dk v f nf; ydwpf udik &f ovdyk /J cifAsm;wdYk t&dyf ta,mify&J w dS m/ tDwo hJ wåd 'g? csKd wJo h wåad &m? t&dyf ta,mify&J w dS m? tJ'g cifAsm;wdYk rrSwb f eJ q YJ &kd ifawmh

awG;rdwmeJY pm;wmeJYtwlwlayghAs/ tJ'g ur®|mef;tm;xkwf&if; tpmpm;aewm/ ur®|mef;xdkif&if;awmh tpmrpm;eJY? tpmpm;&if;awmh ur®|mef;omxkdif? [kwf&JUvm;a[h/ 'Dvdktpmpm;aevdkY ur®|mef;tvkyfysufw,fvdkY qifajcay;p&mvdkao;ovm; tNrJyt J aD ewmr[kwb f ;l vm;/ tNrJBuD; aumif;w,f xifwmr[kwfbl;vm;/ Muufom;BudKufolua&m tNrJBuD;csdKaerSmyJxifw,f? Muuf[if;cg;oD;BudKufol ua&m tNrJBuD;udk cg;aerSmAs/ o&ufcsOfBudKufwJh ola&m tNrJBuD; csOfaerSmyJuG,fh/ at;-BudKufwm csif;wl&if Muuf[if;cg;oD;? o&ufoD;eJY 0ufom;? Muufom; b,f[mydkaumif;rSmwHk;/ BudKufwmcsif; wl&if b,f[m BudKufwmu ydktqifajyrSmwHk;/ b,fhES,fwHk;? b,fbufu ydkaumif;rSmwHk;}} ]]ud, k Bf udKufwm pGrJ mS ygbk&m;}} ]]tJ'gtpGJawG? tJvdkqdk aumif;aumif; uGu J jJG ym;jym;½Iwmudk orÜZnyAÁyidk ;f vdaYk c:wm? 0uf om;vdkY odwmajymwm r[kwfbl;As/ csOfw,fvdkY

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

odwmajymwm r[kwfbl;As/ tDw,fvdkY ajymwm r[kwfbl;As/ 'guawmh olajymvdkYajymwm? udk,f udk,fwkdif vlwkdif;odw,f/ wdkYuom tDw,fajym wmyg/ w½kwfjynfoGm;ar;? tDw,fvdkYajymyghrvm; a[h/ w½kwfjynfu b,fvdkac:rSmwHk;/ 0ufom;udk t&om b,fvdkajymwHk;/ jrefrmu tDw,fvdkY ajym w,f/ w½kwfu b,fvdkajymrSmwHk;}} ]]wpfrsdK;ajymrSmbk&m;}} ]]wpfrsdK;ajymrSmyJ? wdkYajymovdk tDw,fvdkY rjzpfEidk b f ;l av/ w½kwv f akd jymrSmyJ? &Sr;f jynfe,fomG ; ar;awmh &Srf;uvnf; wpfrsdK;ajymrSmyJ? tJ'Dawmh tDw,fqdkwm [kwfrSr[kwfbJ? tJ'gudk aumif; aumif;odrS r[kwfbJ? tJ'Dawmh aumif;aumif;od atmif tJavmufxd rSwcf phJ rf;yg/ 'Dvq kd akd wmh tpm pm;&if; ur®|mef;tm;xkwv f Ykd r&bl;vm;Asm}} ]]&ygw,fb&k m;}} ]]tpmpm;&if; ur®|mef;tm;xkwfprf;yg/ onfvdkqdk tpmpm;a&m ysufrvm;}} ]]rysufygbk&m;}} ]]ur®|mef;a&m ysufrvm;}} ]]rysufygbk&m;}} ]]w&m;a&m tpma&m ESpfyg;pHkAs/ a&SUc&D; vrf;u jyaeygvdrhfr,f/ w&m;tm;xkwf&if;awmh? oGm;rpm;MueJAY sm/ xdik Nf yD; 'DrmS w&m;tm;xkw&f if;eJY pm;&if b,fEh , S w f ;kH / ½kyBf uD;u xkid af eNyD;awmh pdwf BuD;u eHeuf(6)em&D b,fvdk? w&m;tm;xkwf&if;eJY oGm;rpm;eJYAsm/ w&m;vnf; ysufr,fxifw,f/ tpm;a&m rysufb;l vm;}} ]]ysufygw,fb&k m;}} ]]w&m;vnf;ysufr,f? tpm;vnf;ysufr,f? a&SUc&D;oGm;zdkY cyfcufcufjzpfoGm;r,faemf/ tpmpm; &if; w&m;xdik &f ifawmh tpm;a&m w&m;a&m ESpyf g;pHk &Ekdifw,f/ ur®|mef;xkdif&if;u tpmrpm;MuygeJY/ ur®|mef;xkid &f if;eJY tpmrpm;bl;vm;/ bmav;rpm; &bl;? bmav;rpm;&wmjzihf MumNyDeJY rawG;rdbl; vm;}} ]]awG;rdygw,fb&k m;}} ]]awG;rdwmeJY pm;wmeJYtwlwlayghAs/ tJ'g

ur®|mef;tm;xkw&f if; tpmpm;aewm/ ur®|mef;xdik f &if;awmh tpmrpm;eJY? tpmpm;&if;awmh ur®|mef; omxkid ?f [kw&f UJ vm;a[h/ 'Dvt kd pmpm;aevdYk ur®|mef; tvkyyf sufw,fvYkd qifajcay;p&mvdak o;ovm;}} ]]rvdak wmhygbk&m;}} ]]rvdkawmhygbl;Asm/ tJ'Dtpmpm;jcif;onf yifvQif ur®|mef;jzpfroGm;bl;vm;/ tJ'aD wmh Muuf zsif;wdt Yk wGuu f kd ur®|mef;&Sm;ovm;}} ]]r&Sm;ygbk&m;}} ]]ur®|mef;r&Sm;ygbl;Asm/ wdkYMuufzsif;awG twGuf awGUwJah e&m ur®|mef;xdik v f u dk af wmh/ Muuf zsif;awGukd aq;pufus&m t½kyx f ifygoAsm;/ rSwrf d vm;a[h}} ]]rSwrf yd gw,fb&k m;}} ]]'g t&ifwkef;u om0w¬djynfoljynfom; awGo;kH wJh ur®|mef;/ tJ'aD wmh 'Dvkd pm;&if;eJrY w S v f Ykd oD[Vkd jf ynf(oD&v d uFm)rSm&Sw d hJ qGr;f pm;ausmif;rSeo f rQ &[EÅmrjzpfwhJ qGr;f pm;ausmif;qdw k m r&Sb d ;l vdYk olwYkd pmu rSww f rf;wifxm;ygoAsm/ tJ'pD ma&;pOfumv u omoemouú&mZf 970-avmufuvdYk qdyk gw,f/ tJ'Dawmh ouú&mZf 1000-qdkygawmhav/ tck 2500-qkad wmh 1500-ausmfavmufuaygh? 1500ausmfavmufu oD[dkVfqGrf;pm;ausmif;udk qkdvdkwm yg/ tJ'D 1500-ausmfavmufu oD[dkVfqGrf;pm; ausmif;rSm 'DvdktrSwfawGeJY pm;Muwm r[kwfbl; vm;/ 'DvdktrSwfawGeJY pm;aeawmh? a[m-qGrf;pm; &if;eJY ur®|mef;xkdifwJhtwGuf 'Dae&muyJ trSwf jynfw h ,f/ 'Dae&muyJ ÚmPfyiG w fh m xifw,fa[h/ 'Dae&muyJ olwdkY &[EÅmjzpfoGm;w,fAs/ tJ'Dawmh acG;udu k v f &Ykd &? wkwyf pfv&Ykd &? &wmvd&k if;xifw,f? b,fEh , S w f ;kH / acG;udu k v f Ykd apmifah ervm;/ 'grSr[kwf ighwkwfeJYypfrS rSefrSvdkY apmihfaervm;}} ]]rapmihyf gbk&m;}} ]]apmihfraeeJYAs/ acG;udkufvdkY&&? wkwfypfvdkY &&? &wmvdk&if;? aocsmrSwfcJhyg/ uJ-'DuaeY em; Mupd}Yk } ]]om"k ...om"k ...om"k}}

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

ukd,fykdifpdwfxm; ukd,hf pGrf;tm; t*¾r[my@dw? wdyd#u"& (a,m)q&mawmf avmurSm ]a&}[m ae&m wkdif; toHk;0ifygw,f? a&r&Sd&if aevkrYd jzpfygbl;/oH;k wwfoavmuf vnf; a&[m tzkd;wefygw,f/ 'gayr,fh xnfph &mae&mr&Sd tzH;k tydwf tumtuG,fuif;rJhpGmeJY vrf;ab;rSm pGefYypfxm;wJh ]a&} uawmh zkejf rLrIet f npftaMu;awG a&maESm0ifa&mufaewmrkdY vlawG aomufr&? oH;k r&awmhygbl;/Mum vm&if aomufoHk;olukd tusKd; rjyK½Hkomru tEÅ&m,fawmif ay;vmwwfygw,f/

'DOyrmvkyd ?J pdwu f dk ae&m wkdif; oHk;ae&ygw,f/ pdwfr&SdvkdY rjzpfygbl;/ pdwf[m oHk;wwfo avmuf oH;k Ekid o f avmuf tzk;d wef vSygw,f/ 'gayr,fh w&m;vkyf ief; xnfhp&mae&mr&SdbJ w&m; tzH;k tydwf uif;rJph mG eJY ypfpvuf cwf vTwfxm;wJh pdwfuawmh udavom eD0&Pzkejf rLrIet f rIu d f o½dkufawG 0ifa&mufum npf xnf;ayusHaewmrkYd bmrQ toH;k rusawmhygbl;/ trsm;twGuf rqkdxm;eJY ukd,fhtwGufawmif

❦ aumif;usK;d ay; toH;k 0ifrmS r[kwf awmhygbl;/ avmukwå&mtwGuf qkd a0;vkdY avmuDudpötwGuf awmif wefz;dk r&Sd toH;k r0ifawmh ygbl;/ aumif;usKd;rjyKawmh½o kH m ru tqdyftawmuf tEÅ&m,f awmif jyKvmawmhwmyJ/ aemuf qHk; aea&;? aoa&;ukdyg Ncdrf; ajcmufvmawmhwm/ 'gaMumifh a&[m vHkNcHK oefYpifrS aumif;usKd;jyKovkdyJ pdw[ f mvnf; o'¨gw&m;eJY oefpY if NyD; owdeYJ vHNk cHKatmif xde;f odr;f toHk;jyKwwfrS aumif;usKd;jyKyg vdrrhf ,f/ uk, d yf idk t f vkyu f v dk nf; wu,fxda&mufatmif aqmif &Guaf y;Ekid v f rd rhf ,f/ wu,fawmh pdwo f m y"merkYd pdwpf ifMu,fa&; [m ta&;BuD;qH;k jzpfygw,f/ rdrw d &Ydk UJ ESv;kH om;cE¨mtdrf qkdwm aiGaMu;tajrmuftjrm; tukeftuscHNyD; aqmufvkyfxm; wJh wdkuftdrfBuD;wpfvkH;eJY wlyg w,f/ aumif;rIuo k v dk u f H t&if; tESD;rsm;pGmpkdufNyD; aqmufvkyf xm;wJh tzkd;weftdrfBuD;vkdY qkd& rSmaygh/ 'Dtzdk;wef ESvHk;om;tdrf BuD;rSm tdrf&Sifukd,fykdifpdwfrsm; raeEkid af tmif tdrif mS ;yrm udavom pdwaf wGu tpDtpOfrhJ pdwaf wGu ae&m,laewwfMuygw,f/ uk, d hf pdwu f raeEkid &f if olrsm;pdwaf wG u 0ifaeMurSmyJ/ ]]olrsm;pdwf}} qkw d m wifpm;ac:wmyg/uk, d t hf vdk twkdif; bmrQaqmif&Gufray;bJ ukd,fvkdcsiforQukdvnf; bmrQ ray;bJ olwkdYtvkdtwkdif;om aqmif&u G o f mG ;MuwmrkYd udavom

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

pdwf?tpDtpOfrJhpdwfawGukd]]olrsm; pdwf}}vkdY ac:&ygw,f/ ukd,fh ESvHk;om;rSm 0ifa&mufNyD; aeMu wmjzpfaomfvnf;yJ ukd,fhtusKd; rvkdvm;wJh {nfhqkd;yrm jzpfwm aMumifrh Ydk uk, d phf w d rf [kwb f J olrsm; pdw?f tiSm;pdwrf sm; jzpfMuygw,f/ ESvHk;om;tdrfxJrSm ol rsm;pdwfawG 0ifa&mufaewJhtcg rdru d , kd yf idk f aumif;rIuo k v dk w f &m; ukd tvkyfckdif;vkdY vHk;0r&ygbl;/ rdrdu ukd,fykdifaumif;rIawGvkyf vkdwmrkdY ]]ESvHk;om;xJrS qif;ay; Muyg}}vkYd tqif;ckid ;f vkv Yd nf; r& ygbl;/ tdrif mS ;pdwf olrsm;pdwaf wG [m tzkd;tcvnf; vHk;0ay;wm r[kwb f J ud, k &hf UJ ESv;kH om;tdraf y: wufNyD; tdru f dk vH;k 0tykid pf ;D xm; wm/ tJ't D cgrsKd;rSm bmvkyv f yk f uk, d t hf vkyf uk, d yf idk t f vkyrf [kwf awmhbJ tiSm;tvkyf? olwpfyg; tvkyfawGcsnf; jzpfaeawmhwm yJ/ wpfaeYv;kH raerem; uke;f ½ke;f BudK;pm;vkyfae&ayr,fh udk,fht wGuf tm;uk;d p&m uk, d yf idk pf rG ;f tm; qkv d Ydk bmrQ rnfrnf&& ay:rvm ygbl;/ ½kyfypönf;avmufyJ wuf vmwwfNyD; pdwfpGrf;tm;bufu twufrjyEkdifyg/ 'Dvkd ukd,fjzpf csifwmukdvnf; vkyfray;? ukd,f vdck sif&mukv d nf; ,lray;&if ]]igh ESvHk;om;tdrfxJrSm olrsm;pdwf? tiSm;pdwaf wG 0ifaeMuNyD}}vkYd em; vnf&r,f/ tJ'Dtcg trIdufawGukd wHjrufpnf;eJY vSn;f ypfovkd o'¨g w&m;eJY ESv;kH om;tdru f dk oef&Y iS ;f ypf&r,f/ 0D&d,eJYwGJNyD; olrsm;

pdwf? tiSm;pdwfawGukd z,f&Sm; xkwyf ,fypf&r,f?o'¨gw&m;tm; aumif;vmwmeJY wpfNydKifeuf uk, d yf idk pf w d af wG csufcsif;ay:vm ae&m&vmw,f/ o'¨gw&m;[m ukd,fykdifpdwf azmfxkwfa&;? pdwf aumif; azmfxkwfa&; wm0efukd ,lEidk yf gw,f/ uk, d Ehf v S ;kH om;tdrf rSm ukd,fykdifpdwfawG 0ifa&muf ae&m,lvm&if ukd,fvkyfvkdwJh ukd,fykdiftvkyfawGukd {uefvkyf Ekid af wmhrmS yg/uk, d yf idk w f &m; ud, k hf pGr;f tm;qkw d m uk, d Ehf v S ;kH om;xJ rSm udk,fykdifpdwfjzpfvmrSyJ &&SdEdkif ygw,f/

]tusOf;csKyf aqmifyk'f} v ,HMk unfo'¨g? &So d rl mS ? v v v v v v v v

aumif;pGmoef&Y iS ;f &/ uk, d yf ikd pf w d af wG?jzpfvmav? vkyfavorQ ukd,fykdif&/ o'¨g,SOw f ?JG pdwrf mS vnf;? tNrJMunfvif&/ tNrJMunfvif? pdwt f pOf? jyKvQif trSef&/ tNrJMunfvif? pdwt f pOf? ajymvQif trSef&/ tNrJMunfvif? pdwt f pOf? awG;vQif trSef&/ tvkyt f ajym? pdwo f abm? raemjzLpifu/ t&dyyf rm? jrwfcsrf;om? aemufrSm vkdufaeMu/ uk, d yf idk w f &m;?uk, d phf rG ;f tm;? wk;d yGm;jrifw h uf&/

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

tyÜrm'"r®yHkjyif t rS wf p Of ( 4 5 ) awmf0ifEG,f 20

em;vnfrI rSm;,Gif;vkdY usifph OfvaJG csmfaewJh ygVdpum;vH;k (2)ck &Sdygw,f/ tJ'gawGu ]]oEÙKÅ |D eJY cEÅ}D }yg/ cEÅ=D ukd onf; cHjcif;vkdY ½dk;½dk;vG,fvG,f jrefrm jyefqv dk &Ydk ayr,fh b,fvo dk nf;cH &w,f? b,favmufxd onf;cH &r,f q k d w m avh v mrxm;&if &Si;f jyzkYd tawmfcufcyJ gw,f/

❦ cEÅ-D qkw d mu ol&Y UJ yif&if; oabmu pdwfESvHk;ckdifcHhwJh oGif jyifvu©Pm&SdNyD; taMumif;tm; avsmf p G m awG U BuH K vmwwf w J h aumif;qk;d ESpw f ef avmu"Hw&m; awGukd wnfwnfNidrfNidrf £ajE´ && razmufrjyef trSeftwkdif; vufcEH idk w f hJ tpGr;f owå&d ydS gw,f/ yg&rDajrmufwJh cEÅD[m (b0eJY avmutaMumif ; uk d aemaus atmif odxm;wmrkYd oabmxm;? BuD;jrwfem;vnfciG v hf w T w f wfw)hJ olawmfaumif;wkdY&JU &ifcGifwGif; uom oufqif;vm½d;k &SNd yD; ol&Y UJ yHkpHtcsif;t&m[m olwpfyg;awG u r[kwfrrSef vkyfBuHpGyfpGJNyD; vGev f eG Mf uL;MuL; tjypfzaYdk pmfum; vm&if a wmif r S tMurf ; rzuf trsurf mefryg El;nHch sKo d m rSeu f ef pGmeJY onf;cHajz&Si;f wwfygw,f/ tEkdiftxufjyKrIeJY awGU BuH K &wJ h t cg ]]iH k Y c H c J h } }wm[m raumif;vSovkd ]]vufwkHYjyef}} wm[mvnf; rSm;,Gif;ygw,f/ t"r® r I w pf c k [ m ik Y H c H v k d u f ½ H k e J Y yaysmufomG ;rSm r[kwo f vkd vuf wkHYjyefvkdufwmeJYvnf; ajyvnf oGm;rSm r[kwyf gbl;/ ikcYH w H m[m tpGef;wpfckjzpfovkd vufwkHYjyef wm[mvnf; tpGef;wpfckyJ jzpf ygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd tpGef;ESpfzuf rxGufapbJ rZösdry#dy'gqkdwJh tv,f t vwf v rf ; pOf t wk d i f ; tMurf;rzufwhJ enf;eJY Nidr;f csr;f pGm ajz&Si;f jcif;ukyd J cEÅ=D onf;cHjcif; vkYd ac:wmyg/ onf;cHjcif;qkdwm wpf zufom;ukd tEkdif&zkdY tm;xkwf

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

wm r[kwo f vkd t½I;H ay; tnHch H wmvnf; r[kwfygbl;/ tEkdift½I H ; rzuf oa&oabmxm; oufoufyJ jzpfygw,f/ onf;cH jcif;rSm vGwfvyfyGifhvif;wJh pdwf xm;? ,Ofaus;ysLiSmwJh ESv;kH om;? cspfMunfaEG;axG;wJh urf;vSrf;rI rsm;eJYtwl pmemem;vnfrIrsm; vnf; zGJUpnf;yg0ifaeygw,f/ onf;cHjcif;[m aumif;jrwfwJh tvm;tvmawGeJY awmufyae wJh us,0f ef;wJh rk;d ukypf uf0idk ;f BuD; wpfck jzpfygw,f/ onf;cHjcif;rSm vSywJh rsuEf mS pmawG trsm;BuD;&Syd gw,f/ onf;cHwwfo[ l m vlrsm;pk&UJ cspf cifESpfoufrIukd cH,l&w,f/ab; &ef r&Sdbl;? trSm;t,Gif; enf; w,f/ rawGra0 ao&w,f/ aoNyD ; aemuf aumif ; wJ h b 0 a&muf&w,fvkdY Ak'¨jrwfpGmu a[mawmfrcl w hJ myg/ wu,fawmh onf;cHjcif;qkdwm oabmxm; BuD;jcif;&JU oauFw? tepfemcHEidk f rI&UJ pHerlem? cGiv hf w T Ef idk rf &I UJ ouf ao om"uawGyJ jzpfygw,f/ tck onf;cHjcif;=cEÅDeJY ywfoufwhJ yHjk yifuav;wpfy'k f ukd ajymjycsif y gw,f / 'D " r® y H k j yif uav;[m i,fi,fwek ;f u pmcs q&mawmfwpfyg; ajymjycJw h myg/

]cHoifhoavmufyJ cHrnf} wpfcgwkef;u [dr0EÅm awmtkyfBuD;xJrSm w&m;usifhae wJh &aohBuD;wpfyg; &SdcJhzl;w,f/ tJ'D&aohBuD;[m ]]avmurSm&SdwJh tusifah wGxrJ mS onf;cHjcif;= cEÅD

[m tjrwfqHk;yJ}}vkdY t,l&SdNyD; onf;cHjcif;ukd t"duxm;um w&m;usihfavh&SdwmrkdY ]]cEÅD0g'D &aohBuD;}}vkv Yd nf; trsm;u ac: MuowJ/h wpfaeYawmh Am&mPoD jynfukd vm&if; jA[®'wfrif;BuD; &JU O,smOfxrJ mS yJ acwåcPoDwif; oHk;aew,f/ naewkdif;rSm Am&m PoDjynfol? jynfom;awG[m yef;eHo Y mawGudk vufqNJG yD; &aoh Bux D rH mS w&m;emvmwwfMu ovkd aeY v ,f b uf r S m vnf ; EG m ; ausmif;om;wpfa,mufeJY a>r a[mufBuD;wpfaumif[m rMum rMum w&m;em;vmwwfowJ/h tJ'v D edk YJ wpfcsed rf mS &aoh BuD;u EGm;ausmif;om;eJaY >ra[muf BuD;ukd a'gorBuD;zk?Yd a'gojzpfchJ vkdY &Sd&ifvnf; owå0gawGukd rñSOf;qJ rESdyfpufzkdY qHk;r&if; avmurSm&SdwJh tusihfawGxJrSm onf;cHjcif;=cEÅD[m tjrwfqHk; tusifhjzpfaMumif;? onf;cHjcif;= cEÅt D usifq h w dk m olwpfyg;awGu Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf; qJqv dk m&if ]]ukd,fxdvufa&muf r½dkufESuf rykwfcwfwm awmfao;&JU}}qkdNyD; wu,fvkdY ukd,fxdvufa&muf ½dkufESuf ykwfcwfvmcJh&ifvnf; ]]aoatmif rowf j zwf w m awmfao;&JU}}qdkNyD;? 'Dxufru aoatmif owfjzwfvm&ifawmif rS ]]aMomf-wcsKdUolawG[m ukd,f [mukd,fowfaozkdY udk,fwkdif tm;xkwfMu&w,f? igrSmawmh 'Dvadk MumifMh u&wmrsKd; r&db S ;l }}qkd NyD; aumif;wJhbufvSnfhawG;um

❦ onf;cHciG v hf w T w f wf&rSmjzpfaMumif; ukd a[mMum;oifjyay;vkdufyg w,f/ EGm;ausmif;om;eJY a>r a[mufBuD;wkdYuvnf; &aohBuD; oifay;vku d w f hJ cEÅ0D g'ukd vku d ef m usifhBuHygr,fqkdwJh 0efcHcsufeJY &aohBuD;ukd ½dak opGm &Scd ;dk NyD; uk, d hf ae&m uk, d jf yefomG ;Muw,f/ EGm; ausmif;om;u ukd,hfae&ma&muf wJhtcg ]],aeYupNyD; cEÅD0g'ukd usifo h ;kH r,f? 'gayr,fh vlrodrmS pkd;&w,f/ tukefvHk;odatmif tdrfa&SUrSm pma&;uyfxm;r,f}} qkdNyD; ]]uREfkyfonf;cHonf}}vkdY pma&;NyD; uyfxm;owJ/h 'Dvedk YJ &GmvnfavQmufNyD; aomif;usef;aewJh vli,fawG[m EGm;ausmif;om;&JU tdraf &SUu uyf xm;wJh pmukdzwf&awmh wu,f wrf; onf;cHovm;qkw d m prf;oyf Mur,fqkdNyD; EGm;ausmif;om;ukd wcsKdUu cJeJYaygufMu? wcsKdUu wkwfawGeJY ½dkufMuw,f? EGm; ausmif;om;uawmh q&m&aoh&UJ tqHk;trukd toufeJYvJNyD; um uG,rf ,fqu dk m tifrwefonf;cH ygw,f/ 'gaMumifyh J vli,fawGu pdww f idk ;f us tm;&atmif ½du k Ef u S f ykwcf wfNyD; jyefomG ;MuwJt h cg EGm; ausmif;om;[m 'Pf&mawG A&yG eJY acGacGav; vJususefcJhw,f/ 'DvkdyJ a>ra[mufBuD;u vnf; ]],aeYupNyD; cEÅD0g'ukd usifhoHk;r,f}}qkdNyD; olYae&m opf yifajc&if;rSm acGacGav; tdyfae owJ?h tJ't D csed rf mS EGm;ausmif;om; wcsKdUa&mufvmNyD; a>ra[muf

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

BuD;ukd ta0;uaeum wkwaf wG? cJawGeJY ypfcwfwkdYxd pMuw,f/ cgwkid ;f qkv d &Ydk &Sd ifawmh a>ra[muf BuD;[m olYukd xdzkdYrqkdxm;eJY tem;uyfvmwmeJY yg;ysOf;BuD; axmifNyD; w½SL;½SL;rIwfum ajy; vkdufawmhwmyJ/ tJ'Dtcg EGm; ausmif;om;awGvnf; aoajy; &Sifajy; ajy;MuawmhwmygyJ/ 'g ayr,fh 'DuaeYawmh q&m&Si&f aoh &JU tqH;k trukd vku d ef mr,fqw dk hJ pdwful;eJY a>ra[mufBuD;[m Nidrf ukyfNyD; aew,f/ a>ra[mufBuD;u bmrQ rwkHYjyefrSef;odav EGm;ausmif; om;awG[m uJavygyJ? wcsKdUu cJawGeJYypfvkdY tm;r&awmh pl;cRef awGeYJ xk;d Muw,f? wcsKUd ½du k Ef u S f &wm tm;r&vkdY tNrD;ukdqGJNyD; avxJrmS a0S&Y rf;Muw,f?NyD;awmh opfyifeJY ½dkufNyD; ypfxm;cJhMu w,f/ EGm;ausmif;om;awG jyef oGm;rS rao½Hkwpfrnf usefcJhwJh a>ra[mufBuD;[m olaY e&mopfyif &if;ukd renf;a&mufatmif jyefcJh &owJ/h 'DvkdeJY 2-3&ufavmuf MumwJhtcg cEÅD0g'D&aohBuD;[m olYwynfh EGm;ausmif;om;eJY a>r a[mufBuD;wkdY ]]bmaMumifhrsm; olYqDukd rvmMuygvdrfh? aexkdif raumif; jzpfaeMuovm;}}qkdNyD; olwkdYeJY awGU&atmif xGufvmcJh w,f/yxrOD;qH;k EGm;ausmif;om; xH a&mufwJhtcg ywfwD;tazG; om;eJY olYwynfhukd jrifvkduf& awmh &aohBuD;u ]]b,fhES,fjzpf wmwHk;}}vkdY wtHhwMoar;jref;yg

w,f/ jzpfysufyHk tvHk;pHkukd EGm; ausmif;om;u ajymjywJhtcg &aohBuD;u ]]jzpf-jzpf&av igh wynfh&,f? onf;cHw,fqkdwm tJ'v D dk t"dygÜ ,frhJ aygufu&av; q,fukd ikYHcH&r,fvkdY ajymwmr [kwb f ;l uG,?hf uk, d &hf nfreS ;f csuf? ukd,fhusifhpOfukd xdyg;ykwfcwf apmfum;vmwJhtcg ukd,fhvrf; aMumif; aysmufroGm;&atmif wpfzufom;ukd trsufa'goeYJ vufwrYHk jyefev YJ Ydk qkv d w dk myg/uJuJ-igjyKjyifay;cJyh ghr,f}}qkNd yD; EGm; ausmif;om;tdrfa&SUrSm uyfxm; wJh pmukd ]]uREfkyfonf;cHonf? okaYd omf cHoifo h avmufyJ cHrnf}} vkdY qufa&;xm;cJhowJh/ &aohBuD;[m tJ'Duae quf N yD ; a>ra[muf B uD ; qD u k d a&mufoGm;w,f? a>ra[mufBuD; vnf; 'Pf&mtemw&awGeJY rcsd rqHh cHpm;ae&wmudk awGU&wJh tcg ]]wynfh&,f? onf;cHw,f qkdayr,fh tpGef;a&mufatmif rusifh&bl;uG,fh}}vkdY qHk;rowJh/ tJ't D cg a>ra[mufBuD;u ]]'gqkd b,fvkd usifh&rvJt&Sif}}vkdY xyf ar;w,f/ &aohBuD;u ]]t&if wkef;u rif;ukd wkwfawG? cJawG ypfMuwJt h cg wynfb h ,fvkd vkyf ovJ}}qkdawmh a>ra[mufBuD;u ]]tJ'Dwkef;uawmh wpfcgwnf; yg;ysOf;axmifNyD; w½SL;½SL;rIwu f m vku d af ygufowfypfvu dk w f myJ}}vkYd ajzw,f/ tJ't D cg &aohBuD;u]]tck vkd iHkYcHwm[m raumif;ovkd t&ifwkef;uvkd a'goeJY vkduf

❦

b0rSm trsufa'goaMumifh jzpfay:vmEkdifwJh qHk;½IH;rIawGeJY onf;cHcGifhvTwfEkdifrIaMumifh &vmEkdifr,fh atmifyGJawGukd tao tcsm avhvmoHk;oyfrd&if vlom;wkdif; ]]cEÅD0g'D}}awG jzpfvmMurSmyg// uku d w f mvnf; raumif;bl;?onf;cH w,fqw dk m tJ't D pGe;f ESpzf ufMum; xJrmS uk, d t hf usKd;pD;yGm;? olt Y usKd; pD;yGm; rxdcu dk af tmif vdrv f rd rf m rm aewwfwmukd ac:wmyJ/ Oyrmqkdygawmh EGm;ausmif;om; awG aemuf w pf c gvmNyD ; awmh wynfhukd wkwfawG? cJawGeJY ypf aygufMu&if tckvv kd nf; iHrYk cHbJ t&ifwkef;uvkdvnf; a'goeJY vkdufrukdufbJ olwkdYta0;ukd xGufajy;½Hkavmuf [efaqmifyef

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

aqmif yg;ysOf;axmifNyD; ½SL;ceJ? &SJceJ rIwfjyvkduf&if wynfhvkd a>ra[muf wpfaumiftwGuf onf;cHjcif; cEÅq D w dk m jynfph ykH gNyD uG}}vkdY pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf qHk;r owJ/h &aohBuD;jyefoGm;NyD;wJh aemufwpfaeYrSm &Gmv,fu vl i,fawG[m EGm;ausmif;om;BuD; &JU tdrfukdaemufwpfacguf a&muf vmMujyef y gw,f / 'gayr,f h &aohBuD; jyifqifa&;om;xm;cJh wJh tdrfa&SUu pmwef;ukdzwfNyD; ykc;kH ESpzf ufuw dk eG u Yf m olwt dYk m;vH;k tomwMunfyJ jyefoGm;cJhMuyg w,f/ tJ'v D ydk J a>ra[mufBuD;ukd ESdyfpufr,fqkdNyD; vmMuwJh EGm; ausmif;om;awG[mvnf; a>r a[mufBuD;u yg;ysOf;axmifum w½SL;½SL;rIwfNyD; vkdufwmaMumifh xGufajy;oGm;MuNyD; aemufxyf vnf; rp&Jawmhygbl;/ tJ'DaeYupNyD;awmh EGm; ausmif;om;eJY a>ra[mufBuD;wkdY [m cEÅ0D g'D&aohBuD;&JU tqH;k tr atmufrSmyJ Nidrf;Nidrf;csrf;csrf; w&m;usifhoHk;oGm;EkdifMuygawmh w,f/ 'DyjkH yifuav;[m onf;cH rI tEkynm&JU euf½idI ;f odraf rGUvSy yHk wpfpdwfwpfa'oukd xkwfazmf jyoay;wmjzpfovkd cEÅDyg&rD tay:rSm tkyfrkd;aewJh rodem; rvnfrq I w dk hJ jrLwdr?f rD;ck;d awGudk vnf; txku d t f avsmuf rIwv f iG hf ay;wmvnf; jzpfygw,f/ urÇm vHk;qkdif&m &efNidK;-tmCmwtMurf;zufraI wGeYJ jynfEh u S af ewJh

,aeY a cwf v k d umvrsKd ; rS m onf;cHjcif;=cEÅw D &m;[m wdrn f Kd wdrfrnf;awGMum;u bGm;ceJay: vmwJh vjynf0h ef;BuD;vkd tifrwef cspfciftm;uk;d MunfE;l auseyfp&m aumif;ygw,f/ cEÅ0D g'[m wpfO;D csif;u pNyD; wpfurÇmvHk;txd arwåm w&m;eJY jzefYMuufvTrf;NcHKay;NyD; tjypfuif; aumif;usKd;&wJh udpö awGudk urÇmeJt Y 0ef; jzpfxeG ;f ay: aygufapygw,f/ cEÅD0g' rxGef; um;ao;orQ urÇm[m ppfreS w f hJ Nidr;f csrf;a&;ukd vH;k 0&Ekid pf &m r&Sd ygbl;/ wu,fawmh onf;cHjcif; qkdwm tmCmweJY rkef;wD;rIawG ukd umuG,fzkdY oabmuGJvJGrI&JU atmufajcrSm tcsif;csif; ,HMk unf av;pm;rIukd tajccHNyD; arwåm urÇmukd wnfaqmufjcif;jzpfyg w,f/ onf;cHjcif;[m vlYb0 ukd aejcnfEkvkd aEG;axG;NyD; ,Hk Munf&J&ifhapygw,f/ avjcnfEk vkd at;csrf;NyD; Munf&iT v f ef;qef; apygw,f/ 'gaMumifrh Ydk yHjk yifxu J vkd iHkYrcHEkdif&ifawmifrS ]]cHoifh oavmufawmh cHMuap}}csifyg w,f/b0rSm trsufa'goaMumifh jzpfay:vmEkdifwJh qHk;½IH;rIawGeJY onf;cHciG v hf w T Ef idk rf aI Mumifh &vm Ekdifr,fh atmifyGJawGukd tao tcsm avhvmoH;k oyfr&d if vlom; wkdif; ]]cEÅD0g'D}}awG jzpfvmMurSm yg/ awmf 0 if E G , f

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

Mo0g'tvif;yGifh(9) rif;eef(armfuRef;) aeYpOfpdppfyg vlom;rSeo f rQ? vH;k 0OóHk trSm;t,Gi;f uif; pifol[lí r&SdEkdifyg/ csKdU,Gif;csuf? tm;enf;csuf? rSm;,Gif;csufwkdY tenf;ESifhtrsm; &SdaewwfonfrSm ykxkZOfwkdY\ obm0om jzpfyg\/ um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuH[lí &Sd&mwGif uHo;kH yg;pvk;H wGiaf omfvnf;aumif;? uHwpfyg;yg;wGif aomfvnf;aumif; tm;enf;csuf? csKdU,Gif;csufwkdY &SdaeEkdifonfom jzpf\/ ,if;okdY ykxkZOfrSeforQ tm;enf;csu&f o dS nfudk jzpf½;kd jzpfpOftjzpf vufoifch &H rnfjzpfaomfvnf; ]trSm;}ukd rSm;rSe;f odatmif rvkyf jcif;? ]rSm;}rSe;f odvsufEiS hf rjyKjyifjcif;wkrYd mS rl vufcH Edik zf , G f r&Sad cs/ rdr\ d csKdU,Gi;f csuf? tm;enf;csufudk od a tmif r vk y f j cif ; onf tod Ú mPf a &;&mt& vkt d yfcsufudk rjznfq h nf;jcif;jzpfNyD;? rSm;rSe;f odvsuf ESifh rjyKjyifjcif;wkdYrSmrl? pdwftm;owåd aysmhnHhcsuf yif jzpfyg\/

a,bk,stm;jzifh vlw\ dYk twårmet& rdrd ajymorQ ]trSef}[kcsnf; xifwwfMu\/ rdrdvkyf orQ ]taumif;}[kcsnf; xifwwfMu\/ jyKrlaqmif &Gufcsuf rSeforQ raumif;aom &v'fwpfck xGuf ay:vmonfhtcgwGifvnf; rdrd\ tm;enf;csufukd rjrif? rdrd\csKdU,Gif;csufukd rjrif? b,folYaMumifh b,ftajctaeaMumifh ponfjzifh taMumif;trsKd; rsKd; ]jy}acsawmhonf/ jyifyyk*¾dKvfESifh tajctae taxGaxGtay: ,d;k r,fzUJG ]yHck s}avawmhonf/rdr\ d tm;enf;csKdU,Gif;csufukd rjrifbJ? jyifyrS yk*¾dKvfESifh tajctaetay: tjypfyHkcsaeorQ umvywfvHk; xkdoltzkdY ]rSm;}NyD;&if; ]rSm;}? ]½IH;}NyD;&if; ]½IH;}aeOD; rnfom jzpfyg\/ aeYpOf tdyf&mrSxNyD; tdyf&m0ifonftxd vlonf BuHawG;aeonf? ajymqkdaeonf? jyKrlvkyf udkifaqmif&Gufaeonf/ edpö"l0 tvkyfudpörsm;rS

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

vH;k 0&yfem;NyD;? ½kyaf &mpdwyf g tem;,laecsed w f iG f rdr\ d wpfaeYwmvIyf&Sm;aqmif&Gufrsm;tay: jznf;jznf; aq;aq; awG;awG;qq jyefvnfoHk;oyfoifhyg onf/ jyefvnfa0zefoifyh gonf/ aeYpOf vlonf rdr\ d uHo;kH yg;ukd jyefvnf pdppfoifah Mumif; aus;Zl;&Sif owårausmfatmifpx H m; q&mawmfBuD;u þokq Yd ;kH rawmfrcl yhJ g\/ ]]ighü w&m;&Sd r&Sd igodwm rSef rrSef igBuHwm [kwf r[kwf igvkyfwm avsmf ravsmf igolawmfaumif; raumif; taMumif;ESifhwuG aeYpOfpdppfyg/}}

apEkid o f nf/ þtpOftvmum; tusKd;pD;yGm;rJah pEkid f onf/ þtpOftvmum; tajctae? tcdseftcgESihf oifhavsmf\/ þtpOftvmum; tajctae tcsdef tcgESifh rukdufnD [lí a0zefpdppf&ayvdrfhrnf/ tpOf t vm[l o rQuk d ax&0g'rS w f a usmuf a y: wifNyD; vufco H ifo h nfwu Ydk dk vufcí H ? vufrcHoifh onfudk &uf&ufa&ma&m ypfy,f&ayvdrrhf nf/ todynm A[kokwenf;yg;olrsm;uvnf; ]pmtkyf}xJygvQif ]trSef}[k xifwwfonf/ pma&; q&ma&;wkid ;f ]trSe}f [k rxifoif/h rdr\ d twåaem rwdjzifh? aiGaMu;tvkdYiSm y&dowftBudKufvkdufNyD; a&;aeaom *rÇ&D pmaywku Yd dk ]trSe}f [kxifvQif? wpf b0wmtwGufomru? wpfoHo&mvHk; pkef;pkef;epf ayawmhrnf/ t"duusonfrmS rnfonft h pOftvm jzpfjzpf? rnfonft h a&;tom;jzpfjzpf rnfonfah [m ajymcsufjzpfjzpf ]rSef\} ]rrSef\}? tusKd;pD;yGm;jzpf ap\? rjzpfap\[lonfudk uk, d yf idk Ú f mPfjzifh a0zef cGjJ cm;Ekid zf Ydk vkyd gonf/ tpOftvmqkw d idk ;f vG,v f , G f acgif;ndwfvkdufemjcif;? trsm;a,mifwkdif; vkduf a,mifjcif;wkdYonf OD;aESmufaMumrwif;rIjzpfNyD; vlY abmif\ zGHUNzKd;wkd;wufrItwGuf t[efYtwm;jzpf yg\/ tEkwfvu©Pmukd aqmifMuOf;yg\/ a&S;tpOftvmqkdwkdif; e*kdrSefrS rSefrnfjzpf aMumif;? t&m&mrSm todÚmPfvv dk aS Mumif;ukd aus; Zl;&Sif 'Dy, J if;q&mawmfBuD;u þokrYd ed aYf wmfrcl yhJ g\/ ]]&Sifa&m? vla&m? a&S;tpOftvmqkdvQif? trSecf sn;f om xifwwfonf/vlwu dYk vnf; bke;f BuD; rsm; ajymvQif usr;f *efxu G f xifwwfonf/ usr;f *ef qkdvQif bk&m;a[m usrf;*efuJhokdY tvGeftav;jyK Mu\/ usrf;*efawGuvnf; ½Iyf? todÚmPfawGu vnf; EkyfMuvS\/ t&m&mrSm todÚmPfvv dk \ S / tpOftvm qkad omfvnf; e*drk eS rf S rSerf nf/ usr;f *efqadk omfvnf; ygVdawmf t|uxmukdcsef? e*kdrSefrS rSefonf/}}

a0zefpdppfyg bmoma&;? vlraI &;? ,Ofaus;rI? "avhx;kH pH ponfwkdYwGif ]]tpOftvm}}qkdovkd aqmif&Gufae onfrsm; &Syd g\/ tpOftquf trsm;oligaqmif&u G f vmonfhtwGuf ]]tpOftvm}}jzpfwkdif;? rpl;prf; rqifjcif? ra0zef? roHk;oyfbJ vkdufemaqmif&Guf &rnfavm/ vufñ;Id axmif? acgif;ndw&f rnfavm/ ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfrsm;ukd jrefrmjyefqrdk I rjyKEkid f ao;aomtcsde?f jynfov l x l Mk um;0,f &Si;f vif;aom jrefrmpum;ajy ta&;tom;jzifh a&;om;xm;aom "r®pmtkyfrsm; ysHUESHUrI r&Sdao;csdef? bmomjyefpmay rsm; rzGHUNzdK;ao;csdef? acwfrDtawG;tac: A[kokw wkdY us,fus,fjyefYjyefY vif;yGifhrl r&Sdao;csdefrsm;u vufcHusifhoHk;chJaom ]]tpOftvmrsm;}}ukd tpOf tvm[kqNdk yD; vku d ef maqmif&u G rf nfavm/ tpOftvmwkw Yd iG f ax&0g' Ak'"¨ r®EiS hf uku d f nDonfwkdYvnf; &Sdrnf/ rukdufnDonfwkdYvnf; &Sd rnf/ tusKd;pD;yGm; jzpfxGef;apEkdifonfwkdY &Sdovkd tusKd;rJh apEdik o f nfwv Ydk nf; &Srd nf/ rsufarSmuftcsdef tcg tajctaewkt Yd & aqmif&u G o f ifo h nfwYdk &So d vkd raqmif&GufoifhonfwkdYvnf; &Sdrnf/ ,if;odkY&Sd&m wGif þtpOftvmum; ax&0g'Ak'¨"r®EiS hf nDñw G f onf? þtpOftvmum; ax&0g' Ak'¨"r®ESifh rnD ñGwf? þtpOftvmum; tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd jzpfxGef;

pmwwfrSom w&m;&Ekdif y&d,wåu d dk ry,fe?YJ aus;Zl;ruef;eJ?Y y,fvYdk vnf; r&bl;/ y,f&if aus;Zl;uef;&if arG;vkdYrqHk;?

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

txufyga[mawmfrlcsufESifh w&m;tm;xkwf&mrSm pmwwfzkdY?pmzwfzkdYrvkd[laomt,ltqwkdY rnfrQ qefu Y sijf cm;em;aeonfudk qifjcifo;kH oyfEidk f ygonf/ ]pm}ESihf ]vufawGU} wjcm;pDqdkvQif? pmu rrSm;? vufawGUu ]rSm;}onfrSm aocsmonf/ tb,faMumihf[lrl ]pm}u bk&m;&Sif\udk,fawGUudk azmfjyxm;aomaMumihf ]trSef}csnf;om/ a,m*D\ vufawGUurl ol\twåaemrwdjzihf xif&mjrif&m rdrdudk,fudk qHk;jzwfxm;aomaMumihf rSm;Ekdifonf/ txl;ojzihf y&d,wåpd mayjzihf wku d q f id k pf pfaq;í rwln?D rud k u f n D b l ; qd k v Qif a,m*D \ ud k , f a wG U onf Budrf;aorSm;aeacsNyD? pmrwwfolrsm;? pmrzwfol rsm;onf rdrd\ ]tod} ]tawGU}rQudkyif? rjrifzl; rl;jrpfxifonfyrm ][kw}f vSNyD ]rSe}f vSNyD[k xifwwf Muyg\/ w&m;tm;xkwf&mrSm pmwwfp&mrvdk[l aom pum;onf tBuD;tus,f rSm;,Gif;aMumif;? &[EÅm[k tausmftapm&SdawmfrlcJhaom oydwftkdif q&mawmfBuD; OD;udwådu þodkY rdefYawmfrlcJhyg\/ ]]wcsdKUu ]pmwwfp&mrvdk? bk&m;vuf xufu pmrwwfbJ w&m;&oGm;olawGtrsm;BuD;}[k qdkMu\/ ,if;pum;onf tBuD;tus,frSm;\/ pmrwwfbJ w&m;r&Ekdif/ bk&m;&Sifvufxufu w&m;&oGm;olrsm;onf pmwwfíom &oGm;Mu\/ csJUOD;tH/h bk&m;&Siv f ufxufu pmtkyx f rJ mS a&;xm; aompm[lí r&Sdao;ay/ bk&m;&Sifa[mw&m;awmf udk w&m;emy&dowftm½Hk&í oabmobm0 twd tusudk rdr&d & od&o dS mG ;\/ ,if;onf pmwwfjcif; jzpfonf/ rSef\/ pmtkyfxJa&;xm;onfhpmudk zwf wwfaomfvnf; t,ltq oabmobm0 twd tusrodaomf? tb,fodkY tvkyfjzpfEkdifrnfenf;/ odjYk zpfí ,if;udk pmrwwfo[ l yk if qd&k yg\/ pmtkyf xJa&;xm;onfph mudk rzwfwwfaomfvnf; ,ckacwf wGif w&m;em&í oabmobm0 t,ltq twd tusoyd gvQif ,if;udk pmwwfo[ l k qd&k \/ odjYk zpfí pmrwwfbJ w&m;r&Ekid ?f pmwwfro S m w&m;&Ekid \ f [k twdtus pGJ,lrSwfom;xm;yg/}}

tkdvkdYrqHk;? aovkdYrqHk;? aovQif tyg,fusr,fqkd wJh aojcif;qkd;eJY ao&r,f/ raoao;vkdYae&&if vnf;&m*?a'go?arm[pwJhrD;wpfq,fhwpfyg; tNrJ avmifNrdKufcaH e&rSmrkYd oufq;kd &Snrf ,fa,m*Dw/Ydk }} q&mOD;at;Munf (pmwkduf)\ ]]apwem aumif;jzifh bk&m;zl;ac:onf}}pmtkyfrS? txufyg pmykd'fukd ]]w&m;tm;xkwf&mrSm pmzwfzkdYrvkd? pmeJY vufawGUwjcm;pDyJ}}[lí ajymqkdaeaoma,m*Drsm; tav;teuf qifjcifo;kH oyfMunfah pvkyd gonf/ þü ]pm}[lonfrSm bk&m;&Sifa[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom "r®w&m;awmfrsm;ukd qkv d jkd cif;jzpfygonf/ wpfenf; tm;jzifh y&d,wåpd mayukd qkv d jdk cif;jzpfygonf/bk&m; &Sif (45)0gumvywfv;kH a[mawmfrcl ahJ om "r®pmay rsm;ukd zwfzkdYrvkd? wwfzkdYrvkd[k qkdvkdufjcif;onf "r®udk ypfy,f&mus\? rus\[lonfudk todÓPf &So d w l idk ;f a0zefq;kH jzwfEidk yf gvdrrhf nf/ rnfou l pwifí jzefjY zL;vku d o f nfrl rodyg/ ]]pmcHae&if w&m;&&efcufonf}}[laom t,ltq onf a,m*Dtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif ysHUESHYpGJNrJaeonf/ pifppf þt,ltqonf y&d,wådomoemawmf twGuf twm;tqD;t[eft Y wm; jzpfyg\/bk&m;&Sif onf t*Fw k Kdå &fygVdawmf? 'ouedygwfwiG f &Siyf P k , dÖ tm; w&m;ÚmPf a yguf a jrmuf E k d i f a &;twG u f tqifq h ifah om vkt d yfcsufrsm;ukd a[mMum;awmfrcl hJ &mwGif w&m;pum;ukd aumif;pGmaqG;aEG;jcif;? em; axmifjcif;? qifjcifjcif;rsm;ukd xnfhoGif;a[mawmf rlcyhJ g\/ t*Fw k Kdå &fygVdawmf? owåuedygwf? ypvm, rmeokwüf vnf; a,m*Drsm; w&m;tm;xkwpf Of xde rd'0¨ ifvmygu y,fazsmuf&ef enf; (7)enf;ukd a[m Mum;awmfrlcJh&mwGif w&m;usrf;*efukd qifjcifjcif;? w&m;pm &Gwfzwfjcif;wkdY yg0ifcJhyg\/ xkdYjyif rlv yPÖmo? 0dwuúoP²meokwüf vnf; bk&m;&Sio f nf a,m*Drsm; yxrqHk;&ifqkdif&aom 0dwufokH;rsKd;ukd y,fazsmufenf; ig;rsKd;ukd ñTefjyawmfrl&mwGifvnf; ]arhaysmufa&SmifvGJenf;}yg0ifcJh&m? ,if;arhaysmuf a&SmifvGJenf;udk tao;pdwfvrf;ñTefawmfrl&mwGif (1)0dwufudk arhaysmufxm;NyD; &orQ w&m;pmrsm;ukd pdwyf gvufyg &Gwt f jH cif; yg0ifygonf/ bk&m;&Si\ f

rif;eef(armfuRef;)

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

okawoeo½kyjf y tbd"mefusr;f jyKq&mawmf

t&SiMf obmombd0o H

tar;tajzu@

pGef;vGef;0dyóem tar;tajzusrf;ESihf a,m*DtajccHusihfpOfusrf; (,cifvrStquf) 'um/ rSefygh? 'gawGukd ñTefjy csufu b,fvkdtusKd; w&m;rsKd;awG jzpfay:vm zkdYtwGufygvJbk&m;/ qufvuf rdeMYf um;awmfryl gOD;/ q&m/ at; ..tJonftcsuf awGudk ñTejf yyGm;rsm;ckid ;f vkdY tJonfvkd xifjrifrI 0dyóem todÚmPf&ifhoefpGm jzpfvmjcif;[m qif;&JtrSef 'ku© opömw&m;ukd ykdif;jcm;odjrifjcif; jzpfay:vmzkdYtwGufyif jzpfw,f uG/

'ku©opöm qif;&JrSefukd ykdif;jcm;odjrifaewJh a,m*D[m avmuBuD;xJrmS bmwpfcrk Q wyf rufEpS o f uf vkv d m;awmifw h jcif; tmomr&SdawmhbJ wPSmpGJuif; um 'kuq © if;&Jjcif;ukd jzpfapwwf wJh taMumif;rSef ork',opöm w&m;ukd y,fjzwfcsifwJh pdwfeJY y,fjzwfjcif; w&m;rsKd;awG jzpf ay:vmzkdY twGufyif jzpfw,f/ aemuf xkdxkd'ku©rsKd;pHkukd jzpfapwwfwh J ork',opöm wPSm pGu J dk y,fjzwfpeG yYf pfvu dk jf cif;onf

yif edAÁmefa&mufaMumif; vrf; aumif;trSejf zpfwhJ r*¾opömw&m; ukd yGm;rsm;csifpw d af wG jzpfay:vm zkdYtwGufyif jzpfw,f/ aemuf ,if;onfh wyf rufESpfouf ESajrmpHkruf vkdvm; awmifhwjcif; tmomwPSmpGJ jywfpo J mG ;jcif;onfyifvQif edAmÁ ef ukd rsuaf rSmufjyKjcif;trSef eda&m" opömw&m; jzpfay:vmzkdYtwGuf yif jzpfavawmhonfw/hJ uJ ..'gawGukd ñTefjyvkdY onfvdk r*fzv dk ef Ad mÁ efqw dk hJ tusKd;

❦ w&m;rsKd;awG jzpfay:vmzkt Yd wGuf uk d , f c E¨ m xJ u a0'emawG u k d vkdufrSwfum todpdyfpdyf trSwf wkd;wkd;NyD; pGef;vGef;q&mawmfBuD; u odrw S cf idk ;f &jyefygowJAh sm/ &Si;f &JUvm;a[h/ tif ; ..rif ; tar;u eufeJcufcJ us,f0ef;oavmuf ightajzuawmh rusOf;rus,f vG,v f , G ef YJ &Si;f &Si;f yJ/ 'grSvnf; rif;ÚmPfxrJ mS jrefjrefprJG mS uk;d uG/ 'grS em;rvnfao; rpGJ ao;&ifvnf; tdru f sawmh tJonf tajzpum;ukd pOf;pOf;pm;pm;eJY tacgufwpf&mavmuf jyefjyefNyD; zwfaeayghumG / rif;ÚmPfxrJ mS pGJ um tuGif;om;? tuGif;om; &Si;f &Si;f NyD; oGm;vdrrhf ,fa[h/tysi;f awmh rsm;raeeJaY emf/ 'um/ rSefygh? ckq&mawmf ajym wmeJyY J enf;enf;awmh em;vnfvmvkdY ÓPfxJ rSmvnf; pGv J mygNyDb&k m;/ rsm;pGm aus;Zl;wifygw,f q&mawmf/ tómo yómopcef; rSm av;qifah jrmufjzpfwhJ pwkw¬ enf;t& xGufav? 0ifavwkdY&JU El;nHhodrfarGU Nidrf;at;rIqkdwJh orm"dpcef;usrSyJ tJonf½yk ef mrf w&m;wkdY&JU jzpfysufrI ork', 0, oabmwkdYukd ½IjrifyGm;rsm; &ef t wG u f 0d y óempcef ; uk d wufvrS ;f tm;xkw&f awmhrmS vm;/ orxukrd vkyb f J 0dyó emcsnf;oufoufukda&m tm; rxkwaf umif;bl;vm; bk&m;/onf ESp&f yfudk b,fvrdk w S o f m;vku d ef m &rnfqw dk m rdeMYf um;awmfryl gOD;/

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

q&m/ at; ...onftar;rSm 0daoo? omrntajz ESpfcsuf&Sdw,fuG/ owd y|mefygVdawmf&JU 0daooñTefjy vk&d if;uawmh tómo yómo pcef;wGif av;qifhajrmufjzpfwJh ]yórÇ,H um,ocFg&H}}enf;&JU tyÜem orm"dykdif;usvkdY orm"d tawmf&ifo h efvmrSom okrYd [kwf pwkw¬psmef orm"drsKd;avmufukd &NyD;aemufrSom ½kyfemrfwkdY jzpf ysufrI ork', 0, oabmukd ½IjrifymG ;rsm;&ef 0dyóempcef;rSef cPduorm"dudk ñTejf yay;vk&d if; jzpfw,f/ txl;odxm;zkdYu wpfpHk wpf&m bmorm"dukdrQ r&ao; wJh a,m*Dpdrf;ukd ork', 0, ½Ijrifa&;awG jyay;aewJh orx ysuf?0dyóemysuf ur®|mef;enf; rsKd;awGudkawmh rvkdvm;&bl;uG/ tyÜemorm"drS cPduorm"dokdY wifay;&pNrJy/J 'um/ onfvq dk dk orxESiu hf if; NyD; 0dyóeme,ftwGif; r0if&?orxuko d m tp xm;NyD; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&r,fvkdY qkv d w dk maygh/ q&m/ 'guawmh onfvkdav? orxESiu h f if;Ny;D 0dyóem rjzpfEdkif? orx&SdrSom 0dyóemjzpfEikd w f ,fvaYdk wmh rqkd vkyd gbl;/ wkrYd sm;qkv d &dk if;u or®m owdESifh or®morm"d tppfjzpfzkdY &efESifh orxa,mifa,mif? 0dy óema,mifa,mif awmifrus ajrmufrusjzpfwhJ orx 0dyóem ½Ienf;rsKd;awGudk rvku d ef m rusifh

BuH&efom qkdwmyg/ omrntm;jzif h a wmh owdy|mefw&m;awmf[m orx 0dyóem ESpyf g;vH;k ukyd if bk&m;&Sif ñTefjyawmfrlw,fvkdY rSwf&rSmyJ/ ud k , f h t m;xk w f v k d & muk d j zpf a p okdYr[kwf aemufaemufu ukd,f tm;xkwfcJhzl;wJh w&m;wpfyg;yg; ukyd jJ zpfap yGm;rsm;tm;xkwEf idk yf g w,f/ 0dyóemukdcsnf; ½IrSwf yGm;rsm;&ifvnf; aumif;wmygyJ/ 'gayr,fh tyÜemorm"dudk r,lbJ cPduorm"d oufoufEiS hf 0ifzYdk uawmh rvG,fvSbl;ayghuGm/ orxukd a&S;OD;pGmvkyf NyD;aemuf orm"dÓPfuav; tawmftwefa&mufvmrS 0dyóem w&m;ukd yGm;rsm;½Irw S w f muawmh ]]tyÜemorm"drS cPdu orm"d okdY qkdwJh}} tvkyfoabmw&m; vnf;us bk&m;a[m"r®ESifhvnf; uku d n f aD ewmaMumifh ykNd yD;aumif; w,fvYdk rSwaf yghavuGm/'gaMumifh vnf; pGef;vGef;q&mawmfBuD;u xdoed nf;ukd t&ifrw S cf idk ;f wmaygh/ 'um/ OD;xdyf&Gufyefqif rSwf om;vsuyf gbk&m;?tJonf enf;ESpyf g;rSm q&mawmf bk&m;u b,fenf;ukd BudKufESpf oufygovJ bk&m;/ q&m/ wkrYd sm;&JU tBudKufuawmh orxykid ;f rSm t&ifxikd ?f tJonfu orm"dÓPf awmfawmfykdifvm&if 0dyóem buf u k d tvk d v k d , k d i f o G m ;um avmuBuD;&JU rckdifNrJrI? ukd,fpkd; uk, d yf idk rf &Srd I jzpfysufypkH wJh or®m orm"d 0d y óemÓPf p Of a wG

❦ bmawG[m tNydKiftqkid f ay:vm wwfwmrkdY orxukd t&ifxkdif wmyJ BudKufw,fuG/ 'um/ onfvMdk um;od&wm aus;Zl;rsm;vSygw,f bk&m;/ q&mawmf rdefY Mum;csuftwkid ;f rSwo f m;ygrnf/ tEkYd olw&Ydk UJ enf;[m]]twå ud v rxmEk a ,m*}}rd r d u d k , f u k d yifyef;EGrf;e,fqif;&Jatmif tm; xkwfusihfBuHwJh rdpäm'd|denf;vkdY ajymqkpd yG pf aJG eMuwma&m b,fvdk oabm&ygovJ/ trSet f rSm; rdeYf Mum; qHk;jzwfay;ygOD; bk&m;/ q&m/ [ ..onf ]]twåuv d rxmEka,m* uvnf; pGw J ek ;f ? oJwek ;f ? qJwek ;f yJuu dk /G onfvq dk q J aJ ewmawmh raumif;ygbl;uGm/ ½dik ;f vSygw,f/ ukid ;f ..tqH;k tjzwfvcdk sif&if em; axmifa&;rSwaf yawmhumG / pGe;f vGe;f q&mawmfb&k m; BuD;u olYa,m*DawGukd [l;[J? ½SL;&SeJ YJ rl;vJ arharsmyifyef;qif;&J ukefatmif qifjcifÚmPf owd raESmbJ twåpGJoabmeJY t&rf; uma&m ½SL½Iu d cf idk ;f aewm r[kwf bl;uG/ trSefu]]xdrI?odrI owd jyKqkdwJh enf;eJY}} owdtrSwf xufMuyfruGm&atmif vkdufrSwf ckid ;f aewJh owdy|mefw&m;jrwfudk twåudvrxmEka,m*vkdY pGyfpGJ qJa&;ae&if pGef;vGef;&JU ½SL;&SJukd qJ&mrusbJ Ak'¨bk&m;&JU owd y|mefw&m;awmfrSefukdom qJ&m usaevdrfhr,fuG/ tJ'gukd Muyf Muyfqifjcifyg 'um&m/

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

'um/ q&mhxH zl;ajrmfvmwmu pGe;f vGe;f 0dyóem w&m; rSef rrSef aqG;aEG;pdppf&ef "r®omupämtwGuo f m vmwmyg bk&m;/ q&m/ at; ..rif;u aqG;aEG; wmyg ajymayr,fh qJ enf;awGom jzpfjzpfae w,fuG/ ukdif;qufNyD; wpfyk'f avmuf xkwfvkdufprf;ygOD;/ 'um/ rSefygh? aqG;aEG;rI "r® omupäm r*FvmvkdYom oabmxm;awmf r l y g bk&m;/ qufNyD;avQmufxm;vkd wmuawmh olweYdk nf;[m ESyaf cs; awGxGuf? wHawG;awGus? acR; awGu a&csKd;xm;ovkd epfae atmif xGufNyD; touf½SLMurf; vGef;vkdY t&rf;arm? tm;BuD;yif yef;?Munfvifvef;qef;jcif;vnf; r&SdMubl;wJh? 'gaMumifhrkdY ]]twå ud v rxmEk a ,m*}}tusif h v k d Y ajymMum;aeMuwm rrSefbl;vm; bk&m;/ q&m/ tJ ..cktxd twåudv rxxJ pGJwkef;yJ&Sdao; ouku d /G onf[mawGudk wkdYrsm; pdppfMunfhawmh pGef;vGef; w&m; tm;xkwyf mG ;rsm;wJh a,m*D [m em&D 0 uf t wG i f ; avmuf orm"dbuf ra&mufcifom arm yef;wmygwJh? onfuausmfoGm; vkdY owdtrSwfaumif;NyD; wnf MunfrI orm"dbufoYdk ajymif;vm &if olYtrSwfeJYol a&Sma&Sm½SL½SL vef;vef;qef;qef;eJY rarmyef; awmhygbl;wJ?h olo Y wdtrSwef YJ olY orm"dwnfMunfrI &SdaewmyJvkdY

ajymMum;avQmufxm;Muw,fu/G olwkdYajymMum;csufawG[mvnf; trSew f &m;awGygyJ/ 'um/ aMomf ..onfvkdyJ ajym Mum;ovm;bk&m;?'g[m olwkdYpdwf trSwfxJrSm tm½Hpk NJG y;D orm"dxaJ &mufaevkYd om jzpf r S m yJ a ygh / ol w k d Y u k d M unf h & wmuawmh armyef;p&mBuD;yJ bk&m;/ wcsKdUrsm; ,dr;f ,k;d aewm yJ/ q&m/ at; ..'g[m rSefw,f uG? rif;wkdY igwkdY&JU pkdif; csifwkdif; pkdif;aewJh pdwf qk;d ? pdw½f ikd ;f pdwMf urf;BuD;ukd trd zrf;NyD; Nidrf0yfwnfMunfatmif vkyf&wm[m vG,fulwJh udpörS r[kwb f yJ /J onfae&mrsK;d rSm pGe;f vGe;f &JU ½SL;½SeJ nf;om armyef;EGr;f e,f wm r[kwyf gbl;/wjcm;b,fenf; eJY zrf;zrf; orm"dr&cif a&S;OD; ykid ;f pcef;rSmawmh armyef;EGr;f e,f wwfwmcsnf;yJ/ tJonf armyef; qif;&Jwmuav;ukd twåudv rxxJ qGq J x JG nfah evkYd b,fjzpf yghrvJuG/ onfvkdvlpm;rsKd;[m b,fawmhrv S nf; w&m;tm;xkwf yGm;rsm;jzpfrmS r[kwyf gbl;/ trSeu f a,m*D[m owd trSwfaumif;NyD; orm"d&vm&if tJonform"dw&m;&JU aemufem; u yDwdwkdY okcwkdY {u*¾wmwkdY onfjh yifvnf; 0dyóemÛÓPfpOf pwJh tm½Hak wGeyYJ gpGNJ yD; ½Irw S af ewJh w&m;xJu rcGJrcGmcsifawmhbl; aygh/onfvdk rcGmcsiw f m[mvnf; ]]Owk-ADZ? uH-"r®? pdwå-yOörm?

❦ ig;yg;ed,mr? o½kyfjy? Ak'¨q&m rdecYf rhJ mS }}qkw d hJ "r®wmac:wJh w&m; "r®&UJ jzpfay:½d;k jzpfay:pOf ed,mr oabmrSeyf u J u dk /G aemuf w&m;*kPfawmf ajcmufyg;xJrSmvnf; oE´d|daum uk, d w f idk 'f |d rsuaf rSmufjyKawGUjrif cHpm;vkduf&wJh okccsrf;omw&m; jrwfudk Moyae,sduac: xyfum xyfum uk, d o hf EÅmefrmS onfock w&m;ukyd J tNrJrjywf uyfíaqmif csifaewJh *kPfawmfjrwfrsm;yJvkdY rif;ÚmPfxJrSm NrJNrJrSwfxm;aygh uGm/ w&m;xkid w f t hJ cgrSm orm"d jrefjref&zko Yd m y"meyguG/ 'um/ rSeyf gh? aus;Zl;wifvyS g w,fb&k m;/ ]]orm"djref jref&zko Yd m y"meyguG qkd wmu}} onfv"dk r®m½HBk uD;wpfcx k J rSm a,m*DtazmfawG &SdorQeJY pk aygif;NyD; jyif;xefwhJ ½SLoH? ½Iu d o f H awG? acsmif;qkd;oHawG? avwuf oHawG trsKd;rsKd;Mum;xJu orm"d w&m;ukd b,fvrdk sm; jrefjref&Edik f ygrnfvJ bk&m;/ ur®|mef;xkdifw,fqkdwm ]]{aum 0lyua|m=wpfukd,fxD; wnf; qdwNf idr&f mokYd uyfvsuf[l í vnf;aumif;?aom 0dwaåH oem oeH yZÆwd=xkda,m*Donf qdwf Nidraf om ausmif;ocFr;f okYd rS;D uyf ckdatmif;\ [lívnf;aumif; a[mMum;ñTefjyaom ygVdawmf pum;rsm;eJY qefYusifbuf rus vGef;bl;vm; bk&m;/ q&m/ a[ ....aeprf;ygOD;uG? rif;ukd 'gawG b,fou l oif a y;vk d u f w mvJ [ ?

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

ygVd"r®awG bmawG&GwfvkdYukd/ at;av 'guawmh wdwfqdwf NidrfoufrIjzpfwJh 0da0uw&m;rsKd; oHk;yg;xJrSm pdwå0da0uac:wJh umr*kPftm½HkpdwfawG qdwfNidrf zk[ Yd mom ta&;tBuD;qH;k jzpfw,f? ]]pdwå0da0u tppfqkdwmuawmh psmef&yk*¾dKvf psmef0ifpm;aewmukd om rkcsvkYd rSw&f r,f}} tckwrYdk sm; ajymMum;rnfh pdw0å ad 0u uawmh ur®|mef;oabmeJY avsmfuef½Hk avmufyv J o Ydk m rSwx f m;ayghumG / onfae&mrSm toHwjYdk zifh wdwfqdwfNidrfoufvSwJh awm awmifBuD;xJrmS oGm;a&mufaexkid f yGm;rsm;aeayr,fh udavomumr *kPftm½HkawGxJrSmyJ rdrdpdwfu w0Jvnfvnfa&mufae&if b,f enf;eJYrS pdwå0da0uac:wJh pdwf Nird o f ufru I d k r&Ekid b f ;l / onf awmh orm"dw&m;udv k nf; r& Ekid b f ;l yJ/ 'gaMumifh qdwfNidrf&mqkd wm udavom umr*kPt f m½Hx k J ü wyfpGJNyD; w0Jvnfvnfajy; oGm;BuHpnfaewJh rdrd&JU pdwfqkd;? pdw½f ikd ;f wkYd qdwNf idrzf u Ydk o dk m ta&; wBuD;vkt d yfw,fvYdk rSw&f r,fu/G pGef;vGef;a,m*DawG[m "r®m½HkBuD;wpfckxJrSm pkaygif;NyD; aomif;ajymif;axGvmpum;awGudk ajymqkad eMuwm r[kwb f ;l /uk, d hf trSwef YJ uk, d t hf odudk owdrvpf &atmif ½IrSwfyGm;rsm; BudK;pm; tm;xkw½f LS ½du I af eMujcif;om jzpf avawmh orm"dukd vG,fvG,feJY yJ &EkdifMuygvdrfhr,f/ jcifaxmifxJ? rD;zkdacsmif xJ? eef;awmfxJ? tdrfxJ? &GmxJ?

NrdKUxJ? w&m;emy&dowfx?J yGcJ if; xJ? b,fxrJ mS yJjzpfjzpf? w&m;"r® ukd atmufarhymG ;rsm;qJcPü rdrd pdwfukd w&m;tm½HkxJrSm pl;pkduf Nidro f ufpmG pGu J yfxm;Ekid &f ifonf a,m*DrSm {aum 0lyua|m=wpf uk, d x f ;D wnf; qdwNf idr&f mokYd uyf aeonf rnfawmhwmyJ/ 'gaMumifh qdwfNidrfrIqkd wm (1)tcsuf ukd,fhpdwfom y"mevkdY rSwfayawmhuGm? qdwf Nidrfaomae&m ausmif;ocFrf;qkd wmuawmh (2)tcsuf qdwNf idrrf I rsKd;xJujzpfvkdY w&m;xkdifcgp a,m*Dpdrf; a,m*D½dkif;rsm;twGuf avmufom toHk;uswmvkdY rSwf aygh/ ausmif;ocFrf;u b,f avmufyJ qdwfNidrfaeayr,fh rdrd pdwfu rNidrfouf&if tvum; ygyJ/ onfvq dk adk wmh rif;cke&Gwjf y wJh {aum0lyua|m ygVdawmfeJY vnf; rqefu Y sifawmhygbl;/ rif; wku Yd pGe;f vGe;f a,m*DawGudk w,f NyD; txifao;wmukduG/ wjcm; &dyo f mawGrmS vnf; vlrsm;wJt h cg onfvydk J wpfcef;xJrmS ESpaf ,muf aevkdae? "r®m½HkBuD;wpfckxJrSm pk xkdifrSwfom;jcif;rsm;vnf; jyKMu &w,fvkdY wkdYrsm;od&ygw,f/ 'gukrd sm; txl;tqef;BuD;vkyNf yD; ykpämwpfck xkwaf e&ao;vm;/ quf v uf a zmf j yygrnf

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

awGYqHkar;jref; "r®vrf; tar&duefjynfaxmifpk? z&D;armifhNrdKY

arwåmeE´0d[m&"r®&dyfomq&mawmf

a'gufwmt&Sif"r®yd,

ESifh

awGhqjHk cif; vGifNidrf;

(,cifvrStquf) ar;/

t&Sifbk&m; ynmoifMum;pOfu aexkdif oDwif;oH;k &wJh tajctaeav; trde&Yf ydS gOD; bk&m;/ ajz/ bke;f BuD; wpfcak wmhuaH umif;ygw,f/'DrmS 'umBuD;wkYd tvkyfvkyf&if; ausmif;wuf ovkad ygh/ bke;f BuD;u rav;&Sm;ukd ur®|mef; enf;jytaeeJo Y mG ;wmuk;d /tJ'rD mS (5)ESpaf vmufvyk w f hJ tcgusawmh bke;f BuD;&JU a,m*DawGvnf; awmfawmf rsm;rsm; &Sdwmaygh/ wcsKdUa,m*DawGu avQmufyg w,f/ wynfhawmfwkdY wpfvukd b,fa&GUb,frQ vSL'gef;axmufyyhH ghr,fqw dk mrsK;d aygh/'gayr,fh bke;f BuD; u olwaYdk xmufyrhH ,fph &dwu f dk r,lb;l / olw&Ydk UJ 0efyd aerSmpk;d vk/Yd olwYdk p&dwpf u,lNyD; 'DynmawGoifNyD; wwfcJh&if ukd,fhEkdifiH? ukd,fhvlrsKd;twGuf rvkyf&bJ olwu Ydk dk jyefNyD;aus;Zl;jyKae&wmeJY tcsdeu f ek rf mS pk;d vk/Yd bkef;BuD;&wJh e0ur®tvSLaiG&,f? aemuf rav;&Sm;rSmaepOfuwnf;u aEG&moDqdk bke;f BuD;wkYd omoemjyKc&D;awG xGuf&w,f/ a[majymjyo& w,f/ bkef;BuD; (15)EdkifiHavmuf a&mufzl;w,f/ tJ'Du&wJh vmbfvmb&,f? qGrf;pm;? uGrf;pm; tvSLaiGav;awG&,feYJ wufcw hJ myg/ aemufbek ;f BuD;u tar&durSm &xm;w,f/tJ'u D wf &xm;awmh ausmif;p&dwu f dk jynfyausmif;om;EIef;eJY

ray;&bl;/ EkdifiHom;EIef;eJY ay;&awmh oufom w,f/ aemufumvDzkd;eD;,m; wuúokdvfawG&JU EkdifiHom;EIef;uvnf; odyfrjrifhawmh tqifajy wmaygh/ ausmif;p&dwfr&Sdao;&ifvnf; ausmif;u ay;w,f / avQmuf v k d Y

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

&Szd v Ydk ykd gw,f/ (6) Ekid if w H umukd omoemjyKzkq Yd &dk if Ak'¨w&m;awG ysHUESHYzkdYqkd&if bmompum;uvnf; vkv d mwmayghav/ 'guvnf; ud, k u f wwfxm;vkYd ajymwJo h abmrsK;d r[kwyf gbl;/wu,fvnf;vkt d yfvYdk ykdNyD;xda&mufvkdY ajym&wmyg/ EkdifiHwumu vm avhvm&if oyfoyf&yf&yfaewwfwt hJ usif?h pnf;urf; &Sd&SdaewwfwJhtusifh&SdwJh ausmif;rsKd;jzpfapcsifw,f/ jycsifw,f/ ar;/ 'DrmS b,favmufMumMum oDwif;oH;k rSmvJ bk&m;/ ajz/ t&ifESpfawGwkef;uawmh pmoifae&wm vnf; wpfzuf? [kdu&dyfomuvnf;wpf zufeq YJ adk wmh wpfEpS u f dk wpfacgufavmufyJ jrefrmEkdifiHukd jyef<uEkdifw,f/ aEG&moDuav;awG ,Ofaus;rIoifwef;zGifhcgeD;? 'grSr[kwf 0gqkdcgeD; w&m;pcef;yGJtcsdefaygh/ ckawmh oHk;ESpfavmufawmh 'DrSm tajccsNyD; jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf tvkyfvkyfay; csifw,f/ aemuftjynfjynfqkdif&m ax&0g'Ak'¨ omoemjyK wuúokdvfrSmvnf; ygarmu©csKyfq&m awmfu trde&Yf x dS m;wmeJY tcsdeyf idk ;f oifMum;ay;ae &w,f/ ar;/ 'Dig;usrf;jyef (xm;0,f)omoemh&yd o f mrSm ESppf Of aEG&moDrmS ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol? vli,fav;rsm;ukd &SifomraPeJY oDv&Sif rsm; 0wfapum Ak'b ¨ mom,Ofaus;rItajcjyKoifwef; zGifhvSpfvkdY pmawGU vufawGY owdy|mef0dyóem ½IrSwfyHk? ½IrSwfenf;utp oifMum;ay;aew,fvkdY od&ygw,f bk&m;? w&m;pcef;ua&m b,fESBudrf zGiyhf govJb&k m;/ ajz/ 'DrmS wpfEpS u f dk w&m;pcef;(3)Budrzf iG yhf gw,f/ aemufNyD;awmh w&m;pcef; r[kwfayr,fh ukd,fhbmomtm;xkwfcsifwJholvnf; vm tm;xkwEf idk yf gw,f/ tck MopaMw;vswpfO;D ? tar &duef oDv&Sifwpfyg;? rav;&Sm;&[ef; ESpfyg;? rav;&Sm;a,m*D oHk;a,muf &Sdygw,f/ t&ifwkef; uawmh bke;f BuD;u tar&dueJ'Y D oGm;vku d jf yefvu dk f eJYqkdawmh odyfrvkyfEkdifbl;/ 'DESpfawmh bkef;BuD;u 'DrSmtaersm;rSmqkdawmh EkdifiHjcm;om;awGvnf; vm

&w,f/ paumvm;&Spv f rdk sKd;aygh/ 'gayr,fh bke;f BuD; ravQmufcyhJ gbl;/ umvDz;dk eD;,m;&JU ynmoifp&dwu f tar&du tjcm;jynfe,fawGxufvnf; oufom w,f/ olwkdYqDu ynma&;uvnf; ausmif;om;u twef;wufcsdef odyrf sm;rsm;rvkb d ;l / tjyifrmS uk, d hf bmomukd,f vkyf&wmrsm;w,f/ avhvmusufrSwf &wmrsm;w,f/ ar;/ t&Sib f &k m; jynfyEkid if t H awmfrsm;rsm;vnf; a&mufzl;awmh tawGUtBuHKav;awG trdefY &Syd gOD;bk&m;/ ajz/ bkef;BuD;omoemjyKc&D;oGm;&if;eJY bmom a&;eJq Y idk w f m? ,Ofaus;rIeq YJ idk w f mawGavhvm Munfhw,f/ ausmif;wkdufawGaygh/ aemuf uk, d Ehf idk if jH yefa&mufawmh ,SONf yD;oH;k oyfMunfrh w d ,f/ "r®yidk ;f qkid &f mrSm xGe;f um;oavmuf avmutjrifeYJ Munf&h ifawmh tm;enf;aeao;w,fxifw,f/ uk, d hf bmom? ukd,fhomoem? ukd,fhausmif;wkdufawGukd EkdifiHwumu avhvmvkdY&Sd&if odu©±m&Sd&Sd? *kPf&Sd&SdeJY jyEkid w f hJ tajctaersKd;jzpfatmif jyKjyifzv Ydk adk o;w,f vkYd xifw,f/ avmu? "r®tqift h wef;rDwahJ usmif; wku d rf sKd;awG jzpfapcsifw,f/ tckvnf; rrDb;l awmh r[kwfygbl;/ rDygw,f/ okdYaomf acwfeJYnDwJhtae txkdifrsKd;? acwfeJYnDwJh oyf&yfrIrsKd;usawmh vkdvm NyD/ omoemawmf wkd;wufzkdYukd q&mawmfrsm; awmh t"dygÜ ,ftrsK;d rsK;d zGiMhf uygw,f/ bke;f BuD;pOf;pm; rdwmuawmh uk, d o hf moem *kPo f u d ©m&S&d dS wnfae EkdifzkdYqkd&if (1) pnf;urf;&SdzkdY vkdw,fvkdY xifw,f/ (awmifNrdKU q&mawmfBuD;uawmh pdwfaumif;&SdzkdY yxrvkYd qkyd gw,f)/ (2) pnf;urf;&Szd q Ydk &dk if oyfoyf &yf&yfaewwfwJh tusifhrsKd;vkdvmNyD/ (3) omoem twGuf tvkyv f yk Nf yDqdk ½d;k ½d;k om;om;eJY tvkyv f yk zf Ydk uvnf; ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ (4) EkdifiHwumeJYyJjzpf jzpf?uk, d jhf ynfwiG ;f rSmyJjzpfjzpf qufqw H t hJ cgrSmvnf; jA[®p&dk w f &m;ygwJh uk, d ?f EIw?f pdw?f trlt,mrsKd;eJY qufq&H if "r®t&nftaoG;awG jrifw h ufvmr,fvYdk bkef;BuD;xifygw,f/ (5) omoemh0efaqmifawGu y&d,wf? y#dywft&nftcsif;awG &Sdoifhoavmuf

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

Mur,fxifw,f/ 'DESpf0gwGif; bkef;BuD;'DrSm&Sdr,f/ w&m;pcef; (3)vvkyfr,f/ ukd,fhbmom tm;xkwf olvnf; tm;xkwaf ygh/ ausmif;u us,af wmh w&m; tm;xkwo f v l nf; olaY e&meJo Y l tm;xkw?f pmoifwhJ olvnf; olYae&meJYol oifaygh/ aemufwpfcku bkef;BuD;pmoifwJhbufukd vnf; enf;enf;ykdtm;omaew,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJqkd &if jrefrmEdik if rH mS u w&m;tm;xkwEf idk w f hJ &dyo f mawG vnf; trsm;BuD;&Sdw,f/ q&mawmfBuD;awGvnf; olYae&meJYol trsm;BuD;&Sdaew,f/ &dyfomawGu &efukefywf0ef;usifrSmukd (30)avmuf &Sdaeawmh w&m;tm;xkwfcsifolawG tm;xkwfzkdY vG,fygw,f/ 'gayr,fh &[ef;oHCmawG? oDv&Siaf wG? ausmif;ol ausmif;om;awG bmoEÅ&oifzkdYusawmh tcuftcJ &Sw d ,f/ 'gaMumifh olwYdk vkt d yfcsufudk ulnaD y;csif awmh pmoifwmeJY w&m;tm;xkww f mukd rQvkyo f mG ; r,f/ aemuf bkef;BuD; 'Dausmif;wkdufukdvnf; oyf oyf&yf&yf? oefo Y ef&Y iS ;f &Si;f eJY pnf;urf;wusav;jzpf atmif vkyaf ew,f/ Ekid if w H umeJY qufqw H t hJ cgus awmh 'gav;awGvkdw,f/ aemuf y&[dwtwGuf 'Dausmif;wkdufxJ rSm ukov dk jf zpfaq;cef; bke;f BuD;zGix hf m;w,f/2001-

ckEpS u f pzGiw hf m/ &yfuu G x f u J vlawGa&m ausmif; wkdufxJu yk*¾dKvfawGa&m ukoay;aew,f/ &[ef; oHCmawG? oDv&SifawGqkdvnf; b,fausmif;wkduf uvmvm ukoay;aew,f/ wpfywfukd ESpf&ufzGifh w,f/ wpf&ufukd 40-50avmuftxd ukoay;ae w,f/ aemuf uav;awGvnf; ynm&atmifqkd NyD; bke;f BuD; pmMunfw h u dk v f nf; zGix hf m;w,f/ tJ'g vnf; 2001-ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dvu pzGiw hf m/ uav; awG qkdawmh pmtkyfukdifwm? wG,fwmutp pnf; urf;ykdif;av;awGawmh ajym&qkd& oif&jy&wmaygh/ b,forl qkd avhvmEkid yf gw,f/ pmoifwkdufawGu omoemhwuúokdvfwkdY? ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemjyK wuúov dk w f Ydk wufciG rhf &wJh OD;yÍöi;f av;awGudk bke;f BuD; taMumif;Mum;xm;w,f/ olwkdYukd t*Fvdyfpm tcrJhoifay;r,f/ oifwJhtcg rSmvnf; olwu Ydk dk oifenf;t"duay;&r,f/tar&du rSm wufwek ;f u wpfywfudk q&mu (3)em&D oif&if ausmif;om;u rSm em&D 25-30avmuf0ifNyD; ukd,fhbmomukd,f avhvm& w,f/ u 'DrSm oifaxmuful ypön;f vk?d vkrd sKd;aygh/

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

tJ'eD nf;ukd bke;f BuD;u 'DrmS oH;k rSm/ 'gaMumifh awG (10)pHkavmufxm;NyD; oifr,f/ olwkdYeJY vnf; ajymr,f/ ajym&Jatmif? ajymzkdYowåd&Sdatmif arG;ay;r,f/ olwkdYukd oifaxmufulypönf;eJY ukd,f wkdifavhusufrIrsm;rsm; vkyfckdif;r,f/ bkef;BuD;u avmufyJay;r,f/ vrf;ñTefwmavmufyJ vkyrf ,f/ ar;/ avmavmq,f 'Dausmif;wkdufrSm oHCm b,favmufrsm;&Syd govJ bk&m;/ ajz/ &[ef; (10)yg;eJY oDv&Siq f &mav; (2)yg;&Sd w,f/ udk,fraeEkdifao;awmh rsm;rsm;vuf rcHao;bl;/ uk, d af eEkid w f hJ tcgus&ifawmh omoemtwGuf aus;Zl;rsm;r,fh yk*Kd¾ vfawG bke;f BuD; yJjzpfjzpf? oDv&Siyf jJ zpfjzpf vufcrH ,f/ ar;/ t&Sib f &k m;&JUvufaxmuftjzpf tultnD &Ekdifr,fh yk*¾dKvfawGxm;awmh t&Sifbk&m; tjcm;ae&m<uaewJ h t cgrsKd ; rS m vk y f i ef ; awG qufvnfywfEidk w f maygh bk&m;/ ajz/ [kwfw,f? xm;&r,f/ bkef;BuD;tar&du qef[adk q;rSmwke;f uvnf; OD;yOöiaf v;(3)yg; ac:xm;NyD; oifay;w,f/ z&D;armifharwåm eE´rmS vnf; (2)yg;&Sw d ,f/ odyaf wmhvnf; tm;ruk;d &ao;bl;/ 'DvkdyJ wjznf;jznf;wGJac:ae&wmaygh av/ aemifwpfcsderf mS uk, d o f mG ;r,fv h rf; taxmuf tul&atmifaygh/ aemufbkef;BuD;u yg&*lbGJUvnf;&NyD;NyD? t*Fvdyfvkdvnf; pepfwusa[mEkdif? ajymEkdifNyDqkd awmh 2003-ckEpS rf mS ta&SUtaemufEidk if aH wGu (12) ae&mavmuf oGm;a[majymcJh&w,f/ rav;&Sm;rSm qkd Ak'¨bmomtoif;tzGUJ tm;vH;k vdv k o dk mG ;cJ&h w,f/ puFmylvnf; a&mufcJhw,f/ puFmyluvnf; tcsdef MumMumaezkdY yifhw,f/ bkef;BuD;u tcsdefr&bl;/ tar&du uvnf; MumMumaeapcsifMuw,f/tar &durSmawmh bke;f BuD;wkYd ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom trsm; BuD; vky&f OD;r,f/toif;tzGUJ awGrmS wdbufwYdk bm wkYd r[m,meawGu ydx k ;dk azmufEidk Mf uw,f/olwu Ykd 0denf;rSm avsmh&Jayr,fh vlrIa&;ukd tav;ay;awmh taemufwkdif; ,Ofaus;rIeJY ykdo[Zmwjzpfwmaygh/

ta&SUwkdif;,Ofaus;rIu bkef;BuD;wkdY ax&0g'eJY ykd o[Zmwjzpfw,f/ ar;/ Ak'0¨ g'&JU tESpo f m&ukd ppfppfreS rf eS v f u dk pf m; olawGuawmh ax&0g'ukd ESpo f ufMurSmyg bk&m;/ 'gayr,fh wynfah wmfwMYdk um;zl;wm uawmh tar&duwkdYvkd taemufEkdifiHawGrSm r[m ,meu ykt d m;aumif;w,f/ vlBudKufyrdk sm;w,fw/hJ ajz/ [kwfw,f? olwkdYu vlrIa&;OD;pm;ay;wJhvYl tzGJUtpnf;awGqkdawmh yk*¾dKvfcif w&m;rif qkdovkdaygh? olwkdY r[m,meausmif;awG oGm;Muw,f/ wu,fav;av;eufeuf vku d pf m;&if 0dyóemtusifhw&m;awGu tifrwefxda&mufwm aygh/ 'gaMumifh tJ'Dae&mawGrSm oGm;jy&wmxuf ukd,fhEkdifiH? ukd,fhae&mrSm cHhcHhnm;nm;aeNyD;awmh uk, d q hf v D mwJh oludk pepfwusjy&wmu ykx d ad &muf r,fxifw,fav/ 'DrSm ukd,fh&JUAk'¨bmomywf0ef; usifu &Sdxm;NyD;om;qkdawmh 'Duae pepfwusay; wmrsK;d vkyEf idk w f m/ 'gaMumifh bke;f BuD;u jrefrmjynf rSmyJ tajccscsifwm/ aemufwpfcu k us,fus,fjyefY jyefYjzpfatmif aemufrsKd;qufopfawGukd ysKd;axmif ay;csifwmvnf; ygwmaygh/ tcktcsderf mS t*Fvyd v f dk ajymEkid ?f a[mEkid w f hJ &[ef;awmfu vufcsKd;a&vkdY &aeao;wmukd;/ ckawmh uk, d af wmfav;awGvnf; uk, d ehf nf;uk, d [ hf ef eJYvnf; oifaeMuygNyD/ omoemhwuúokdvfBuD;awG vnf; &Sad eygNyD/ b,fuyJomG ;oGm;ayghav/ t*Fvyd f pmwwfbek ;f BuD;av;awG jzpfapcsifw,f/ pmcsbke;f BuD;? pmwwfbkef;BuD;av;awGukd t*Fvdyfpmwwf bkef;BuD;av;awG jzpfapcsifw,f/ EkdifiHjcm;om;awG u ukd,fhqDvmNyD; "r®eJYywfoufvkdY pHkprf;&if ukd,f wkdifwkduf½dkufajym&awmh ykdav;eufwmayhgav/ pum;jyefeJYajym&wJhtcgusawmh qkdvkdcsifwm wkduf ½dkufra&mufrSmrsKd;&SdrSmpkd;w,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJqkdawmh bke;f BuD; pmwrf;twGuf edAÁmefqw dk pJh um;ukd okaw oevkyw f t hJ cgusawmh olwYdk trsKd;rsKd;t"dygÜ ,fziG q hf dk xm;wmawGU&w,f/ pdw0f ifpm;p&maumif;w,f/ 'Dtwkdif;yJ uHtaMumif;yJjzpfjzpf? ukokdvf taMumif;yJjzpfjzpf? 0dyóemvnf; 'Dtwkid ;f yJ? tif

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

rwefta&;BuD;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh bke;f BuD; 'DrmS (3)ESpf avmuf aZmufcsNyD; ulnrD ,f/NyD;&if jynfywpfvn S ?hf jynfwiG ;f wpfvn S hf vkyo f mG ;&OD;r,f/ ar;/ tar&durSm t&Sib f &k m;wkYd xdawGUoavmuf tar&duefEidk if o H m; ppfppfawG b,favmuf rsm; Ak'¨bmomukd pdwf0ifpm;MuygovJ bk&m;/ ajz/ wu,fwrf;awmh bke;f BuD;wkYd omoemjyK &wJh ywf0ef;usiu f tm&Stokid ;f t0dik ;f yJ rsm; ygw,f/ AD,uferfw?Ydk w½kww f ?Ydk jrefrmwkYd aygh/ tar&duefawGvnf; &Sdawmh&Sdygw,f/ enf; w,f/ OD;*kdtifumwkdY&JU &dyfomBuD;awGrSmawmh rsm; w,f/ rsm;qkd olwu Ydk us,fus,fjyefjY yefv Y nf; vkyf Ekdifw,f/ vufaxmufawGuvnf; vljzLawG? olwu Ydk OD;pD;vkyw f muk;d / olwyYdk v J yk af wmh pDrcH efcY rJG I tykdif;awGrSm vljzLwkdY&JU "avhp½dkufawGukd olwkdYu odxm; uRrf;usifxm;NyD; jzpfaeawmh ydak tmifjrifwm aygh/ tm;aumif;NyD;om;vnf; jzpfawmh b,fae&mrSm &dyfomzGifhzGifh yDyDjyifjyifzGifhEkdifw,f/ bkef;BuD;wkdYus awmh tcsde, f &l w,f/ aES;wmaygh/ rav;&Sm;vkEd idk if H rsKd;usawmh bke;f BuD;wkYd &w,f/ uk, d &hf UJ ax&0g'eJY rav;&Sm; w½kwfawG&JU ,Ofaus;rI"avhp½dkufeJYu o[ZmwjzpfNyD;om;uk;d / ar;/ tar&durSm&Sw d hJ jrefrmtokid ;f t0dik ;f rSma&m Ak'¨bmomeJY ywfoufvkdY b,fvkd&SdygovJ bk&m;/ ajz/ tar&durSm bke;f BuD;wkYd &nf&, G cf su&f w dS ,f/ tar&du jrefrm tokid ;f t0kid ;f rSm aemufayguf wJh uav;awGu jrefrmvkd rajymwwfMu awmhb;l /tJ'u D av;awGudk uk, d Ahf 'k ¨bmom,Ofaus; rI raysmufatmif bkef;BuD;,Ofaus;rIoifwef;awG ESpfwkdif; zGifhay;w,f/ olwkdYu t*Fvdyfvdk wwfae NyD;om;qkad wmh ud, k u f t*Fvyd v f o dk ifay;&wmaygh/ rESpu f 68-a,mufawmif wufw,f/ wu,fwrf; qkd cef;ru (60)avmufawmif rqHhcsifbl;/ 'DESpf awmh enf;enf;us,fwJh cef;rwpfck pDpOfckdif;xm; w,f/tJ'u D av;awG ax&0g',Ofaus;rI jywfroGm; atmifawmh bke;f BuD;tm;pku d w f ,f/

aemuf uav;awGu vli,fawGqkdawmh e*ku d rS bmomw&m;ukd pdw0f ifpm;rIenf;awmh olwYdk ukd pum;jyefeJY ajymae&if odyfpdwfr0ifpm;Mubl;/ wpfvHk;p ESpfvHk;pawmif renf;em;0ifatmifajym& wm/ pum;jyefBuD;eJYqkd olwkdY pdwfr&SnfcsifMubl;/ olwkdYukd wkduf½dkufajymawmh pdwf0ifpm;Muygw,f/ bke;f BuD; uav;awGtwGuf a&;xm;wJh pmtkyo f ;kH tkyf &Sdw,f/ qkdwJh pmtky?f uav;awGeUJ Ak'¨bmomukd pwifavhvmol awGtwGuf t"duxm;a&;wmyg/ aemuf pmtk y f e J Y pmtkyf/ ar;/ t&Sib f &k m;&JU a&SUvkyif ef;pOfrsm;vnf; trdeYf &Syd gOD;bk&m;/ ajz/ bke;f BuD; oBuFeNf yD;&if tar&du jyefO;D r,f/ [krd mS w&m;pcef;yGJ 2-ckvufcx H m;wm&Sv d /Ydk w&m;pcef;wpfckukd 2-ywfqkd&ifyJ wpfv avmufMumr,f/ wcsKdUu &ufwkd;ay;zkdY awmif;qkd Muwm&Sw d ,f/ wwfEidk o f avmufawmh vkyaf y;&wm ayghav/ olwkdYrSm cspfp&maumif;wmu 0dyóem w&m;ukd jrefrmbke;f awmfBuD;awGqu D oif,al vhusifh MuwJhtcg olwkdYuvnf; wwfEkdiforQ jrefrmEkdifiH twGuf ypönf;av;yg;twGuf jyefyHhykd;vSL'gef;Mu w,f/ jrefrmjynfu q&mawmfBuD;awGuvnf; touft&G,fBuD;ayr,fh olwkdYtwGuf apwemxm; NyD; vkyaf y;aeMuwm tHMh oMunfnKd zkaYd umif;ygw,f/ bke;f BuD; 'DrmS awmh oH;k ESpaf vmuf aZmufcsNyD; OD;pm; ay;vkyfr,f/ NyD;&ifawmh rav;&Sm;wkdY? tar&duwkdY rSmvnf; vkyfay;&r,fh vkyfoihfwJhae&mawGyJav/ rQvkyo f mG ;zk&Yd ydS gw,f/ uJ-bmavQmufcsifMuao;vJ/

awmfawmfav;vnf; pHo k mG ;ygNyDb&k m;/ t&Sif bk&m;vnf; usef;usef;rmrmeJY jynfwGif;jynfy omoemtusKd; o,fy;dk oGm;Ekid yf gapbk&m;/ vG i f N id r f ;

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

vG,fa,mifcuf usifhEkdifcJ (ywå y k d P f " k w if )

t&SiÓf aPmbmo (at;apwD - rif ; bl ; )

❦ ]]ywåykdPf"kwifqkdwmu ywåqdkwmu oydwf? cGufvkdY t"dyÜg,f&ygw,f/ yd@duqkdwm u tpkdiftcJyg/ ywåyd@du=o ydwfwpfvHk;xJrSm okdYr[kwf cGuf wpfckxJrSm rjywfbJ qufpyfae wJh tpkdiftcJabmZOftm[m&ukd wpfxkdifwnf; tNyD;bkOf;ay;jcif; ukd ywåyd@du*F"kwifvkdY ac:yg w,f/ jrefrmvkdawmh ywåykdPf "kwifaygh/ ykdPfqkdwmrSmvnf; iowfeJY r[kwfygbl;/ PBuD; owfyP dk yf g}} ]]ywå y k d P f " k w if q k d w m wynfah wmfwYdk odxm;wmuawmh oydww f pfv;Hk xJrmS qGr;f a&m [if; awGa&m? a&maESmbkOf;ay;wmvkdY omrefodxm;wmygbk&m;/ tck t&Sifbk&m;rdefYawmh tpkdiftcJqkd awmh b,fvrdk sKd;ygvJb&k m;}} ]]oyd w f w pf v H k ; xJ r S m qGrf;&,f? [if;rsKd;pkH&,f? rkefYyJ oa&pmawG&,f aumif;aumif; qk;d qk;d trsKd;rsKd;a&m>yrf;e,fvu dk f awmh wpfqufwnf;jzpfroGm;bl; vm;/ wpfckeJYwpfck qufpyfae wmukd wpfpyfwnf; tpkid t f cJvYdk ac:wmyg}} ]]'gqkd&if ywåykdPfawmh bkO;f ay;w,fayghb&k m;/ qGr;f pm; NyD;rS tcsdKyGb J Ok ;f ay;vkYd r&bl;vm; bk&m;}} ]]r&bl; 'um/ ywåykdPf "kwifaqmufwnfxm;wJh &[ef; [m qGrf;eJY[if;eJY a&mES,fxm; wmu owfowf?tcsKdyu JG owf owf pDxm;NyD;? qGr;f bkO;f ay;NyD;rS tcsKd y G J b k O f ; ay;w,f q k d & if a wmh

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

ywåyP dk "f w k ifysufygw,f/ tcsdKyGJ vnf; bkO;f ay;csiw f ,fq&dk ifawmh oydwx f rJ mS tukev f ;Hk a&me,f&yg r,f/wpfqufwnf; twlwb l Ok ;f ay;&ygr,f/ ]][if- 'gqkd&ifawmh csKd wma&m? csOfwma&m? cg;wma&m pHak erSmyJ/ b,fbOk ;f ay;vkaYd umif; awmhrmS vJ bk&m;/ tckacwfwcsKdU ukd,fawmfBuD;awG ywåykdPfbkOf; ay;wmukdom wynfhawmfawGUzl; wmuk;d bk&m;/ olwu Ydk awmh tcsKd yGJowfowfcGJxm;vdkufawmh pm; vkdY aumif;wmayghbk&m;}} ]]tJ'g ywåykdPf"kwifppf ppfusiw fh m r[kwyf gbl;/ ywåyP dk f "kwifqkdNyD; em;rvnfvkdY&ifjzpf r,f/ vltxifBuD;aumif;½Hk usifh jyaewm&ifvnf; jzpfr,f/ ywå ykdPf"kwifusifhwJh yk*¾dKvf[m cyf aysmhaysmheYJ tnHq h ;kH usifw h hJ yk*Kd¾ vf awmifrS rdrdpm;aeqJ oydwfwpf vH;k tjyif ig;½d;k pwJh t½d;k trQiaf wG xnfzh Ydk aemufxyfcu G w f pfv;Hk tykd xm;wmawmif rtyfbl;wJh/qGrf; pm;NyD;rS aemufxyftcsKyd JG bkO;f ay; w,fqkd&ifawmh bmajymp&m&Sd awmhrmS vJ/ cGurf sm;pGm aq;aMum zkYd 'ku©Nidr;f atmifvYdk ½d;k ½d;k ywåyP dk f bkO;f ay;wmyJ jzpfr,f/ t"d|mefeYJ aqmufwnfxm;wJh ywåyP dk "f w k if tusijh frwfawmh rjzpfEid k af wmhygbl;/ toD;t&Guf? ukd,fpm;csifwm tm;vHk; oydwfwpfvHk;xJrSmyJ &Sad e&ygr,f/ ]]'gqdk ig;[if;ygvmawmh t½dk;xGifNyD; b,fvkdvkyf&rvJ bk&m;}}

]]oydwx f rJ mS yJ wpfae&m wpfapmifrmS yJ xm;&r,f'um}} ]]oydwfxJrSm qGrf;awG rsm;ae&ifa&m? b,fvkdvkyf&rSm vJ bk&m;}} ]]udk,fpm;vkdY 0Ekdifr,fh taetxm;ukd od&rSmaygh/ tJo avmufukdom oydwfxJrSm csef vSyfxm;NyD; usefwmukd tjcm; cGuw f pfcx k rJ mS xnh&f r,f/ uk, d f u tjcm;cGufwpfckxJukd xnfh vku d Nf yDq&dk if jyefEu dI , f cl iG rhf &Sad wmh bl;/ tJ'Dukd,fxnfhvkdufwJh cGuf [m ukd,feJY vHk;0rqkdifawmhbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh ESpfckajrmuf cGufukd rxm;&bl;vkYd qkw d maygh/ tJ-BuH ½d;k pkww f t hJ cgrSmawmh pkwNf yD;om; BuHzwfxnfhzkdYawmh aemufxyf cGufwpfckxm;tyfw,fvkdY qkdjyef ygw,f}} ]]oydwfxJrSm iSufaysm oD;wkdY bmwkdYygvmr,fbk&m;/ 'gqk&d ifa&m &rSmvm;}} ]]tjrwfq;kH usifw h hJ Ouú|f yk*¾dKvfuawmh r&bl;/ iSufaysm oD;ukd acszsufa&mES,fNyD; twl pm;&ygw,f/ tvwfpm;usifhwJh rZösdryk*¾dKvfuawmh [w¬a,m*D vkYd ac:ygw,f/ oydwx f rJ mS uk, d hf vufeYJ ykid ;f jcm;NyD; pm;Ekid yf gw,f/ taysmph m;usiw hf hJ rk'yk *k Kd¾ vfuawmh ywåa,m*DwJh/oydwfxJukd cJzG,f abmZOf tm;vHk;xnfhxm;wm pm;Ekdifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh ESpfck ajrmuf c G u f u k d rom,mtyf ? vufrcHtyf? tuyfrcHtyfvYdk qkd xm;wmaMumifh qGr;f pm;NyD;rS tcsKd yGJoufouf bkOf;ay;wmukdawmh

❦ ywåykdPf"kwifvkdY rac:Ekdifygbl;}} ]]ywåykdPf"kwifukd b,f vkdqkdNyD; usifh&rSmvJ bk&m;}} ]]ESpfckajrmuf tm[m& xnhaf omcGuu f dk y,fyg\/ wpfck wnf;aom oydwfü &Sdonfukd ,lí oH;k aqmifjcif; usi0hf wf"w k if ukd aqmufwnfyg\}}qkw d hJ pum; ES p f r sKd ; rS m wpf r sKd ; rsKd ; uk d q k d N yD ; aqmufwnf&r,f 'um}} ]]ywåykdPf"kwifukd usifh &wJhtwGuf &&SdvmwJhtusKd;ukd vnf; rdefYygOD;bk&m;}} ]]txl;xl;aom t&om &Sdaom toD;oD;aom abmZOfü wPSmukdy,f&jcif;? xkdxkdtxl; xl;aom cGufüxnfhaom? txll; xl;aom t&omüwyfaom ol\ tjzpfudk y,f&jcif;?tpmtm[m& &JUtusKd; twkid ;f t&Snu f dk jrwfpmG bk&m;a[mawmfro l nft h wkid ;f jrif avh&Sdoltjzpf? tykdtrkd yef;uef cGuaf ,mufawGudk aqmif&ojzifh yifyef;&rI\tjzpf r&Sdjcif;? pdwf rysUv H iG b hf J wpfcu G w f nf;üom pl; pku d o f ;kH aqmifavh&jdS cif;?tvked nf; jcif; pwJh *kPfaus;Zl;awG &&Sdyg w,f 'um}} ]]rSefyg ywåykdPfpm;wm tvkdawmh enf;w,fayghaemf}} ]]trSefwu,f ywåykdPf "kwifukd usifhw,fqkd&ifawmh tvked nf;atmif usifw h m trSeyf J 'um&JU/ ukd,fhoydwfxJukd us a&mufvmwJh aumif;aumif;qkd; qk;d tpmtm[m&ukd ra&G;cs,fbJ bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmifjcif;?uk, d o hf ydwf rSwpfyg; tjcm;[if;cGufponf

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

tay:rSm tm½Hrk a&mufjcif;?tjcm; [if;cGufponftay:rSm jzpfay: vmwwfwJh avmvkyÜwPSmukd ESyd u f yG x f m;Ekid jf cif;qkw d m vG,w f m r[kwfbl;/ ukd,fhpdwf ukd,fqHk;r xm;&wm/tajymvG,foavmuf tusihcf ufygw,f}} ]][if;rsKd;pHka&me,fxm; wmqkad wmh wpfcgu wynfah wmf pm;zl;w,fbk&m;/ awm&aqmuf wnfaewJh bke;f BuD;wpfyg;eJY awGU vkdY qGrf;bkOf;ay;aewkef; wynfh awmf a&mufoGm;wm/ a&vkdvdrfh r,fvkdY wynfhawmfu a&bl; xk w f u yf a wmh ? bk e f ; BuD ; u wynfah wmfud k oydwv f rS ;f ay;w,f/ ]'um? bke;f BuD;awmfNyD? 'umqE´ &S&d if oH;k aqmifEidk w f ,f}wJb h &k m;/ wynfhawmfvnf; oydwfvSrf;,l NyD; Munfhvkdufawmh [if;pHkeJY e,fxm;wm/ bkef;BuD;qGrf;usef? uGr;f usefpm;&if tEÅ&m,fuif;rSm vkv Yd nf; awG;vku d rf w d muk;d bk&m;/ qmuvnf; qmaewkef;qkdawmh pm;aumif;vku d w f mbk&m;/}} ]]oydwfukd a&aq; pif Mu,f a tmif a &m vk y f c J h & J U vm; 'um&JU/ NyD;awmh bkef;BuD;qGrf; pm;wJh ae&mrSm wHjrufvSnf;cJh ao;&JUvm;}} ]][m ..'gawG wynfh awmf ausmif;a&mufwJhtcg vkyf aeusygbk&m;/ vkyv f nf;vkycf sif ygw,f/ 0goemvnf; ygygw,f bk&m;}} ]][kww f ,f 'um?0goem rygvnf; vkyu f dk vky&f r,f/wcsKUd u bke;f BuD;ausmif;a&mufvm&if

pm;zkaYd omufzaYdk vmufyJ awG;wm/ ausmif;a0,sm0pöusawmh rvkyf csifbl;/ &[ef;oHCmukd vSLwJh qGrf;t<uif;tusefyif jzpfygap? oHk;aqmif pm;aomuf&if 'um xifovkd tEÅ&m,fruif;wJt h jyif tEÅ&m,fawmif ykBd uD;wwfygw,f}} ]][if-bmjzpfvv Ydk b J &k m;}} ]]'umyJ pOf;pm;Munfh av? 'umukd,fwkdifu &[ef; oHCmukd vSL&if bmukd tm½HkjyK vSLovJ}} ]]tJ ..tJ oHCmh*kPfukd tm½Hjk yKNyD; vSLwmayghb&k m;/ tif; [kd ..t&Sifbk&m;wkdY&JU tusifh oDv p&P*kPu f v dk nf; tm½Hjk yK vSLwmvkv Yd nf; qk&d rSmygbk&m;}} ]]tJ ' D y pö n f ; bk e f ; BuD ; &[ef;u rqifjcifbJ oH;k pGcJ &hJ if}} ] [m-wynfah wmf oabm aygufygNyD bk&m;}} ]]tJ'gaygh 'um?OD;yOöif; Mum;zl;w,f/ jynfrSm ausmif; 'umBuD;wpfO;D wJ/h ausmif;ukv d m &if vSLp&mtNrJygowJ/h ausmif; xkdifq&mawmfu ukd,fhausmif; 'umrkYd aus;Zl;l &So d al yyJqNdk yD; iSuf aysmoD;av; bmav;&S&d if ausmif; om; uk&d if ac:Ny;D cswnfcid k ;f wJt h cg ausmif;'umBuD;u rpm;bl;wJh/ q&mawmfu pm;yg'umBuD;? oH;k aqmifygvkdY wkdufwGef;vGef;ru wkdufwGef;vGef;vkdY tm;emyg;em wpfvHk;wavavmufrsm; pm;rd oGm;NyDq&dk ifav ausmif;0kid ;f xJrmS wHjrufpnf;vSn;f vku Y d d k rqH;k awmhb;l wJ h / aemuf a wmh q&mawmf uvnf; ausmif;'umBuD;ukd tm;

❦ emwmeJY bmrQrwnfawmhb;l wJ}h } ]]aMomf ..a&S;vlBuD;rsm; todÚmPfawmfawmf&MdS uwmyJu;dk aemf bk&m;/ ckacwfval wGu awmh ausmif ; oG m ;&if bk e f ; BuD ; u bmrsm;wnfrvJ MunfhaeMuwm yJ bk&m;}} ]]bk e f ; BuD ; awG u vnf ; vlrIa&;? vlrIa&;eJY cscswnfae& wmyJ 'um/ csrwnfjyef&ifvnf; 'D b k e f ; BuD ; u uyf a p;ES J w ,f ? ESajrmw,feJY a0zefMujyefa&m 'um&JU/ cswnfjyefawmhvnf; tm;rem;yg;rem pm;aomufoGm; Muwm bmrQukd rodrf;qnf;Mu bl;/ wcsKdUqkd iSufaysmcHGuav; awmif ausmif;atmufqif;awmh ,loGm;r,favvkdY r&SdMubl;/ wH jrufpnf;vSnf;zkdYqkdwm a0;vm a0;aygh 'um}} ]]wynf h a wmf a wmh tJ ovkdr[kwfygbl; bk&m;/ vkyfcJh ygw,fb&k m;}} ]][kwyf gNyD/ uJ pum;u ab;a&mufomG ;vku d w f m/ywåyP dk f qGrf;qkdwm qGrf;a&m? [if;a&m aumif;aumif;qkd;qkd; ta&ma&m taESmaESmukd ac:wm/ OD;yOöi;f wkYd jrwfpmG bk&m;tavmif;awmf od'w ¨ ¬ rif;om;b0uae awmxGufNyD; aemufwpfaeYrSm &mZN*dK[fNrKdUukd qG r f ; cH 0 if a wmh vl r sKd ; pH k w k d Y u avmif;vSLvku d w f hJ qGr;f cJz, G af wG uvnf; rsKd;pHkqkdawmh a0ykv’ awmifajc&if;rSm qGr;f bkO;f ay;rvkYd oydwfukd vSyfMunfhvkdufwJhtcg tavmif;awmf&UJ &ifwiG ;f rSm oJtl ajymif;jyefvefoGm;owJh/ oydwf

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

xJu qGrf;awG[m jzLeDaMumif Mum; acG;tefzwfew YJ pl mG bkO;f ay; &rSm &GUH &SmvGe;f vk/Yd eef;awmfxrJ mS awmh xrif;[if;awGu wpfcu G f pD? wpfuefpY D oD;oD;oefo Y ef?Y oefY oefY&Sif;&Sif;qkdawmh pm;csifpzG,f

ukd,fhoydwfxJukd usa&mufvmwJh aumif;aumif;qkd;qkd; tpmtm[m&ukd ra&G;cs,fbJ bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifjcif;? ukd,fhoydwfrSwpfyg; tjcm;[if;cGufponftay:rSm tm½Hkra&mufjcif;?tjcm; [if;cGufponftay:rSm jzpfay:vmwwfwJh avmvkyÜwPSmukd ESyd u f yG x f m;Ekid jf cif;qkw d m vG,w f mr[kwfbl;/ aygh/ yg;pyfxJa&mufoGm;awmhrS a&m,SufoGm;wmukd rqifjcifrd bl;av/ tck'DrSm oydwfxJrSm aomif;ajymif;a&maxG jzpfaewm jrif&awmhrS acG;tefzwfxifawmh wmuk;d / 'geJY uk, d u hf , dk u f dk qk;H r NyD; bkOf;ay;&owJh 'um}}

]]t&Sifbk&m;ajymrS pOf; pm;Munfrh yd gw,f/ 'gawmh [kwf w,fbk&m;/ acG;tefzwfvkdyJ/ wynfah wmfawmh bmrQrawG;rdvYdk pm;aumif;vku d w f mbk&m;}} ]]tJovkd oydwfwpfvHk; xJrmS &Sad ewmuku d [if;cGurf sm; pGmukd EIu d zf t Ydk m½Hk raxGjym;bJ bkO;f ay;EkdifwJhtwGuf tm½HkaxGjym;rI ukd Nidr;f owfEidk w f myJ r[kwv f m;/ OD;yOöif;wkdY qGrf;pm;<u&wJhtcg 'um? 'umrrsm;uvnf; o'¨g w&m;aumif;aumif;eJY csufxm; jyKwfxm;Muavawmh pm;yGaJ y:rSm qGr;f [if;awGu tjynf/h [k[ d if; uav;u aumif;ygw,fbk&m;? bkO;f ay;Munfyh gOD;/ 'D[if;uav; u csOfpyfuav; jrnf;Munfyh gOD; eJY/ OD;yOöif;wkdYrSmvnf; 'um? 'umrawG&JU apwemo'¨gw&m; iJNh yD; [k[ d if;vSr;f EIu d &f ? onf[if; vSrf;EIduf&qkdawmh? rrDjyefawmh vnf; t&Sifbk&m;? [kd[if;av; enf;enf;avmufqdk vSr;f awmif;? 'Dawmh tm½Hak wG axGjym;aeawmh wmaygh/ &owPSmaemufvu dk Nf yD; tvkdawG jznfhay;aevkdufwm jynfyh J rjynfEh idk af wmhb;l / ywåyP dk f "kwif &[ef;rSmawmh tJ'DwPSm awG Nidrf;aew,fav/ bkOf;ay; aewmukd Munf&h ifyJ MunfnKd zG,f aqmifwmaygh}} ]]rSeyf gbk&m;}} ]]tJ ..trS e f w u,f y J &owPSmukd y,fowfvv dk ?Ydk Nidr;f at;csifvkdY ywåykdPf"kwifaqmif wm r[kwb f ?J vltxifBuD;atmif? bkef;BuD;atmif usifhjywJholqkd&if

â?Ś awmh bmpnf;urf;rQ em;rvnf bJ?em;vnfatmifvnf; roif,l rvkdufem? rusifhaqmifbJ ukd,f xif&m oydwfxJa&maESmNyD; pm; oHk;jyaerSmyJ/ wcsKdUbkef;BuD;awG u 'um? 'umrawG ausmif; vkdufMunfhaeEkdifwmrS r[kwfbJ qkdNyD;? qGrf;cH&mrSm qGrf;eJY qGrf; [if;a&maESmcH,lNyD; ]bkef;BuD;u ywĂĽykdPfbkOf;ay;w,f}vkdY "kwif aqmifovkrd sK;d ajymaeMuwmygyJ}} ]]ajymwkdif;r,HkeJY? owd xm; qifjcifoHk;oyfMunfh&r,f qkdygawmh bk&m;}} ]][kwyf gw,f/avmurSm vufawGUvkyfaqmifusifhoHk;ae wmukd qifjcifrMunfb h J tajymeJY ,kHaeMuwmawGu trsm;om; vm; 'um&,f/tajymoufouf yk*ÂždKvfBuD;awGu bkef;BuD;ygap? touf&n S yf gap? usef;rmcsrf;om ygap? pD;yGm;OpĂśm vmbfvmbayg rsm;ygapvk d Y qk a y;vk d u f & if y J eufjzefoefbuf jzpfvmawmh rvkv d ?dk olx Y ufig vSLMuwef;Mu 0rf;ajrmufauseyfaeMuwm r[kwf vm;}} ]]rSeyf gw,fb&k m;? trSef wu,f ywĂĽ y k d P f " k w if a qmif yk*ÂždKvfqkd&ifawmh pnf;eJYurf;eJY tnD usifh&rSmygbk&m;/ omref usifhvkdY r&Edkifbl;qkdwm wynfh awmf oabmaygufem;vnfygNyD bk&m;/}}

" rÂŽ & o r *Âž Z if ;

&efuek Nf rdKU ? ykZeG af wmifNrdKUe,f a&Tusifausmif;wku d f

oajyuefq&mawmfBuD;\ tqkdtrdefYrsm; at;&dyfom Ak'o Â¨ moemukd OD;xdyw f ifxm;aomol wpfO;D rSm Ak'&Â¨ iS af wmf tqHk;trtwkdif; vkdufemvQif avmua&;Ăźvnf; pdwfcsrf;om\/ tusifhaumif;\? wkd;wufBuD;yGm;\? wu,fhNidrf;csrf;a&;vkdaom tcgvnf; rSDckd&m wu,fh ]]at;&dyfom}}jzpf\? okdYjzpfvQif rdrdwkdY &&Sdxm;aom xkdtarGukd om;orD;rsm; wpfoufvHk; xdef;odrf;xm; Ekdifatmif rtyfESif;bJ aexkdufygrnfavm/

(

t&S i f Ă&#x201C; aPmbmo (at;apwD? rif;bl;)

)

(

â?Ś

" rÂŽ & o r *Âž Z if ;

Ă&#x201C;PfreS ef ,fy,f ajymif;Muw,f (0dyĂłemaus;Zl; azmfusL;oHrsm;)

pmtkyfukd jrefrmbmomodjYk yefqo kd nf/

OD;wifOD; (ajrmif) , c if v rS t q uf

t& tqifrajyolrsm; jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ okdY&mwGif 0dyĂłemtusifh\ wu,fh&nf&G,fcsufESifh tESpf om&rSm vltrsm;tm; avmuwGif aexkid rf I [efus yefus&Sdaprnfh enf;pepfwpfckukd xlaxmif&efyHhykd; ulnDonfh tvkyfjzpfonf[lĂ cH,lxm;ygonf/ Ăžvkyfief;twGuf csrSwfxm;onfh vrf;pOfrSm Ăž tusifhjrwfukd vkdufpm;olonf pwifĂ usifhoHk; aqmufwnfonfh tcsdefrSpĂ aowyefoufwqH;k usio hf ;kH aqmufwnfomG ;Ekid af &;ukd t"du &nfreS ;f csuf jyKygonf/ vrf;pOf okdYr[kwf b0aeenf;wpfck\ teuft"dyĂ&#x153;g,fudk ykdrkdxif&Sm;aprnfhpum;ESpfvHk;ukd vnf; wifjyvkyd g\/ yxrpum;vH;k rSm Ăžvrf;pOf onf wnfwchH idk Nf rJjcif;oabm &Syd gonf/ 0dyĂłem usifph Ofonf b,faomtcgrQ tESpo f m&ESihf tusKd; aus;Zl; ,kwaf vsmh wdraf umjcif;r&Syd g/ uREykf af vhvm rdorQrSm avmuwGif avhvmvku d pf m;rI ESprf sKd;ESppf m; &Sdygonf/ wpfrsKd;rSm wkd;Ăwkd;Ă vkdufpm;avav tESpfom& &SmrawGUavav tvkyfrsKd;jzpf\/ yHkpH tm;jzifhqkdaomf uav;b0u aysmfp&maumif;cJh aom tvkyfrsKd;onf t&G,fa&mufNyD; vlBuD;wpfOD;

(1)

b0wpfckvHk;ukd vTrf;NcHKrdatmif 0dyĂłemqdkonfrSm edAĂ mefa&mufaMumif; bk&m;a[mvrf;pOfjzpfonf/ vrf;pOf[kac:aom pum;rSm uAsmqefovkv d ?dk pdwv f yI &f mS ;p&mvkv d &dk \ dS / vrf;pOfqkdonfrSm bmt"dyĂ&#x153;g,fukd aqmifygovJ/ uREkyf t f jrifrmS vrf;pOfukd tvG,q f ;Hk azmfjy&ef pum; onfum; ]]b0aeenf;}}ukd qkv d o kd nf/ 0dyĂłemukd rlvu oifjy&mwGif vlb Y 0rSm aeom;wus &Sad tmif usio hf ;kH aexkid af &;ukyd if &nf&, G o f nf [k qk&d ygrnf/ ok&Yd mwGif Ăžteufoabmtwkid ;f vufcu H sio hf ;kH jcif; r&So d nfrsm;ukv d nf; awGUEkid yf gonf/ vufawGUtm; jzifh od&Sd&orQrSm 0dyĂłemq,f&ufpcef;okdY 0if a&mufavhusifNh yD;vQif oifwef;rS tusKd;w&m; &wef oavmuf &&So d mG ;NyD;aemuf Ăžoifwef;rsm;ukd xyfrH wufa&mufjcif;rjyK/ w&m;usifo h nft h vkyu f v dk nf; qufvufusifhoHk;jcif;rjyKolrsm; &SdaMumif;ukd od&Sd xm;ygonf/xkjd yKrlyu kH dk tjypfrwifvydk g/olt Y ajctae

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

tzkYd t"dyÜg,fuif;rJw h wfyu kH dk pOf;pm;ygav/ tjcm; wpfrsKd;um; vku d pf m;zefrsm;avav wefz;dk wufav av tvkyfrsKd;jzpf\/ orm;½dk;us wnfNrJckdifcHhaom tvkyfrsm;wGif pmayzwf½IavhvmrIESifh rdwfaqG aumif;rsm;ESihf awGUqHq k ufqrH w I u Ydk dk azmfjy&ayrnf/ MumavMumav wefzkd;BuD;rm;avav tvkyfrsKd;[k ac:&\/ 0dyóemtusifhonf þ'kwd,tvkyfrsKd; jzpfavonf/ 0dyóemtusifhESifh ywfoufí aemufxyf azmfñTef;vkdaom pum;vHk;rSm ]]e,fus,fjcif;}}yif jzpfonf/ 0dyóemvkyfief;onf usOf;ajrmif;aom tjrifr&Spd aumif;acs/ e,fy,fus,jf yefpY mG &Sad e&rnf/ b0\ tawGUtBuHKrsm;? jzpf&yfrsm;tm;vHk;vkdvkdukd tusHK;0ifap&\/ 0dyóem\ usufpm;&m e,fy,f onf wpfavmuvHk;okdY jynfhESufa&muf&Sdvsufae ayonf/ (tar&duefEkdifiH? rufqmcsL;qufjynfe,f wGif 1999-ckEpS u f usif;ycJah om 0dyóemuGezf &ifh ac: pdwaf &m*gynmyg&*l wGif \ a[majymcsufrS)

ukd apmifha&SmufjyKjyifay;EkdifpGrf;&Sdygonf/ pdwf\ vkyaf qmifcsufrsm;ESiw hf uG cHpm;rIrsm;? qH;k jzwfcsuf csrIrsm; a0'emrsm; tusHK;0ifaom obm0tm;jzifh jzpfysufaeonfh ukd,fwGif;trlt&m tvHk;pHkwkdYonf "r® (0g) "r®wm oabmw&m;\ tvkdt& jzpfMu ysufMu&\/ 0dyóem\ &nfrSef;csufrSm pdwf\ qk;d ,kwrf I aysmn h rhH rI eS o f rQudk z,f&mS ;jcif;? pdw\ f aph aqmfpD&ifrI rSeforQukd yaysmufapjcif;wkdYjzpfonf/ ,if;okdY aqmif&GufEkdifygrSom vlwGif ppfrSefaom csrf;omrIudk cHpm;Ekid af yonf/ pdwu f sef;rmrSom vl usef;rmEkid af yonf/vlwef;pm; toD;oD;wkEYd iS u hf u dk n f D rnfh 0dyóempcef;rsm; zGifhvSpfxm;ygonf/ ukd,f vuf use;f rmoefprG ;f í pdw"f mwfvnf; rlreS &f o dS w l idk ;f tm; vufcHygonf/ rusef;rmoltcsKdUwkdYyifvQif w&m;pcef;\ pnf;urf;ESifhtnD aexkdifEkdifvQif wufa&muftm;xkwfEkdifMuygonf/ ¤if;wkdYtwGuf vkdtyfaom usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrI tpDtrHrsm; xm;&Sad y;ygonf/ rsupf rd oefol ausmif;ol? ausmif; om;rsm;? temBuD;a&m*g&Sifrsm;? rl;,pfaq;pGJaeol rsm;ESihf tdraf jy;uav;rsm;ukd 0dyóemoifwef;rsm; zGiahf y;jcif;rsm;rSmvnf; atmifjrifrI &cJah vonf/ emwm&Snf a&m*gonfrsm;ESih f pdwaf &m*ga0'em &Sirf sm;twGuf 0dyóempcef;zGií hf ulnjD yKpjk cif; aMumifh arQmf v if h c suf q d w f o k O f ; aeol trsm;tjym;wk d Y b0&yfwnfrI &&SdoGm;cJhaom om"ursm;vnf; &Sd ygonf/ 0dyóemenf;jzifh a&m*gonfwkdYtm; ,ck uJhokdY apmifha&Smufjcif;tvkyfonf 0dyóemusifhpOf \ qifyh mG ;tusKd;w&m;[k qk&d ygrnf/ pifppftm;jzifh aomfum; vlwidk ;f rSmyif udavomwk\ Yd zdp;D rIa0'em cHpm;aeMu&onfh tjzpfukd qifjcifvQif udavom uif;pifa&;onfyif 0dyóemtvky\ f t"du&nfreS ;f csufjzpfaMumif; ay:vGiyf gonf/ uREkfyfrSm 0rf;wGif;yg ausm½dk;aumufauG;rI )ac: vlpOfrrDaom b0ukd &&Scd o hJ jl zpfyg ( \/ ausm½d;k ukd ajzmifah jzmifph efí Y aeap&ef odyeÜH nf; ynmrsm;t& oHrPda'gufawGESifh usm;uefíay; xm;&onf/ tb,frmS vQif trsm;enf;wl pdwx f m; rsKd; xm;&SEd idk yf gtHeh nf;/ aeom;wus tb,fov Ydk Qif

(2)

uk, d Ef iS pfh w d f ]]usef;cHo Y mí rmMuyg\}}[k qkad ompum; \ t"dyÜg,frSm ½kyfESifhpdwfwkdY tcsif;csif;onfvnf; aumif;? ywf0ef;usifonfvnf;aumif; oHk;rsKd;oHk; zvS,f tcsif;csif;OD;ñGwrf QwpGm &Sad eMuaomumv ukd qkv d \ dk / ,if;oH;k yGiq hf idk \ f rnDñw G rf rQwaom tcg vlonf emruse;f jzpf&\/ vlwpfO;D \ &yfwnf &Sifoefa&;twGuf ½kyfykdif;? pdwfykdif;wkdYESifh tvm;wl ta&;BuD;aom tykid ;f taeESiv hf nf; aygif;oif;qufqH &aom vlYavmu[lí wpfykdif;&Sdjyef\/ ,if;wkdY teuf pdwo f nf ta&;tBuD;qH;k jzpfonf/taMumif; rlum; uk, d af umifBuD;\ &Sio f efa&;ESihf vIy&f mS ;a&; t00wdkYwGif pdwfuOD;aqmifñTefMum;&jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ 0dyóemynmonf vl\ ½kyyf idk ;f ?pdwyf idk ;f wkYd tcsif;csif; qufE, G af qmif&u G Mf u&yHk taMumif; rsm;ukd odyÜHenf;us avhvmum usef;rma&;csKdUwJhrI

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

xufoefcahJ vonf/ tm;xkwrf í d ESpEf pS cf efMY umvQif yif pdwf\ wnfNidrfat;aq;rIukd cHpm;cJh&ygonf/ ,cifuvdk BuHKBudKuf&NrJ 'ku©oku©rsm;ukd wHkYjyefrI rsm;ESihf pdwv f yI &f mS ;azmufjyefrrI sKd; odoo d momavsmh yg;í vmaMumif; qifjcifryd gonf/ w&m;tm;xkwf &if;yif wu,f pdwpf u dk &f jcif; r&Sb d v J suEf iS yhf if vGef cJhonfh ESpfaygif;oHk;q,ftwGif;u rdrd\ vlpOfrrD yHkukd taMumif;jyKí cHpm;cJh&jcif;aMumifh pdwfwGif BudwfcJrajyjzpfcJh&avorQ aomua0'emrsm;vnf; ajyvnfp jyKvmcJhygonf/ rdrdpdwfxJrSm obm0 tavsmuf pdw\ f avsmhajyvmyHrk sKd;jzpfaMumif; wtHh wMoyif odjrifvmrdygawmhonf/ ]]ighES,f jzpfrS jzpf&yavw,faemf}}[lí ,cifu ukd,fh'ku©ukdom uk, d yf BkH uD;csJUum wpfavmuvH;k rSm ud, k o f m cHae& avbdoavm[k xifrSwfrSm;cJhykHukd oabmayguf xm;ygonf/ pifppfaomfum; yky&k &G jG riforQ vlwidk ;f rSm ukd,fhtylESifhukd,f toD;toD;cHpm;aeMu&yHkukd vnf;aumif;? ukd,fcE¨mESifh pyfvsOf;íaomfvnf; aumif;? pdwfykdif;qkdif&mESifh pyfvsOf;íaomfvnf; aumif;? &if;wGif;rSm rcsdwifuJ cHpm;&yHkrsm;ESifh pyf vsOf;íaomfvnf;aumif;? emusifzG,f tjzpfoepf awGESifh uif;ol[lí avmurSmr&Sd[k qkdonfukd vnf;aumif; avmuukdNcHKí oHk;oyfwwfvmyg onf/ tcsdKUolrsm;ESihf EIid ;f pmygu rdr\ d cHpm;&rIrmS oufomonf[k qkd&efyif&SdaMumif; awG;qqifjcif rdvmygonf/ *kt d ifumBuD;u ajymcJzh ;l onft h wkid ;f yif 'ku©tMurf;pm;awGukd trSeftwkdif;odjrif&ef tvGef vG,fulaomfvnf; 'ku©tEkpm;awGukd ,xmblw usus oHk;oyfEkdif&efrSm rvG,fygacs/ a&S;url ]]vljrif&if tyl½kyf trlvkyfNyHK;& ygonf}}qkad om pum;uJo h Ydk vla&SUrSm NyHK;íaewwf cJhonfrSefaomfvnf; ,ckrSomvQif rdrdvlwrf;raph onft h jzpfudk "r®"|d mefusus½Ijrifwwfojzifh yuwd NyHK;? u½kPmNyHK; okrYd [kwf Oayu©mNyHK;jzifh NyHK;Ekid v f m ygawmhonf/ rdrdukd,fukd rdrdxm;&SdcJhaom oabm xm;rSmvnf; ykí d MunfvifvmcJyh gonf/ wu,fqdk awmh uREfkyfonf ukd,fhukd,fukd tjrifwu,fqkd; onfxuf uJveG í f qk;d aeonf[k xifrjd cif;aMumifh

w&m;tm;xkw&f mwGif orm"dw&m; ykíd ckid Nf rv J monfEiS t hf rQ awGY BuHK&orQ jzpf &yfwt Ydk ay:ü avsmu f efpmG oH;k oyfwwf vmyg\/ 0dyóemtusifh\ aus;Zl; aMumifh pdwu f adk t;at;xm;wwfNy;D vQif jyKz, G u f pd w ö u Ydk w dk iG u f s,x f ad &mufatmif vkyfukdifEdkifpGrf;ukd &&Sdvmygonf/

&SEd idk yf gtHeh nf;/ vlysKdazmf0ifcsdew f idk af tmif þoHrPd abmifBuD;jzifh axmufuefay;xm;&onfh cE¨mukd,f BuD;ukd &GHrkef;pdwfjzifhom BuD;jyif;cJh&ayonf/ vlu use;f rmaeaomfvnf; pdwu f wpfaeYrQ rcsr;f omcJyh g/ vlysKdaygufuav;jzpfvmawmh &SufpdwfawG0ifNyD; rl;,pfxkHxkdif;aom aq;0g;rsm;ukd rSD0JpjyKcJhygonf/ touf (14)ESpt f &G,w f iG f oHrPdabmifBuD;ukd cRwf xm;í aeEkdifvmayaomfvnf; ]]'Dukd,fBuD; w,f 'ku©ay;oukd;}}[lí ukd,fhukd,fukd trsKd;rsKd;'Pfcwf onfhtaejzifh qif;&JaMumif;ukdom jyKvkyfaecJhyg onf/ þumvwGif [kd[kdonfonfc&D;qefYí a'oEÅ&A[kokwrsm; &SmrDS;&if;ESifhyif 0dyóem tusifeh nf;ukd vrf;p&cJyh gonf/ þokdYESifhyif uREfkyfb0wGif ukd;ESpfcefY ae om;wus jzpfcJh&avonf/ tvkyftukdifvnf; &Sd vmcJhí cifwG,fp&molukdvnf; &&SdcJhygonf/ wuúokdvfbGJU&&Sda&;twGuf BudK;yrf;cJhygonf/ 0dy óemtm;xkwo f nfb h ufwiG f wk;d íwk;d í o'¨gw&m;

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

aomuayGcJh&jcif;om jzpfavonf/ a&S;uqkdvQif uREfkyftm; vlwrf;raphbl;[k ajymolukd vHk;0vuf rcHEidk cf yhJ g/ ,ckaomf oltrSeu f dk trSet f wkid ;f ajym qkdol[líom rSwf,lwwfvmyg\/ þonfrSm uREfkyftwGuf trSefukd vufcHEkdifrI taeESifh t"du usonfh tcsufjzpfavonf/ w&m;&Sm&ef udpöwGif þokdY vufcHEkdifpGrf;ukd trSefyifvkdtyfygonf/ þ tcgrSpí 0dyóemvkyfief;cGifonf uREfkyftzkdY &Sif; vif;oGm;awmhonf[k qkdoifhygonf/ bmrQ(w&m; oabmtm;jzifh)rajymyavmufonfh jyóemav; ukd rajz&Sif;wwfcJhjcif;aMumifh w&m;r&Ekdifonfh tjzpfukd vGefajrmufum 0dyóeme,fwGif ykdrkdí euf½Idif;pGm ouf0ifEkdifpGrf;ukd &&dScJhavNyD/ onf urÇmtES&YH dS 0dyó ( em oifwef;rsm;pGmwGif w&m;jyvufaxmuftjzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ l a,m*DBuD;wpfO;D jzpfygonf/) (3)

BuD;BuD;us,fus,f vkyfvkdpdwfum; uREfkyf wGif wpfavQmufvHk;&SdaecJhavonf/ pdwful;ESifh ½l; MunfhcJh&onfuvnf; rsm;vSavNyD/ wu,fawmh bmrsm;vkyjf zpfcyhJ goenf;/ bmwpfcrk Q vkyjf zpfcjhJ cif; r&Sdacs/ ynmoif ysufcJh&\/ þum; tqkd;qHk; &v'fyif/ BuD;BuD;us,fus,f vkyfvkdaom ADZowåd ESihf qE´wYdk rnfrQyif jynfph aHk pumrl aemufq;kH tusKd; jzpfxeG ;f rIum; Avmomwnf;/ uREkyf rf mS tjyK"mwf xuf tysuf"mwf (0g)tzsuf"mwfu tm;BuD;aeyHk &yg\/ þrQ ½dk;½dk;vG,fvG,fusifhenf;jzpfaom 0dy óembm0emonf uREfkyftzkdY twkdif;rodatmif aus;Zl;rsm;yHu k dk ,HMk unf&efyif cufaeyg\/ uREykf \ f b0jyóemtaxG a xG u k d 0d y óemusif h e nf ; u tajz&Smay;vsuf&ydS g\/ jyóemwkid ;f ajyvnfomG ; NyD[líum; rqkdvkdyg/ ¤if;jyif uREfkyfrSm&Sdaeaom tzsufw&m;pkonfvnf; vHk;0uif;pifoGm;NyD[lí rqkdomapumrl tzsufpdwf0ifvmNyDqkdvQif ,if; pdwfukd rnfokdY ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;&rnfqkdaom enf; vrf;ukd odaeygNyD/ w&m;tm;xkwf&mwGif orm"d w&m; ykdíckdifNrJvmonfESifhtrQ awGUBuHK&orQ jzpf &yfwt Ydk ay:ü avsmu f efpmG oH;k oyfwwfvmyg\/ 0dy óemtusif\ h aus;Zl;aMumifh pdwu f dk at;at;xm; wwfNyD;vQif jyKz, G u f pd w ö u Ydk dk wGiu f s,x f ad &muf atmif vkyfukdifEdkifpGrf;ukd &&Sdvmygonf/ raeYuxuf onfuaeY ykdí vkyfaqmifEkdifatmifvnf; pdwfukd jy|mef;í aqmif&u G v f suf&ydS gonf/ 0dyóemtusifh ukd qufvuftm;xkwfoGm;ygu uREkfyf\ xm0& tvkq d E´jzpfaom BuD;BuD;us,fus,f pGr;f aqmifcsuf wpfrsKd;rsKd;ukd rkcsyif &&SEd idk rf nf[í l ,HMk unfygonf/ onf tdE, d´ Edik if H ( NrdKUrS bGUJ &&ef oifMum;qJ yk*Kd¾ vfwpfO;D jzpfyg onf/)

0dyóemESifh vlrI0efxrf;vkyfief; uRefawmfh rdwaf qGrsm;u uRefawmfw;dk wuf vmNyD[k qkdMuonf/ [kwfawmh[kwfyg&JU/ okdYaomf rdrt d zkrYd mS awmh onfw;dk wufrBI uD;ukd &&S&d ef tm;xkwf cJh&yHkrsm;um; roufomygwum;/ udk,fhtaMumif; twGi;f ususvnf; rod/ jyifyavmuBuD;\ jzpfysuf aeyHrk sm;ukv d nf; [kw[ f w k [ f wf[wf ½Ijrifwwfol r[kwfygbJvsufESifhyif uRefawmfqkdaom uRefawmf onf avmuBuD;\ aumif;usKd;csrf;omukd wpfenf; enf;jzifh vkyaf qmifvpdk w d f xufoefcyhJ g\/ b,fu pNyD; bmvkyf&rnfum; rodacs/ (7)wef;wkef;u qkdvQif tdE´d,EdkifiHajrmufykdif;a'owGif pkdufysKd;rI enf;pepfopf\ aus;Zl;awG cHpm;Mu&í ]]jrpdrf; a&mifawmfvSefa&;}}trnfyif wGifcJhavonf/ xkd a'o\ oD;ESt H xGuw f ;dk yHrk sKd; uREfyk w f \ Ydk bD[mjynf e,fwGif &ygu b,fhavmufaumif;vdkufavrnf enf;/ þokYd uREfyk if ,fi,fu pdwu f ;l ,OfczhJ ;l yg\/ (13)ESpo f m;avmufusjyefawmh uGejf rLepf0g'ukd em; 0ifcJhNyD;vQif 1989-ckESpf? a&G;aumufyGJBuD;wGif uGejf rLepfygwD tEkid &f &Sad &;twGuf yg0ifvyI &f mS ;cJyh g onf/

qufvufazmfjyygrnf

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

udk&ifBuD;&Sif0drv\ b0'ku©taygif;rS vGwfajrmufaMumif; w&m;vrf;pOf armifaoG;cRef (,cifvrStquf)

cE¨mtjyif w&m;r&Sd 'Dvedk YJ a&eHacsmif;NrdKUe,f xJu usm;uku d af csmif;okomefqD a&mufcjhJ yefygw,f/ okomefqadk wmh awmfwef ½Hk b,folrQ rvm&Jawmhbl;vkdY xifygw,f/vlrvmrS w&m;ajzmifh ajzmifh tm;xkw&f rSm? vl0idk ;f cH&&if vrf;aysmufNyD/ tif; ..'Dae&m

[m usKyftwGufawmh blrdeuf oef y J / av;zuf a v;wef r S m awmife&H H umqD;xm;w,f/awmif awGuvnf; tusnf;wefvo S eJ/Y 'DawmifawG&JU tv,fajruGuf vyfrSm okomef? [kda&S;a&S;wkef; uawmh 'Dae&m[m usm;aomif; use;f ckad tmif;&me,fajr?'gaMumifh 'De,fajrudk usm;ukdufacsmif; okomefvYdk a&S;ya0oPDuwnf;

u ac:prSwfjyKcJhygw,f/ a&S;u usm;aomif;usef; aMumifh vlew YJ &d pämefawG aocJw h hJ ae&m/ 'DbufacwfrSm ocsKØif; ukef;rkdY vlaoawG a&mufa&muf vmwJhae&m? usKyf ukd&ifBuD; twGufum; wpfoHo&mvHk; ESdyf pufvmwJh udavom aoapr,fh ae&m? 'Dae&ma&mufp yxrESpf u ta&SUbufawmifukef;ay:u

❦ opfwpfyifatmufrSm usKyftm; xkwfcJhygw,f/ rkd;&Gm&Gm? aeylyl? avxefxef qGr;f cHcsdeu f vGv J Ydk 'D opfyifatmufrSmyJ tm;xkwfcJhyg w,f/ aemuf w pf E S p f r S m awmh awmifay:uqif;cJNh yD; ocsKiØ ;f uke;f wpjyifxrJ mS oJBuD;rJBuD;tm;xkwf ygawmhw,f/ tokbur®|mef; r&PmEkówd pD;jzef;zkdYtwGuf okomefocsKØi;f avmuf aumif;wJh ae&m urÇmrSm r&Sb d ;l vkYd qkcd sifyg w,f/ okomefqkdwm tao aumifwYdk pka0;jrSKyfE&HS m? edAmÁ efom vQif taovGwf&mt&yf? t&Sif "mwf p pf p pf ? 0#f q if ; &J a wG u k d aMumufveG v f eG ;f vkYd edAmÁ efudk tm½kH jyKNyD; w&m;½Irw S cf yhJ gw,f/ edAmÁ ef? edAÁmef? 0ifavrSmvnf; edAÁmef? xGufavrSmvnf; edAÁmef? ESmoD; zsm;rSmvnf; edAÁmef? edAÁmefukdom tm½Hk,lNyD; tm;xkwfcJhwJhtwGuf w&m;u wufrvmawmhygbl;/ w&m;wufw,f? rwufbl;qdk wm tm;xkwfolyJ odygw,f/ edAÁmefukdyJ aZmuyfNyD; tm;xkwf ae&if orxe,frSmyJ csmvnf a0h0aJ eygawmhw,f/ aMomf ...ig avSum; xpfawG ausmfNyD; wufaeygaygh vm;/ a&mufcsifaZmtm;BuD;vkdY ra&mufbJ jzpfaewmygvm;/ajc vSrf;rSm;vkdY jyefjyefNyD; vdrfhusae wmygvm;/ 'Dawmh ukd,fhtrSm; ukd,f &J&J½I? wpfujyefp/ orxe,fudk pcef;odr;f aomtm;jzifh tvif;edrdwfBuD;u vnf; ntcg um;rD;BuD; zGix hf m;

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

ovkd? oabFmqvkdufrD;BuD;rsm; xkd;xm;ovkd ay:vmav&JU/ NyD; awmh 'Dtvif;a&mifBuD;xJrSm ewfjynf? jA[®mjynf pD&&DNydK;jyuf aeav&JU/ tkd ..tJ'g usKyfoGm; csiw f ahJ e&mawG r[kwb f ;l / tjzpf &Sd&if tysuf&SdaeOD;rSmyJ/ aumif; wmvnf; rjzpfcsifbl;? qkd;wm vnf; rjzpfcsib f ;l / b0qk&d if acG; b0uae ewfrif;BuD;txd b,f vkdb0rsKd;rS rvkdcsifawmhbl;/ 'Dawmh 'Dtvif;a&mifwef;BuD;awG vnf; rom,maeawmhygbl;/ orm"dedrdwfavmufeJY rwif;wdrf aeawmhygbl;/ 'Dtvif;edrdwfukd rodr;f yku d af wmhygbl;/wu,fawmh tvif ; ed r d w f q k d w m tcsuf j y ud&d,mrQom/ olrvmvkdYvnf; rjzpfb;l ? vmjyefawmhvnf; olu Y dk vufcHxm;vkdY rjzpfacsbl;/ olY aemuf vkdufoGm;vkdYvnf; rjzpf jyefb;l / avvrf;aMumif;uvnf; wef ; aevk d u f w m jzLjzLajzmif h ajzmifh pif;pif;BuD;/ avaemuf vkdufNyD; rSwfvkdufwJhtcg cg; txufykdif;ukd,fBuD; aemufvef oGm;w,f/ av0if&mvrf;aMumif; ukd ESmoD;zsm; ...wpf? &ifñGefY ..ESpf? csufwkdif ..oHk;qkdNyD; rSwf Munfhao;w,f/ avjyefxGuf&m vrf;aMumif;ukdawmh csufwkdif.. oHk;? &ifñGefY ..ESpf? ESmoD;zsm;.. wpfqNdk yD; tjyeftvSef rSwMf unfh ao;w,f/ at;awmh at;ae w,f/ 'gayr,fh jzpfysurf jrifb;l / aMomf ..'gvnf; orx0uFyg vnfaewmyJ/ 'Dawmh avaemuf

vkduf vkdufNyD; rSwfaewmukd wjznf;jznf; jyif,w l ,f/ESmoD;zsm; wpf a e&mwnf ; rS m owd u k d tapmifch sxm;vdu k w f ,f/ cE¨mukd,f&JU ta&jym;qkd wmvnf; tvTm;vkduf uGmus oGm;ovkd? taoG;tom;qkdwm awGvnf; trIet f rTm;rsm;om/ 'D trIet f rTm;awG[m ',ft;dk BuD;xJ u qDylawGvkd yGufaew,f/ tjrSKyfxaew,f/yvHpk u D av;awG csmvnfaew,f/ wzspfzspf jrnf aew,f/ tjzpfcsif; tysufcsif; qufaew,f/ jzpfyHk? ysufyHkawG uvnf; rSef;qcsifhwGufvkdYr& atmif jrefveG ;f vSw,f/cE¨muk, d f BuD; wpfcv k ;kH trIet f rTm;awGjzpf NyD; yGufae? ysufae? vIyfaeav awmh b,f[mu ESmacgif;? b,f [mu yg;pyf? b,f[mu rsufpd ponf trnfwyfNyD; ynwfeYJ ajymp&mr&Sdawmhbl;/ aMomf ... y&rwfqw dk m 'gygvm;/ ynwfudk ½I&if; ynwfudk ÓPfeYJ y,fomG ; wm y&rwfygvm;/ rsufpd? em;? ESmacgif;? ajc? vuf? OD;acgif; ponfjzifh oP²meftay:rSND yD; jzpf ay:aewJh tac:ta0:awG r&Sd awmhbl;/ tysufyHk trIeftrTm; awGMum;rSm ]ig}qkdwm r&Sdawmh bl;/ igqkw d m r&Sad wmhvYdk ]ol}qkd wmvnf; r&Sdawmhbl;/ ig? ol bufcJG tpG'J |d ad wG a[m'Doo k mef rSm jrSKyfEv HS u dk Nf yD/ w&m;qkdwm cE¨mrSmom &Sm&wmyguvm;/cE¨mt h jyif w&m; r&Sb d ;l / xl;wJt h oduav;aMumifh wpfb0vHk;&JU tylawG at;oGm;

❦ w,f/ 'Dtodxl;uav;ukd Mo umoavmuxJu or®ma'0ewf awG oufaocHMuw,f xifyg&JU/ usm;uku d af csmif;okomef&UJ ta&SU buf awmifukef;awmifwef;rSm tvif;a&mifawG tqef;wMu,f ay:xGufvmw,f/ Mu,fa&mif? va&mif? t½kPaf &mifeYJ uJjG ym;wJh 0if;yNydK;jyufwJh wpfcJeufaom tvif;a&mifawGukd &GmeD;csKyfpyf u vlawG vmMunfhMuw,f/ yGJ Munfo h vkd vmMunfMh u&if; tkwf atmf a omif ; wif ; tcsif ; csif ; a0zefajymqko d aH wG ay:vm&JU/ ]]tJ'g ..or®ma'0ewf awGu ukd&ifBuD;tm;xkwfaewJh w&m;ukd todtrSwjf yKay;aewm}} vkYd pmwwfaywwf &[ef;oHCm awmf r sm;u aumuf c suf c syg w,f/ y&d,wåd pmaywwfuRrf; wJh &[ef;oHCmrsm;&JU aus;Zl;ukd usKyf tBudrBf udrEf v S ;kH oGi;f ylaZmf aerdygw,f/ 'DoHCmawG xdef; odrf;apmifha&SmufaevkdYom bk&m; w&m;awmfawG wnfwjhH yefyY mG ;ae wm/bk&m;w&m;awmfawG jyefyY mG ; aevkdYom usKyfwkdYvkd tm;xkwf csifwJholawG b,fvkdtm;xkwf& r,fqw dk m enf;emedó,awG & cJhwm r[kwfvm;/ ocsKØif;ukef; xJu tykyef ?YH tnSeD aYH wGudk ausmf vGefNyD; ]ukd&ifBuD;wpfyg; w&m; tm;xkwfaeonf}qkdwJh owif; awG arT;ysHUaecJNh yD/ rauG;wkid ;f 0ef aqmif 0denf;"kd&fq&mawmf(usKyf &JU OyZösm,fq&mawmf)vnf; usKyf twGuf tvGef*kPf,lvkdYrqHk; atmif &SdaeNyD/

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

]]BudK;pm; ukd&ifBuD; .. qufBudK;pm;? bk&m;w&m;awmf awG[m b,folusifhusifh tck usif&h if tck&w,fqw dk hJ tumvd aum*kPfukd jyvkdufprf;yg}} aus;Zl;&Sif oHCmawmf rsm;&JU tm;ay;pum;eJYyJ usKyf&JU "r®c&D;ukd qufcJhygw,f/ "r®tarG ay;&pfawmfrw l hJ jrwfpmG bk&m;ocif ud, k af wmfjrwf BuD;ukd tm;yg;w& &Scd ;dk NyD;rS w&m; qufrSwfaeavh&Sdygw,f/ qkdvkd wmuawmh 0dyóemtvkyfukd b,fvydk J tm;xkwaf eonfjzpfap ]Ak'¨gEkówd(0g)bk&m;&Si\ f *kPf awmf? aus;Zl;awmf teEÅukd rarh ravsmh ylaZmfjcif;[mvnf; txl; vkt d yfw,f qkw d mygyJ/ a&S;a&S;u a0blq&mawmf? v,fwDq&m awmfpwJh aus;Zl;&SiBf uD;rsm;vnf; bk&m;&Scd ;dk csed f oD;oef, Y Ml uw,f vkYd Mum;zl ; ygw,f / 'D w &m;u tvGefaus;Zl;odwwfwJh w&m;? qGr;f wpfvw k f avmif;vSLvku d w f hJ 'um?'umrwk&Yd UJ aus;Zl;ukad wmif atmufarhqifjcif&ygw,f/bk&m; aus;Zl;um; qkzd , G &f mr&SNd yD/ tedpövu©Pm xif&Sm; atmif r&PmEkówd(0g)tokb ur®|mef;ukdvnf; tNrJpD;jzef;ae tyfygw,f/ 0ifouf? xGuo f uf wkid ;f rSm owå0gawG usef;rmcsrf; omygapqkdwJh arwåmapwoduf vnf; ygaezkv Yd ydk gw,f/ bm0em yGm;rsm;olrSm ... (1) Ak'g¨ Ekówd ur®|mef;? (2) r&PmEkówd? (3) arwåmykYd trQa0jcif;

wk[ Yd m rvkyrf jzpf vky&f r,fh usihf pOfrsm;yJ jzpfygw,f/ 'Davmuf usifhBuH tm; xkwaf ewJMh um;u taESmift h ,Suf qkw d mvnf; 0ifwwfpNrJ/trSeu f MuufoGefcif;apmifhb0eJY pusifh csdefuwnf;u 'DtaESmifht,Suf qkdwmawG BuHKzl;aeusrkdY ½dk;aeyg NyD/ okdYaomf 'DrSmuawmh ocsKØif; ajrjzpfaeavawmh aESmifh,SufyHk qef;w,f? Murf;w,fvkdY qkd&yg r,f/ nrqkx d m;eJ?Y aeYcif;aMumif awmif tcsderf sKd;rSmawmif usKyf&UJ caemfeDcaemfeJY ausmif;uav;ukd uk d i f v I y f y pf w wf M uygw,f / NyD;awmh tvGeq f ;dk 0g;jyif;xefvw S hJ rpifeaYH wGay;NyD;awmhvnf; aESmifh ,Suw f u dk cf u dk w f wfMuygw,f/ ]]oH o &mrS m aqG r sKd ; r awmfzl;olr&Sd? ,ckaESmifh,Sufae olrsm;yifvQif ightaz? ightar(okYd r[kw)f ighom;? ighorD;tjzpf qHk qnf;cJhzl;MuavNyD/ þrSefaom bk&m;a[m opömw&m;aMumifh oifwo Ydk nf b0qk;d rS vGwaf jrmuf csrf;omMuygap}} arwåmvnf;yk?Y opö d mvnf; qkd 'D v k d e J Y oif h w if h r Qwatmif tm;xkwfEkdifcJhygw,f/wpfzufrSm ulnDapmifha&SmufaewJh? omoem awmfukd MunfndKwJh ewfaumif; ewfjrwfawGvnf; &Sad ew,fav/ ]]ighom;BuD;? ighom;BuD; 'grS ighom;BuD;}}qkw d hJ ESpaf xmif; tm;& O'gef;usL;oHawG Mum;ae &wwfygw,f/ wpf&ufuawmh tjyif; zsm;w,f/ t½k;d tqpfawG uku d cf J

❦ aew,f/ ta&awGu yJah <uoGm; rwwf emusifylavmifaew,f/ owdvGwfoGm;rwwf ukdufcJem usifaew,f/ cE¨mtay: owd wifxm;&wm roufomvku d f wm/ a0'emu ,m,D y J j zpf j zpf oufomygapawmhqkdNyD; usKyf&JU odpdwfukd cE¨mu cGmvkdufw,f/ [kd; ..rkd;ay:u Mu,fuav;wpf vH;k qDrmS pdwu f adk &TUxm;vku d w f ,f/ cE¨ m rS m tod r uyf a wmh b l ; / 'Dawmh zsm;emuku d cf w J mawG rod awmhbl;/ oufomvkdufwm/rSdef; aewkef;rSmyJ ... ]]ukd&ifBuD; ..ukd&ifBuD;}} qkdwJh ac:oHeJYtwl ]]ukd&ifBuD; tckvyk af ewm tmumouokP d ;f ½IaewmyJ/ psmefbrkH mS aysmfaewm yJ/0dyóem rjzpfawmhb;l /a0'em ay:vkdYom a&SmifvTJae&if ukd&if BuD; 'kuu © rvGwaf jrmufEidk af wmh bl;}}qkdwJh avQmufxm;oHeJYtwl vlwpfa,muf tem;a&mufvm w,f/ ]]'umBuD ; u b,f o l wkH;}}vkdY ar;vkdufawmh .. ]]&wemrOÆLbk&m;twGuf tvSLaiGvu d k af umuf&if; uk&d if Bu;D owif;Mum;vkdY 0ifvmwmyg/ cE¨mtay:rSmom 0dyóemwifNyD; ½IrSwfay;ygbk&m;}}vkdY wkdufwGef; w,f/ ]]aumif;ygNyD}}vkdY 0efcH vkdufNyD;?tmumom,wepsmefukd ½kyfodrf;um cE¨mrSmyJ 0dyóem jyef½Iw,f/ tmemygeqkdwJh 0if avxGuaf v ½Irw S jf cif;[m r[m Moo" aq;awmfBuD;ygyJ/ "mwf

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

av;yg; onf;xefaecsed rf mS a0'em cHpm;&NyD; "mwfav;yg;nDrQatmif tmemygeu ñSad y;oGm;w,f/ aeaumif;NyD; aemufESpf &ufavmuftMumrSm *kdPf;q&m ESpaf ,muf a&mufvmMuw,f/ ]]wynhfawmfwkdY ukd&if BuD;tem;rSm uk;d &ufavmuf t"d |mef0ifcsifvyYdk g}} ]]&ygw,f/ ae&wmu awmh jzpfovkdyJ? tJ ..pm;wm uawmh tif; ..usKyfyJ qGrf;cH auR;yghr,f}} ]]wynfhawmfwkdYu ouf owfvGwfpm;aeMuwmygbk&m;/ uk&d ifBuD;a&m oufowfvw G rf pm; bl;vm;/ 'Dvadk e&mrsKd;rSm tom; pm;ae&if taESmifht,Suf0ifrSm aygh}}vkdY a0zefoHk;oyfMuw,f/ ]]tif;av usKyf&UJ tom; pm;enf;ukdvnf; ajym&OD;r,f/ qkyd gpk?Yd usKyf&UJ oydwx f yJ gvmwJh 0ufom;wH;k BuD;qkyd gpk/Yd 'D0ufom; wH;k BuD; pm;awmhr,fq&dk if usKyfu qifjcifvkdufw,f/ aMomf ... olYcrsm aoab;BuD;eJY BuHKNyD;rS vlawGpm;zkdY 0ufom;[if;BuD;jzpf vm&wm/ aewke;f uvnf; ouf wrf;aphaevku d &f &SmrSm r[kwb f ;l / 0ufrBuD;0rf;xJ y#doaE¨aepOf wke;f uvnf; b,favmufqif;&J vku d af vrvJ/ 0ufoaE¨om;av; rjzpfrD 0ufx;D eJY 0ufrwk&Yd UJ bm0 aoG;tnpftaMu;awG aygif;pyf &OD;r,f/ tJ'g[m rlvtpyJ/uJ 'umwkdYa& ..tJ'DtnpftaMu; awGukd jrifaerSawmh 'D0ufom; wk;H [m pm;vkaYd umif;ygOD;rvm;}}

]]raumif;awmhygbk&m;}} ]]'D0ufom;[if;ukd wyf rufygOD;rvm;}} ]]rwyfrufawmhygbk&m;}} ]]pm;zkaYd eaeomom vufeYJ wkdYxdzkdYawmif tawmf0efav; vSNyD}} ]]oabmaygufygNyD bk&m;/ ukd&ifBuD; rdefYMum;yHkrsKd; t&ifu rMum;zl;cJhyg/ rSwfom;avmufyg w,fb&k m;}}vkYd 0efcMH uNyD;? wynfh awmfwu Ydk dk uk;d &uft"d|mef 0ifciG hf jyKygvkYd avQmufxm;w,f/ 'Dvedk YJ *kdPf;q&mESpfa,mufukd ausmif; ay:rSm ae&may;NyD; usKyfuawmh awmf&moGm;NyD; w&m;rSwaf evdu k f wmaygh/ bmrQrMumvkdufygbl;/ ]]atmif r ,f a v;As? uk d & if B uD ; u,fygOD;}}qkw d hJ toHawGay:vm w,f/ ausmif;em;ukd usKyfa&muf oGm;awmh q&mESpfa,muf 'a&m aomyg; xG u f a jy;oG m ;MuNyD / uk;d &uf t"d|mefqw dk m b,fEh , S f ukd;rdepfavmufyJ &Sdao;w,f/ ajy;Muyga&mvm;vkYd rSwcf sucf sryd g w,f/ rSwfcsufaemufrSm awG; p&m? tawG;aemufrSm tmom qE´wpfck? tmomrS tm½HkokdY/ usKyfvufu aq;vdyw f dk uav;qD vSrf;vkdufwJh 'Dtckduf twefYuav; (tm½Hkaemuf pdwf vku d o f mG ;csderf mS owdvpfomG ;wm eJY) usKyf ESmacgif;aygufu wpf qifh rD;ck;d puf0idk ;f awG tuGi;f vku d ?f tacGvu dk f 0ifomG ;w,f/ &ifñeG Yf rSm wefYaew,f/ NyD;awmh ESvHk; tdrfrSm 0ef;&HywfzGJUaew,f/ tJ'D

❦ aemuf [',ESv;kH tdru f dk zspfñpS f vku d af wmhw,f/ ESv;kH tdru f xGuf vmwJh aoG;awG[m aoG;vTwf aMum? aoG;jyefaMumawGuwpf qifh cE¨mwpfukd,fvHk;odkY rjzefYom awmhb;l / 'DrmS armvmw,f?usyf vmw,f? qkv Yd mw,f/ csucf si;f yJ Akid ;f ceJ vJomG ;w,f/&Siaf rm*¾vmef &JU0rf;xJ rm&fewf0ifatmif; aecJh

cE¨mukd ½Iqkdayr,fh cE¨mukd trSDjyKaewJh pdw&f UJ oabmav;ukd ½I&wmyg/ wPSmvnf;pdwf? Oyg'gefvnf;pdwf? uHoHk;yg; jyKcGifhay;aewmvnf;pdwf? pdwfwpfckrjzpfcif tm½Hkt&if,l&ao;wm xifygw,f/ zl;w,fqw dk m owd&rdw,f/usKyf ukd,fwGif;rSmawmh rm&fewf&JU ta>ct&HawGxJu wpfa,muf rQom? bmyJjzpfap xGufavukd owduyfNyD; ½Iu d x f w k v f u dk w f ,f/ ESv;kH tdru f dk ukid ñ f pS af ewJh tuGi;f vkduf? tacGvkdufaom rD;ckd;puf 0kdif;[m yHkP²mefrysuf jyefxGuf oGm;ygava&m/

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

'DrmS oifcef;pmu owd vpf&if vpfwJhtcsdefwG,f rSmyJ qkw d mygyJ/ NyD;awmh rdrrd mS orm"d cdik cf ahH e&if b,fvt dk EÅ&m,fyv J m vm ckcEH idk w f ,fvv Ydk nf; odapcsif ygw,f/ aumif;pGm aqmufwnf tyfaom or®morm"donfyif vQif r*f \ a&S U ajy; r[k w f y gvm;/ pdwfukd npfnL;aemufusKapwJh eD0&Pw&m;awGukd z,f&Sm;ypf &wmyJ/ orm"dtm;aumif;vmwJh tcg or®m'd|(d t,ltjrifpifMu,f jcif;)eJY or®mouFyÜ (rSe&f muko d m BuHpnfEv S ;kH oGi;f jcif;)qkw d hJ ]ynm r*¾i}f tvkv d dk 0ifvmygawmhw,f/ tJ'aD wmh tajccHuawmh oDv?oDvpifMu,frS pdwpf ifMu,f w,f? pdwfpifMu,frS t,ltjrif pifMu,fw,f/ oDv0dok'¨d? pdwå 0dok'¨dqkdwJh w&m;oHk;yg;u uGif; qufoabm trSDo[JjyKaeyg w,f/ 0do'k o d¨ ;kH yg; Ekid Nf yDq&dk ifawmh yx0D? awaZm? tmayg? 0ga,m qkw d hJ "mwfav;yg;ur®|mef; quf ½I Ekid yf gNyD/ 0ifavxGuaf v quf rSwfr,fqkd&ifvnf; ESmoD;zsm;u apmifhNyD;awmhom ykdifykdifEkdifEkdif rSwyf gawmhvYdk xyfajymcsiyf gw,f/ avaemuf vkdufrSwfae&if jzpf ysuv f u©Pm rxif&mS ;awmhygbl;/ jzpfysufrS rjrifao;olukd t,l tjrif pifMu,fNyDvYdk rqkEd idk yf gbl;/ jzpfysuftqifh[m 0dy óemvrf;aMumif;ay: a&mufae NyD/ jzpfysufcsKyfwmukdrS r*fvrf; aMumif;ay: a&mufw,fvkdY rSwf om;tyfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh jzpf ysufjrifNyDqkd&if rvTwfawmheJY?

qkyx f m;yg/ w&m;&Smol[m b,f vked nf;eJyY ½J ½I I jzpfysufjrifvmwm eJY vu©PmBuD;oH;k yg; (tedp?ö 'ku?© tewå) 0ifvmyHk wlnMD uygw,f/ b,fvedk nf;eJ½Y ½I I cE¨mrSmyJ ½I&yg w,f/ cE¨mhtjyifrSm w&m;r&Sdyg bl;/ udavom tm;BuD;wJhacwf rSm a[mw&m;em½Hek YJ w&m;r&Ekid f aybl;/ cE¨mukd ½Iqkdayr,fh cE¨m ukd trSDjyKaewJh pdwf&JUoabm av;ukd ½I&wmyg/ wPSmvnf; pdw?f Oyg'gefvnf;pdw?f uHo;kH yg; jyKcGifhay;aewmvnf;pdwf? pdwf wpfcrk jzpfcif tm½Ht k &if,&l ao; wm xifygw,f/ Oyrm BudKuf pdwfqkdygawmh? BudKufp&m tm½Hk eJY aygif;rdomG ;rS BudKufpw d q f w dk m jzpfvmwm/ 'Dawmh tm½HkeJYpdwf raygif;rdcif jzwfcsEidk &f r,f/ tm½Hk tem;rSm uyfNyD;awmh ½IrSwfay; &r,f/ pdwt f m½Hu k dk odr;f qnf;NyD; 'D½yk Bf uD; azmufjyefaewmyJ ½Iyg/ qkdvkdwmu ½kyfjzpfysufay:rSmyJ pdww f ifxm;yg/ tjzpfjref? tysufjref ½kyf cE¨mBuD;&JU 'ku©ukd xif&Sm;yDjyif awGUjrifNyDqkdvQif BudKuftm½Hk paom ork',awG tvkdvkdy,f oGm;ygvdrrhf ,f/'kuj© rifvYkd ork', y,f&if eda&m"eJY r*¾tvkdvkd0if vmygvdrfhr,f/ eda&m"u vGwf ajrmufaMumif;? r*¾qkdwm vGwf ajrmuf&m/ quf v uf a zmf j yygrnf

❦

usKyf w d k Y t nmpvif ; rS m jymodkwydkYwGJva&muf&if v,f xGuf,mxGufoD;ESHawG vSdKifvSdKif ay:ukeNf yDaygh/pyg;awG?aumufni§ ;f awGay:vdYk aumufO;D yJO;D tvSL tjzpf qGrf;ydkYolydkY? aumufn§if; aygif;vSLolvLS ? xrESx J ;kd olx;kd eJY aus;vufawGrSm v,fupyg; txGufudk MunfhNyD;? om;&SifjyKzdkY

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

orD;em;xGif;zdkY b,fZmwfiSm; r,f?bma<u;r,f? vSL&efbm0,f r,f? tysdK&HawGtwGuf turf; tvSrf;vufaqmifypönf;0,fzdkY a&mif;Mu0,fMu NrdKUwufMueJY/ tvSLtwGuf pkdif;jyif; tm;cJae MuNyDaygh/ rD ; zd k a csmif t d r f & S i f r awG twGu?f pvif;acsmif; aomifjyif

xJrSm pdkufysdK;xm;wJh? rkefvmyGifh? rkev f mO? a*:zD? qvyf&u G ?f udik ;f uRef;v,f,mxGub f ;l ? z½H?k i½kw?f tmvl;? MuufoGef? ocGg;? c&rf; oD;? c&rf;csOfo;D ? eHeyH if? ukvm; yJ&Guf? yJykZGef? ql;yef;&Guf? csOf aygif&Guf? wkdifaxmifyJawG tyg t0if refusnf;oD;MuufqlawG? qD;oD;awGyg? aygaygrsm;rsm;xGuf

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

❦ aeNyDqdkawmh? [efudkusvdkYaygh/ eHeHyif? a*:zD? MuufoGefyifawG tpHek ?YJ rke[ Yf if;cg;vkypf m;zdYk taumif; qH;k ygyJ/wrmvnf;Ek?aus;vnf;O/ wrmvnf;yGi?fh aus;vnf;&ihq f o kd vdk twdkYtjr§Kyf? wrm&GufEkav;awG? o&ufzl;av;awGeJY i½kwfoD;iyd csufeJYbufaygh/ aygufyGifhvufyH yGiahf wGuvnf; tqkyv f u dk t f cdik f vkduf &JvdkYcsdwfvdkYyg/ wydkYwGJvjynfhaeYrSm a&T pufawmfu ajcawmf&m pzGihfNyDrdkY bk&m;zl;oGm;zdv Yk nf; tpDtpOfawG qGaJ e MuygNyD/ 'gu b,fawmhrS ½dk;roGm;EkdifwJh ½dk;&m"avhayudk;/ 'D&moDrSm bk&m;yGJawGuvnf; aygovm;rar;eJY? yGJawGvrf;awG qdw k m jywfw,fvu Ykd kd r&Sb d ;l / ck &moDrmS i,fi,fwek ;f u wvif; acgufvn S ;f pD;&wm aumufviId ;f yHk ay:wuf N yD ; aqmh u pm;&wm aumuf v I d i f ; yH k B uD ; ab;uwJ x J eHeufapmapm aumufn§if;aygif; pm;&wm? xef;yifjrpfzw k pf m;& wm? wvif ; acguf w J h v S n f ; ay:u aemufNrD;rSm ajcESpzf ufwef;vef; csNyD; [dw k pfp'Dwpfp rqdw k wfqkd wwfeJY oDcsif;atmf qdkcJhwmawG udk vGr;f vdrYk qH;k jzpfrw d ,f/ vom&ufawG wvif; xJrSm uav;awGpkNyD; upm;Mu wm? vlBuD;olrajymwJh yHkjyifawG udk em;axmif&wmudku b,f yDwrd sdK;eJrY S rvJEidk af tmif t&om &SdvSw,f/ uav;awGqdkawmh at;rSef; csrf;rSef;vnf; odyfrod vSbl;aygh/ ckawmh pyg;ES,fwm wvif;acgufwm pyg;avSYwm

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

ykxZk OfawGqadk wmhvnf; tcufom;uvm;? a>r[mtrIdufo½dkufrSm ckdatmif;aysmfarGYwwfovkd ykxkZOfqkdwmuvnf; udavomeJYrS aysmfarGYwwfMuw,fav/ yGJrygwJh tvSLqkd&if *kPfi,fw,fvYdk xifaeMuawmh rcufaybl;vm;/ awGutp pufeJYcsnf; qkdawmh [d k w k e f ; uvd k a wmh aus;vuf ryDocsifawmhbl;/ wvif;xJrSm [dkwkef;uvdk tMumBuD;rae& awmh odyNf yD;awmhvnf; aysmfp&m aumif;vdrfhr,fvdkY rxifrdbl;/ obm0ae&mrSm tpm;xdk;0ifvm wJ h uuf q uf a wG wD A G D a wG uvnf; 'keJYa';r[kwfvm;/ 'gh aMumihv f nf;*vdb k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f acwfvdkY ac:Muw,f xifyg&JU/ awmtvS L awG r S m awmif &S i f avmif;vSnhfwJhtcg t&ifwkef; uvdk ½Id;vdkuf&wkawG OD;a&T½dk; tuawG tdk;pnf'dk;ywf0dkif;awG ae&mrS m vS n f ; ay:utoH c sJ U puf e J Y taemuf w k d i f ; aw;*D w wD;vHk;awGzGihfNyD; abmif;bDrwdk r&Sn0f wfxm;wJv h il ,f(8)a,muf avmufu rsufrSefeufawGpGyfNyD;

udkY½dkUum;,m; b&dwf'efY tu awG uvd k Y a eMuyga&mvm;/ vlBuD;rdbawGuvnf; olwaYkd v; awGudk rEkdifawmhvdkY vTwfxm;& ovm;? Munfhaumif;aumif;eJY MunfhaeMuovm; qdkwmawmh rawG;wwfatmifygyJ/ NrdKUay:rSm vnf; 'Dvykd gyJav/ 'Dx h ufyq kd ;kd OD; awmhraygh/ NrdKUay:rSm aEGausmif;ydwf &ufukd a&G;NyD; &Sijf yKtvSLvkyMf u ayr,fh awmrSmu 'D&moDrSm rD; a&; xif;a&;pdwcf s&w,f? ay:csed f oD;csdefqdkawmh aiG&Tifw,f? a& tcuftcJr&SdwJh 'D&moDrSm &SifjyK Muwmyg/ at;av b,ftcsed rf mS yJ vSLvSL? tvSLqdw k m rGejf rwfwhJ ukov kd ?f jzLpifwt hJ vkyyf J r[kwf vm;/EkaYd yr,fu h o k v kd u f kd taMumif; jyKNyD; ukodkvfjzpf&if aumif;wm

❦ ygyJ/ t"duu tvSLrSm csufwm jyKwfwmutp oef&Y iS ;f rI&zdS Ykd wcsKd U vufonf;xJaMu;awGeJY tom; ig;e,fwmawG? tom;ig;0,fwJh ae&mrSmvnf; yHhoulom;r[kwf bJ BudKwifrSmwmawG/ qGrf;yGJrSm ,ifawGw0J0eJ YJ qGr;f xJausmufc?J pyg;vHk;Ekdif;csif;awGudk jrif&zef rsm;vdYk 'Daqmif;yg;udk a&;wmyg/ wcsKd Uqd&k if wwfEidk w f ,f [JhqdkNyD; om;&SifjyKyGJrSm yGJawG vrf;awGxnfh? wpf&GmvHk; AsdKU [pfNyD; 0ufom;a<u; xrif;½Hzk iG fh vdu k w f m vlawGu pm;aeMuwke;f y&dowfurpJcif [if;jywfomG ;vdYk ta&;ay: tpDtpOft& &GmxJu 0uf t &S i f u d k 0 ,f o wf M uyga&m 0ufuvnf; olUowfr,freS ;f od awmh vGw&f mvGwaf Mumif; ajy;rd ajy;&m pGwaf jy;&if; vlawGxrif; pm;aewJh xrif;½HkxJ 0ifoGm;vdkY vlawG½kwf½kwfjzpfNyD; b,fpdwf csrf;om&vdkYwkH;/ b,frSmxrif; pm;EkdifMuawmhvdkYwkH;/ 'gawG[m owdxm;a&SmifMuOfp&mawGygyJ/ &Gmwpf&Gmu tvSLwpfckrSmqdk&if r&Srd &hJ rdS hJ om;BuD;vdv Yk LS wm tvSLU 'umu yGrJ xnfch sifb;l / tusOf; csHK;NyD; vSLzG,w f ef;&mudk zG,zf , G f &m&m rsm;rsm;pm;pm; vkyfcsif w,f/ ]OD;-'Dvdkawmh b,f[kwf OD;rwkH;? trsm;tBudKuf yGJav; awmh xnfrh aS ygh}?]rif;uGm uav; awGrsufESmi,fatmifawmh rvkyf ygeJY}? ]ighwlES,f rif;rSm aqGr&Sd rsdK;r&SdrSr[kwfbJ a0a0qmqm awmh vkyfrSaygh}? ]oHCm(7)yg; ryifheJY (18)yg; yifh}vdkY [dku'Du

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

ajr§mufay;vdiYk g;ajcmufa<u;uae aiGacs;iSm;NyD; 0ufom;a<u;/ yGJeJY vrf;eJY vkyfvdkufygw,f/ tvSLU 'umr,f tvSLNyD; rGJoGm;yga&m vm;/ tvSLvkyfvdkY rGJw,fqdk jyefawmh vlMum;vdkYaumif;ygOD; awmhrvm;? bmyJvkyfvkyf ynm OD;pD;rIr&S&d ifraumif;bl;/ ud, k yf ikd f ÚmPfygrS aumif;wm/ 'ghaMumihf ref v nf q &mawmf b k & m;BuD ; u rCa'0vuFmrSm]ynmrzuf? o'¨gxufu/ euf\qif;&J? tNrJreS pf mG / o'¨gEkYHqGHU? wGefYíÓPfuGef? ynmvGeaf omf? 0uøaumufuspf? usdK;rjzpf bl;} vdkY rdefYcJhwmaygh/ ynm ÓPfa&SUraqmifwJh o'¨gw&m; [muarmufureJY qif;&JaMumif; jzpfwwfovdk o'¨gw&m;rOD;pD;wJh ynmwwfjcif;[m 0uø aumuf uspfNyD; tusdK;rjzpfxeG ;f bl;qdw k m owdrlp&mygyJ/ tusdK;rjzpfwJh tvSLtaMumif; trSwf&vdkY ajym ygOD;r,f/ &Gmwpf&GmrSm csrf;om wJhvlwpfa,muf tusOf;csHK;NyD; om;&S i f j yKr,f / ol u d k , f w k d i f uvnf; 'kv’b&[ef;0wfr,f qdkNyD; vlBuD;pHk&mac:NyD; tvSL &ufowfyga&m/ yGJuiwfaeMu wmqdkawmh [dku 'Du tvSLrSm yGJxnfhzdkY 0dkif;wkdufwGef;Muawmh wmud;k / 'Dvw kd u kd w f eG ;f ygrsm;awmh wkdufwGef;wJhvlawGudk ]at;... igu aiGaMu;wwfEkdifw,f wpf a,mufeJYwpfa,muf qlqlylyl

rMum;csifb;l ? &efjzpfwmudk tvdk r&Sdbl;qkdawmh}'DtwGuf usLyfwdkU wm0efxm; tm;vHk;tqifajyap &r,f}vkYd 0kid ;f uwday;vkYd tvSLyGJ BuD;nrSm ZmwfuvkdYvmMunfh MuwJh vlawGqkdwm BudwfBudwf wkd;aygh/ 'DyGJrSm rxifrSwfbJ vl ESpaf ,muf &efjzpfMuyga&m/ Mum; vlawG ajz&Sif;vkdY rEkdfifreif; jzpf awmh tvSL&Siu f Mum;0ifNyD; jzef ajzw,f/ [kdvlawGu rl;aewm qkdawmh b,fvkdrS ajz&Sif;vkdY r& bl;/ awmif;yefw,f/ ykdawmif qk;d vmao;w,f/ 'ghxufq;dk wm u tvSLU'umukd ]]cifAsm;u tvSLU'umrkdY us,fwmvm;bm vm;}}vkYd apmfum;vmawmh tvSLU 'umvnf; awmif;yefwJhMum;u apmfum;&aumif;vm;qkdNyD; tdrf u"m;ukd ,lwJhNyD; [kdvlukd ykdif; vkdufwm pif;pif;aooGm;yga&m vm;/ aemufaeYreuf &[ef;cHzkdY bke;f BuD;ausmif;ra&mufbJ tvSLU 'umcrsm tcsKyf x J a &muf N yD ; tvSLvnf;ysuf? aqGrsKd;arG;csif; awGyg pdwf'ku©a&muf&ygawmh w,f/ vlawG[m wpfoufwpf cg vSL&wmqkNd yD; rvkt d yfwahJ e&m awGrSm ykHBuD;csJUcsifMuwmukd;/ wu,fvSLwwf&if ÓPfynm a&SUaqmifvLS &if Ak'¨tvkad wmfus vSLr,fqkd&if wpfouf wpfcg r[kwb f ;l / (10)cg?tcg(20) vSLvkY d &ygw,f/tvSL'geqkw d m ukew f m r[kwfbJ &wmyg/ r*Fvmvnf; &Sdygw,f/ ay;vSLw,f qkdwm cspfaq;azmfwmygyJ/

❦ ]]o'¨gra&S;? ray;rvSL? rke;f aq;[l\/ ay;vSLwwfaomf? cspf aq;ausmfwnf/h o'¨g0rf;wGi;f ? ay;urf; jcif;u? &jcif;xufom?0rf;ajrmuf pGmonf? r*FvmvGefjrwf? jzpfo wwf&Sifh}}vkdY rCa'0vuFmrSm ckvzdk iG q hf x dk m;wmukd awGU&jyefyg w,f/ ykxkZOfawGqkdawmhvnf; tcufom;uvm;? a>r[mtrIduf o½dkufrSm ckdatmif;aysmfarGUwwf ovkd ykxkZOfqkdwmuvnf; ud avomeJYrS aysmfarGUwwfMuw,f av/ yGJrygwJh tvSLqkd&if *kPf i,fw,fvYdk xifaeMuawmh rcuf aybl;vm;/ yGJygwJhtvSL AGD'D,dk ½dkufwJhtvSL? bdodufygwJhtvSL qk&d if ykv d aYdk wmif uoDvifwEkid f ygao;w,f/ taysmftyg;ae&m awGrmS yHBk uD;csJUtcsdeaf wGuek af wmh bke;f BuD;qGr;f uyf&mrSmvnf; [m uG u f & S d w wf o vk d w&m;a[m w&m;emawGrSmvnf; &yfa0;jyef &r,fh bke;f BuD;awG vlawGuvnf; jyefcsif? bdodufajrSmufwm?qHcs wm? ukd&if0wfwmawGyg tcsdef r&Sd/ tvSLU'um? 'umrvnf; idu k q f adk wmh w&m;ukw d w dk adk [m NyD; tvS L BuD ; NyD ; yga&mvm;/trS e f wu,f tom;,l&rSmu w&m; emwJt h csed yf g/ 'grS 'getaMumif; oDvtaMumif;?bm0emtaMumif; awGukd od&rSmav/ 'grS rjzpfao; wJh tukodkvfawGrjzpf&atmif

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

rjyK&ao;wJ h uk o d k v f a wG j yK& atmif jyKNyD ; om;uk o k d v f a wG tzefwvJvJ yGm;rsm;csipf w d af yguf vmrSmaygh/ Ak'¨bmom&JU tESpf om&ukd 'Dae&mrSm &SmazG&rSm r[kwv f m;/ ckawmh trsm;tm;jzifh t"duuswJh bmoma&;?omoem a&;ukd OD;pm;ay;wJh ]tvSLyGJ r[kwfbJ}yumoeaysmfyGJ&TifyGJawG ukd OD;pm;ay; a&SUwef;wifwJh]yGJ tvSL}awGcsnf; awGU&ygrsm;vkdY ]tvSLyGv J m; yGt J vSLvm;}vkaYd wmif ar;&rvkdjzpfaeNyDrkdY todÓPf ynmOD;pD;tvSLyGJomjzpfygapvkdY qE´jyK&if; 1990-ckEpS 0f ef;usifu a&;xm;wJh pk;d armifarmif(acsmuf) &JU uAsmeJY wpfcef;&yfvkdufygNyD/

] tvSLawmf } &Gmpm;iSm;wm av;aomif;yg/ rif;orD;? vl&iT af wmf oH;k axmifausmf/ "mwfy½kH u kd cf ajcmufaxmifus/ &Siaf vmif;0wfp?kH ig;axmifuek /f auR;arG;p&dwf uk;d aomif;tpdw/f oHCmawmfjrwf ig;q,fusyf/ tm;vH;k aygif;aomf wpfoed ;f ausmf ewfvo l m"kac:apaomf/ OD;pE´dr(pvif;)

d apwem (3)wef 1/ ykAÁapwem=ukokdvfrjyKrD BuHpnfonft h cg jzpfaomapwem? 2/ rkOöapwem=ukokdvfjyKpOf jzpfay:vmaom apwem? 3/ y&apwem=ukodkvfjyKNyD; aemuf jzpfaom apwem?

aZm (3)rsKd; 1/ ukokdvfaZm=aumif;aom pdwt f pOf? 2/ tukokdvfaZm=raumif; aom pdwftpOf? 3/ tAsmuwaZm=udpöNyD;NyD; aom yk*¾dKvfwkdY oEÅmefü ratmif aom oabm/

wPSm (3)yg; 1/ umrwPSm=umr*kPf w&m;wdkYukd pGJvrf;jcif;? 2/ b0wPSm=b0ukdpGJvrf; aom oów'd|dESifh,SOfonfh wPSm? 3/ 0db0wPSm=Oapä''d|Ed iS hf ,SOfaom b0r&Sd[laom wPSm pGv J rf;jcif;?

okcrSwfpkrS-

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

pGef;vGef;q&mawmf OD;u0d (1239-1314) "r®mp&d,OD;aX;vIdif (&[EÅmESiyhf *k Kd¾ vfx;l rsm;rS xkwEf w k w f ifjyygonf/) (,cifvrStquf)

xd-od owd vG,fvGef;\ "mwfrsm; uif;um at;Nidr;f í?at;Nidr;f í vmonfudk ukd,fwkdifyif odvm\/ olrsm;a[mp&m? wkduf wGef;p&mrvkd/ ,if;ukdyif ]]tumvdaum=csufcsif; tusKd;&Ekdifonf/ oE´d|daum=udk,fwkdif vufiif; cHpm;awGU&SdEkdifonf}}[k w&m;awmfu qkdavonf/ vufawGU prf;zk?Yd vkyMf unfzh o Ydk m ta&;BuD;\/ ]]'Dvdk rSe;f od ig tapmBuD;u (i,fi,fu)rvky&f avvm;}} [k a,m*Dwkdif; aemifwjzpfMu&onf/ ajym&onf xuf tvkyfu ykdívG,f\/ xkdYaMumifh ]]{[dyód aum=r,H&k if vmvSnhf prf;íMunf}h }[k tmrcH&jJ cif; jzpfonf/ vlwkdif; rvkyfwwf r&Sd&atmifvnf; &Sif;vif;\/ vG,ful\/ okdY&mwGif vufawGU,Hk,Hk MunfMunf vkyv f o dk rl sm; &Sm;yg;vSojzifh wzGzG a[m &vGe;f í]]EGm;pmrS &&[k usufw;D uke;f rSm awmif,m vkyf&ovkd wpfyk'fwpfyg'rQod&if renf;? tusKd;

OD;ausmf'ifonf vlawG ajymyHk qkdyHk? vkyfyHk udkifyHkwkdYukd jrifav aMumufav? i&JcHae&onfh owå0grsm;ukjd rifav xdwv f efaY v jzpfae\/aMumuf&UHG xdwv f efaY v 0D&, d ukd wk;d jrSiahf vjzpfonf/oGm;vnf; 'Dpdwf? tdyfvnf;'Dpdwfjzifh usdwfrSdwfNyD; vkyfaeonf ukd jrif&aomtcg ]]igwkaYd wmh edAÁmefr&csif aeygap? 'Davmufawmh rvkyfEkdifbl;}}[k xif&\/ udk,fhukd,f ukd avQmhwGufMuonf/ ]]ol 'Dvkd 'ku©cHEkdifwm yg&rD&v dS }Ydk }[k jrSií hf wGuw f wfMujyef\/ r[kwaf cs/ vufawGU vkyMf unfv h Qif wjznf;jznf; &uf ykid ;f rQjzifh "r®t&omawGUum ,HMk unfrI (o'¨g)wk;d vm \? ,HkMunfrIwkd;vQif 0D&d, wkd;\/ 0D&d, wkd;vQif owdw;dk \/owdw;dk vQif orm"dw;dk \/ orm"dw;dk vQif ynmwkd;\/ wrifBudK;pm;zspfñSpfí vkyfae&onf r[kwaf cs/ wpf&ufxuf wpf&uf ukd,fEIwfpdwf tyl

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

rsm;rnf[k ,lqí 'Davmuf igajymjyvkrYd S rodrjrifwhJ ykxkZOftrkduftuef;awGukd ig bmwwfEkdifOD;rSmvJ}} [k wpfcgu bk&m;&Siyf ifvQif nnf;nLawmfrzl ;l \/ (cE¨0*¾-acwåLyrokw/f ) xkdcsrf;omum; tazmfrvkd? oaEÅm=at; Nidrf;\/ yPDawm=Nrdef\/ wif;wdrfa&mifh&JrI r&Sd/ taopeaum=ykdíaumif;atmif wpfpHkwpf&m jznfh pGuf (ESrf;jzL;)p&mrvkd? tvkdvkdukd t&om&Sdae\/ jyqkNd yD; (£ajE´ig;yg;? Akv d if g;yg;[kvnf; ac:qk&d aom) o'¨g? 0D&, d ? owd? orm"d? ynm ig;rsK;d wk;d wufvm av ykdít&om&Sdav? todÚmPfwkd;av jzpfawmh onf/ xkt d cg tm½Hik g;yg;\ ckid ;f ap&m vku d yf gaeMu &aom vlrsm;pkESifh cGJcGmum wpfukd,fwnf; aeEkdif onfrSm owådaumif;vGef;í? yg&rD&SdvGef;ír[kwf/ tvkv d dk cHEidk &f nf &So d mG ;\/csr;f omae\/ vlomrefwYdk ukd,fcsif;pmí r&EkdifNyD/ OD;ausmf'ifonf ESmoD;zsm;ü xGufav?0if avwkYd xGuw f idk ;f od? xdwidk ;f od? 0ifwidk ;f od? xdwidk ;f od? todcsif; pyfatmif rSwfEkdifvmonfhtjyif avsmif;? xkdif? &yf? oGm; £&d,mykwf av;yg;vHk;ü vnf; ½Irw S yf kH wk;d csJUrSwo f Ed idk v f m\/ oGm;vQifajrü ajcjzifhxdonfukd owduyfí rSwfjcif;? ,if;odYkrSwf aeonfukd odjrifaejcif; (owd? ynm)?xkdifvQif wifyg;ESifh Murf;jyifxdaeonfukd rSwfodjcif;? pm; vQif xrif;vkwfESifh vufxdaeonfukd rSwfodjcif;? yg;pyfü xdaeonfukd rSwfodjcif; ponfjzifh ]]xd+ od+owd}[kyif owdy|mefwpfckvHk;ukd NcHKrdatmif aqmifyk'f jyKoGm;Ekdifavawmh\/ (yx0D"mwfukd y"mejyK ½IrSwfaom owdy|mefjzpf\/ r[mpnf q&mawmfb&k m;um; 0ga,m"mwfudk y"merlonf/) xkdYaemuf cE¨mukd,fü emusifukdufcJrI? ylrI? at;rI paom a0'emrsm;ukdyg pl;pkdufí rSwfodjcif; rsm;yif wkd;ívm\/ ]]a0'emvkduf}}onf[k ajym prSwfjyKukef\/ a0'emEkyóemac:onf/ xif&Sm; cHcufaom 'ku©a0'emukdom OD;pm;ay;í rSwf[ef wl\/ (okc-Oayu©m a0'emwkdYukdvnf; rSwfod& onfyif/ okdYaomf tusKH;0ifavNyDjzpfí txl;rqkd) xkdYaMumifhvnf; OD;ausmf'ifu atmufygtwkdif;

rSww f rf;wifco hJ nf/

]rcHom? rSefygbd onfw&m;/ cHomvQif oHomaMumrSm? arsmvdrfhtrsm;/} xGuaf v-0ifavESit hf jcm; xd-odwu Ydk dk rSwf cdkuf a0'emwpfpHkwpfckay:cJhaomf a0'embuf OD; vSnfhrSwf½I&&m ]a0'emuRwf}oGm;atmif (rSwf&if; rSw&f if; aysmufomG ;onftxd) ½Irw S &f jcif;yifwnf;/ a,m*DwpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D p½du k cf sif; rwlEidk o f jzifh vku d f oifhaom a0'em? trsKd;tpm;? xkda0'em\ twkdif; twm ponfjzifh rZösdry#dy'gusatmif usifhoHk;zkdY um; vkdayrnf/ t"d0goecEÅt D & twwfEidk q f ;kH atmift h nf; onf;cHí rwwfomonft h qH;k rS a0'emukd vspfvsL ½Ixm;í ajymif;vJ rSwfoGm;jcif;onf toifhjrwfqHk; jzpf\/

OD;ausmf'iftm; tqHk;tjzwfay;rnfhaeY OD;ausmf'ifonf xko d Ydk aeYnrvyf owdcsif; pyfatmif ½IrSwfav&m rcsdrqHh xkd;atmifh ukdufcJ vmaom a0'emrsm; &dyfceJ &dyfceJtm;ao;aysmuf uG,o f mG ;uke\ f / tm½Hek rd w d rf sm;vnf; wjznf;jznf; uif;uGmí? cGmí? vspfvsL½Ií cE¨muk, d ½f yk ef mrfw&m; wk\ Yd jzpfr?I ysufrt I pOfuo dk m odjrifvsuf&\ dS / jzpf ysuf tay:üom pl;pkduf odrSwfaecJh&m ½IrSwfí tvGecf sufusvufus ap;ap;ykid yf idk &f adS e\/pdwx f w J iG f tvGefauseyf 0rf;ajrmufaerd\/ MunfEl; ESpfouf aerdjyef\/auseyf0rf;omvGe;f tm;BuD;aepOf OD;ausm'f if \ a&SUü tvif;"mwfBuD;rSm xif;ceJ ay:vmawmh onf/ yDwdjzifh zHk;tkyfay;xm;í a0'emNidrf;oGm;NyD [k xif&aomfvnf; tck;d t&Sed rf sm;jynf[ h ek Nf yD; pGu J sef aeao;&m tvif;"mwfBuD; ay:vmaomtcgwGifrS a0'emrsm; pkyfpjrKyfp Nidrf;csKyfum vHk;0at;oGm; awmhonf/ xkdYaMumifh tvif;"mwfBuD;ukd wG,fwm aerdjyef\/ jzpfysuf owdvnf; vGwaf eawmhonf/ OD;ausmf'ifonf twefi,fpOf;pm;um ]]tifh [if-igh[m [kwfao;ygbl;}}[k ynmjzifh qifjcifí odrw S rf u I dk cE¨muk, d af y:okYd csufcsif;jyefí wifyv Ydk u dk f

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

\/ (Mobmoü vJusí yó'¨dü epfoGm;onfukd qGx J v l u dk jf cif;yifwnf;/) xkt d cg apmapmu a0'em rsm; jyefíay:vmMujyef\/ vIid ;f xefaom 0J*,ufü opfwHk;wkdukdzufí ul;ae&ouJhokdY &Sdawmhonf/ r*¾gr*¾ ÚmP'óe0do'k ad¨ c: vrf;rSev f rf;rSm;ü owd &S&d ?dS 0D&, d rSerf eS ?f ÚmPfut dk oH;k csí yJu h idk af e&yHw k nf;/ ay:vmaom a0'emrsm;ukd odrSwfjyef&m tm½HEk iS hf odrw S rf rI mS awmfawmfEiS hf tHruku d ?f cGirf us/ rqH;k Ekid af tmif wpfrw S x f rJ w S af eae&onfuydk if NiD;aiGU vm\/ tm½HkESifh odrSwfrIrSm txufvGefoGm;vkduf? atmufusoGm;vkduf? a&SUa&mufoGm;vkduf? aemufus usef&pfvkduf jzpfaejyef\/ xkdtcg OD;ausmf'ifonf toufrSefrSef ½SL ½Idufum rZösdry#dy'gusatmif ñSd,lvkdufaomtcg £ajE´ig;yg;vH;k rQwnDñw G o f mG ;ojzifh eda&m""mwfudk zwfceJrdum ,rf;awmifhxkd;xm;aom aoewfukd pduae ukid jf zKwfvu dk o f uJo h Ydk 'dik ;f ceJ rSwo f rd I jyKwf xGufoGm;avawmh\/ owd? 0D&d,? ÓPf&Sdaom a&epfolonf tvkdufoifharS;í arQmvkduf&mrSm qdyfurf;ukd acgif;jzifh 'kdif;ceJ aqmifh0ifíwkduf&m qdyu f rf;ukd rvTww f rf; qkyu f idk í f tarmajzouJo h Ydk vnf; jzpfaeayrnf/ wpfoHo&mvHk; rcHpm;cJh&zl;ao;aom Nidrf; at;rIBuD;ukd rsuf0g;xifxifawGUjrif&um tarmajy oufom&m &avawmh\/ ]tmavmaum O'yg'd}w&m;tvif;"mwf BuD;onf OD;ausmf'ifü yxrqHk;tBudrf udef;0yfae awmhonf/ a>rukdufcH&olonf xdka0'em vHk;0csKyf Nidrf; yaysmufoGm;aomfvnf; wpfoufESifhwpfukd,f rarhEkdifatmif pOf;pm;vkdufwkdif; cHpm;&yHkukd wyftyf rSwfcs odEkdifouJhokdY xkdtajctaeESifh xkdaeYukd OD;ausmf'iftzkYd &moufyef rarhEidk af wmhacs/ yxr&pf taejzifh tyg,fav;yg; a<u;pm&if; zsufvu dk af om xkdaeYum; .... ]]1282-ckESpf? 0gqkdvjynfhausmf 13-&uf? Mumoyaw;aeY? nOfh 10-em&DcefY/}} (a,m*Dw?Ydk w&m;½Irw S &f if; edAmÁ efqu dk af &muf rsufarSmufjyKyHkukd r[mpnfq&mawmf tcef;usrS tjynfhtpHk azmfjyrnf/)

ynmowdESifh bkef;&SdolwkdYtwGuf tmemyge OD;ausmf'ifonf xGufav0ifavukd rjyif; raysmh ½SL½Idufí owdESifhtod? todESifhowdonf a&S;uxufyif ykí d csyfceJ csyfceJru d m ½kyef mrftod rsm; ykdí&Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm jrifí jrifí vm\/ pí tm;xkwu f wnf;uyif £ajE´ysufavmufatmif ,dr;f ,kid v f yI &f mS ;jcif; &Scd [ hJ efrwl/ wkev f yI f ,dr;f ,kid f jcif;onf orm"dtm;enf;onfh oabmyif jzpf\/ wkefvIyf ,drf;,dkifjcif;ü om,mNiduyf auseyfjcif; (eduEÅ)d aMumifyh if ykí d wkev f yI f ,dr;f ,dik jf cif; jzpf&\/ bk&m;&Sif vufxufawmfu tmemyge ½IymG ; &mü uk, d af &mpdwyf g ,dr;f ,dik w f ek v f yI jf cif; r&S?d yuwd wnfNidrpf mG ½IymG ;aeaom &Sirf [muyÜed rax&ftm; bk&m;&SifESifhwuG oDwif;oHk;azmfrsm; tm;vHk;u cs;D usL;cJMh uzl;\/ (r[muyÜed okw?f tmemygeoH,w k )f oDv? orm"d? ynm (okdYr[kwf) owd? orm"d? 0D&, d ? ynm jynfph n kH rD QpGm (y&dyP k b Ö m0dw) ½IrSwfolwkdif;? bk&m;&Sif a[mawmfrlonfhtwkdif; oifcef;pmukd rckefausmfbJ tpDtpOfwus (tEkykAÁ y&dpw d ) ½Irw S o f w l idk ;f &Siu f yÜed rax&fuo hJ Ydk (&[EÅm [kwo f nfjzpfap? r[kwo f nfjzpfap) wnfNidrf at; aq;pGm csrf;omvG,ful edAÁmefokcudk &,lEkdifMuay onf/ ]]edAmÁ efudk avsm&h &J v J yk í f r&/ uk, d Ef iS hf touf pGefYí vkyf&rnf}}ponfjzifh xkdxkdygVdawmf wdkYü a[mMum;onfht"dyÜg,fukd ½kyf0w¬Kqefqef ]avS xk;d vTwu dk }f oabmrsKd; raumuf,&l / xufoefjyif; jyí todÚmPf,SOfaom jywfom;wdusonfh pdwf "mwfom ta&;BuD;avonf/ (a, okyÜ,kwåm? reom 'aVe/)okrYd [kwyf gu wpfpw kH pfcak om tcktcH tNidtwG,frsm;ukd rausmfvGefEkdifbJ ½kyfwGufwGuf um &SifqEé? &Sifa*g"du polwkdYuJhokdY ukd,fhukd,fukd vnf; vSD;íowfaoaom jywfom;rI? &J&ifhrIrsm; txd e,fuRHoGm;wwfonf/ tpGJruif;aom ZGJwif;rIrsm;aMumifh tvGef w&m wnfNidrfcsrf;ompGm avQmuf&rnfh rZösdy#dy'g vrf;onf acR;pGef;aomvrf;? aoG;pGef;aomvrf; jzpfc&hJ acs\/ jrifraumif;? ½Iraumif; ESm&nfw&T&J EJT iS hf

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

bl;/ olwkdYawGawmif 'Davmufrsm;wJh y&dowfawG tMum;?'Davmufrsm;wJt h vkyaf wG vky&f if;eJY bk&m;&Sif xHawmfu tqH;k tr&vkYd awmufavQmuf aqmifMu (½IrSwfMu)awmh toD;oD;awG[m &nf&G,f rSef;xm; wmrQru NyD;pD;cJhMuygoAsm}}[k aus;Zl;&Sif a0bl q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ Mo0g' (28? 5? 1955)ukd owd&zG,f &Sday\/

vrf;ckvwfü ypfvJaeolrsm;vnf; twHk;t½kH;/ pifppf tmemygeur®|mef;um; tjcm; ur®|mef;rsm;xuf tusKd;tmedoifBuD;rm;vSay\/ tusKd;BuD;rm;onfEiS t hf rQ qnf;yl;&aom taMumif; rSmvnf; tjcm;ur®|mef;rsm;xuf t&if;tES;D rsm;\/ t&if;tESD;um; wjcm;r[kwf? owdESifhynmwnf;/ ur®|mef;wkid ;f wGif owdynm vkt d yfonfcsn;f jzpf\/ okdY&mwGif tmemygeur®|mef;wGif txl;ojzifh ykdí vkdtyf\/ ]]owdynm r&Sdoltm; þur®|mef;ukd igra[m? ray;}}[lí rdefYawmfrlzl;onf? (tmemyge oH,kwfESifh Oy&d-tmemygeówdokwf)/bk&m;? yapöuAk'¨g? om0u bkef;uHBuD;rm;olwkdY twGuf omvQif jzpf\/ bke;f uHenf;ol (vlnrhH sm;)\ t&m r[kwf/ xkdyk*¾dKvfjrwfrsm;onfvnf; cPwpfjzKwf (aumuf½dk;rD;uJhokdY) vkyf½kHrQ vkyfí&aom ur®|mef; r[kw/f pGpJ NJG rJNrJ pl;pl;pku d pf u dk f av;av;yifyif owd ynmrsm;rsm;jzifh vkyfrS&aom w&m;jzpf\/ (0dok'¨d r*f? 1? 276/) xkdYaMumifh t&Sdefjyif;aom odaE¨mjrif;ukd pD; olonf tpD;rwwfí vdru hf svQif ykí d txdemwwf ayonf/ tmemygeum; vlwpfa,mufukd qHyifqGJ ukdifvkdufouJhokdY ap;ap;ykdifykdif EkdifEkdifeif;eif;&SdvSí cE¨maA'wGif tcsKyt f jcm tñSmusaom ur®|mef;jzpf\/ OD;ausmf'ifonf bke;f uHBuD;rm;ol jzpfonfh twkid ;f wpfaeYrQ rvyfatmif tywfwukwf BudK;pm; ½IrSwf\/ rSwfyHkrSwfenf;vnf; tajymif;tvJr&Sd/ ]xd-od-owd}yif jzpfonf/ (&[EÅmjzpfonfh aemuf wGifvnf; þokdYyif rSwfae&\/ rSwfaevkduf\/) xkdYaMumifh bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfonf vlwkdif;em; vnfatmif? rvkyfwwf r&Sdatmif vG,fulvSay onf/ OD;ausmf'ifonf aeY&o dS rQ tdrrf u I pd rö sm; vkyf &if;yif vkyaf e&\/ ajymif;½d;k pOf;&if;? EGm;pmauR;&if;? xGef&if;? xif;ckwf&if; tvpftvyfr&Sd/ tdyfcsdefukd yif txl;avQmhum ykdíBudK;pm;vmayonf/ ]]tcsdefwpfcktwGif; tvkyfESpfrsKd; vkyfEkdif wm 'D[myJ&w dS ,f/ckval wG[m ewfjA[®mawGavmuf tNcHt&H y&dowf rrsm;Muygbl;/ a&S;u &Sib f &k ifawG olaX;awGavmufvnf; tvkyfudpörrsm;Muao;yg

rdef;rMurf; vkyf&&Smaom a':a&T&nf OD;ausmf'ifonf tdrfrIudpövkyf&if;ESifhyif yxrwpfqifh atmifjrifcJh\/ tdrfrIudpörsm;vnf; vpf[if;onf r&SdcJh/ okdY&mwGif ]tvkyfysufw,f}[k qkdum ZeD;a':a&T&nf\ aqmifhatmifhjiLpljcif;ukd cHae&\/ aemufrMum;wMum; apmif;ajrmif;\/ aemuf ckwifay:u wGe;f csonftxd aESmif, h u S v f m awmhonf/ OD;ausm'f ifum; onf;cHvsuf qufívkyf NrJ/ ]]raESmifh,SufcsifygeJY &Sifa&T&nf&,f}}[k qkd um wGe;f cscH&aom ajrBuD;ay:üyif xkid í f ½Irw S Nf rJ ½IrSwfjyef\/ a':a&T&nfum; ckwifrS Murf;rsm;Ekwf NyD; axmifxm;&m? OD;ausmf'ifrSm a':a&T&nfaqmifh atmifh jrnfweG Nf yD; xGuo f mG ;onfEiS hf tcif;r&Sad om qifhay:üyif xkdifí ½IrSwfae&onf/ rMumrD a':a&T&nf tdrfxJokdY 0ifvmum]]uJ ..ukd,fawmfBuD; z,fay;ygOD;}}[k qkd um Murf;cif;rsm;ukd jyefcif;í ay;jyef\/ ]]&Siaf &T&nf&,f? rif; bmaMumifh aESmif, h u S f csif&wmwH;k }}[k ar;&m]]awmf-pdwfqkd;NyD; x½dkufatmifvkyfwm}}[k jyefí ajym&m OD;ausmf'ifu]]pdwrf qk;d ygbl; r,frif;BuD;r&,f?½du k v f nf; r½du k yf gbl;/ BudK;pm;NyD; w&m;a[mawmfryl g}}[k qkd um ½IrSwfNrJ ½IrSwfaeavonf/ ]aomwmyef}qkdonfrSm omrnyk*¾dKvfrsKd; r[kwfacs/ ]]'d|d? 0dpdudpämrQom y,fao;onf}}[k vG,fvG,fyif ajymqkdxifjrifaeMu\/ (tyg,fokdY usapEkdifaom) udavomrSeforQ tm;vHk;y,fowf NyD;ol jzpfonf/ (t|omvde-D 'óewdu/) &wem

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

oHk;yg;\ aus;Zl;odyHkESifh b0jyóem tzHkzHkESifhpyfí ESv;kH om;\ axmufccH suf&aom cGiv f ;kH ykid , f MkH unfrI tvif;"mwfBuD; ude;f atmif;oGm;avNyD/ ig;yg;oDv ukdvnf; (b0jcm;apumrl) tvkdvkdyif t<uif;rJh vHkvnf;oGm;awmh\/ (y&dyl&um&D/) rdrdü &Sdaomtjypfukd r&Sd[efaqmifrI=(rm ,m)? rdrdü r&Sdonfh*kPfukd &Sd[efaqmifrI=(omaX ,s)? remvk0d efwrdk =I (£óm rpä&, d )paom r½d;k om; rIrsm;vnf; aomwmyefü r&SdawmhNyD/ OZkyÜ#dyEé= pif;vH;k acsm ½d;k ajzmifo h w l nf;/ (tH-2? 382? 0dbif;349-½I/) vlomrefwkdY ukd,fcsif;pmí r&Ekdifaom tNidr;f "mwf? todÚmPf tvif;tm;wkv Yd nf; rsm;pGm &Su d ek \ f / ao;ao;i,fi,f ES,Ef , S &f & r[kwyf gacs/ pMu0aw;rif; pnf;pdrfESifhrvJEkdifaom csrf; omonf tb,frSmvQif ]]olvkd igvkd}}[kwfygcsdrfh rnfenf;/ xkdYaMumifh OD;ausmf'ifonf a':a&T&nf tay: pdwrf qk;d bJ oem;íom aeawmh\/ tvkv d dk arwåmjzifh onf;cHEkdif&nf &Sdvmonf/ a0'emukd ½Irw S &f rsm;aom owduvnf; onf;cHEidk &f nfudk wk;d ap\/ jzpfay:vmaom avmb?a'goukd csucf si;f yif odrf;qnf;Ekdifonf/ ou'g*grdr*fonf tMurf;pm; avmbESifh a'gowkdYukd owfayawmhrnf/ a':a&T&nfum; wpfaeYxufwpfaeY wpfrsKd; NyD; wpfrsKd;om aESmifh,Sufae\/ ]]bmrQ wk d ; wk d ; azmf r &bl ; / awrd v k d y J / 'gavmufawmif w&m;tm;xkwfcsifvnf; bkef;BuD; vkyfaeygvm;}} ponfjzifh jrnfwGefawmufwD;vsuf om &Scd \ hJ / todcsi;f rwlí tjrifcsi;f rwl/ ykí d odol jrifou l ykNd yD; onf;cH&NrJjzpf\/ xkt d cg a,m*Donf ykdí owdxm;&onf/ rdrdtwGuf todÓPfenf;ol rsm;tm; tjypfykdí av;roGm;atmif apmifha&Smuf &jyef\/ okrYd [kwyf gu rodorl sm;ü t&d,mpGypf jJG ypf BuD; usa&mufoGm;Ekdifonf/ t&d,m rjzpfao;aom a,m*DwydYk ifvQif t&d,yl 0g'uHe;D yg; tjypfrsm;jzpfap Ekdifojzifh ykdí onf;cHMu&m\/ t&d,m pGypf jJ Gypf q,frsK;d um; tvGeaf Mumufz, G f aumif;avpGmh/ t&d,m r[kwfoltm; t&d,mtjzpf

csD;usL;*kPjf yKjcif;onfvnf; t&d,yl 0g'uHEiS hf twl wlyifjzpfaMumif; ('o*Fkwå& aumumvduokwf tzGifhü) vm&Sd\/ t&d,myk*¾dKvf? t&d,mjzpf&ef usifhBuHaeaom a,m*DwkdYESifh qufqH&onfrSm vlrdkufwkdYtwGuf tvGefaMumufzG,faumif;avpG/ vlrkdufrsm;ü tjypfrBuD;Muap&ef a,m*D vkyfolrsm;uvnf; taetxkdif tajymtqkdukd qifjcifMu&m\/onf;cHjcif;jzifh rdrüd w&m;wufap½Hrk Q ru rodem;rvnf olwu Ydk ydk g apmifah &Smuf&m a&muf ay\/ ]]w&m;XmerSm aeNyD; w&m;orm;vkd raeEkid f vQif raewmu aumif;w,f/ raeMuESifh/ wjcm; olawGvnf; 'Dvydk aJ erSmygqkNd yD; rdrw d pfa,mufwnf; rwnhfwmukd jrifvkdY wpfyg;olu uJh&JUrdoGm;&if xdo k rl mS tvGet f jypfBuD;w,f/rdrrd mS vnf; tpD;tyGm; rrsm;wJhtjyif jrifwJholawGukdyg tjypfay;aewmeJY twlwlyJ}} [k aus;Zl;&Sif a0blq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u vd*Ft&d ,m? tmpm& t&d,mpaom t&d,m trsKd;tpm; rsm;ukd cGjJ cm;ñTejf yí rdrd teD;tyg;&Sd BuD;rS &[ef;jyK aom &[ef;a,m*Drsm;tm; qHk;ronfukd rSwfom;& zll;\/ owdjyKtyfvSygayonf/ a,m*Dum; OD;ausmf'ifuo hJ Ydk wpfr*fwpfzv dk f rQ r&ao;vQifvnf; usdwfrSdwfatmifhtnf;íom onf;cHEkdifatmif BudK;pm;Mu&m\/ OD;ausmf'ifrSmrl vG,v f , G u f u l jl zifyh if onf;cHEidk af yonf/a':a&T&nf um; tavQmhray;/ wpfnwGif OD;ausm'f if w&m;½Irw S í f aumif; aeckduf csnfwkdifrS EGm;rukd BudK;ajzvTwfvkdufNyD; ]]ukdausmf'if? EGm;r vGwfoGm;vkdY vkdufacsygOD;}}[k qkdum nBuD;rif;BuD; EGm;vkdufckdif;onf/ xkdEGm;rrSm jriforQ a0SUwwfí tvGefqkd;aom EGm;rjzpfaomf vnf; OD;ausmf'if xvkdufoGm;aomtcg tvG,f wulyif zrf;ícsnfEdkifcJh\/ a':a&T&nfcrsm aeYcsif;ncsif; pdwfajymif; rSef;rod ajymif;vmum rdef;rMurf;vkyfí ujy&&Sm \/ Zmwfq&mum; b,foljzpfygavrnfenf;/ qufvufazmfjyygrnf

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

tvSrmef,pfrl; vGefrMuL;rD t&Sifokre(a&T*l) (,cifvrStquf) bk&m;&Sif qGr;f cH<ucsaD wmf rlomG ;NyD[k acrmrdz&k m;u xifrw S f aeonf/xkaYd Mumifh pdwaf t;vuf at;jzifh a0VK0efO,smOfukd vSnfh ywf a i;armrd o nf / trS e f y if a0VK0efonf zGJUpyfqkdxm;aom aw;oDcsi;f xuf ydrk v dk yS jynfph akH e onf/wpfae&mta&mufwiG f acrm \ ajcvSr;f rsm;u wHq Yk idk ;f &yfwefY oGm;onf/ rdr\ d a&SUcyfvrS ;f vSr;f &Sd oD[kdVfyifatmufwGif &[ef;ysKd wpfyg;ukd jrifae&onf/ &[ef;

ysKd\ Mueftifvu©Pmukd awGU& NyD;csed w f iG f acrm\pdwx f üJ tawG; wpfck 0ifvmcJhonf/ ]]ta&tqif;eJY pkdajywJh &[ef;wpfyg;ygvm;/ 'DvkdEkysKdwJh t&G,f[m umr*kPfukd cHpm;NyD; arGUavsmfoifhwJht&G,f? tckawmh &[ef;w&m;ukd yGm;rsm;aevkduf wm? touft&G,ftkdrif;vmrS &[ef;w&m;ukd tm;xkwzf aYdk umif; ygw,f}} tqifjcifrJhum w&m;½I

rSwaf eaom &[ef;ysKdudk wpfcP ai;aerdonf/xkaYd emuf teD;tyg; rS a&SmifuGif;um *E¨uk#dausmif; buf o k d Y avQmuf v mcJ h o nf / bk&m;&SifqGrf;cH<uaeonftxif jzifh vSnfhywfMunfh½I&ef twGif; bufokdY ajcvSrf;pvkdufonf/ ][if}[laom tmar#dwo f w H ;dk wk;d u acrm\ EIwfzsm;rSxGufoGm; onf/ rdrdxuf tom;ta& ½kyf qif;oP²mef tqrwefomvGef acsmarmvSyaom rde;f rysKdudk awGU

❦ vkduf&onf/ xkdrdef;rysKdi,fu bk&m;&Siu f dk ,yfavnif;cwfvsuf &Sdavonf/ bk&m;&Sifu wefckd; awmfjzifh zefqif;xm;aom £'¨d ½kyf rdef;rysKdi,f/ acrmrdzk&m;onf jyef vSnx hf u G o f mG ;&ef rpGr;f Ekid af wmh/ rde;f rysKid ,f\tqif;ü rdrt d Munfh ukd ra&SmifvEJT idk /f tHMh opGmyif jyif; jywyfrufNidw, G o f mG ;onf/tHt h m; woifh ai;armrdaeqJrmS yif rde;f r ysKdi,f\ ½kyfcE¨monf wjznf; jznf; ajymif;vJpjyKvm\/touf ESpq f ,f?tpdw0f ef;usifrS touf av;ig;ajcmufq,f t&G,fokdY ajymif;vJa&muf&Sdvmawmhonf/ qHauomrsm;u abmfaiGa&mif oef;vm\/ yg;a&rsm; wGe½Yf UHI vm onf/ oGm;tcsKdU a<uukefonf/ ñSi;f qk;d rJaYS jcmufrsm; pGu J yfvm\/ om;jrwftpHu k wG&J &Gu J svmonf/ ajcvuft*Fgrsm;\ tpdwftykdif; rsm; BuD;vmonf/ ajcmufuyf ñdrk idI ;f vmaom tom;ta&atmuf rS taMumrsm;u xifxif&Sm;&Sm; ay:vm\/ cE¨mukd,f\ cg;u ukdif;ñTwfvsuf/ xkdYaemuf wkef wkef,if,ifjzifh ,yfavcwfNyD; aemuf vJ u saoqH k ; oG m ;av onf/ ½kyfcE¨m\ "mwfav;yg; rsm; ,kd,Gif;oGm;jcif;? yifukd,f oabmüyif rpifMu,fjcif;? puf qkyfzG,f&momjzpfaom cE¨may: wGif om,mrdonfrSm rkdufrJrI wpfck[k zswfceJowd0ifvmrd awmhonf/ xkaYd emuf bk&m;&Si\ f a&SUarSmufukd acrma&muf&SdoGm;

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

\/ acrmu &Scd ;dk zl;ajrmfNyD;csdew f iG f bk&m;&Sifu ]]acrmrdzk&m;? emusifcH cuf ESdyfpufwwfNyD; rpifrMu,f &G&H mS zG,f ykyaf [mifñpDS Ydk teYt H ouf vnf; raumif;? txufatmuf ukd wpfpufpuf,kdpdrfhxGufvkdY? oabm&Sw d chJ E¨mukd rvdrrf mrku d rf J ol a wG [ m jrwf E k d ; ES p f o uf M u w,f/ tJ'jD rwfE;dk wJh cE¨muk, d u f dk aphaphpyfpyf Munfph rf;ygawmh}} bk&m;&Si\ f Munfvifom ,mzG,&f adS om toHawmfudk acrm u ½d½k akd oao *½kwpku d ef mcHrw S f ,lrdonf/ ½dkusKd;pGm acgif;ukd iHkY vsuf pdwfESvHk;wGif NrJNrHap&ef rSwo f m;awmhonf/ ]]rwifhrw,f pufqkyf zG,f&mayyJvkdY pdwfxJu xifjrif rI tusK;d twGuf wpfcw k nf;aom tm½Hk? aumif;pGmwnfMunfwJh yGm;rsm;rIpdwfukd yGm;rsm;ygawmh? um,aum|morSmjzpfwhJ atmuf arhjcif;owdukd jzpfygapawmh/ cE¨muk, d u f dk rufarmjcif;uae NiD; aiGUrIukd oifhrSm jzpfygapawmh}} ]]acrmrdzk&m;? igbk&m; xHyg;rSm&SdaewJh rdef;rysKd&JU udk,f [m tkdrif;&GwfwGNyD; azmufjyef ysufp;D &ovkd tJ'eD nf;wlpmG oifh &JU uk, d [ f mvnf; azmufjyefysupf ;D oGm;rSmyJjzpfw,f/ oif[m rao cifuav;rSm tckduftwefY vSy w,fvkdY xif&ovkd igxHrSm&Sdae wJh rdef;rysKd[mvnf; raocif cPuav; vSywmyg? twGif; tjyifjzpfwJhukd,frSm wyfrufjcif; qE´awGudk jzwfawmufpGefYypf

vku d yf gawmh}} acrmrdz&k m;\ qifjcifwkH todu wdrf;acsmf,drf;,dkifae&m rS wjznf;jznf;csi;f jyefvnfwnfh rwfvmonf/ bk&m;&Si\ f pum; awmfwkdif;ü todÚmPfu Ek&mrS &ifu h sufrb I ufqo D Ydk ul;oef;vm aeonf/ bk&m;&Sif\ toHawmf ukd Mum;NrJMum;aeqJ/ ]]vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; wpf aygif ; wnf ; ? wpf p nf ; wnf ; taumiftxnf r[kwyf guvm;qkd NyD;? cGJjcm;ykdif;qpf½IjrifwJh 0dyó emÚmPfukd yGm;ygapawmh? cE¨m ukd,frSm ykef;vQKd;ckdwG,faewJh raumif;qk;d &Gm;axmifvmT ;wJh rmef rmeukd pGefYypfvkdufygawmh? tJ'D rmeukd pGeyYf ,fjcif;[m q,fw h pf rD;tyludk Nidr;f apwmjzpfvYdk edAÁmef ukd a&mufEdkifayw,f}} ]]yrmajym&&ifawmh yifu h l aumif[m rdr&d ufvyk zf UJG jyKtyfwhJ uGef&ufcsnfrQifrSm tpOfuyfNid avQmufae&ovkd owå0gawG[m vnf; &m*eJY wyfrufarmaeukef onfh rdrw d Ykd jyKvkyt f yfwhJ udav om cE¨mtpOfukd vkdufaeMu w,f / ynm&S d o l a wG u awmh umr*kPfcsrf;omukd iJhuGufrI tvsOf;r&SdbJ pGefYy,fMuw,f/ tJ'v D dk udavomtpOfudk wGe;f vSef NzdKzsufEidk v f v Ydk nf; edAÁmefudk oGm; a&muf Muukefayw,f cspforD; acrm}} acrmrdz&k m;\ todw&m; u vif;vufawmufyoGm;onf/ bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tru rdrd\ pdwfESvkH;ukd &Tifvef;Munfvifap

❦ cJNh yD/tvS\*kPyf 'k w f jYdk zifh om,m rdcJhaom rdrdukd,fukd rdrd&Sufpdwf 0ifvmcJ\ h / owå0grsm;\ pdwftpOf uk d xG i f ; azmuf j rif w wf a om bk&m;&Siu f acrmrdz&k m;\ cHpm; rI tajctaeukd odvkdufonf/ xkt d cg acrm\ a&S;b0jzpfonfh uóybk&m;&Sif omoemawmf xufu acrmukd,fwkdif avhvm usurf w S cf zhJ ;l aom r[med'geokwf ukd a[mMum;awmfral vonf/ taMumif ; tusKd ; quf oabmrsm;jzpfonfh y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'f/ twåonf ½kyf&Sd\? tydkif;tjcm; &S\ d / twåonf ½ky&f \ dS / tykid ;f tjcm;r&S/d twåonf ½kyrf &S?d tykid ;f tjcm;r&S/d twåonf ½kyrf &S?d tykid ;f tjcm;&Sd\/ twåonf ½kyfr&Sd? tykdif;tjcm;r&Sd[k rynwfaom ol\ etwåynwfoabmrsm;/ xkdYaemuf twåukd ½Ijrif jcif;rsm;?0dnmOf\wnf&m ckepfyg;? vG w f v yf j cif ; [k ac:qk d a om 0darmu©&Spfyg; oabmrsm;jzifh r[med'geokwfukd acrmrdzk&m; emMum;&onf/ okwåefw&m;qHk; onfhtckdufüyif acrmonf a&S; b0u udk,fwkdifavhusifh usuf rSwcf zhJ ;l onfudk jyefvnfatmufarh rd u m aomwmyef t &d , mjzpf oGm;awmhonf/ acrmu rdr\ d ½kyt f qif; rmeukd csKd;ESrd yf pfNyD;om; jzpfomG ; \/ tawG;tBuH rSm;,Gif;cJhjcif; twGuf bk&m;&Sifukd acrmu ½ku d sKd;OD;cku d f awmif;yefavonf/ ]]t&SifjrwfpGmbk&m;? cyf

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

odr;f aom w&m;wku Yd dk odjrifawmf rlNyD;wJh t&Sifjrwfbk&m;? r[m u½kPmawG&JU wnf&mjzpfawmf rlwhJ jrwfpmG bk&m;?oHo&m0J*,uf uae vGwfawmfrlNyD;wJh t&Sif jrwfbk&m;? raojcif;w&m;ukd tarGay;awmfrlygwJh t&Sifjrwf bk&m;ukd ½kad ojrwfE;dk &Scd ;dk ygw,f t&Sib f &k m;}} ]]tnpftaMu;awGxJukd ajy;0ifwhJ umr*kPu f dk wyfrufrd vkdY vrf;rSm;aewJh wynfhawmf r[m t&Sib f &k m;&JU Oyg,fwrsOf aumif;eJY enf;ay;qHk;rtyfwJh twGuf ESpNf cdKufMunfvifvm&yg w,f t&Sifbk&m;/ t&Sifjrwf bk&m;vkyd J oDv? orm"d tp&Sw d hJ *kPfBuD;ocif bk&m;&SifawGukd rzl;jrifc&hJ wJh owå0gawG[m auG uif;&jcif;taMumif;awGaMumifh BuD;rm;wJh qif;&J'ku©rsm;pGmukd cHpm;Mu&ygw,f}} ]]t&Sifjrwfbk&m;? wynfah wmfr[mvnf; vlo;kH yg;wkYd &JU ukd;uG,f&mjzpfwJh t&Sifbk&m; ukd 0g;awmBuD;xJrSm &Sdaeawmf rlwm odygvsufeYJ vma&mufrzl; jrifcJhrdygbl;/ wynfhawmfr&JU rvdrfrmwJhtjzpfukd avQmufxm; awmif;yeftyfygw,f t&Sib f &k m;? owå0gtrsm;&JU tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd aqmifwwfNyD; r*fzv dk ef Ad mÁ efcsr;f om ukd ay;wwfwJh t&Sifbk&m;ukd wynfhawmfru uJh&JU½Iwfcswwf w,fvkdY tawG;rSm;cJhrdwJhtwGuf t&Sifbk&m;udk vma&mufrqnf; uyfrdygbl;? txifvGJrSm;NyD; vm a&muf OD;ckdufrzl;ajrmfrdbJ rSm;

,Gi;f cJw h hJ wynfah wmfr&JUtjypfudk avQmufxm;awmif;yeftyfygw,f t&Sijf rwfpmG bk&m;}} acrmrdzk&m;\ pum; tqHk;wGif bk&m;&Sifu NyHK;awmf rlonf/ xkdYaemuf r[mu½kPm arwåm&SifwkdY\ tjyKtrltwkdif; onf;cHpum;ukd rdeaYf wmfral v\/ (6) av;eufpmG cHpm;rIaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom todqifjcifwHk onf wefzkd;BuD;rm;wwfonf/ taMumif;cHw\ Ydk rsK;d apht& ukov dk f w&m;u &SifoefaygufyGm;vm onf/ acrmrdz&k m;\ £ajE´wu Ydk &ifhoefcsdefukd a&mufcJhNyD/ bk&m; &Si\ f w&m;a'oemawmfu tm½Hk qDrS vGwx f u G rf oGm;cJ/h rdru d rdk rd d vSyacsmarmvGe;f ol[k xifcahJ om acrm/ rdrdxuf tqaygif;&m axmifru acsmarmvGef;olukd awGUjrifc&hJ onf/ rdrt d vSEiS , hf OS f aomf rdrdu usD;yrm/ bk&m;&Sif xHyg;wGif ,yfavcwfaeaom rdef;rysKdi,fu a'gif;toGif/ okYd aomf rdrx d uf vSyonfqadk om xkdrdef;rysKdi,f\ tvSu rdrda&SU arSmufüyif ysufpD;,dk,Gif;oGm; onfudk uk, d w f idk jf rifc&hJ NyD/ aemifw&rIESifhtwl qif jcifwHkw&m;ukd acrmu tcsdefrD xdef;odrf;vkdufEkdifonf/ a'oem awmfESifh rdef;rysKdi,f\ tqifh qifh ajymif;vJomG ;aom oP²mef wkdYu acrm\tm½HkwGif rjywf ½dkwfcwfvmNyD;aemuf .... ]]ocifrif;jrwf? a0VK0ef

❦ O,smOfawmfukd ESrawmfa&mufcJh NyD;ygNyD? ocifrif;jrwf&JU Oyg,f enf;vrf;ukv d nf; ESrawmfcs;D usL; *kPf,lrdygw,f/ a0VK0efO,smOf awmfzYJG oDcsif;aMumifh ESrawmfrmS awGUjrifvkdwJh qE´awGjyif;jycJh& w,f/ tJ'DqE´aMumifhyJ wPSm qkw d hJ aESmiftrd u f ae vGwaf jrmuf NyD;awmfrw l hJ twkr&Sd jrwfpmG bk&m; ukd ESrawmf&JU rsufvHk;tpHkeJY zl; jrifc&hJ ygNyD ocifrif;jrwf}} AdrÁdom&rif;BuD;u 0rf; ajrmuf&Tifvef;aom rsufESmxm; jzifh acgif;wqwfqwfnw d o f nf/ rdzk&m;\ tajymif;tvJukd pdwf xJrS yDwdjzm&if; rdzk&m;acrmukd aphaphMunfhonf/ xkdtcdkufwGif acrm\ pum;oHu xGuv f mjyef onf/ ]]wu,fvkdYom ocif rif;jrwfu cGijhf yKawmfrrl ,fq&dk if ESrawmfawmif;yefavQmufwifvkd ygw,f? tJ'guawmh wjcm; r[kwyf gbl;? oH;k avmuxGww f if jzpfwJh bk&m;&Sif&JUomoemawmf [m tHhzG,fjzpfygw,f ocifrif; jrwf? ESrawmfukd omoemawmf rSm &Si&f [ef;rtjzpf 0wfciG jhf yKap vkyd gw,f?ESrawmftaeeJu Y vnf; jrwfpmG bk&m;&JU w&m;awmfaMumifh azmufjyef,dk,Gif;aewJh ½kyftpk ta0;BuD;ukd pufqkyf&GH&SmrdygNyD ocifrif;jrwf}} acrmrdzk&m;ukd AdrÁdom& rif;BuD;u wtHhwMojzpfoGm; onf/ acrmtaejzifh onfuJhokdY aom pum;rsKd;ukd ajymMum;vm vdrrhf nf[k a,mif,rf;íyif rawG;

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

cJhpzl;/ rdrdu 'g,umt&if; tvk y f t auR;jzpf a eí rd r d \ rdz&k m;ukv d nf; 'g,dumr tvkyf tauR;jzpfapcsicf jhJ cif;om/ bk&m; &Sifukd wpfBudrfrQ zl;awGU&½Hkjzifh onfrQtxd jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k rxifcJh/ rif;BuD;u acrm\trl t&muk d awG U jrif & onf ü yif tvkdvkd em;vnfrdvdkufonf/ ]]aumif;jrwfygayw,f acrmrdz&k m;? oifrzd &k m;ukd ig[m 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omeJY &[ef;r jyKzkYd ukd MunfjzLpGmyJ tcGiahf y;ygw,f? vlY&yf vlYabmifukd a&SmifcGmpGefY y,fwhJ oifrzd &k m;[m &Si&f [ef;r tjzpfeYJ t&[wåzv dk q f u dk f a&muf wJhtxd NyD;ajrmuf atmifjrifEkdif ygapvkdYvnf; qkawmif;vkdufyg w,f ESrawmfrdzk&m;}} (7) avmutwGi;f &Sd ½ky0f w¬K rsm; azmufjyefysufpD;wwfaom oabmukd acrmu ESvHk;oGif;NrJ cJNh yD/ rdr\ d ckid rf maom ,HMk unfrI aMumifv h nf; &[ef;r tjzpfudk &&Sd cJhNyD/ acrmax&Donf w&m;tm; xkwfjcif;ukd tywfwukwf BudK; pm;usif h B uH \ / acrmax&D \ &[ef;r b0wGif wpfq,fih g;&uf ajrmufaeYjzpfonf/ xkdaeYonf Oykojf yKonfah eY/ 0wfjyK&if; acrm ax&Du qDr;D ukx d eG ;f ñSo d nf/ xkYd aemufwiG f qDr;D Nidr;f aooGm;onf ukd awGUjrifro d nf/ xkt d cdu k üf yif oHa0*ÚmPfjzifh ½kyef mrf"r®ocFg& wkdY\ jzpfyHkysufyHkukd oHk;oyfrd onf/

taMumif;aMumifhjzpfay: vmaom tusKd;w&m;pk? edAÁmef ygVdawmf\teufoabm? 0dyguf pdwf apwodufw&m;pk? Bud,m pdwf apwodufw&m;pkrsm;jzpf onfh tw¬ig;rsKd;ukd tm½Hjk yKí od aom ukodkvf/ tusKd;ukdjzpfap wwf a om taMumif ; w&m;pk ? t&d,mr*fav;yg;? ygVdawmftpOf ukov kd pf w d f apwodu?f tukov dk f apwodufrsm;jzpfMuaom "r®ig; rsKd;/ xkrd q S ufí tw¬ig;rsKd;? "r® ig;rsKd;wku Yd dk obm0usus aphpyf pHv k ifpmG odjrifco hJ nfh ed½w k /då xkrd S wpfzef a&SUujzpfcJhaomÓPfwkdY ukd tpOftwkdif; cGJjcrf;aphpyf pHv k ifpmG jyKvyk w f wfjcif;rsm;ukd od jrifonfh y#dbmersm;jzifh tw¬ y#dorÇ'd g? "r®y#dorÇ'd gÓPfawmf av;yg;ukd &&Sad vonf/ xkaYd emuf tbdnmOfajcmufyg;jzihf qif,if tyfaom t&[wår*f? zkdvfukd qkdufa&mufum &[EÅmax&Dr jzpfomG ;cJ\ h / (8) awm&Pt&yfonf om0w¬djynfESifh omauwNrdKU tMum;wGif &Sdavonf/ acrm ax&Donf a'opm&DvSnfhvnf &mrS awm&PwGiaf &mufaecJo h nf/ xkdtcsdefumvwGif omauwNrdKU rS om0w¬dokdY yaoe'Daumov rif;u jyeftoGm;wGifjzpfonf/ wpfnOfhwmae&eftwGuf yao e'Daumovrif;u awm&Pukd a&G;cs,v f u dk \ f / aumovrif;u rif;csif;wpfa,mufukd ac:NyD;

❦ ,aeYtwGuf ukd;uG,fqnf;uyf &ef orP okdYr[kwf jAm[®P wpfOD;OD;ukd pkHprf;&SmazGckdif;vkduf onf/ rif;csi;f u tcsed Mf umjrifph mG MumcJNh yD;rS jyefa&mufvmonf/ xkYd aemuf aumovrif;ukd avQmuf wifonf/ ]]t&Sifrif;jrwf? 'Dawm &Pt&yfrSm t&Sifrif;jrwfqnf; uyfoifw h hJ orPyk*Kd¾ vf?jAm[®P yk*¾dKvfukd &SmrawGUcJhygbl;/ okdYay r,fh ynm&Sdw,f? vdr®mw,f? tMum;tjrifrsm;NyD; xl;qef;wJh pum;ukad jymwwfwhJ acrmbduK© eD t&Sifrukdawmh awGUcJh&ygw,f/ tJ'Dt&Sifr[m jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU wynfhrvkdY od&ygw,ft&Sifrif; jrwf}} ]]tif ; ..b,f v k d y J j zpf jzpfayghav? tJ'D bdu©KeDt&Sifr ukdyJ qnf;uyfMuwmaygh}} yaoe'D a umovrif ; u ajymajymqkdqkdyif rif;csif;ESifh twl acrmax&Dr &Sd&mokdYvkduf vmcJo h nf/ acrmax&D\ toGif tjyifukd awGUjrif&rdaom aum ovrif;u xl;jcm;rIawmh &wef aumif;vdrrhf nf[k wGuq f onf/ acrmax&D\tem;okdYa&mufvm cJhonf/ aumovrif;u oifh wifhaomae&mrSaeum &Sdckd;vkduf onf/ xkdYaemuf acrmax&Dukd Munfu h m aumovrif;u]]t&S i f r ? owå 0 g[m aoNyD;wJhaemufa&m jzpfygao; ovm;}} ]]owå0g[m aoNyD;wJh aemufrSm jzpfw,fvkdY bk&m;&Sif

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

u ra[mMum;aybl; rif;jrwf}} ]]t&Sirf ?'gqk&d if owå0g [m aoNyD;wJah emuf rjzpfb;l aygh}} ]]rif;jrwf? owå0g[m aoNyD;wJhaemufrSm rjzpfbl;vkdY bk&m;&Siu f ra[mMum;aybl;}} ]]'gqk&d if owå0g[mao NyD;wJhaemuf jzpfwmvnf;&Sd?rjzpf wmvnf; &Sdaygh? tJ'Dvkdvm;}} ]]owå0g[m aoNyD;wJh aemuf jzpfwmvnf;&Sd? rjzpfwm vnf; &Sdw,fvkdY bk&m;&Sifu ra[mMum;aybl; rif;jrwf}} ]]t&S i f r ? owå 0 g[m aoNyD ; aemuf jzpf w mvnf ; r[kwf? rjzpfwmvnf;r[kwf? tJ'v D ydk gvm;}} ]]rif;jrwf? owå0g[m aoNyD;wJhaemuf jzpfwmvnf; r[kw?f rjzpfwmvnf; r[kwv f Ydk bk&m;&Siu f ra[mMum;cJah ybl;}} acrmax&D\ tajzwkid ;f uk d yaoe'D a umovrif ; u awGa0oGm;onf/ rnfuJhokdY em; vnf&rnfukd rawG;wwfatmif jzpfoGm;onf/ odyfb0ifrusí acrmax&Dudk xyfar;jyefonf/ ]]'Dvydk g t&Sirf ? owå0g [m aoNyD;wJhaemuf jzpfw,fvkdY vnf; ra[mbl;? rjzpfbl;vkdY vnf; ra[mbl;? jzpfwmvnf; &Sw d ,f? rjzpfwmvnf; &Sw d ,fvYdk vnf; ra[mbl;? jzpfwmvnf; r[kwb f ;l ? rjzpfwmvnf; r[kwf bl;vkYd ra[mbl;qkad wmh b,fvdk ygvJ t&Sifr}} acrmax&Du aumov rif;ukd wpfcPMumrQ Munfv h u dk f

aoNyD;wJh aemufrSm owå0g&,fvkdY ynwfr,fq&dk if ynwfEidk w f hJ ½ky?f a0'em? onm? ocFg&? 0dnmPfqkdwJh cE¨mig;yg;ukd wpfenf;qkd&&if tJ'gawG jzpfapEkdifwJhtaMumif;? ork',ukd y,fwJhtaeeJY y,ftyfNyD;chJNyD? jrwfpGmbk&m;rSmu y&dedAÁme pkwdpdwfawmf&JUaemuf cE¨mtopf jzpfawmhrSm r[kwfbl;?

onf/ rif;BuD; em;vnfvG,fEkdif &ef pOf;pm;NyD;aemuf ]]'gqk d & if rif ; jrwf u k d wpfcak wmhar;r,f?toifrif;jrwf BudKufovkdom ajzyg/ qkdygpkdY .. **FgjrpfxrJ mS oJreI af wG[m a[m'D rQavmuf&ydS gw,f?&maxmifaygif; b,fa&GUb,frQ &Sdygw,f? odef; aygif;?oef;aygif; a[monfyh rmP avmuf&ydS gw,fqNdk yD; b,fenf;eJY jzpfjzpf a&wGufjyEkdifwJh a&wGuf jywwfow l pfO;D wav toifrif; jrwfrSm &Sdygovm;}} aumovrif;u csucf si;f

❦ yif r&Sdygbl;[k ajzvkduf&onf/ acrmax&Du qufNyD;]]rif;jrwf? r[mork'´&m rSm&Sw d hJ a&ayguf jynftjciftwG,f [m onfa&GUonfrQ&Syd gw,f? a& aygufyrmP tjciftwG,[ f m &m? axmif? odef;? oef; b,fa&GU b,frQxd &Sdygw,fvkdY a&wGuf jcifwG,fjyEkdifwJh a&wGufwwfol toifrif;jrwfrmS &Syd govm;}} ]]r&Sdygbl; t&Sifr? bm aMumifv h q J ad k wmh r[mork'&´ m [m euf e J v G e f ; vS y gw,f ? rEI d i f ; ,SOfEkdifygbl;? oufap&efvnf; cJ,Of;vGef;ygw,f t&Sifr}} aumovrif;\ pum; tqH;k wGif acrmax&Du acgif;ukd wjznf;jznf;csif; wqwfqwf ndwfonf/ xkdYaemuf aumov rif;ukd Munfv h sufuyif]]jrwfaomrif;BuD;? oif qkcd w hJ t h J wkid ;f yJ jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sif [m r[mork'&´ mvkyd J eufveG ;f w,f? rEI d i f ; ,S O f o mbl ; ? 'gaMumif h aoNyD;wJhaemufrSm jzpfw,fqkdwJh pum;ukv d nf; rajymcJb h ;l ? tJ'v D dk yJ? owå0g[m aoNyD;wJah emufrmS rjzpfqkdwJh pum;? jzpfvnf;jzpf? rjzpfvnf; rjzpfqw dk hJ pum;? jzpf wmvnf;r[kwf rjzpfwmvnf; r[kwf qkdwJhpum;ukd ra[may bl; rif;BuD;}} wpfqufwnf;yif acrm ax&D u aumovrif ; BuD ; uk d tJ'gbmaMumifhvJqkdwm rif;BuD; odovm;[k ar;vku d o f nf/rif;BuD; u acgif;,rf;&if; rodygbl; t&Sifr [k jyefajzav\/ acrm

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

ax&Du qufNyD;]]jrwfaomrif;BuD;? jrwf pGmbk&m;&JUtwGuaf wmh aoNyD;wJh aemufrSm owå0g&,fvkdY ynwf r,fq&dk if ynwfEidk w f hJ ½ky?f a0'em? onm? ocFg&? 0dnmPfqw dk hJ cE¨m ig;yg;uk?d wpfenf;qk&d &if tJ'gawG jzpfapEkdifwJhtaMumif; ork', ukd y,fwJhtaeeJY y,ftyfNyD;chJNyD? jrwfpmG bk&m;rSmu y&deAd Áme pkwd pdwfawmf&JUaemuf cE¨mtopfjzpf awmhrSm r[kwfbl;? 'gaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;[m tem*wfjzpftHh wJh cE¨mig;yg;tpkuae vGwaf jrmuf awmfrlNyD; jzpfw,f? tJ'Dvkd cE¨m ig;yg; topfjzpfawmhrSm r[kwf wmaMumifh owåynwf? yk*¾v ynwf[m Nidr;f NyD;om;jzpfw,f}} ]]rif;BuD;? tJ'DvkdjzpfwJh twGuaf Mumihv f nf; jrwfpmG bk&m; [m tem*wcE¨ynwfuaevnf; vGwNf yD;om; jzpfawmfrw l ,f/tJ'g aMumifh r[mork'´&meJY tvm;wl pGmyJ jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif[m *kPf awmftaeeJYvnf; eufeJvSw,f/ tvkad wmf tZösmo,taeeJv Y nf; eufev J yS gw,f rif;jrwf? oAÁnK jrwfpGm&SiftzkdYawmh aoNyD;wJh aemuf owå0g&,fvkdY ynwf&if ynwfEkdifwJh cE¨mig;yg;r&Sdawmh wmaMumifh owå0gqkdwJh ynwf [m r&Sdawmhwmjzpfw,f? t&if; tjrpfuae Ekwfy,fjzwfawmuf NyD;wJh xef;yifvydk ?J aemufwpfzef jyefvnfjzpfay:zkdY&m r&Sdayawmh bl;? tJ'Dvkdr&Sdawmhwmukd jrif awmfrlwJh jrwfpGmbk&m;[m ao NyD;aemufrmS owå0g[m jzpfw,f

qkdwJh tcsufav;csufpvHk;ukd rajym? ra[mMum;tyfwmyJ jzpf ayw,f rif;BuD;}} yaoe'D a umovrif ; u acrmax&D\ pum;t"dyÜg,f ukd jynfhpHkatmif em;rvnfEkdif aomfvnf; auseyf0rf;ajrmufomG ; avonf/ w&m;"r®\ teuf´ t½Idif;ukd aumovrif;taejzifh em;vnf&ef tvSrf;a0;uGmae onft h cgvnf; jzpfaeao;onf/ twkdif;twmwpfcktaejzifh ajz Mum;tyf a om acrmax&D u k d aumovrif;u ½dak opGm&Scd ;dk vku d f onf/ xkaYd emuf cGiyhf efpum;ajym Mum;NyD ; acrmax&D \ tyg;rS xGucf mG vmcJo h nf/ xkdrS aemifaomaeYwpf aeYwGif bk&m;&SifxHokdY yaoe'D aumovrif;u a&muf&SdoGm; jyefonf/ bk&m;&Sifukd zl;ajrmfNyD; aomtcg aumovrif;u acrm ax&Dudk ar;cJo h nft h wkid ;f bk&m; &Sifukd ar;avQmufrdavonf/ yaoe'Daumovrif;rSm tHt h m; woifhjzpfoGm;cJh&\/ bk&m;&Sif ajzMum;rdefYawmfrlonfhpum;u acrmax&D\ pum;tpOftwkdif; wpfv;kH wpfyg'rQ rSm;,Gi;f wdr;f acsmf jcif; r&SdcJhay/ (bk&m;&Sifonf rdpäm'd|d t,lukd a&SUwef;wifí ar;jref; vmolrsm;tm; owå0gESiyhf wfouf aom t,ltqukjd yefí a[mMum; jcif; rjyKay/) t&Sifokre(a&T*l)

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

t&Snw f nfíNraJ paomf tkd;rzkwfcif? tkd;vkyfpOf0,f tkd;wGifESdyfcwf? wHqdyfrSwfum; rjywfrpJ? tkd;yifuGJvnf; tNrJwap? wnf&SdaeokdY awGawGaoG;om;? uav;rsm;ü bk&m;wHqdyf? bmompdwfukd cwfESdyfEkdifrS? oufqkH;usatmif Ak'¨0g'D? pGJíwnfrnf ukd,fpDcwfESdyfapownf;/ awmifNrdKU? r[m*E¨m½Hk q&mawmf t&SifZeumbd0Ho\ txufyg uAsmav;ukd puFmyl EkdifiH&Sd 0dyóem&dyfom

wusavhvmcGihf &ayawmhrnf/ puFmylEidk if \ H ausmif;ydwf &ufwGif pkaygif;&SifjyKyGJawmfukd (23-11-2003)aeYü jyKvkyfcJh onf/ uk&d ifavmif;rsm; jrif;rpD;? a&TxD;raqmif;? xD;[ef eef;[ef r0wfrpm;bJ pnfoHaAsmoH 'kd; ywfoHrsm;? rvTrf;rrkd;bJ &SifjyKyGJ ukd ½dk;om;wdwfqdwfpGm jyKvkyfcJh onf/ q&mawmf b'´EÅynm omrdu &SifjyKtvSLawmfw&m; csD;jrSifh&mwGif ]]jrefrmEkdifiHrSmqkd vQif Ak'¨,Ofaus;rI oifwef;[k ac:Ekid af Mumif;? wpfvrQ tcsde, f l oifay;&rnfjzpfaMumif;? puFmyl ausmif;\ þ'kw, d Ekid if H

ausmif;awmf wGif a&;xm;ygonf/ xkduAsm av; a&;csw d x f m;aom tcef;xJü uk&d ifi,f wpfq,fo h ;kH yg;wkYd Nidrf ouf p G m w&m;½I r S w f a eMuyg onf/ xkdukd&ifav;rsm;xJwGif jrefrmav;rsm;ESifhtwl puFmylvl rsKd;av;awG yg&SdaeMuygonf/ q&mawmfBuD; b'´EÅynmomrd? q&mawmfav; OD;ynmeE´wkdY\ oGeo f ifñeT jf yrIatmufwiG f uk&d if av;wkdY Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIukd pepf

armifokaqG(oajy½Hk) tBud r f pk a ygif ; &S i f j yKyG J w G i f r l omraPi,frsm; ckepf&ufwm umvrQom Ak'¨,Ofaus;rItm; avhvmMu&rnfjzpfaomfvnf;? tawmftoifh wD;rdacgufrad tmif? ,Ofaus;odraf rGUaom uav;i,f rsm;jzpfatmif þckepf&ufwm umvrsm;u jyKjyifxdef;ausmif; oGm;rSmjzpfaMumif;}} a[mMum; oGm;ygonf/

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

omraPavmif;rsm; ouFef;awmif;pOf

omraPavmif;rsm; ouFef;rawmif;rD Mo0g' em,laeMupOf

❦

EkdifiHjcm;wGif taeMum aom jrefrmuav;rsm;omru puFmylEidk if o H m; Ak'b ¨ momuav; rsm;twGuf þckepf&ufwmrQaom umvav;onf trSefwu,f vkdtyfaom umvjzpfygonf/ w&m;xkdifcsdef? pmoifcsdef? ygVd awmfrsm; &Gwzf wfcsderf sm;jzifh wpf aeYwmonf ud, k yf ikd t f csed ef nf;yg; pGmjzifh NyD;qHk;oGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ jyifyrS vly*k Kd¾ vf? &[ef;yk*Kd¾ vfrsm; vnf; vma&mufoifMum;ay;yg onf/ q&mawmf OD;pdwå& (apm aevwf? r[moEÅdokc)ukdvnf; q&mawmfoDwif;oHk;&m r*Fvm 0d[m&rS tcsdeyf idk ;f vma&muf ykcYd s onfukd awGUcJh&ygonf/ xkd 0dyóem&dyo f mausmif; av;wGifyif omraPi,f wpf q,ho f ;kH yg;wkYd rQwpGm oDwif;oH;k

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

&if; cifrif&if;ESD;cJhMu&ygonf/ rdbrsm;\qE´t& trsm;pkrSm r0wfcsif0wfcsif 0wfcJhMu&aomf vnf; wpf&ufwmrQMum½HkESifh taeaysmfomG ;Muygonf/ vli,f wkdY\ cifrifrIonf jrefqefvGef; vSygbd/ eHeuf (6)em&DrSpwifí bk&m;0wfjyKjcif;? arwåmykdYjcif;? w&m;tm;xkwfjcif;jzifh r*Fvm&Sd aom eHeufcif;ukd oefYpifpGmBudK qkv d u dk Mf u\/ q&mawmf OD;ynm eE´rS ouFe;f ½Hyk ½kH ekH nf;? ypön;f av; yg;tay: qifjcifenf;rsm;tm; jyoay;onf/ om;a,muf s m;av;arG ; xm;aom Ak'¨bmom0ifrdbrsm; \&ifwGif om;&wemrsm;tm; &Sijf yKay;rnf[al om &nf&, G cf suf &SdESifhNyD;om; jzpfygonf/ a&TxD;

vnf;aqmif;? jrif;aumif;vnf; pD;? aAsmpnfwD;í okdufokduf0ef; 0ef;ESifh wpfNrdKUvHk; wpfe,fvHk; vSnhfcsifayvdrfhrnf/ xrif;&nf acsmif;pD; vSLcsifayvdrrhf nf/ tvS L twef ; 0goemyg aom jrefrmwkdY\p½dkufwGif vSL csifwmESifhtwl? tNydKiftqkdif jy csifwmav;awG? olYxufig om atmif r@yfwkdif wufcsifwm av;awGawmh rodrom ckd0ifae wwfygonf/ tcsKdU wufvnf; wufaeMuygonf/ &ifaoG;i,frsm; Ak'¨tvkd awmf u s omraPi,f t jzpf a&muf&Sda&;xuf? vSLa&;wef; a&; jyoa&;buf ykrd t dk m½Hak &muf aeonfukd? trdjrefrmEkdifiHuJhokdY ax&0g' EkdifiHawmfBuD;wGifyif jrifaeawGUae&ygonf/ armif&if

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

omraPrsm; qHcspOf

avmif;tm; bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif; okYd OD;OD;zsm;zsm; ac:aqmifomG ;& rnfhtpm; ewfpif&Sd&m? ewf½kyf awGa&SU t&ifqHk;ac:aqmifoGm; NyD; ewfjyvkjd yaeMuygonf/ uRefawmf\ tawG;yH&k yd f wGif uBudK;wefqmqifxm;aom jrif;rsm;ay:rS rif;0wfwefqmESifh armif&ifavmif;rsm;? a&TxD;awmf rsm;\ vif;vufaeaom ta&mif rsm;? uGrf;awmifukdif yef;awmif ukid f tysKdpiftacsmtvSrsm;? 0wf aumif;pm;vSESifh vlwef;rsm;? wa&GUa&GUoGm;aeMuonf/uk&d ifi,f rsm; oDwif;oH;k rnfh ausmif;awmf BuD;qDokdYvm;? ewfuGef;? ewfpif &Sd&mokdYvm;? a&maxG;,Sufwif jzpfaeaom yHk&dyfonf a00g;ae \/

xkdtaetxm;rS 0wfpHk jzLESihf armif&ifavmif;wkYd ouFe;f awmif;ae[efonf &ifudk csrf;jr aprSef; ykdNyD; odomvmygonf/ 0dyóem&dyo f mausmif;0if; r@yftwGif;&Sd 0wfpHkjzLESifh zdk; olawmfav;wkYd ouFe;f awmif;ae MuavNyD/ pkaygif;&SifjyKyGJav;onf qdwfNidrfcsrf;jrpGmESifh oEÅdokcukd ay;pGrf;EkdifcJhygonf/ tajctae t& ukd&ifi,fav;rsm; &Twf&Suf 'Gwf'uf t*Fvdyfvkd ajymaumif; ajymaeygvdrfhrnf/ jrefrmtcsif; csif;awmh jrefrmvkd ajymMuonf ukv d nf; 0rf;omzG,af wGU&ygonf/ olwo Ydk nf q&mawmfrsm;\ oif jyrIatmufwiG f oGm;rIvmrI? aerI xkid rf ?I pm;rIwYdk pepfwus jyKvkyf

cGifh&aeavNyD/ ypönf;av;yg;jzpf onfh qGrf;? ouFef;? ausmif;? aq;wku Yd dk oH;k aqmifwidk ;f qifjcif yHkukdvnf; oabmaygufaeMu avNyD/ vli,fwkdY bmombm0 vGwv f w G v f yfvyfpm;? vGwv f w G f vyfvyfae? vGwv f w G v f yfvyf ajym b0rS ? jzKef ; ceJ xd e f ; xd e f ; odrf;odrf;ae&aomtcg tpOD;ü cufaumif;cufayvdrfhrnf/ vIyf vIyf&Sm;&Sm; ajy;vTm;aeolwkdY? qdwfqdwfNidrfNidrf rvIyfr,Suf xkdifvkduf&í aeom;rusvS/ w&m;xkid &f m tcef;av; wGiyf if uav;i,fw\ Ydk ESy½f yI o f H awG xGuv f monf/ [ked m; ukwf csicf si?f onfem;zJch sicf si[ f ef vIyf vIyf&G&Gav;awG wpfaxmifhwpf

❦ ae&mrS jrifae&\/wpfcPwmyg/ ESpf&ufavmuf vGefajrmufoGm; aomtcg tom;usvmonf/ ouFe;f pGeaf wmifqEJG iS hf uk&d ifav; awG r[kwfawmh/ oyf o yf & yf & yf 0wf wwfaeavNyD? wpfq,fhoHk;ESpf &G,f ukd&ifav;rsm;tm; xdef;& onfrSm vG,fulaomudpöawmh r[kwyf g/tusifrh &Sad o;í ajym&? qk&d cufonft h cg? uk&d ifav;wkYd \ xdyaf jymifajymiftm; acgufae &OD;rnfh q&mawmfOD;ynmeE´\ vufqpfav;rsm; ESpf&uf? oHk; &ufavmufawmh emaumif;emae ygvdrrhf nf/ tk;d vkyo f rm;wk\ Yd vuf onf? tkd;ukd ykwfcwfaeaomf vnf; uGJapvkdaomqE´ESifh ykwf cwfonfr[kwf/ tykwftcwf aumif;ívnf; tkd;av;awG ckdif ckdifNrJNrJ vSvSyy jzpfvmonf r[kwaf vm?q&morm;wk\ Yd vuf onfvnf; þenf;ESiEf iS yf if/ wynfw h Ydk vdr®m,Ofaus; a&;twGuf q&mawmftaeESifh temcHEidk rf nfreS ;f BudKwifoad eyg onf/q&mawmf\ jyKjyifraI Mumifh yif ukd&ifav;rsm; Nidrfoufat; aq;pGm w&m;½Irw S w f wfaeygNyD/ pm;owd? oGm;owdvnf; &Sad eMu ygNyD/ wpfae&m&m xkdifawmhrnf qkdvQif zsmay:xkdifonfjzpfap? ukvm;xkdifay: xkdifonfjzpfap ae&mxdkifav;cif;NyD;rS xkdifonfh tusifh &aeayNyD/ ae&mxkid af v; tm; aoaooyfoyf acgufvsuf ykc;kH ay:wifNyD; oGm;ae[efrmS vnf;

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

w&m;tm;xkwfaeaomomraPi,frsm;

,aeYxd rsuv f ;kH xJu rxGuaf wmh/ q&mawmf r sm;uvnf ; omraPi,frsm;tm; omoem ESihf ywfoufonfh odoifo h x d u dk f onfrsm;ukd tcsed w f w dk t dk wGi;f xd rdEidk o f rQ xdrad tmif oifcNhJ yD;jzpf onf/ omraPb0\ rGejf rwfrI tm;vnf; em;vnfEkdiforQ em; vnfatmif ajymjyNyD;jzpfygonf/ xkduav;i,frsm; BuD;vmcJhvQif vnf; xkt d ajccHrsm;\ axmufyhH rIjzifh 'g,umaumif;av;rsm; jzpf vmEkdifygonf/ Ak'¨bmomtm; tajccHusus em;vnfEkdifpGrf;&Sd aom 'g,umaumif ; tjzpf omoemawmf t&SnfwnfwHha&;

vkyif ef;rsm;wGif wpfwyfwpftm; jzpfvmygvdrrhf nf/ tk;d rzkwcf ifu tk;d rsm;ay: cwfESdyfxm;aom wHqdyfonf rD; zkwfcHNyD; usufoGm;aomfvnf; rysufpD;bJ xkdtkd;uGJonftxd &Sd aeouJhokdY ckepf&ufwm umvrS &cJhaom todw&m;onfyif ukd &ifi,fw\ Ydk aeYpOfb0tm; xde;f ausmif; oGm;Ekid yf gvdrrhf nf/ olwYdk ESv;kH om;wGif cwf ESdyfay;vkdufaom Ak'¨wHqdyfonf t"GefY&SnfMum wnfpGmNrJEkdifMuyg ap ..../ armifokaqG (oajy½Hk)

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

EkdifiHjcm;om;bkef;awmfBuD;wpfyg;\

Ak ' ¨ b momtjrif tar;tajzrsm; csrf;ajrYq&mawmf (,cifvrStquf)

5/ wrvGefb0

xm0&i&JrmS &ifvnf; us&w,f/ vlom;0g'orm;rsm;ESihf odyyHÜ nm&Sif tcsKUd u awmh vl[m obm0taMumif;w&m;rsm;aMumifh trd 0rf;wGi;f rSm vltjzpf a&mufvmNyD;awmh aowJt h cgrSm vHk;0 tjzpf&yfoGm;aMumif; (aemufwpfb0 rjzpf awmhaMumif;) ajymqkMd uygw,f/ Ak'¨bmomu tJ'D&Sif;jycsuf ESpfrsKd;vHk;ukd vufrcHygbl;/ wu,fvkdY aumif;jrwfwJh xm0& bk&m;ocif[m uREfkyfwkdYukd wu,fyJzefqif;w,f qk&d if aMumufp&maumif;vSwhJ ajcvuft*FgcsKdUwJw h hJ vlaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmukd bmaMumifh arG;zGm;apovJ

ar;/ ajz/

vl[m b,fuvmNyD; b,fuo dk mG ;rSmygvJ/ 'Dtar;ukd ajzzkYd jzpfEidk w f t hJ ajzoH;k ck&ydS gw,f/ xm0&bk&m; okrYd [kwf wefc;dk &Sib f &k m;rsm;ukd ,HkMunfwJhvlrsm;u vl[m xm0&bk&m; rzefqif;cifu r&Sad o;bJ zefqif;vku d rf S xm0&bk&m;&JU tvkad wmfaMumifh vljzpfvmaMumif; ajymMuygw,f/ vlb Y 0ESihf touf&iS af eNyD;wJah emuf aowJh tcgr,f tJ'Db0rSm olY&JU,HkMunfrI? jyKvkyfrI tm;avsmfpGm xm0&aumif;uifbkHeef;ukd&ifvnf; oGm;&w,f/

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

oH;k EIe;f [efwyl gonf/ bmomjyefo)l 'Dvedk YJ wjznf; jznf; BuD;xGm;vmNyD;awmh jyefvnf arG;zGm;vmyg w,f/ NyD;awmh t&ifb0u ygvmcJhwJh pdwfae pdwx f m; tusiphf ½du k rf sm;ESihf aemufb0rSm topfjzpf wJh ywf0ef;usit f ay:rSm taMumif;cHNyD; yk*Kd¾ vf t&nf taoG; jzpfay:vmygw,f/ 'Dy*k Kd¾ vf t&nftaoG;ukd ynma&;? rdbwk&Yd UJ MoZmt&Sed t f 0geJY vlt Y okid ;f t0dik ;f wkv Yd dk taMumif;tcsufawGua&m BudK;pm;tm;xkwrf I rsm;uyg jyKjyifajymif;vJay;oGm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh aemufwpfBudraf ojyefwt hJ cg rsKd;O opftwGif;rSm y#doaE¨tjzpf wnfjyefygw,f/ aojcif;?jyefvnfarG;zGm;jcif;qkw d hJ 'DjzpfpOf[m(b0uk)d jzpfay:apwJh taMumif;rsm;jzpfwJh t0dZÆmESifh wPSm tjzpf&yfoGm;onftxd qufvufjzpfay:aeygvdrfh r,f/ t0dZÆmESifhwPSm tjzpf&yfoGm;&if jyefvnf rarG;zGm;awmhbJ pdw[ f m edAÁmefvaYdk c:wJh tajctae wpfcu k dk &&Syd gvdrrhf ,f/ 'g[m Ak'b ¨ mom&JU tqH;k pGef aom yef;wkdifESifh b0&JU &nf&G,fcsufygyJ/ ar;/ pdwf[m cE¨mukd,fwpfckuae tjcm;cE¨m uk, d f wpfcu k dk b,fvadk &mufomG ;ygovJ/ ajz/ pdwfukd a&'D,kdvIdif;ESifh wlw,fvkdY pOf;pm; Munfyh g/ a&'D,kd vIid ;f rsm;[m pum;vH;k rsm;? aw;*Dwrsm;ESihf wnfaqmufxm;wm r[kwf )trsK;d rsK;d &Sw d hJ pGr;f tm; ygbl;/ z&DuiG phf D ( )ESihf wnfaqmufxm;wmyg/ 'DvidI ;f awGudk ( vTix hf w k v f u dk w f t hJ cg olw[ Ydk m tmumo [if;vif jyifrmS avQmufomG ;aeygw,f/ tJ'gukrd S oufqidk &f m toHviT Xhf meu toHzrf;pufEiS hf zrf;,lvu dk Nf yD;awmh pum;vHk;rsm; aw;*Dwrsm;tjzpf toHvTifhygw,f/ pdwjf zpfysuyf v Hk nf; 'Dtwkid ;f ygyJ/ aowJt h cgrSm pdw&f UJ pGrt f m;[m [if;vif;jyifrmS avQmufomG ;aeyg w,f/ tJ'D pGrf;tm;ukdrS oufqkdif&m oaE¨rsKd;Orsm;u zrf;,lvu dk yf gw,f/ oaE¨om;aumif BuD;xGm;vmwJh tcgrSm 'DpdwfpGrf;tm;[m OD;aESmufrSm A[kdjyKNyD; aemufusawmh yk*¾dKvfowå0gwpfa,muftjzpf ay: aygufvmygw,f/ ar;/ vlwpfa,muf[m tNrJwrf;yJ vljyefjzpfyg ovm;/

qkw d mukd &Si;f jyzkYd cufygw,f/ NyD;awmh uav;awG rarG;zGm;cif ysufuswmwkdY? taouav; arG;zGm; vmwmwku Yd v dk nf; bmaMumifq h w dk m &Si;f jyzkYd cufyg w,f/ xm0&bk&m; 0g'&JU &Sif;jycsufrSm wjcm; jyóemwpfckvnf; &Sdygw,f/ tJ'guawmh vl[m vlb Y 0rSm ESpaf ygif; 60?70 rQom jyKvyk cf w hJ hJ raumif; rIaMumifh xm0&i&JrSm xm0&qif;&Jukd tNrJxm0& cHpm;ae&w,fqkdwm[m enf;enf;rQ w&m;rQwyHk ray:ygbl;/ tESpf 60? 70 rQ xm0&bk&m;ukd r,Hk Munfjcif;? tusifhysufjcif;aMumifh i&JrSm xm0& tñSOf;qJ tESdyfpufcH&zkdY rxkdufygbl;/ tvm;wlyJ vlb Y 0rSm tESpf 60? 70 uav; aumif;rI jyKvkyfwmeJY aumif;uifbHkeef;rSm xm0& csrf;omcHpm;&w,fqkdwm[m ay;&wJhwefzkd;u tvGeef nf;aeyH&k ygw,f/ 'kw, d tcsufjzpfwhJ vlom;0g'orm;rsm;ESihf odyyHÜÈ nm&Sif tcsKUd &JU &Si;f jycsuu f yxr xm0&0g' &Si;f jycsufxuf ykad umif;ygw,f/ olw&Ydk UJ t,ltq ukd axmufcHzkdY&m ykdNyD; odyÜHenf;uswJh taxmuf txm;vnf; &Sdygw,f/ okdYaomfvnf; 'D&Sif;jycsuf t& ta&;BuD;wJh ar;cGef;aygif;rsm;pGm rajzEkdifbJ usefaeygao;w,f/ pdwv f dk tHMh oavmufatmif ½Iyf axG;vSwhJ obm0wpfc[ k m zkrd sKd;O? rrsKd;OvkaYd c:wJh ½kyu f vmyfpnf;uav;ESpcf k aygif;qHrk ½d rkH QESihf b,fvdk jzpfay:vmEkid yf ghrvJ/NyD;awmh tck pdwef ,fveG yf nmukd ody HÜynm *kdPf;cGJwpfcktaeeJY todtrSwfjyKvkduf NyDqkdawmh pdwfcsif;qufoG,f em;vnfrIjzpfwJh w,fvDyoD oabm[m pdwf&JU ½kyfobm0yHkpHrSm tH0ifcGifus jzpfzkdY&m ykdrkdNyD; cufcJvmygw,f/ Ak'¨bmomu vl[m b,fuvmw,f/ b,fukdoGm;r,fqkdwmukd auseyfzG,ftaumif;qHk; jzpfatmif &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f/vlaowJt h cgrSm pdw[ f m 'Db0rSm taMumif;cHNyD; jzpfay:wk;d yGm;cJw h hJ 0goemrsm;? pGrf;&nfrsm;? oabmvu©Pmrsm;ESifhtwl (aemuf b0rSm)atmifjrifaom rsKd;Orsm;twGif;r,f tajc wnfvu dk yf gw,f/ (tpqH;k y#doaE¨pw d f jzpfay:jcif; ukdyif trsm;em;vnfap&ef tajcwnfonf[k

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

ajz/

rjzpfygbl;/ owå0gwpfO;D OD;tjzpf jyefvnf arG;zGm;zk&dY m bHb k 0awG rsm;pGm&Syd gw,f/wcsKUd u ewfjynfrmS jyefjzpfw,f/ wcsKdU i&JjynfrmS jyefjzpfw,f/ wcsKdUu Nydwåmb0rSm jyefjzpfw,f/ tJ'v D dk ponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd;jyefjzpfMuygw,f/ ewfjynfqw dk m ae&mXmewpfck r[kwyf gbl;/ b0 tajctaewpfrsKd;yg/ (ajzol bke;f BuD;&JU t,l tqrQom jzpfygonf/ Ak'¨bmomw&m;awmf t&rl ewfjynfESifh i&JwkdYonf wnfae&m bHkXmersm;om jzpfygonf/ bmomjyefo)l tJ'D ewfb0rSm jzpfwo hJ [ l m El;nHo h rd af rGUwJh cE¨muk, d &f ydS gw,f/ y"metm;jzifh ESpo f ufp&m tm½Hk awGukdyJ cHpm;&ygw,f/ wcsKdU bmomw&m;rsm;u )aumif;uifbHkeef;[m tNrJwnf&SdaewJh ( ae&mXmevkYd rSm;,Gi;f pGm ,lqNyD; tJ'rD mS jzpfzYdk tjyif; txef BudK;pm;Muygw,f/ okaYd omfvnf; jzpfwt hJ &m rsm;vkyd J ewfbekH wfeef;[mvnf; rwnfNrJygbl;/ tJ'D ewfjynfrmS oufwrf;ukeo f mG ;&if vljY ynfrmS vljyef jzpfEidk yf gw,f/ xkdYtwlyJ i&J[mvnf; ae&mXmewpfck r[kwfygbl;/ b0 tajctaewpfrsKd;ygyJ/ tJ'D i&J b0rSm jzpfwJhol[m Ell;nHhodrfarGUwJh cE¨mukd,f&SdNyD; y"metm;jzifh pdwq f if;&J? uk, d q f if;&JawGuydk J cHpm; ae&ygw,f/ Nydwåmb0qkdwm[mvnf; b0tajctae wpfrsKd;yg/ olvnf; El;nHhodrfarGUwJh cE¨mukd,f&SdNyD; tNrJ w ap tpm;tpmuk d awmif h w aeygw,f / auseyfr&I ,fvv Ydk nf; r&Syd gbl;/ 'Dawmh ewfawGu y"metm;jzifh ESpfouf p&m tm½HkawGukd cHpm;ae&w,f/ i&Jom;ESifh Nydwåm awGu y"metm;jzifh qif;&JawGukd cHpm;ae&w,f/ vlawGu qif;&Jcsrf;om a&mvsufcHpm;&w,f/ 'gaMumifh vlaY vmuESihf wjcm;avmuawG&UJ jcm;em; csufu cE¨muk, d Ef iS hf awGUBuHKcHpm;rI uGmjcm;jcif;ygyJ/ ar;/ uREykf w f Ydk b,frmS jyefarG;zGm;r,fqw dk m bmu qH;k jzwfygovJ/ ajz/ uREfyk w f Ydk b,frmS jyefarG;zGm;r,f? b,fb0 rsKd; &r,fqw dk t hJ ay:rSm MoZmoufa&mufwhJ

ta&;tBuD;qkH; taMumif;tcsufuawmh uHw&m;ygyJ/ okaYd omfvnf; 'DtaMumif;wpfcw k nf; awmh r[kwfygbl;/ ]]uH}}qkdwm ]]tvkyf}}ygyJ/ &nf &G,fcsufygwJh pdwftvkyf apwemukd qkdvkdygw,f/ wpfenf;ajym&&if twdwu f uREykf w f Ydk b,fvpdk Of;pm;Ny;D b,fvkdvkyfcJhw,fqdkwJhtcsufu uREfkyfwkdY vuf&Sd tajctaeukd qH;k jzwfay;ygw,f/ xkt Yd wlyJ uREykf w f Ydk tckb,fvkdpOf;pm;NyD; b,fvkdjyKvkyfw,fqkdwJh tcsufu uREfyk w f t Ydk wGuf aemifcgjzpfay:rnfh tajc taeukd qHk;jzwfay;ygw,f/ El;nHo h rd af rGUNy;D arwåmxm;wwfwh J yk*Kd ¾vrf sK;d [m ewfb0rSmjzpfap? ESpo f uf0rf;omp&m tawGUtBuHK awGukd ajrmufjrm;pGm awGUBuHKcHpm;&rnfh vlYb0rSm jzpfap jyefjzpfzkdY rsm;ygw,f/ pkd;&drfaMumifhMurIawG rsm;NyD; tvGe&f ufpufMurf;MuKwfwhJ vlrsK;d [m i&Jb0 rSmjzpfap? qif;&J'u k a© wG ajrmufjrm;pGm awGUBuHKcHpm; &wJh vlYb0rSmjzpfap jyefjzpfzkdY rsm;ygw,f/ tvGet f rif; vdck siw f yfrufjcif;?tmomirf;irf; t&rf;awmifhwjcif;? b,fawmhrS auseyfrIr&bJ ylavmif jyif;jywJh tvkad vmbBuD;jcif;pwJh 'Dw&m; qk;d awG jynfah ewJv h [ l m Nydwåmb0rSmjzpfap? vkcd sif awmifhwrIawGaMumifh bmvkyf&rSef; rodatmif qif;&J'ku©ukd tBuD;tus,f cHpm;ae&wJh vlb0rSm jzpfap jzpfzkdYrsm;ygw,f/ 'Db0rSm jyif;jyif;xefxef jzpfymG ;wJh pdw"f mwf tusifph ½du k af wG[m aemufb0 rSmvnf; jzpfymG ;rSmygyJ/ okaYd omfvnf; vlrsm;pkuawmh vlyJ jyefjzpfMuwmygyJ/ ar;/ 'Dawmh uREfyk w f u Ydk dk uHu rqH;k jzwfb;l qk&d if tJ'pD w d "f mwf tusifph ½du k af wGudk ajymif;vJ ypfEidk w f maygh/ ajz/ ajymif;vJypfEidk w f m aocsmygw,f/ tJ'g[m r*¾i&f pS yf g;xJu wpfqifjh zpfwhJ or®m0g,mr r*¾ifukd a[m&jcif;&JU taMumif;ygyJ/ 'Dvkd ajymif;vJEkdifzkdYqkdwm uREfkyfwkdY&JU ½dk;om;rI? NyD;awmh 0D&d,pGrf;tm;ukd b,favmufrsm;rsm; toHk;jyKEkdif w,fqdkwmESifh 'Dtusifhp½dkufu b,favmuf tif tm;aumif;w,fqkdwJh tay:rSm wnfygw,f/ okdYaomfvnf; wcsKdUvlrsm;[m 'Dtusifhp½dkufawGukd

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

pdwcf srf;omp&mukyd J awGU&zkYd &Sad wmhw,f/ tck aemufOyrmwpfck MunfMh uOD;pk/Yd oif[m oif&JU twdwfb0u pdwf"mwftavhtusifhaMumifh onf;cHzkdY? oem;MuifemzkdY pdwfxm;ESifh 'Db0 rSm vljzpfvmw,f qkdMuygpkdY/ oif[m 'Db0rSm tJ'Dpdwfaumif; ESvHk;aumif;awGukd ykdtm;aumif; atmif zGUH NzdK;atmif rvkyb f J trSww f rJh aevku d &f if tJ'Dpdwfaumif; ESvHk;aumif;awG[m wjznf;jznf; tm;enf;oGm;NyD; aysmufomG ;rSmyJ/ aemufb0rSm vH;k 0 r&SdbJ jzpfoGm;rSmyJ/ 'Db0rSm onf;cHjcif;? oem; Muifemjcif;qkw d hJ pdwaf umif; ESv;kH aumif;awG tm;aysmh oGm;wJt h wGuf 'Db0rSmyJjzpfap?aemufb0rSmyJ jzpfap oifhrSm pdwfwkdwm? a'goBuD;wm? &ufpufMurf; MuKwfwmawG BuD;xGm;vmEdkifw,f/ tJ'D pdwf"mwf p½dkufqkd;awGu zefwD;ay;vkdufwJh rESpfNrdKUzG,f&m tawGUtBuHKawGuv dk nf; awGUBuHKcHpm;&rSmyJ/ aemufq;kH Oyrmwpfck MunfMh uOD;pk/Yd oif&h UJ twdwb f 0u pdw"f mwftusifh p½du k q f ;dk awGaMumifh 'Db0rSm oifpw d w f w dk wfw,f? a'goBuD;wwfw,f qkMd uygpk/Yd 'Dvdk raumif;wJh pdw"f mwfawG[m rESpf NrdKUzG,f&m tusKd;awGukdyJ jzpfay:apw,fvkdY oif oabmaygufwJhtwGuf 'Dpdwf"mwfawGudk jyKjyif ajymif;vJzkdY oifBudK;pm;w,f/ olwkdYukd pdwfaumif; pdwfjrwfawGeJY vJvS,ftpm;xkd;vkdufw,f/ BudK;pm; tm;xkw&f if jzpfEikd w f hJ oabm&Sw d mrkYd oif[m tJ'D pdwq f ;dk ? pdwrf u dk af wGudk y,f&mS ;Ekid &f if oif[m pdwf wkjd cif;? a'goBuD;jcif;aMumifjh zpfay:wJh rESpNf rdKUzG,&f m qk;d 0g;wJh tusK;d w&m;awGu vGwaf jrmufomG ;ygw,f/ oif[m 'Db0rSm 'Dpdwfqkd;? pdwfrkdufawGukd vHk;0 ry,f&Sm;EkdifOD;awmh olwkdYudk tm;enf;oGm;atmif vkyfEkdif&if aemufb0rSm oifenf;enf;uav; BudK;pm;vkdufwmESifh olwkdYukd vHk;0 y,f&Sm;EkdifNyD; olwaYdk Mumifh jzpfay:wJh rESpNf rdKUzG,&f m qk;d usKd;awGu vGwaf jrmufomG ;ygvdrrhf ,f/

jyKjyifajymif;vJzYdk rBudK;pm;bJ rESpNf rdKUzG,&f m qk;d usKd; awGukdom cHpm;&if; 'Dtusifhp½dkufawG&JU vTrf;rkd;rI atmufrmS acgif;iHcYk u H m wpfb0vH;k aeoGm;MuwmawG &Sdw,fqkdwmvnf; rSefygw,f/ 'Dvkd yk*¾dKvfawG[m olw&Ydk UJ pdw"f mwf tusifq h ;dk awGudk rjyKjyif rajymif; vJMu&if qufvufNyD; qif;&J'ku©awG cHaeMu&OD; rSmygyJ/ 'Dtusiphf ½du k af wG Mum&Snw f nfaeav jyKjyif ajymif;vJzYdk cufavygyJ/ Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;[m 'Doabmukd em;vnf MuvkdY rESpfNrKdUzG,f&m qkd;usKd;awGukd jzpfay:apwJh tusifhp½dkufqkd;awGukd y,f&Sm;NyD; aysmf&Tifcsrf;om 0rf;omzG,f&m aumif;usKd;awGukd jzpfay:apwJh tusifhp½dkufaumif;awG wkd;yGm;atmif BudK;pm;zkdY tcGifhaumif; rSeforQukd t&,l toHk;csMuygw,f/ tjypfuif;wJph um; ajymqkjd cif;? tjypfruif; wJph um;ukd ajymqkjd cif;rS a&SmifMuOfjcif;? tjypfuif; wJh tvkyfukdjyKvkyfjcif;? tjypfruif;wJh tvkyfukd jyKvkyfjcif;rS a&SmifMuOfjcif;rsm;vkdyJ w&m;tm;xkwf jcif;[mvnf; pdwf"mwftusifhqkd;rsm;ukd jyKjyifzkdY&m toH;k jyKwehJ nf;awGxu J wpfenf;ygyJ/ Ak'b ¨ momwk&Yd UJ wpfb0vH;k [m pdwu f dk jzLpifapzkEYd iS hf pdwn f pfpw d q f ;dk rsm;rS vGwfajrmufapzkdY avhusifhoifMum;ay;wJh oifwef;wpfcyk gyJ/ Oyrm qkMd uygpk?Yd onf;cHjcif;ESihf oem;Muifemjcif;[m oif&UJ twdwb f 0rSm xif&mS ; wJh pdwf"mwfp½dkufrsm;jzpfcJh&if 'Dvkdpdwf"mwf p½dkuf rsm;[m 'Db0rSmvnf; jyefNyD; jzpfay:vmrSmyJ/ 'Db0 rSm tJ'Donf;cHjcif;ESifh oem;Muifemjcif;ukd ykdtm; aumif;atmif? ykzd UHG NzdK;atmif jyKvkyrf ,fq&dk if 'Dpw d f ae pdwx f m;rsm;[m aemif tem*wfb0rSm ykNd yD;awmh awmif tm;aumif;vmygvdrrhf ,f/ 'g[m tcsdeMf um Mum pGNJ rJvmwJh tavhtusifw h pfc[ k m azsmufzsufzYdk cJ,Of;w,fqkdwJh ½dk;½dk;&Sif;&Sif;eJY odom xif&Sm;wJh tcsufay:rSm tajccHwJh oabmw&m;yg/ tck oif onf;cHpw d f oem;Muifempdw&f w dS hJ tcgrSm olwpfyg;u oifu h dk vG,v f , G Ef iS hf pdwq f aG y;vkYd r&awmh b l ; / oif u vnf ; ol w pf y g;tay:rS m rvkrd ek ;f xm;pdwf rxm;awmhb;l /vlawGuvnf; oifu h dk oabmusMuw,f/ 'Dawmh oif[m ykNd yD; aysmfp&m?

qufvufazmfjyygrnf

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

trSefw&m;&SmyHkawmf t&Sifyg&rD

avmurSm trSefw&m; &SmazGaeMuolrsm; a&S;uvnf; &Scd yhJ g\/ tckvnf; &Sad eqJ? aemif vnf; &SdaeOD;rnfom/ odkYaomf rdrd&SmazGawGU&Sdxm;aom trSef w&m;onf t<uif;rJhrSefonf[k ,HkMunf ,lqEkdifavmufaom tqihfa&muf&SdzdkY&efrSm tcsdef,l &\/ umvMumjrihpf mG apmih&f \/ trSefw&m;&SmMu&mrSmvnf; rl trsdK;rsdK;&S\ d / &nf&, G cf suf trsdK; rsdK;&S\ d / tcsdKUu avmuDpnf;pdrf awG tvQHy,f aygrsm;jynfhpHkae Muojzihf avmuDcsrf;omtjyif avmukwå&mcsrf;omudyk g wGzJ uf cHpm;vdkMuao;\/ xdkYaMumihf &SmMu\/ tcsKd Uu avmuDcsr;f om udk jzwfvrf;rS ½kww f &uf tusKd ;

tjrwf &vdMk u\/ xdaYk Mumihf &Sm Mu\/tcsdKUu avmuDtrd af xmif a&;b0 om,mrIr&SdMuí xGuf ayguftjzpf trSew f &m;udk vdu k f pm;Mu\/ tcsdKUurl b0cE¨m\ tEÅ&m,fawG? tdk&rSm em&rSm ao&rS m awG u d k aMumuf M uí trSew f &m;&Sm xGuMf u\/OD;wnf csuftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh trSew f &m; &SmyHk awmf x G u f a eMuol r sm; acwf tqufqufwiG f &Sad ernfomjzpf \/ trSew f &m;odYk csOf;uyfEidk o f l rsm; &So d uJo h Ykd trSew f &m;ESiafh oG znfaeolrsm;vnf; &Sad ernfomjzpf \/ ud, k t f rSe[ f k ,lqxm;csuf rsm;onf wu,f h t rS e f w &m; [kwf r[kwf odEdkifonfh ynm tm;enf;olrsm;twGuf rmefrmexl

❦ ajymzG,&f mrsm;om jzpfaewwf\/ udk,fht,lu udk,hfudk,fudk jyef owfwwf\/ ud, k b fh 0udk ud, k hf t,lpGJaMumihf tepfemrcHoihfbJ cHvu kd Mf u&\/ bk&m;&Sifvufxufu OywdóESifh aumvdwwdkYonf avmuDtm½Hak wGukd &GrH ek ;f pufqyk f Muí trSew f &m;&Sm xGucf MhJ u\/ a&S;OD;pGm odOönf;q&mBuD;ESihf awGUí olUxHrS trSefw&m;enf; pepfrsm; &&Sda&;twGuf wynhfcH aeMu\/ xdv k v k ifwo Ykd nf tod ÚmPftm;aumif;olrsm; jzpfMu ojzihf ESp&f ufo;kH &ufqnf;yl;vdu k f onfESihf olwdkYarQmfrSef;xm;onfh trSefw&m;onf þq&mBuD;xH wGif r&Sq d o kd nfukd odMu\/ quf vuf&mS azGMu&OD;rnfukd odMu\/ xdkYaMumihf q&mBuD;xHrS xGufcGm vsuf trSefw&m; &SmyHkawmfc&D; pwifcJhMu\/ olwdkYESpfOD;onf ]trSefw&m;pwifawGUolu wpf a,mufeJYwpfa,muf ajymMu pwrf;}[k oabmwlnDcsuf&,l cJMh u\/ ,if;odYk &SmazGaepOfrmS yif Oywdóy&dAZdk o f nf t&Sit f óZd rax&fjrwfBuD; qGrf;cH<uaecdkuf ESihf BuHKawGU\/ ynmÓPftm; BuD;oljzpfí trlt&mMunf½h rkH Qjzihf þyk*¾dKvfxHwGif olawmfaumif; w&m;&Sd r&Sdqdkonfudk cPcsif; rSmyif tuJcwfEidk af v\/ rax&f xHokdY tvkdufoihf csOf;uyfNyD; ]]rnfo\ l w&m;udk usiyfh goenf;? oihfq&m rnfolenf;? rnfonfh w&m;udk a[mygoenf;}}ponf

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

jzihf odvdk&mudk vdkufar;av\/ rax&fvnf; ]ighq&mu Ak'?¨ olU w&m;twkdif;usihfonf}ponfjzihf ajymjyav\/ ]oihq f &m a[mwJh w&m;udk jyefa[mjyEkdifygovm;} ]enf;enf;avmufawmh a[mjy Ek d i f y gw,f } qk d N yD ; ]a, "r® m a[wkyÜb0g? awoH a[wHk wxm*awm tm[}tp&Sdaom *gxmwpfyk'f a[mjyvdkuf\/ opömav;yg;jyaom *gxmjzpf\/ *gxmESpyf g'qH;k onfEiS hf Oywdó onf aomwmyefwnfoGm;av \/ trSefw&m;&Sm c&D;\ vrf;ptaumiftxnf ay:vmcJh NyDjzpf\/ uwdtwkid ;f aumvdw udv k nf; taMumif;Mum;vdu k \ f / xdk*gxmudkyif xyfrHvufaqmif ay;\/ olvnf; *gxm\qdv k &kd if; t"dyÜg,fudk qifjcifvsuf aom wmyefjzpfomG ;\/ olw\ Ykd q&m BuD;udkvnf; today;&ef usef ao;ojzifh odOönf;q&mBuD;xH oGm;a&mufajymjyMu\/ ]tuREfyk f wdkY trSefw&m;udk awGUxm;ygNyD/ t&Sifa*gwr\ w&m;enf;vrf; twdkif; usihfjcif;ygyJ/ wu,fh trSefw&m;tppfyg/ q&mBuD; vufcH&if tuREfkyfwdkYwpfawG wpfzUJG vH;k oGm;Mur,f} ponfjzihf 0rf;omtm;& ajymjyMuav\/ oHo&mESihfcsDí? b0aygif;rsm;pGm paw;í? uyfurÇmaygif;rsm;pGm jzwfausmfí apmihfarQmftm;xkwf cJ&h aom trSew f &m;\ wefz;kd udk wu,fapmihcf &hJ onfo h w l u Ykd euf euf½Idif;½Idif; em;vnfxm;onfh

bk&m;tavmif;awmfonfvnf; tmVm&? O'u&aohwdkYudk pGefhí wpfu, kd af wmf trSefw&m;udk &SmcJh\/ odkhjzpfí trSefw&m;&Sm&mwGif ]ighq&mrS rSefonf? ightusihrf rS eS o f nf}[k w&m;aoqkyu f ikd x f m;ír&/ trSet f rSm; cGJjcm;a0zefí rSm;vQif csufcsif; pGefYEkdif&m\/ jyifEidk &f m\/

twkid ;f &Si;f jyMuaomfvnf; q&m BuD;u vufrcH/ jywfjywfom; om; jiif;y,fvdkuf\/ ]igh&SifwdkY om oGm;Muygav/ igum; rvdu k f Ekdif}[k qkdvkduf\/ ]]bmjzpfvdkYvJ q&mBuD;? 'DtcGit fh a&;rsdK;qdw k m avmurSm bk&m;wpfqlyGifhrS &&SdEkdifwmyg/ vufvw G rf cHygeJ}Y } olwdkYonf q&mBuD;\ aus;Zl;w&m;udk iJí h ryg ygatmif ac:rnf[k wpfa,mufwpfrsdK; BudK;pm;&Si;f jyMu\/ xdt k cg q&m BuD;u jyefvnf ar;cGe;f xkwv f u dk f \/ ]]igh & S i f w d k Y avmurS m

❦ ynÓPf & S d o l e J Y ynmr&S d o l b,fou l rsm;ovJ}} ]]ynmr&Sdolu rsm;yg w,f}} ]]at;-'gqdk ynm&Sdol awG &[ef;a*gwrxHoGm;ygap/ ynmenf;olawG ighxHvmvdrhf r,f/ iguawmh y&dAZkd w f &Ykd UJ acgif; aqmifae&muae wynfhae&mudk ra&TUyg&apeJ/Y tk;d BuD;vkyNf yD;rSawmh tkd;i,frvkyfEkdifawmhbl;/ oifwdkY om oGm;Muyg}} þodkYjzihf odOönf; q&m BuD;onf olUt,ltqudk rjyif Ek d i f a omaMumif h bk & m;&S i f \ omoemawmfESihf BuHKawGU&aomf vnf; t½IH;BuD;½IH;&aom b0odkY a&mufcJh&avonf/ OywdóESihf aumvdwwdkYonf aemufygtaEÅ 0godu wynfhy&dAdkZfwdkYudk ac: vsuf bk&m;&Sif&Sd&m a0VK0ef ausmif;awmfodkY xGufcGmcJhMuav \/ odOn ö ;f q&mBuD;onf rdr\ d y&dowfrsm; z½dkz&Jjzpfvsuf ausmif;tm&mrfwGif;ü wynfh wpfa,mufrQ rusefawmhonfukd jrifojzihf xdak e&müyif aoG;tefí tzd;k rjzwfEidk af om vlUb0 wefz;dk rJph mG tqH;k owfomG ;cJ&h \/ rdr\ d t,ludk rpGefYvTwfEkdifrIaMumifh trSm;udk trSm;[k odvsufESifh rku d rf pJ mG rmefcrH aI Mumihf omoemh t&omudk jrnf;prf;cGirhf Qyif r&bJ oHo&ma&wdrf epfcJh&avonf/ aemifwGif Oywdóonf bk&m; &Sif\ omoemü ynmt&mwGif tvGefxif&Sm;aom t&Sifom&d ykwå&m rax&fjrwfBuD;wpfyg;

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

jzpfvmcJhonf/ aumvdwonf wefckd;t&mwGif tvGefxif&Sm; aom t&Sirf [marm*¾vmefrax&f jrwfBuD; jzpfvmcJo h nf/ xdkYaMumifh trSefw&m; &Sm&mwGif wpfcak omt,lukd tckid f trmjyKí useforQ t,ltusihf rsm; rnfrQyifaumif;aeygap?vH;k 0 vufrcHEikd [ f k rmefcaH evQif q&m aumif; q&mrSeaf wGUvQifrl rajym omaomfvnf; q&mtwifrSm; rdu oHo&mwpfavQmuftxd 'ku©a&mufEkdifonfudk owdjyKMu &m\/ bk&m;tavmif;awmf od'¨w¬onfyif tmVm&ESifh O'u &aohwx Ykd H enf;cHMunfch \ hJ / bk&m; tavmif;awmfonf omref&nf &G,fcsufjzihf trSefw&m;aemuf vkdufvmjcif;r[kwf/ wpfudk,f wnf; uRwfwrf;0ifa&;udkyif tav;xm;&SmazG&ef &nf&, G cf suf rxm;cJ/h owå0gteEÅw\ Ykd u,f wif&Sif? a&SUaqmifvrf;jy avm um"dywdtjzpfjzifh oAÁnKw a&T ÚmPfawmfjrwfBuD;udk &&Sd&ef[l aom BuD;rm;us,fjyefYvSonfh &nf&G,fcsufjzihf trSefw&m;&Sm c&D;pOfudk pwifcJhjcif;jzpf\/ xdk ÚmPf&&Sda&;twGuf taxmuf tulay;Ekdifrnfhol vrf;ñTefjyEkdif ol wpfpHkwpfa,muf&Sdvdk&Sdjim; pHpk rf;cJ\ h / xkaYd Mumifh emrnfausmf q&mBuD;rsm;jzpfaom tmVm&ESihf O'u&aohwdkY\ enf;pepfrsm; aemufodkY vdkufMunfhcJh\/ xdk &aohrsm;onfvnf; omref&aoh rsm; r[kwfMu/ avmuDpsmef?

tbdnmOf&SdMuaom yk*¾dKvfausmf rsm; jzpfMu\/ ]]t&Sif&aohwdkY usihfpOf aemufxyf&Sdao;ygo vm;}}[k apm'uwufc\ hJ / &aoh wdv Yk nf; olwu Ykd sipfh OfrmS þrQom jzpfojzifh xdt k ar;twGuf tajz usycf &hJ \/ tcufBuHKc&hJ \/ olwYkd udk,fwkdifuyif avmuusihfpOf þwGif vrf;qHk;NyD[k ,lqxm; MuaomaMumihjf zpf\/ tavmif;awmfjrwfBuD; um; &nf&G,fcsufBuD;rm;oljzpf onfhtavsmuf xdkw&m;wdkYxuf vGefjrwfaom w&m;udk &&ef tm;xk w f z d k Y usef a o;onf u d k od\/ rnfoUl udk q&mwif&rnf enf;[k avmutwGif; arQmf Munfhav\/ emrnfausmf xdk &aohwrYkd w S pfyg; trSew f &m;teD; yg;odkY csOf;uyfEkdifol r&Sdonfudk od\/ xdk&aohwdkYvnf; xdkYxuf tvGef oifjyEkid pf rG ;f r&SMd uawmh/ taumif;qHk;t&m vkduf&SmMunfh \? avmuwGif r&Sd/ aemufqHk; bk&m;jzpfa&;twGurf mS rnfonfh enf;ESihfrQ q&mr&SdEkdifonfudk tuJcwfr\ d / bk&m;onf avmu wGif twkr&Sd? twlr&Sd? tjrifh wumwdkYxuf tjrihfqHk;? tjrwf wumwdx Yk uf tjrwfq;kH jzpf&\/ þolum; bk&m;&Sif\ q&m[k qdkvQif xdkq&monfyif bk&m; jzpf&rnfjzpf\/ wynfo h nf rnf odkYrQ bk&m;ae&mudk rcH,lxkduf/ pifppfrSm bk&m;jzpfa&;twGuf q&mr&SEd idk af wmhonfukd jrifawmf rlojzihf rdrdudk,fwkdif tm;xkwf usihBf uHjcif;rSwpfyg; tjcm;r&S[ d k

❦

r*¾i&f pS yf g;um;BuHK &Sad eygvsuf odOn ö ;f y&dAZkd Bf uD;onf t,lrSm;udk rpGefYvTwfEkdifaom 'd|pd aJG Mumihf tausmuftuef jiif;qefcJh\/ trSm;udt k rSejf yifcsde&f ygvsuf rjyifc/hJ t&Sifom&dykwå&mESihf t&Sifr[m arm*¾vmefavmif;vsmwdo Yk nf q&mrSm;udpk eG íYf q&maumif;&Sm enf;cHcMhJ u\/ odí q&ma[mif;rsm;udk pGev Yf w T ?f xGufcGmcJhvsuf wpfudk,fawmf trSew f &m;&SmazGcjhJ cif;jzpf\/ avmuDtrSefw&m;onf tpOfreS af eonf r[kw/f xdx Yk uf trSew f &m;ray:ao;orQom rSef aejcif;jzpf\/ xdx Yk ufcikd rf m tm; aumif;aom trSefw&m; ay: aygufvmaomtcg ,ciftrSef w&m;onf trSm;jzpfcsifjzpfoGm; Ekid \ f / t&Sx d uf wpfqifh edrchf sif edro hf mG ;Ekid \ f / bk&m;avmif; bk&m; rjzpfrDwGif &aohwdkY\ psmefusihf pOfonf trSefw&m;tjzpf &yf wnfaecJ\ h / bk&m;avmif; bk&m; tjzpfodkY a&muf&SdoGm;csdefwGif avmuDpsmefrsm;onf trSew f &m; tjzpfrl &yfwnfaeEkdifyg\/ odkY

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

aomf avmurS tqHk;pGefxGuf ajrmufEkdifaom tppftrSefxGuf &yfayguftrSew f &m;tjzpf xifjrif ,lqxm;Mu&mrS tqihfavQmus cJ&h NyDjzpf\/ bk&m;&Siu f ñTejf ycJh ojzihf od&\/ xdkavmuDpsmef tusijfh zihf avmurS rxGuaf jrmuf Ekid /f xkx Yd ufjrihaf om usifph Ofrsm; &Sad o;\/ r*fzv kd &f a&;usifph Ofrsm; jzpf\/ r*fzdkvf&a&;usihfpOfrsm; onf avmuD u sih f p Of r [k w f / avmukw&å musipfh Ofjzpf\/avmuD e,fy,fudk ausmfvGefEdkifaom usipfh Ofrsm;jzpf\/ tNrJwrf;rSeu f ef ae\/ tNrJwrf;jrihfjrwfae\/ aemufxyf xdkusifhpOfxuf jrihf jrwfaom usifhpOfay:vmawmh rnfr[kwf/ xdkusihfpOfrsm;udk rvkdufpm;bJ oHo&mrS xGuf ajrmuf&mvrf;[lí tckvnf;r&S?d aemifvnf;&Sdrnfr[kwf/ emrnf taejzihf rZösrd y#dy'gvrf;pOf[í l wifpm;xm;\/ tqkd;bufodkY vnf; r,drf;? taumif;bufodkY vnf;r,dkif? tv,ftvwfvrf; pOfomjzpf\/ xdv k rf;pOfonf ,cifu vnf ; &S d a eonf o mjzpf \ / odkYaomf avQmufvSrf;rnfholr&Sdí vrf;½dk;wdrfaumae&jcif;jzpf\/ vrf;a[mif;udkyif bk&m;&Sifonf wpfzefjyefvnf azmfxw k af y;jcif; jzpf\/ vrf;opfxGifay;jcif; r[kwf/ a&S;a&S;u yGihfcJhaom bk&m;&Sit f qlqw l o Ykd nfvnf; xdk vrf;rBuD;rS edAÁmefwHcg;zGihfcJhMu onfomjzpf\/ ,ckvnf; bk&m; &Sifonf xdk a&S;bk&m;&SifwdkY\

vrf;a[mif;udk udk,fwkdifawGU atmif&mS í edAÁmefNrdKUjyudk pnfyif apcJ\ h / vrf;a[mif;udk &Si;f vif; cJ\ h / xkwaf zmfc\ hJ / acwfraD tmif jyKjyifcJh\/ edAÁmefESihf vrf;yef; qufoG,fa&;aumif;atmif tm; xkwfcJh\/ r*¾if&Spfyg;wnf;[l aom armfawmf,mOfwdkY tjyef tvSefajy;qGJae\/ xdkYaMumihf oGm;a&;vma&; vG,fulaeNyDjzpf \/ ,if;odYk r*¾i&f pS yf g; um;BuHK &Sdaeygvsuf odOönf;y&dAdkZfBuD; onf t,lrSm;udk rpGefYvTwfEkdif aom 'd|dpGJaMumihf tausmuf tuef jiif;qefcJh\/ trSm;udk trSefjyifcsdef&ygvsuf rjyifcJh/ t&Sifom&dykwå&mESihf t&Sifr[m arm*¾ v mef a vmif ; vsmwd k Y o nf q&mrSm;udkpGefYí q&maumif;&Sm enf;cHcJhMu\/ bk&m;tavmif; awmfonfvnf; tmVm&? O'u &aohwdkYudk pGefYí wpfudk,fawmf trSefw&m;udk &SmcJh\/ odkYjzpfí trSefw&m;&Sm&mwGif ]ighq&mrS rSefonf? ightusihfrSrSefonf}[k w&m;aoqkyu f ikd x f m;ír&/ trSef trSm; cGjJ cm;a0zefí rSm;vQif csuf csi;f pGeEYf idk &f m\/ jyifEidk &f m\/ trSef udkom wefzkd;xm;&\/ vkdufem usihfBuHtm;xkwf&\/ odkYrSom vQif trSew f &m;&SmyHak wmfc&D; onf r*f? zdkvf? edAÁmefodkY ydkYaqmif Ekid rf nfjzpf\/

t&Sifyg&rD

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

nDawmfeE´rif;om;ESihf avmutjrifrwlaom eE´ax&f t&Siaf crmeE´(jAm[®P) &efuif;awm& vlUabmifavmu vlwdkY\&Gmonf vdkcsif &m&m rsm;vGe;f vSaywum;[k ,aeYurÇmü 0ih<f um; pGmvnf; ajymMuonf/ *kPf,lívnf; ajymaeMu ayonf/ jynhpf v kH aS om wdu Yk rÇm[k azmfjyvdck sif[ef wlayonf/ odkYaomf vGefavNyD;aom umvrsm;pGmwdkYrS vlUabmifavmuonfvnf; xdktcgtm;avsmfpGm vdck sif&m&m rsm;cJo h nfom/ xdkenf;wl vmvwåHUaom aemiftem*wfü wnfxGef;ay:aygufrnfh vlom;wdkY\ vlUabmif avmu xdkvlwdkY\urÇmüvnf; vdkcsif&m&m rsm;NrJ yif rsm;jym;aeayvdrrhf nfom/ A[d'¨jyify\ vdkcsif&m&mwdkYonf trSef

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

jzpf&aMumif;yg aemifawmfb&k m;[k avQmufxm;cJyh g onf/ eEáx&f\ xdak wmihw f rIukd ao;i,fonf[k rrSwf,lvdkbJ BuD;us,faom vdkcsifawmifhwrIom jzpfayawmhonf[k owfrw S v f ckd sifMuayrnf/ taMumif;rSm uydv0wfjynf\ tbdoduf oGef;avmif;cH&awmhrnfh &Sifbk&ifwpfyg;ESihf rdzk&m; avmif;vsmwdkY\ i,f&G,frI? vSyrI? EkysdKrI? jynfol wdkY\ cspfcifrI ponfwdkYjzihfMunfhvQif &Sifbk&ihfeef; pnf;pdrf csrf;omxuf &[ef;wpfyg;\ csrf;omonf rnfonfeh nf;ESirfh Q rBuD;us,fEikd ?f rjrihjf rwfEidk yf g[k apm'emvQifvnf; apm'emvdMk urnfomwnf;/ t&SifeE´\ &if0,fcHpm;rIudk Mum;emNyD; aemuf jrwfpGmbk&m;onf nDawmf\ vufarmif; awmfukd udik q f u JG m wefc;kd awmfjzihf odMum;rif; pHaysmf &m wm0wðomewfeef;odYk aqmif,al wmfryl gonf/ Zey'uvsmPD[k qdktyfaom vlrdef;r wpfO;D \ vSywihw f ,fru I kd taMumif;jyKum &if0,f aomurD; tHkae&Smaom nDawmfonf vlrdef;rwdkY xuf tq&maxmifruaom tvSty?tEl;tnHEh iS fh azmfrjyEkdifavmufaom cspfzG,f? jrwfEkd;zG,fudk jrifaom xdkw'*Füyif Zey'uvsmPDudk olUESvHk; om;rS xkwyf ,fEidk af vNyD/ arhazsmufEidk pf rG ;f avNyD/ xdaYk Mumihf bke;f awmfBuD;awmfral om jrwfpmG bk&m;? ewfjynfewf&mG rS ewforD;udk jrif&NyD;wpfcP ürl wynhfawmfpdwf0,f Zey'uvsmPDonf rD; avmifjyifus,f opfiw k w f akd y:xkid af eaom ESmacgif; vnf;wdk? em;&Gufvnf;r&Sd? tNrD;vnf;jywfNyD;aom arsmuftrkd BuD;ESifh rjcm;em;awmhygbk&m;}}[k avQmuf xm;aomtcg? jrwfpGmbk&m;u ewforD;&&Sda&; twGuf wm0efcHawmfrlNyD;aemuf ]]nDawmfeE´? igbk&m;qHk;rawmfrl&m? omoem[k qdktyfaom jrihfjrwfaomtusihfü arGUavsmfbdavmh}}[k qHk;r awmfrl&m? t&SifeEónf olrsufjrifawGUcJh&aom ewforD;udk &&Sda&;twGuf uydv0wfjynf eef;r aqmifodkY jyef&efrvdkawmhbJ bk&m;xHawmfyg;üyif jrwfaomtusihu f kd pwifygawmhonf/ þwGif eEáx&f\ ewforD;&vdrk I tmom

wu,fürl b,ftcgumvrS NyD;jynfhpHkvdrhfrnf r[kwaf y/ odaYk omf vlonf avmb(wPSm)u vdck sif onfukd ]igvdck sifwm}[k xifonf/ a0'emu cHpm; onfudkyif ]igcHpm;wm}[k xifjyefonf/ onmu rSwfom;onfudkvnf; ]igrSwfom;wm}[k ,lav onf/ 0dnmPfu odonfurkd l ]igodwm}[k ajymqdk aeonf/ wpfzef vkcd siw f m&jyefaomtcgürl ]igrd&Yk Ekid f wm}[k rmefwufjyefNyD;?]olwdkY ighvdk &EkdifvdkYvm;}[k olwpfyg;udk csdK;zJEh ydS pf ufvjkd yefonf/ udavomonf udavomrQom jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf vlonf xdkudavomudk igESihfxyfwl jyKrd aomtcgürl udavomuav;rS udavomBuD;jzpf vmawmhonf/ udavomonf pdwfudk npfnL;? pdwfudk ylavmifapwwfaom tukodkvfw&m;qdk;\ trnf xl;jzpfaomfvnf; t&yfxJüum; udavomudk t"dyÜg,fwpfrsdK; &,lvdkMuonf/ udavomonf q,fyg;&Sad vonf/ ¤if;wdrYk mS (1) avmb? (2) a'go? (3)arm[? (4) rme? (5) 'd|?d (6)0dpu d pd mä ? (7)O'¨p?ö (8)xde? (9) t[D&u d ? (10) taemwåyÜ wdaYk ywnf;/ xdkodkYudavom tukodkvfw&m;qdk;wdkY\ vTr;f rd;k csKyfcs,fraI Mumihyf if ,aeYacwf vlom;trsm; aomuyifv,fa0ae&ygonf/ aESmif;acwf vlom; trsm;onfvnf; qif;&JMuayvdrhfrnf/ a&S;twdwf vGeaf vNyD;aom vlUabmifrS vlrsm;onfvnf; qif;&JrI tpOfwef;cJah yonf/ omoemawmfBuD;ü raysmfyu kd Ef idk ?f NiD;aiGUum rIdifawGae&Smaom nDawmfeE´rif;om;udk jrwfpGm bk&m;&Sifu ac:,lí ar;jref;aomtcg zcrnf; awmf\ eef;awmfrS xGufcGmcJhpOf tvSjyifqifí ae&pfcahJ om ESrawmf Zey'uvsmPDonf rsuf&nf rsm;awGawGus? qHyifwdkYzD;vdrf;aecJh&m wpf0ufwpf ysufrS ]armifawmfb&k m;? jrefjrefBuD;om jyefvmcJyh g awmh}[k rSmMum;vdkufaom oem;pzG,ftoHwdkYom wynfhawmfem;xJ yJhwifxyfum aeygawmhonf bk&m;/ odkYaMumihf wrIdifrIdifwawGawG raysmfr&Tif

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

pmayü xrÇ[ak c:&ojzihf xdt k csed üf vlonf xrÇ\ uRefjzpf&NyD; rmeorÜ,w k pf w d åKyÜg'f xrÇonf ocif jzpfomG ;onf/ ol w pf y g;xuf o matmif ? ausmf a tmif ? tEkdif&vdkrI? tom&vdkrI? vTrf;rdk;csKyfcs,fvdkaom oabmudk pmayü om&rÇ[ak zmfjyygonf/ xdt k csed üf vlonf uRefjzpfomG ;NyD; rmejy|mef;aom 'd|0d yd , Ü w k f pdwåKyg'f om&rÇonf ocifjzpfomG ;avonf/ wPSm? avmb? udavomwdkYonf ]ig}udk om vTr;f rd;k jc,fv, S rf if;rlEidk jf cif;jzpfonf/ xdik gr&Sad wmhygu udavom\ tkycf sKyfrrI S vGwu f if;ayrnf/ t&d,mopömÚmPftvif;udk rqdk xm;bd oów'd|d? Oapä''d|dESifh ouúm,'d|dwdkYudk O',AÁ,ÚmPfprG ;f tm;jzihf oabmusxm;aom xdk a,m*Donf igESiv fh ?l vlEiS ifh gudk bm0emtcdu k f cGjJ crf; pdwjf zmEkid af wmhNyD/ wpfenf;qd&k aom igESiu hf ad vomudk ra&m ,SufawmhNyD/ wpfenf;qdk&aom vlESihfvdkcsifrIudk ÚmPfxv J if;avNyD/ xdkYaMumihf vlESihf vdkcsifrI (udavom)udk ÚmPfxJ enf;enf;&Si;f vQif udavom\ uRefb0rS enf;enf;vGwaf yrnf/ rsm;rsm;&Si;f vQif rsm;rsm;vGwaf yrnf/ tvH;k pHk &Si;f vQifrl tvH;k pHyk if vGwaf jrmufayawmhrnf/ xdk udavomwdkYrS vGwfajrmufolwdkY\ avmuudk jrifaomtjrifonf toGio f pf? ½Iaxmifh opf jzpfomG ;awmhonf/ &Sifbk&if\ xD;eef;t½dkuft&mudk avmuD rsuv f ;kH tpHjk zihf jrihjf rwfaom? BuD;us,af om csr;f om [lí ½Ijrif&ef rcJ,Of;aomfvnf; &[ef;wpfyg;\ b0udk csrf;omaypG[k jrifEidk &f ef cJ,Of;ayvdrrfh nf/ udavomayusHaeaom rsufv;kH ESifh tmo0 jzihf pdkpGwfaeaom rsufvHk;onf þES,fyifwnf;/ xdaYk Mumihf uydv0wfjynfrS wkid ;f oljynfom; wdo Yk nfvnf; od'w ¨ r¬ if;om;udk pMu0aw;rif;tjzpf jrifawGUvdo k nf? t,kwq f ;kH tm;jzihf uydv0wfjynf &Sib f &k iftjzpfurkd l jynfow l ikd ;f vkv d m;Muonf/ umVK'g,DtrwfBuD; yifhavQmufojzihf

qE´udk todkYrSwf,lrnfenf;/ Zey'udv k nf; vdck sifco hJ nfom? ,ckwpfzef ewforD;udv k nf; vdck sifaejyefonf/ xdkYaMumifh vdkcsifrIwPSmü twkdif;twm tueft Y owfr&S/d wpfzef omuD0ifrif;orD; Zey'ay: t&Sif eE´\ pGJvrf;wyfrufrIESihf wm0wðomewfeef;rS ewforD;udk pGJvrf;rIwdkYwGif udavomyrmPudk wdwu d sus rSe;f qwkid ;f wm&efvnf; rjzpfaumif;ay/ odkYaomf aocsmrIwpfck tNrJ&Sdaavonf/ rSefuefrIwpfck tNrJ&Sdavonf/ ¤if;rSm udavom wkdif;onf ylavmifygonf/ odjYk zpfygí a'oemawmfü ]ew¬w d PSm orm e'D}[k zGiq fh akd vonf/ t"dygÜ ,frmS wPSmESiw fh al om jrpfonf r&Sd[líjzpf&m jrpfBuD;? jrpfi,fa&wdkYonf yifvQif &Hcg urf;vHk;jynfh vQHonfvnf;&Sdonf/ &Hcg oJaomifazG;azG;? a&a0;a0;jzpfwwfaom a&enf; umv&Sw d wfapumrl vdck sifrw I PSmonfum; tpOf xm0&jynhfonfr&Sd? vdktyfvsuf? vdktyfvsufom &Sdaeayawmhonf/ xdkvdktyfrIonf ylavmifrI\ a&aomufjrpfaywnf;/ udavomwdkYjzihf &pfywfcsnfaESmifjcif; cHxm;&aom vlUavmu? ewfavmuwdkYudk wPSm 'go[lívnf; azmfjyavonf/ wPSm'goonf wPSm\ uRef[kqdkayonf/ xdkYaMumihf vdkcsifrI\uRef (odkYr[kwf) qm avmifjcif;\uRef (odrYk [kw)f awmifw h jcif;\ uRe[ f k azmfjyEkid o f nf/ odkYaomf vlESihfvdkcsifrIudk xyfwljyKaeojzihf vdkcsifrI? awmihfwrI? qmavmifrIwdkY\ uRefonf vljzpf&avonf/ xdkYaMumihf vlu uRef? vdkcsifrIwPSmu ocifjzpfae&onf/ pdwfqdk;? pdwfysuf? 0rf;enf;? ylaqG;? aomu[k qkdtyfaom a'got&müvnf; (0g) a'gojzpfaecdu k v f nf; wPSmenf;wlyif a'go onf ocif vlonf uRefjzpfoGm;onf/ ½dkaoxdkufoludk r½kdrao rnGwfrudkif;Ekdif avmufatmif cufxefaom tjcif;t&mudk ygVd

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

xkdodkYvnf; arQmfvnf; arQmfvihfxm;av

oAÁnK&Sifawmfbk&m;<uvmaomfvnf; olwdkYonf bk&m;tjzpf rjrifMuay/ jrifEidk pf rG ;f r&Sí d vnf; jzpfEidk f ygonf/ olww Ykd iG f bk&m;&SNd yD;jzpfaeívnf; jzpfEidk yf g onf/ olwpYkd w d w f iG f avmuBuD;udk zefqif;&ef jA[®m rif;&SdNyD;jzpfonf/ avmuudk apmihfa&Smuf&efvnf; AdóEkd;&SdNyD; jzpfygonf/ xdaYk Mumifh bk&m;&SNd yD; jzpfygonf/ vdt k yfae onfrSm jynfh&Sifrif;jzpfygonf/ uydv0wfjynfh&Sif oka'¨g"e r[m&mZmonf oufawmfBuD;&ifv h NS yD/ ,aomf"&ma'0Donfvnf; pMu0aw;rif;\ t*¾ra[oDjzpfvakd yvdrrhf nf/ om;awmf&m[kvmudv k nf; pMu0aw;rif;\ tdraf &SUOy&mZmom jzpfapcsifMuayvdrrhf nf/ a'0'[jynfh&Sif okyÜAk'¨onfvnf; wpfOD; wnf;aomorD; b'´uOöemudk od'w ¨ r¬ if;om;u pGeyYf pf um awmxGufjcif;udkum; rkcsvdkvm;rnfr[kwf/ orD;i,fukd pMu0aw;rif;\ t*¾a'0D ra[oDrzd &k m; rjzpfapumrl uydv0wfjynfh&Sifrif;\ rdzk&m;acgif tjzpfrl {uefpifppfjrifvakd yrnf/ jynfow l o Ykd nf pMumrif;\ wkid ;f jynfukd pdwf 0,frSef;qEkdifonf? wpfzef bk&m;onf pMu0aw; rif;xuf omvGefoavm (odkYr[kwf) pMu0aw; rif;u bk&m;udk omavoavm[lívnf; oHo, &Sw d wforl sm; &SEd idk o f nfom/ odkYaomf rnfodkYyif jzpfapumrl pMu0aw; rif; pnf;pdrfcsrf;omu &[ef;wdkY\ csrf;omxuf tEIdif;tqrJh ydkonf[k vltrsm;pku xifrSwfMu onf/ xdkYaMumifh uydv0wfjynfrS cwåd,ous omuD0ifrsm; tygt0if jynfolvlxktaygif;onf olwdkYcspfcifaom? av;pm;jrwfEkd;aom tdrfa&SUOy &mZmukrm& od'¨w¬a*gwrudk pMu0aw;rif; jzpfap vdyk gonf/ olwdkYonf EkdifiHi,frsm;pGm NcH&Hxm;aom us,f0ef;onfh tifyg,mBuD;udk ydkifpdk;aom? bkef; wefc;kd BuD;rm;aom jynf&h iS rf if;BuD;wpfyg;\ jynfol rsm;tjzpfuv kd nf; *kP, f 0l ih<f um;vdMk uygonf/

onf/ xkaYd Mumihx f if?h crnf;awmf oka'¨g"erif;BuD; onf om;awmf(jrwfpmG bk&m;) wkid ;f jynfoYkd jyefr<u vmoa&GU xD;eef;pnf;pdru f kd vTaJ jymif;ay;tyfjcif; rjyKbJ apmifah rQmfonfEh , S f &Syd gonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf &mZN*dK[fjynf a0VK0ef ausmif;awmfrSonf ZmwdarG;ajr uydv0wfaejynf awmfoYkd &[EÅmtaygif; ESpaf omif;NcH&v H suf <uvm awmfrlum crnf;awmfESihf rdaxG;awmfwdkY\ wdrf ov’m zHk;uG,faeaom t0dZÆmrsufvHk;udk Munfvif awmufyapawmfrlcJhygonf/ zcrnf;awmfwdkYonf 0dZÆmtod&avNyD/ xdkaMumihf avmuü xD;eef;pnf; pdrw f x Ykd uf rEIid ;f ,SOo f matmif jrifjh rwfpifMu,faom csrf;om&Sdao;aMumif;udk ou'g*grdzdkvfüwnfNyD; aom cwå, d &mZm oka'¨g"ebk&ifrif;jrwfu odav NyD/ xdkaeYrSonf ESpf&ufvGefajrmufaomaeYü uydv0wfaejynf\ xD;eef;t½dkuft&mudk nDawmf eE´rif;om;tm; vTaJ jymif;rnhf tbdou d o f eG ;f avmif; aom r*Fvmtcrf;tem; pD&ifusif;y&ef eef;awmfrS qH;k jzwfavonf/ wpfqufwnf; avmuDr*Fvmtaygif;ü jrihfjrwfqHk;jzpfaom &mZbdoduf (cwåd,bdoduf) r*Fvm? 0d0g[bdou d rf *Fvm? ra[oDbo d u d rf *Fvm wdkYudkyg usif;y&ef qHk;jzwfxm;onf/ þrQru jrwfpmG bk&m;trSL;jyKonfh &[EÅm taygif; ESpfaomif;wdkYtm;vnf; eef;awmfü qGrf; qufuyfyal ZmfMurnfjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf uydv0wfjynfolwdkYonfvnf; aumif;? ousomuD0if cwå, d wdo Yk nfvnf;aumif; pdwfvIyf&Sm;pGmjzihf udk,fpDudk,fpD trIawmfrsm;udk rcRwfr,Gif;apbJ owdBuD;pGmjzihf aqmif&GufaeMu avonf/ jynfolwdkYonf r[m&mZmtavmif;tvsm eE´rif;om;ukdvnf; zl;jrifvdkayonf/ t*¾ra[oD Zey'uvsmPDudkvnf; zl;jrifvdkonf/ od'¨w¬ rif;om;udkvnf; &[ef;toGifjzihf zl;jrifvdkMuao;

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

onf/

xko d ;kH &ufajrmufaeYü crnf;awmf oka'¨g"e rif;BuD;onf om;awmf eE´rif;om;tm; (1) auo0dóZÎeÆ r*Fvm=tdraf &SUrif;OaoQmif awmf xH;k zJUG &eftwGuf rif;om;i,fumvu xH;k zGUJ &if; &Sdaom OaoQmifqHxHk;ukd jznfjcif;r*Fvm/ (2) y#AE¨r*Fvm=tdrfa&SUrif;[lí urÜnf; wHqdyfcyfESdyfxm;onfh a&Tjym;oif;uspfawmfukd ezl; ü wyfqifjcif; r*Fvm/ (3) C&yÜa0oer*Fvm=tdrfa&SUpH eef;awmf tyfESif;yGJ r*Fvm/ (4) tm0g[r*Fvm=ESrawmf Zey'uvsm PDESifh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif; r*Fvm/ (5) qwåKómyer*Fvm=tdraf &SU xD;jzLawmf pkdufaqmuftyfESif;jcif; r*Fvm/ þig;yg;aom r*Fvmwku Yd dk qif,ifusif;yrI jyKvkyfapav\/ xkdtcg jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a&Teef; awmfokdY <uoGm;awmfrlí eE´rif;om;ukd oydwfawmf ukd ayGU,lapNyD;vQif &Si&f [ef;jyKapawmfrv l o dk nfjzpf í tEkarm'emr*Fvmw&m;pum; a[mMum;awmfrl NyD;vQif ae&mrSxí ausmif;awmfokdY jyef<uawmfrlcJh avonf/ a&Teef;awmf cef;raqmifüyif jrwfpGmbk&m; onf ukd,fawmf\oydwfukd ukd,fawmfwkdif ,l&ef jzpfaomfvnf; eE´rif;om;ukd &Si&f [ef;jyKay;vko d nfh twGuf eE´rif;om;\vufrS oydwu f dk ,lawmfrrlchJ acs/ eE´rif;om;onfvnf; aemifawmfjrwfbk&m;ü tvGefYtvGef ½dkaovSojzifh ]]aemifawmfjrwfbk&m; t&Siaf emifawmfjrwfb&k m;\ oydwaf wmfudk ,lawmf rlygbk&m;}}[lí ravQmuf0yhH &J adS vonf/ eE´rif;om; onf apmif;wef;(avSum;)OD;okdYa&mufvQif oydwf awmfudk ,lawmfrv l rd rhf nf[k BuHpnfatmufarhum oydwaf wmfudk ayGUcsv D suo f m vku d yf g&av\/ apmif; wef;(avSum;)OD;okdY a&mufaomtcgvnf; jrwfpGm bk&m;onf oydwfawmfukd ,lawmfrrlacs/ apmif;wef;avSum;&if;ürl {uef,layvwåHU [k aemufrSvkdufoGm;onf/ ,lawmfrrlay/ rif;&ifjyifawmfürl oydwfawmfudk ,lay

jynfolwdkY eef;&ifjyifodkY vmMujcif;onf bk&m;zl;&efvmjcif; r[kwfay/ olwdkYcspfcifjrwfEdk; av;pm;&aom tdrfa&SUOy&mZmonf wkdif;jynfudk pGecYf mG xGuo f mG ;NyD; ,ckjyefvnfa&muf&o dS jzihf awGUjrif vdkjcif;rQom jzpfavonf/ þtcrf;tem;onf ouswkdif;jynfü jynfolwdkYtwGufvnf; ta&;BuD;ouJhodkY cwåd,wdkY twGufvnf; ta&;BuD;vGef;onf/ Zey'uvsmPDrif;orD;onf rMumrD ous wkdif;jynf\ t*¾ra[oDa'0Dwpfyg; jzpf&awmhrnf/ rdaxG;awmfa*gwrD\ om;eE´rif;om;onf vnf; xdw k idk ;f jynf\ Oy&mZm rMumjrihrf D jzpfvmyg awmhrnf/ oufawmfBuD;&ihfNyDjzpfaom oka'¨g"er[m &mZmonfvnf; udpörsm;vSaom eef;rIa&;&m tjzm jzmwdrYk S tem;,lum t&d,mw&m;jzihf aeEkid af yawmh rnf/ uydv0wfaejynfawmf\ eef;wGif;a&;om ru? EkdifiHhta&;twGufvnf;aumif; trsdK;om; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;twGufvnf;aumif;? BuD;rm; aom tajymif;tvJyifwnf;/ xdkYaMumifh þaeY&uf rsm;onf cwå, d omuD0ifrsm;twGuf orkid ;f rSww f rf; usefrnfhaeY&ufvnf; jzpfavonf/ jynfolvlxkvnf; olwdkY umvrsm;pGmuyif iHv h ifch ahJ om tdraf &SUOy&mZm od'w ¨d ¬rif;om;udk r[m &mZmtjzpf rjrifEkdif&apumrl? od'¨w¬r[m&mZm\ xD;t&dyf? bkef;&dyfudk rcdkvIH&apumrl? rdaxG;awmf\ om;awmf? nDawmfeE´rif;om;\ bkef;&dyfudk cdkvIH& jcif;udk tm;r&vSaomfvnf; auseyfrIum; &SdaeMu rnfom/ uydv0wfjynf a&Teef;awmfoYkd jrwfpmG bk&m; <uvmawmfrlNyD;aemuf xdkxdkr*Fvmtcrf;tem;rsm; udk usif;yrnfjzpfavonf/ xdkaeYonf jrwfpGmbk&m; zcrnf;awmf\ wkdif;jynfodkY <uvmawmfrlonfh oHk;&ufajrmufaeYyif jzpfygonf/

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

vwåHU[k awG;í vkdufoGm;onf/ ,lawmfrrl/ þae&ma&mufvQifrl oydwf,layvwåHU[k awG;onf/ ,lawmfrrlay/ xdkae&ma&mufvQifrl oydwf,layvwåHU[k nDawmfawG;í aemufrSvdkufoGm;ygonf/ odkYaomf oydwfawmfudk ,lawmfrrlacs/ nDawmfeE´rif;om;onf zcrnf;awmf\ eef;awmfodkY jyefra&mufawmhay/ eE´rif;om; &[ef;jzpfomG ;NyD[al om owif; pum;rQom xdkaeY a&Teef;awmfodkY a&mufygawmh onf/ oAÁnKwÚmPfawmf&Sif jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ y"meqE´awmfrmS nDawmfukd t&[wåzv kd o f Ykd a&muf aom &[EÅmt&SifjrwfBuD;wpfyg; jzpfvmap&ef omwnf;/ odkYaomf nDawmfonf eef;pnf;pdrfudk csrf;om[k xifonf/ Zey'uvsmPDonfvnf; t*¾ra[oDa'0Drdzk&m;jzpfjcif;udk csrf;om[líom xifonf/ jynfow l v Ykd nf; xdek nf;wl tjrifcsif;wlnD aeygonf/ xD;eef;pnf;pdrt f ygt0if umr*kP[ f q k t dk yf aom tvHk;pHkcsrf;omwdkYonf bHkb0wdkY\ csrf;om twk? csrf;omta,mifrQom[k olwdkYrodao;ay/ xdkYaMumihf Zey'rif;orD;uvnf; rdzk&m; jzpfvo kd nf/ eE´rif;om;uvnf; &Sib f &k ifjzpfvakd yonf/ wpfenf;qdk&aomf csrf;oma,mifaqmif xm;aom qif;&J(0g)csrf;omtwk[k rif;orD;vnf; rod? rif;om;vnf; rodao;? jynfolvnf;rod? ,aomf"&ma'0Dvnf; rodao;ay/ ,if;odkYod&efrSm t0dZÆmtodrSonf 0dZÆm tododkY ajymif;&ayrnf/ yrm'rSonf tyÜrm'odkY ajymif;&ayrnf/ odkYaomf ,if;odkY ul;ajymif;a&;ü jrwfpGm bk&m;\ tultnDudk &,l&ayonf/ tu,fí jrwfpGmbk&m;\ tultnD wkduf ½dkufr&apumrl? jrwfbk&m;\ "r®t&mü uRrf;usif

vdr®maom om0u\ tultnDudkrl rkcs,l&ay onf/ uydv0wfjynf&Sif crnf;awmf oka'¨g"e rif;BuD;onfvnf;aumif;? rdaxG;awmf r[myZmywd a*gwrDonfvnf;aumif;? umVK'g,Drax&fjrwfBuD; tygt0if wpfusdyfaom wrefawmfESihf wpfaxmif aom y&dowf AdkvfygtNcHt&HwdkYonfvnf;aumif; xdkoabmwdkYudk aoaocsmcsm odNyD;jzpfonf/ eE´ax&fonfvnf; xdo k abmudk &[ef;jzpf NyD; rMumjrihfvSaomumvü odawmfrlavonf/ xdktcg eE´ax&ft&Sifjrwfonf jrwfpGm bk&m;xHawmfyg;odkY csOf;uyfum ]]jrwfpGmbk&m; wynfhawmftm; ewforD;&&Sda&;twGuf t&Sifbk&m; wm0efcHxm;jcif;udpöonf ,ckvGwfajrmufygNyD bk&m;}}[k avQmufMum;ygonf/ ]]nDawmfeE´? oif\pdwfonf wPSm? 'd|d tm;jzihf xdkxdktm½Hkudk rpGJvrf;rlí tmoa0gwdkYrS tMuiftcg uif;vGw\ f / xdt k cgrSpí igbk&m;onf vnf; ewforD;&&Sda&; wm0efcHxm;jcif;udpörS vGwf NyD}}[k rdefYMum;awmfrlygonf/ xdkYaemuf,ó wdaPÖm umryauFm? r'´dawm umruP³aum/ arm[u© , tEk y Ü a wå m ? ok c 'k a u© ea0"wd/ tMuifyk*¾dKvfonf umr*kPfwnf;[laom nGefaysmif;udk ul;ajrmuf? umr*kPfwnf;[laom ql;ajimihfudk csdK;zJhzsufqD;tyf\/ xdkyk*¾dKvfonf arm[ukef&mjzpfaom edAÁmefodkY a&mufNyD;jzpfí csrf;om? qif;&JaMumifh rwkefvIyfawmhay[k jrwfpGm bk&m;onf O'gef;usL;&ihfawmfrlav\/ aumif;pGmrdk;írxm;aomtdrfudk rdk;a&rsm; azmuf0ifEkdifouJhodkY ur®|mef;bm0em tm;xkwfrI r&Sdaomol\ pdwfudk &m*azmuf0ifEkdif\/ aumif;rGefpGm rdk;íxm;aom tdrfudk rdk;a& rsm; razmuf0ifEkdifouJhodkY ur®|mef;bm0em tm; xkwfrI &Sdol\pdwfudk &m*onf razmuf0ifEkdif[k a'oemawmfü vm&Sdygonf/

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

(&ma*g=a'go?arm[?rme?'d|d udavom tm;vH;k ,l&\)

ed*Hk; tu,fí ousomuD0if cwåd,od'¨w¬ rif;om;onf pMu0aw;rif;jzpfcyhJ grl ,cktcg rdrw d Ykd OD;nGwf&ef taMumif;&Sdrnfrxifyg/ orkdif;ynm&Sif rsm;taejzihf -6&mpk\ orkid ;f a&;&mrsm; avhvm jcif;? rSww f rf;wifjcif;? okawoejyKjcif;rQom &SEd idk f ayrnf/ vlewfjA[®mtaygif;\ ylaZmfru I kd cH,x l u kd f aomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? owå0gwdkY qif;&J'ku©rS vGwfajrmufa&;udk oGefoifay;awmfrlaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? jrwfbk&m;ESifh jrwfbk&m;\w&m;? jrwfb&k m;\ wynfo h m0u oHCmwdu Yk kd rdrw d Ykd ,aeY ausauseyfeyf OD;nGwfygonf/ av;av;pm;pm; ylaZmfygonf/ ½d½k akd oao &Scd ;kd ygonf/ jrwfjrwfE;dk Ed;k qnf;uyfygonf/ qif;&JrS vGefajrmufvdkívnf; *½kwpdkuf tm;xm;ygonf/ t&Sifaum@nrS tpjyKum eE´rif;om; tygt0if ra&rwGufEkdifavmufonfh vl? ewf? jA[®mwd\ Yk tusdK;aus;Zl;udk jrwfb&k m; aqmifMuOf; ay;awmfrlNyD; jzpfygonf/ ,aeY urÇmhvlom;rsm;pGmonfvnf; Ak'¨ jrwf p G m [l o nf h tm;ud k ; axmuf w nf & maMumif h aus;Zl;*kPfudk &&SdaeMuygonf/ tusdK;aus;Zl;udk vnf; cHpm;aeMu&ygonf/ r*¾ifvrf;aMumif; rqdwfokOf;ao;oa&GU aemiftem*wf vlUabmifavmurS vlom;wdkYonf vnf; jrwfbk&m;\ aus;Zl;Oyum&udk &&SdcHpm;Mu &vdrhfrnfrSm {uefrvGJaywnf;/ (jrwfbk&m;\ *kPfawmf? aus;Zl;awmfteEÅ udk ½dkaoav;pm;pGm OD;nGwf&Sdcdk;yg\)

"r®'lw t&SifynmaZmw q&mawmfBuD;\ tqHk;trrsm; tvk y f v k y f w J h o l [ m tuJ h & J U c H & wwf w ,f / uJh&JUwmukd aMumuf&if ukd,fh&JU rSefuefwJh tvkyf[m b,f a wmh r S ratmif j rif b l ; / ol a wmf a umif ; uJh&JUwmukdom aMumuf? rolawmf uJh&JUwmukd rrI e J Y /

t&SifacrmeE´(jAm[®P) &efuif;awm&

❦

r&Srd jzpf t&Siaf omr (a&TyakH wmifawm&)

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

bke;f BuD;aeaom ausmif; onf acsmufNrdKUESifh (2)rkdifcefYa0; onf/ a&S;uawmh awm&ausmif; jzpfayrnf/,ckum; awmausmif; t*FgESifh nDcsifrS nDawmhrnf/ okaYd omfvnf; awm&ausmif;[kyif ac:ygonf/ ]]a&TyHkawmifawm& ausmif;}}[l\/ awmifay:ü &ef atmifjrifbGJUawmf&Sd a&TyHkawmif

apwDawmfESifh awmifajc&if;ü a&T yHak wmif&yfuu G &f o dS nf/ ausmif;xkdifaeNyDqkdawmh rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh awGU onft h cg ar;Muonf/qGr;f ouFe;f jynfhpHk&JUvm;? oHCmb,favmuf &SdovJ? a&ayg&JUvm;? vQyfppfrD; &ovm; ponfjzifh jrefrmwk"Yd avh t& odvkdMuonf/

❦ ausmif;okaYd &mufvmonfh &if;ESD;olrsm;uvnf; OD;yOöif;wkdY ae&mu NrdKUESifha0;awmh um; uav;wpfpD;awmh &SdzkdYvkdonf? w,fvDzkef;awmh &SdzkdYvkdonf[k apwempum;qkMd uonf/ ausmif; BuD;uku d m;-a':&D? a':ndK(&wem rdom;pk) rEÅav;NrdKUu om;om; em;em; jyKjyifxm;Muonf/ tcsKdUuvnf; pmcsbGUJ wkdY bmwkdY r&ao;bl;vm;? usrf;jyK xm;wm r&Sdbl;vm;ar;Muonf/ ol i ,f c sif ; wpf a ,muf u awmh vufESdyfpufav;wpfvHk;avmuf &Szd v Ydk o dk nf[q k o dk nf/ olpY um;ukad wmh bke;f BuD; rsm;vnf; axmufcrH o d nf/ausmif; taqmufttHk&SdzkdYvdkonf/ toHk; taqmif y&dabm*&SdzkdYvkdonf/ qGrf;? ouFef;&SdzkdYvkdonf? a&&SdzkdY vkdonf? rD;&SdzkdYvdkonf? tNcHt&H oHCm y&dowf&SdzkdYvdkonf/ 'g, um? 'g,dumr tokduft0ef;&SdzkdY vkdonf/ bGJUxll;? *kPfxl;&SdzkdYvkd onf/ zkef;&SdzkdYvdkonf/ um;&SdzkdY vkdonf/ w&m;a[mrnfqkdvQif toHcsJUpuf&zdS v Ydk o dk nf/ toHoiG ;f csifvQif uufqufu &SdzkdYvkdjyef onf ponf ponfjzifh &SdzkdYvkd onfrsm;u rsm;vSonf/ okjYd zpfí &Szd v Ydk o kd nfrsm;ukd a&wGuf&if; &[ef;wpfyg;tae jzifh r&Sdrjzpf&SdzkdY vkdtyfonfu bmvJ[k pOf;pm;aerdonf/ ]]oDv}} &[ef;wpfyg;twGuf r&Sd rjzpf &SdzkYdvkdtyfonfrSm ]]oDv}} [k qHk;jzwfrdonf/

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

rSeyf gonf/ &[ef;wpfyg; taejzifh bmrQr&S/d oDv&Sad evQif &[ef;rnfygonf? bmrQr&Sdqkd onfrSm avmuD*kPfyumoe? ypönf;0w¬K? toHk;taqmif tNcH t&H tausmftapmwkdY r&Sd[kqkd vkdygonf/ tvGefqkd&aomf orm"d ynmyif r&Sad pumrl oDv&Sad eao; vQif &[ef;rnfyg\? þum; pum;tjzpf a jymqk d j cif ; rQom? trSefrSm oDv&Sdaeaom yk*¾dKvfü orm"dynmvnf; &Sad eMurnf om/ xkdYaMumifhvnf; a&S;a&S; rax&fBu;D rsm;onf oDvukd touf ESifhvJí apmifhxdef;cJhMuonf/ 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmü xkdrax&f BuD;rsm;\ tw¬KyÜwu då dk azmfjyxm; onf r S m vG e f p G m Munf n d K zG , f aumif;vS\/ oD[Vdk u f Ref;(oD&v d uFm)ü rax&fBuD;wpfyg;tm; ckd;om; rsm;u EG,jf zifw h yk í f ajrüvSx J m; cJhMuonf?xkdtcsdef awmrD;avmif vm&m rax&fBuD;onf (oDv ysufrnfpkd;í)EG,fukd rjzwfbJ 0dyóemyGm;vsufae&m oroDoD &[EÅmjzpfí y&dedAÁmefjyKav\/ þuJo h aYdk om rax&fBuD; rsm;rSm oDv&SdzkdYonf touf&SdzkdY xuf y if ta&;BuD ; aMumif ; ? toufESifhvJí a&SUaqmifvrf;jy onfh yk*Kd¾ vfreG ?f yk*Kd¾ vfjrwfBuD;rsm; jzpfouJo h Ydk oDv&Sad eygu orm"d ynm&S d E k d i f y H k u k d ñT e f j yEk d i f a om om"ujzpfonf[v k nf; qkEd idk yf g onf/

aqmif y k ' f u av;wpf c k a&;xm;vku d o f nf]]bmrQr&S d & S d oD v &S d & rnf}} oD v &S d a om yk * ¾ d K vf ü orm"d ynmrStp oDvwefckd; aMumif h vmbf v mbtNcH t &H tausmftapmponfwo Ydk nfvnf; &SdvmwwfMupNrJyJ/ ]]ypönf;r&Sm; oDv&Sm;\}}[laom Mo0g'pum; ukd emMum;&zl;ygonf/ þokYd vmbfvmb tNcH t&H tausmftapm ponfwkdY &Sdvmaomtcg a,medaomreod um& (aumif;pGmESvHk;oGif;rI)r&Sd vQif xkdvmbfvmbponfwkdY\ aemufokdYvkdufyg&if; oDvysuf ,Gif;oGm;olrsm;vnf; &Sdvmwwf ygonf/ þoabmukd &nf&G,f í ]]ukd,fhbkef;ukdrSefNyD; taorcH MuES i f h } }[k q&mocif r sm;u owday;qH;k rawmfrMl u[efwyl g\/ &[ef ; wpf y g;taejzif h bmawGy&J adS e&Sad e oDv&Szd u Ydk awmh vk d y gonf / bk e f ; uH B uD ; rm;í ypönf;0w¬Krsm; pkyHkaeonfjzpfap? tNcHt&HawG pnfum;í ysm;yef; cwf rsm;aeonfjzpfap? EkdifiH ausmfí rnfrQyifxifay:aeonf jzpfap oDvr&Sd (yg&mZduus)vQif um; &[ef ; r[k w f a wmh y gay? xkdYaMumifh bmawGyJ&Sdae &Sdae oDv&SdzkdYuawmh vkdygonf/ aqmify'k u f av;ukd quf a&;vkduf\/ ]]bmyJ&Sd&Sd oDv&Sd&rnf}} rSefygonf/ ]]bmrQ r&Sd&Sd? oDv&Sd&

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

rnf}} ]]bmyJ&Sd&Sd oDv&Sd&rnf}} £ • Zöswm0kaom oDv0 awm apawmyPd"d 0dok'¨wåm/ igh&SifwdkY? oDv&Sdaom yk*Kd¾ vf\ awmihw f jcif;onf oDv pifMu,faomaMumihf jynfph \ kH / t&Sio f m&dyw k &å m (okwyf gax,s) &[ef;awmfrsm; ypönf; av;yg; aygrsm;csif&if? vlrsm; vnf; pD;yGm;Opöm rsm;csi&f if 'Dov D udyk J jznfMh uzdY k bk&m;wku d ½f u k d f a[m awmfrlwm? 'gwGifrubl; ab; tEÅ&m,fumuG,w f mutp edAmÁ ef txd ydEYk idk w f m[m oDvyJ&w dS ,f/ v,fwq D &mawmfBuD; (&[EÅmESiyfh *k Kd¾ vfx;l rsm;rS) oDv&Sw d yhJ *k Kd¾ v[ f m ypön;f av;yg; r&Sm;bl;uG,fh/ omref ypön;f av;yg;qdw k m xm;OD;? psmef w&m;? r*fw&m;? zdkvfw&m;rsm; udyk if &Ekid w f ,f/ 'ghaMumihf &[ef; &Sifvl rnfolrqdk rdrdwdkY&JU udk,hf qdik &f m (oDv)udk usif&h r,f? cspf jrwfEkd;Mu&r,f? apmihfxdef;Mu& r,f oDvu &Sm;aewmuG,fh? ypön;f uawmh r&Sm;ygbl;uG,/f taemufy&uúrq&mawmf (jzpfpOfEiS u fh sihpf Ofr)S

'*kef OD;xGef;jrifh a&;om;jyKpkaom

Ak'¨\ Mo0g' tjrKaw rS qif;&Jukd aMumufovm; tcgwpfyg;ü jrwfpGmbk&m;onf aZw0efausmif;awmfrS om0w¬Nd rdKUxJoYdk qGr;f cH<uawmfr&l mvrf;ü ig;zrf;aeMuaom oli,f wkdYukdjrifí oli,fwkdY tem;okdY oGm;NyD;vQif oli,fwkdY? oli,fwkdYonf qif;&J'ku©ukd aMumufMuovm;? qif;&J'u k ©udk rke;f Muovm;-[k ar;awmfro l nf/ oli,fwkdYu aMumufMuygonfbk&m;-[k ajzMuonf/ xkd tcg jrwfpmG bk&m;utu,fí qif;&J'u k ©udk aMumufMuvQif? qif;&J'u k ©udk rke;f MuvQif raumif;rIukd vljrifuGif;rSmjzpfap? rjrifuG,f&mrSmjzpfap rvkyMf uESi/hf raumif;rIudk ,ckvnf;jyK? aemifvnf;jyKMurnfqv dk Qif qif;&J'u k ©rS vGwaf jrmufEidk rf nf r[kwaf cs-[k rdeMYf um; usL;&ifah wmf rlonf/ O'gef;ygVdawmf? 5-aomP0*f? 4-ukrm&uokw/f

aozkdh zefwD;ay;aeaomw&m; Z&m[laom tkdjcif;w&m;onf toufukd aojcif;bufokdY aqmif,al e\/ owå0gwk\ Yd toufonf enf;i,fwv dk suf cPom jzpf\/ Z&mw&m;u aozkb Yd ufoYdk aqmif,jl cif;cH&aom owå0gtm; tm;ukd;rSDckdp&m bmrQr&Sd? Nidrf;csrf;&m edAÁmefukd tvkd&Sdaomolonf aojcif;w&m;ü xkad Mumufz, G af b;oH;k rsK;d ukd jrifatmifMunfí h avmuü wG,fwmaeonfh w&m;pkukd y,fpGefY&m\/ o*gxm0*¾o, H w k yf gVdawmf? a'0wmoH,w k ?f 1-eV0*f? 3-OyeD,okw/f

47-ESpaf jrmuf arG;aeYvufaqmifpum;/ t&Sifaomr (a&TyHkawmifawm&)

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

xGu f v rf ; yPÖ& bm0emr,ÚmPfudk avhusihfvdkufpm;cJhojzihf uRefawmf a'goudk a&SmifuGif;wwfvmonf/ a'gojzpfvmvQif bm0emxGufaygufrS tomt,mav;yif vGwfajrmuf xGufcGmoGm;EkdifcJhygonf/

taMumif;wkdufqkdifvm vQif twdwu f dk jyefvnfí owd& wwfonfrmS vlom;wk\ Yd obm0 wpfckyifjzpfygonf/ ,ckvnf; taMumif; wkdufqkdifvmojzifh twdwfrS jzpf&yfwpfckqDokdY uRef awmf\ pdwt f pOfonf ukid ;f ñGwf usa&mufomG ;cJ&h onf/ uRef a wmf i ,f & G , f p Of ausmif;om;b0u aEG&moDausmif; ydwf&ufrsm;wGif &GmrS awm& ausmif;uav;qDokdY bkef;BuD; ausmif;om;tjzpf oGm;a&mufynm oifMum;cJh&onfukd vGefpGmrS ckH rifrdcJhygonf/ ynmoif&onf xuf &GmrSoil ,fcsif;rsm;ESihf aysmf &TifpGm aqmhupm;&onfukd ykdrkdí ESpfoufcHkrifrdjcif;aMumifhvnf; jzpfygonf/ NrdKUwGif upm;azmf ol i,fcsi;f rsm;&So d nfreS af omfvnf; &GmrS oli,fcsif;rsm;udk ykrd í dk cifrif rdonfrmS &Gmüupm;&aom upm;

enf;rsm;onf uRefawmfBudKuf aom uRef a wmf E S p f o uf a om upm;enf;rsm;jzpfaejcif;aMumifh vnf; jzpfEkdifygonf/ tvGeo f m,maomawm& ausmif;uav;wGif aeYbufü pm oif pmtHMuí tm;vyfonfESifh zefcek ?f 'k;d xkMu\/ nbufwiG rf l va&mifatmufü eyef;vHk;jcif;? pdefajy;vkdufjcif;? pum;xm0Suf jcif;wkdYjzifh tcsdefrsm;ukd ukefvGef ap\/ xku d pm;enf;rsm;xuf ykrd kd í uRefawmfBudKufESpfoufaom upm;enf;wpfrsKd;rSm q&mawmf ESihf OD;yOöi;f rsm;tvpfwiG f ausmif; teD;&Sd awmtkyftwGif;okdY0ifí awmvnfawmvkduf&aom awm vkdufrkqkd;upm;enf;yif jzpfcJhyg onf/ xku d pm;enf;ukd cHrk ifojzifh vnf; aEGtcgwGif uRefawmf &GmokdY a&mufa&mufaewwfjcif; jzpfygonf/

❦ aEG[q k akd omfvnf; wefc;l vukeNf yDjzpfojzifh taemufawmif qDrS tHkYqkdif;ndKUrIdif;í wufvm aom rkd;wkdYonf wpfcgwpf&H onf;xefpmG &Gmwwf\/rk;d &GmvQif uReaf wmfwYdk ausmif;om;wpfou dk f tvGefyif aysmf&TifMuygonf/ tb,fah Mumifq h adk omf rk;d OD;umv wGif ykwwf(y'yf)? ,kefpaom wGi;f atmif;owå0gi,frsm; xGuf wwfí yyfMum;tufaom ajr wkrYd v S nf; rIrd sm;wvIid v f idI f yGizhf ;l ay:aygufvmwwfjcif;aMumifh jzpf ygonf/ y'yfvu dk jf cif;? rI&d mS jcif; wkdYonf xkdpOfu uRefawmfwkdY wpfawG tvGeEf pS o f ufaom upm; enf;wpfrsKd;yif jzpfcyhJ gonf/ pdwftpOfwGif Budrfzef rsm;pGm owd&apaom xkdaeYu uRefawmfwo Ydk nf taMumif;trsKd; rsKd;jyí q&mawmfEiS Ohf ;D yOöi;f wk\ Yd aemufoYdk qGr;f cHcsdeüf &GmokrYd vku d f bJ ausmif;ü ausmif;apmif[ h efjy aecJhMu\/ q&mawmfESifhOD;yOöif; rsm; &GmokdYqGrf;cH<uoGm;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf ausmif;&SdacG;rsm;ukd ac:í ausmif;teD;rS ,muGuf rsm;qDokdY uRefawmfwkdYwpfawG ykwwfvu dk ?f rI&d mS xGucf MhJ uygonf/ q&mawmfukd aMumuf&onfrSef aomfvnf; 0goemukd rwm;jrpf Ekid o f jzifh xkdokdYyif tBuHtpnf xkwí f Budrzf efrsm;pGm awmvku d f upm;cJMh uygonf/ uReaf wmfwaYdk usmif;uav; rSm awm&ausmif;uav;jzpfonf ESifhtnD &GmESifhtawmftoifhyif uGma0;ae\/ xkdYtjyif &GmESifh

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

ausmif;tMum;wGif wnf&adS eaom awmifuek ;f i,fuav;rsm;? vSn;f vrf;\0J,mwGif aygufa&mufae aom ebl;csKHwef;&SnfBuD;rsm;ESifh us,f0ef;aom ,mcif;jyifBuD;rsm; onfvnf; &GmESifhausmif;ukd ykdif; jcm;xm;ouJo h Ydk jzpfae\/ rdk;OD;ü xdk,mcif;jyifBuD; rsm;twGif;wGif wGif;atmif; owå0gi,fuav;rsm; wl;azmf azgufvkyfxm;aom wGif;ayguf i,fuav;rsm;udk [drk mS wpfck 'DrmS wpfcjk zihf tajrmuftjrm;yif awGU jrifEidk yf gonf/ xdw k iG ;f rsm;txJrS ykwwfwiG ;f uav;rsm;onf wGi;f 0 t0dkif;nDí acsmarGUaewwfaom aMumifhvnf; wjcm;wGif;rsm;ESihf ykwwfwGif;udk uRefawmfwdkY wpf awG tvG,fwul cGJjcm;odEkdif cJhjcif; jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf ykwwfwGif;udk awGUonfESihf rpl;prf;bJ tvsif pvkd csufcsif;wl;ír&ao;ay/ tb,faMumihfqdkaomf ykwwf uav;rsm;onf olwdkY\wGif;ESihf reD;ra0;wGif ta&;BuHKvQif xGuf ajy;Ekdif&eftwGuf u,fayguf (toufu,fayguf)udk ajrom; yg;yg;av; useo f nftxd azmuf vkyfxm;wwfaomaMumifh jzpfyg onf/ xdkYaMumihf ykwwfwGif;udk rwl;rD xdku,faygufudk t&if &Sm&NyD; xdku,faygufae&mrSyif olwu Ykd kd apmihí f zrf;Mu&ygonf/ ykwwfonf 0gndKa&mif tpuf t ajymuf u av;rsm;jzih f tvGefvSí tvGefvsifjrefaom tvGefÓPfaumif;aom wGif;

atmif; owå0gi,fwpfrsdK;jzpf onf/ rdr\ d toufab;tEÅ&m,f usa&mufvmvQif vGwfajrmuf xGufcGmoGm;Ekdif&eftwGuf u,f aygufazmufvyk af exkid w f wfaom olwdkY\pGrf;&nfonf wd&pämef tcsi;f csi;f zrf;,lEidk &f ef tvGeyf if cJ,Of;oGm;apcJ&h onf/ acG;,ufí rdaom ykwwfrmS r&So d avmufyif &Sm;\/ olwx Ykd ufomaom olwYkd xufÚmPfrsm;aom vl\pGr;f &nf aMumifhomvQif olwdkY\ touf rsm; qH;k ½I;H Mu&jcif;omjzpfygonf/ xdkykwwfuav;rsm;\ tavh tusiho f nf uRefawmhfudk b0 oifcef;pm rsm;pGm&apcJ\ h / ykwwfuo hJ aYkd om owå0g i,fuav;rsm;onfyifvQif rdr\ d ab;uif;vHkNcHKa&;twGuf u,f aygufazmufvyk af exkid w f wfao; vQif uRefawmfwdkY vlom;rsm; onfvnf; avmu"Hwnf;[l aom ab;tEÅ & m,f E S i h f BuH K Bud K uf vmcJhvQif vGwfajrmufxGufcGm oGm;Ekid &f eftwGuf vGwv f rf; xGuf vrf;rsm;udk BudKwifí azmufvyk f aexkdifoihfvSayonf[k xdkpOf uyif uRefawmfph w d üf todwpfck pGpJ x JG ifxif usef&pfc&hJ ygonf/ xdt k awGUtBuKH av; rdr\ d pdwüf pGx J ifusef&pfco hJ nfreS af omf vnf; avmu"HESifh awGUqHkvdkuf wkdif;yif uRefawmftBudrfaygif; rsm;pGm t½IH;ay;cJh&zl;ygonf/ wpfcgwpfcg ½I;H vd½Yk ;HI rSe;f yif rod Ek d i f a vmuf a tmif cH c J h & onf h tBurd af ygif;vnf; renf;cJah y/þodY k jzpfc&hJ onfrmS vnf; todÓPf\

❦ tiftm; avsmhenf;cJhrIaMumihfom vQif jzpfaMumif;udrk l ,cktcgwGif uRefawmf aumif;aumif;oabm aygufaeNyD jzpfygonf/ uRefawmf aumvdyf ausmif;om;b0u Ekid if aH &;pmay rsm;? EkdifiHa&;tawG;tac:t,l tqrsm;udk pdw0f ifpm;pGm avhvm vdkufpm;rdcJhygonf/ todÚmPf ynm rjynhfpHkbJ awG;awmqif jcifrI (pdEÅmr,)rsm;udk w&m;ao trSefxifrdcJhojzifh bmoma&; todtjrifrsm; wdrf;apmif;azmuf jyefcJh&zl;ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh rSm; ,Gif;aom t,ltqrsm;\ qkd; usdK;udkvnf; aumif;aumif;cHpm; cJ&h zl;ygonf/ uH uH\tusdK;udk r,Hk Munfco hJ jzihf wpfu, kd af umif;qef aom pdwfaepdwfxm;rsm; ay: aygufvmcJhNyD; rdrdvdkcsifvQif w&m;onf rw&m;onfrod? r& ru ZGwftwif;&atmif ,lcJhzl; ygonf/ rauseyfvQif a'go xGufvG,fí? rEkdifcJhvQif &efNidK; odzk UJG NyD; vufpm;acs &ufpufczhJ ;l yg onf/ ud, k u hf , kd u f kd txifBuD;NyD; tom;vGwfb0ifjrihfcJhzl;ygonf/ wpfu, kd af umif;pdwu f ykd if trTe;f wifí acgif;yHjk zwf zsHus&onfukd vnf; [kwfvSNyD[k xifcJhzl;yg onf/ odkYaomf towftykwf uRrf;usifaom vufa0SUorm; onf rdrd\ NydKifbuf vufa0SU orm;ud k vuf a 0S U pif a y:wG i f y,fy,fe,fe,f xdk;Budwfowf ykwfí tEkdif,louJhodkY avmb?

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

a'go? arm[[laom w&m;qdk; wdkYonfvnf; oDvr&Sdaom uRef a wmh f u d k avmuBud K ;0k d i f ; twGi;f wGif jyif;xefpmG xd;k Budwf ESdyfpufí tEkdif,lvmcJhygonf/ tod Ú mPf t if t m;r&S d a om uRefawmfonf olw\ Ykd ESyd pf ufrI udk ra&SmifEkdifrwdrf;Ekdifojzihf tvl;tvSrd hf cHpm;cJ&h zl;ygonf/ a'goaMumihf tdyfa&; ysufcJh&aom naygif; renf;cJh ay/ avmbaMumihf &ifwGifyl avmifqlyGufchJ&aom aeYaygif; vnf; renf;cJhay/ arm[\ zHk; vTrf;rIaMumifh xdkylyefrI qif;&JrI wdkYrS r½kef;EkdifrxGufEkdif? ra&Smif Ekdif rwdrf;Ekdif tvl;tvSdrfhcHpm; cJh&aom &ufaygif;vnf; renf; cJhay/ xdkuJhodkY avmu"H\ tyl rD;rsm; jyif;xefpmG avmifNrdKufvm csdew f iG f uRefawmf ykwufuav; udk ajy;íjrifa,mifryd gonf/ olU rSmrl toufab;twGuf u,f ayguf azmufvyk af exkid w f wf ojzihf tEÅ & m,f r sm;rS vG w f a jrmuf oGm;cJh&\/ uRefawmhfrSmrl u,f aygufvnf; razmufwwf? vGwf ajrmuf a tmif v nf ; rBuH p nf wwfojzihf avmu"H\ zdpD; ESdyfpufrI'Pfudk xGufaygufr&Sd tvl;tvSdrfh acgif;iHkYíom cHcJh& ygonf/ xdk rdrd\ trSm;rsm;udk odjrifvmcJhNyD;aemuf uRefawmf onf avmutwGi;f ü usifvnf aexkdif&pOf qif;&Jjcif;taygif;? ylavmifjcif;taygif;wdEYk iS fh awGUqHk vmcJhvQif vGwfajrmufxGufcGm

tm½Hkjzihfwkdufí vsifjrefpGmjzpfay:vmaom a'gopdwfudk owdjzihf ½IMunfhaepOfwGifyif xdak 'gopdwu f av;rSm wpfzefjyefí vsifjrefpGm csKyfNidrf;ysufpD; oGm;cJh&jyef\/ xdkodkY ysufpD;oGm;onfudk ÚmPfjzihf odjrifvdkuf&aomtcg a'gopdwfuav;rSm rdrdrydkifaom rdrdtpdk;r&aom w&m;oabmoufoufom jzpfaMumif;udk pdwfü ydkrdkí odom xif&mS ;pGm ,HMk unfrjd yef\/

❦ oGm;Ekid &f eftwGuf ta&;ay:xGuf aygufwpfckudk tqifoihfazmuf vkyfaexkdifawmhrnf[k ydkifydkifEkdif Edik f qH;k jzwfcsufcscJrh yd gonf/ pdEmÅ r,rsm;udk pGev Yf w T í f bm0emr,ÓPfodkY ul;ajymif; usihBf uHtm;xkwjf cif;tm;jzihf i,f i,fu rdr\ d oDv&Sad om b0udk jyefvnfBudK;pm;&,lEkdifcJhygonf/ (2)ESpfcefY BudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJh& jcif;\ &v'frSmum; ,cktcsdef wGif avmu"HESihf awGUqHkvkduf wkid ;f yif vGwaf jrmufxu G cf mG oGm; Ekid af om u,faygufuav;rsm;udk azmufvyk af exdik w f wfvmcJjh cif;yif jzpfygonf/ wpfaeYu uReaf wmf qkid f eD;em;csif; OD;av;BuD;wpfOD;ESihf vufzuf&nfqkdifodkY vufzuf &nfaomuf xGufcJhMuygonf/ vuf z uf & nf a omuf M u&if ; OD;av;BuD;rS raeYnu wpfnvH;k tdyfíraysmfaMumif;udk uRefawmfh tm; ajymjyvmcJhygonf/ ol\ todrw d af qGwpfO;D u OD;av;BuD; udk rcHcsifatmif pum;vH;k rsm;jzihf ESyd pf ufomG ;í OD;av;BuD;rSm a'go xGuNf yD; wpfnvH;k rtdyEf idk jf zpfchJ &jcif; jzpfygonf/ ]]armif&ifav; a& ...a'go[m odyfNyD;ESdyfpuf wm trSefygyJ? 'gayr,fh olUudk csKyfwnf;xm;&wm ydNk yD;qif;&Jap w,fvdkY OD;xifw,f/ wu,fvdkY om a'goudk azmufxkwfvdkuf &&if? olUudkom wpfckck jyefNyD; ajymvdkufvkyfvdkuf&&if OD;av; 'DavmufcH&rSm r[kwfbl;}}[k ol\xifjrif,q l oH;k oyfcsufukd

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

yif xnfhoGif;wifjyajymqdkvmcJh ygonf/ OD;av;rSm a'go\xGuf aygufudk rodojzihf xkdodkYajym vdu k jf cif;om jzpfygonf/ a'go udk ajz&Sif;&mwGifvnf; ajz&Sif;yHk enf;pepfrSm;,Gif;aejcif;aMumihf om olcHvkduf&jcif;vnf; jzpfyg onf/ odkYaomf ol\vkyf&yfrSm wcsdKUwpf0uf rSefuefaeygao; onf/ xdkodkY a'goudk csKyfxdef; xm;Ekdifojzihfvnf; jyóemrsm; wpfnwmESifh NyD;qH;k oGm;cJ&h jcif;jzpf onf/ tu,fíom olajymcJh ovdk azmufxw k jf cif;jzihf ajz&Si;f vkdufygvQifrl qJa&;jcif;? owf ykwfjcif;? aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpfjcif;? ½kH;a&muf*gwfa&mufjcif;wdkYjzihf wpfoufv;kH &efNidK;odí k &ufaygif; rsm;pGm qif;&JomG ;apEkid yf gonf/ trSefrSmrl a'goudk csKyf wnf;jcif;jzifv h nf;aumif;?azmuf xkwjf cif;jzifv h nf;aumif; ajz&Si;f onfrSm rSm;,Gif;aeao;ojzihf qif;&Japaom tusdK;qufrsm; xGuaf y:vm&jcif;om jzpfygonf/ bm0emr,ÓPf u d k avh u sih f vdu k pf m;cJo h jzihf uRefawmf a'go udk a&SmifuGif;wwfvmonf/ a'gojzpfvmvQif bm0emxGuf ayguf r S tomt,mav;yif vGwfajrmuf xGufcGmoGm;EkdifcJhyg onf / xd k x G u f e nf ; ud k v nf ; uRefawmf azmufonfcsajymjyvdk ygonf/ xdkxGufenf;rSm wjcm; r[kwfyg/ jzpfay:vmaom emrf? ½kyu f kd 'd|cd mG vsuf jzpfysuf½aI om "r®mEkyóem owdy|mefur®|mef;

½Ienf;yif jzpfygonf/ a'go[lonf a'gojzpf &m tm½Hk("r®m½Hk)ESihf tcH"mwfjzpf aom [',0w¬KwdkY xdwkdufrd onft h cg vsifjrefpmG jzpfay:vm wwfaom emrfw&m;oufouf om jzpfygonf/ qJa&;vdu k o f u H kd Mum;ojzihf a'gojzpfonf/ rxD av;pm;vkyfojzihf a'gojzpf onf/ rcHcsifatmif ajymojzihf a'gojzpfonf/ xdkodkYyif a'go jzpfp&mtm½HEk iS fh xdwu kd v f u kd w f idk ;f a'gopdwu f av; vsifjrefpmG jzpf ay:vm\/ rjzpfEiS [ fh v k nf; trdeYf ay;ír&ay/ tb,faMumihef nf;/ qJa&;vdu k o f u H kd Mum;o jzihf a'gojzpfonfrSm? rxDav; pm;vkyfojzihf a'gojzpfonfrSm ,ckrSr[kwfbJ awGa0rdkufrJcJh aom twdwfumvtcsdefrsm;pGm uwnf;u xdkodkYwkdufvkdufwkdif; xdkodkYay:vmonfudk ay:aumif; onf[lívnf;aumif;? ay:oihf onf[lívnf;aumif;? rSefonf [lívnf;aumif;? ig[lí vnf; aumif;? ighOpöm[lívnf;aumif; Budrfzefrsm;pGm xifjrifoHk;oyf cJo h jzihf tavhtusifh t&Sed f t[kef ygNyD; jzpfaeaomaMumihfvnf; vsifjrefpGmjzpfay:vm&jcif; om jzpfygonf/ taMumif ; wk d u f q k d i f í tusdK;tjzpf vsifjrefpGm jzpfay: vmaom a'gopdwfuav;udk owduif;rJhpOftcsdefu ighpdwf[k vH;k vH;k ,HMk unfrcd yhJ gonf/ odaYk omf owdjzihf Budrfzefrsm;pGm ½IrSwf oHk;oyfvmaomtcg taMumif;

❦ aMumifh vsijf refpmG jzpfay:vm aom tusd K ;w&m;? xk d a 'gopd w f uav;udk ig[k r,HkMunfawmh ay/ tb,faMumihfqdkaomf xdk a'gopdwfuav;onf rdrdjzpfap vdí k jzpfay:vm&aom pdwu f av; r[kwfjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? xdjk zpfay:vmrItay:ü tjrif&iS ;f jcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? olU oabmolaqmifonfuk d ÚmPf jzihf odjrifvmjcif;aMumifv h nf; aumif; jzpfygonf/ xkdodkY tm½Hkjzihfwkdufí vsifjrefpmG jzpfay:vmaom a'go pdwu f kd owdjzihf ½IMunfah epOfwiG f yif xdak 'gopdwu f av;rSm wpfzef jyefí vsifjrefpGm csKyfNidrf;ysufpD; oGm;cJ&h jyef\/ xdo k Ykd ysufp;D oGm; onfudk ÚmPfjzihf odjrifvdkuf& aomtcg a'gopdwfuav;rSm rdrdrydkifaom rdrdtpdk;r&aom w&m;oabmoufoufom jzpf aMumif;udk pdwfüÿ ydkrdkí odom xif&mS ;pGm ,HMk unfrjd yef\/tb,f aMumifhqdkaomf rdrdysufpD;apvdkí ysufpD;oGm;&jcif;r[kwfbJ olU obm0tppftrSefudkuyif jzpf ay:vmvQif Mum&Snrf NrJ? ysufp;D wwfaom oabm&Sdonfudk ÚmPfjziho f jd rifvu kd &f aomaMumihf jzpfygonf/ xdaYk Mumihf owdy|mef w&m; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfolonf tm½HkESihfwkdufí vsifjrefpGm jzpf ay:vmaom a'gopdwfudk ]ig vnf;r[kwf}]ighOpömvnf;r[kwf} ]olUoabmol}[k qifjcifoHk;oyf odjrifNyD; ½IMunfah ecdu k w f iG yf if xdk a'gopdwu f av; jyefvnfysufp;D

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

oGm;onfudk odjrifvkduf&aom tcg rdrdrydkifaom? rdrdtpdk;r& aom oabmonf ÚmPfü ydkrdk &Sif;vif;xif&Sm;pGm odjrifvmí ]igvnf;r[kwf} ]ighOpömvnf; r[kwf} ]olUoabmol}[k ckdifrm pGm ,HMk unfrjd cif;jzpfavonf/ xdkodkY tm½Hkjzihfwkdufí vsifjrefpGm jzpfay:vmaom a'gopdwu f kd owdjzihf ½Irw S v f u dk ?f csKyfaysmufomG ;vdu k ?f t&Sed af Mumihf wpfzefjyefí jzpfay:vmvkduf? ½I rSwv f u dk ?f csKyfaysmufomG ;vdu k jf zihf ½Irw S af e&if;yif a'gopdwu f av; onf igESihfra&m,SufawmhbJ tqHk;ü t&Sdeft[kef ukefojzihf vHk;vHk;csKyfNidrf;oGm;cJh&\/ a'go pdwu f kd 'd|t d jrifjzihf rjrifawmhbJ ÚmPfynmjzihf ½IjrifoHk;oyfNyD; y,fcmG xm;Ekid o f jzihv f nf; jzpfay: vmaom a'gopdwfonf ]ighudk ajymwmyJ} ]rauseyfbl;} ]vuf pm;acsr,f} ponfjzihf BuD;xGm; roGm;awmhbJ tcktcHr&Sdí vsif jrefpmG csKyfNidr;f aysmufu, G o f mG ;cJh &jcif;vnf; jzpf\/ a'gocsKyNf idr;f vQif &ifü tyltyifr&Sd Nidr;f at; csrf;omjcif;\ tusdK;udk auseyf ESpo f ufpmG &&Scd pH m;Ekid yf gonf/ xdkodkY todÚmPfESihf rjynfhpHkcJhvQif taMumif;aMumihf jzpfay:vmaom a'gopdwfudk ig[kxifrw d wfonf/ xdx k ifpw d f udk rSefonf[kvnf; ,lqvm wwfonf/ ig[laom tcktcH pdwaf Mumihf a'goESifh ig a&m,Suf oGm;NyD; jzpfoihaf om igha'go[k vnf; xifjrifoHk;oyfvmwwf

onf/ taMumif;aMumihfjzpfay: vm&onfuv kd nf; rodawmhovdk ysuf w wf a omobm0ud k v nf ; rjrifojzihf a'goonf xdkol\ &ifü t&Sdeft[kefjzihf rjywfrpJ woJoo J m jzpfay:ae&\/ xdo k Ykd jzpfay:vmjcif;ESihftwl xdkol vnf; jyif;pGm yifyef;qif;&Jvm &\/ xdaYk Mumihf a'goudk csKyf wnf;jcif;jzihv f nf;aumif;?azmuf xkwjf cif;jzihv f nf;aumif; ajz&Si;f jcif;rjyKbJ todÚmPfjzihf ½Ijrif y,fowfíom ajz&Sif;oihfvSay onf/ xdkodkYajz&Sif;EkdifrSvnf; trSefwu,f qif;&Jjcif;rS vGwf ajrmufxu G cf mG oGm;Ekid rf nf jzpfyg onf/ vlom;wdt Yk aejzihf rdr\ d csrf;oma&;twGuf avmu"Hudk &ifqkdifajz&Sif;Ekdifaom enf;vrf; aumif;rsm;udk vkdcsifawmifhwrd Muygvdrhfrnf/ ,cktcsdefonf omoemawmf pnfyifxGef;um; aecsdejf zpfygojzihf olawmfaumif; a,m*Dtaygif;wdkYtwGuf xdk awmifhwrIudk tvG,fwul jznfh qnf ; &&S d E k d i f a om tcsd e f t cg aumif;vnf; jzpfygonf/ xdkY aMumihf omoemawmfESifh BuHK BudKufpOf rdrd\ csrf;oma&; twGuf vGwv f rf;xGuv f rf;rsm; udk vsifjrefpmG &SmazG&,lEikd Mf u ap&ef &nf & G , f í þarwå m pmjzih f owday;EI;d aqmfvu dk &f ygonf/

yPÖ&

❦ owd&vdo k rl sm; tcrJah y;aeNyD/ owd - trSwf&jcif;? atmufarhjcif;? owd - xdorQo?d trSwf jzifzh í d t&St d rdzrf;jcif;? xkdpum;rsm;onf owd ykid &f iS o f nf rdryd idk ef uftwGi;f wpf zuftm½Hkrsm; csOf;eif;0ifa&muf vmwkid ;f qkid &f mwHcg;Mum; owd tapmifhcsxm;um jzpfysufvkduf ynwfodu bmyJ? nmyJ tod ay;vnf; ta&;rpkduf? olYoepf jzpfysufvu dk f tqH;k xd todqu dk f NyD;rS qH;k jzwfcsufcs&ef/ onmod u b,f v k d b,fvkd today;vnf; ta&;r pkduf? olYoepf jzpfysufvkduf tqH k ; xd EI d u f M unf h M unf h N yD ; rS qH;k jzwfcsufcs&ef/ tpGJodu b,favmuf b,ftayguf[í l today;vnf; ta&;rpku d ?f olo Y epf jzpfysuf vku d f ol Y r &S d trd E I d u f M unf h N yD ; rS qH;k jzwfcsufcs&ef/ xkt d &if;cH trSex f m;rsm; jzifh 0ifvmorQtm½Hrk sm;?xkyd nwf od? onmod? tpGJodwkdY ajym Mum;aompum;twkdif; rSwfcsuf ,l ppfaq;aejcif;rsm;yif/ w&m;olBu;D [lonf w&m; ojzifh trINyD;ajyap&mü ÚmPfBuD; NyD; orm"duo J u l dk qk\ d / xkw d &m; olBuD;onf rdrda&SUokdY vma&muf tppfcHolwkdif;\ ajymorQ rSwf csuf,l roJuGJrl ar;cGef;xkwf vsufuyif Oya'tcsuf tuGuf 0if trSefbuf 'ufceJxGef;vif;

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

r[maAm"dNrdKifq&mawmf trSwfw& vufaqmifay;jcif; (owd'dEéuxm) ay;vku d jf cif;yrmwnf;/ xkdowdonf tBuD;t ao; bmukrd Q tvpfray;?ppfppf aq;aq;jzifh ta&;,lícsnf; ay; aeaomaMumif/h cE¨mcGit f wGi;f ae a0'em uvnf; &dyf&dyfajy; jzpfysufrsm; wpfpdwfwpftdwfvkyf csJUum;rjy omawmhyg/ cE¨mcGiftwGif;yg onm uvnf; rukdifrd raumufrd?bm rQr&Sd? bmrQrusefawmhaom jzpf ysufikyf? o½kyfxkwfí rqkdom awmhyg/ cE¨mcGit f wGi;f 0if 0dnmOf uvnf; t0ifysuf? txGuyf suf tysut f ysujf cif; qufaeygonf ukd olvcdk siw f pfrsK;d ?rvkcd sif wpfzef? rSef&mbuf usKH;oGif;? tusKd;rhJ tjypf&Sd&m a&Smifvkdygonf ajym vsuu f yif rSe&f mbuf ESv;kH roGi;f rsufpdpHkrSdwf jiif;aeolawGUvQif igh&iS f raumif;vrf;qkd bk&m;rckid ;f bl;? aumif;vkdYom ckdif;onfvkdY wpfxpfcs,Hk? oifhb0 bk&m;okdY yHak y;vku d pf rf;ygjzifh owday;vsuf uom/ olawmfaumif;wpfa,muf oift h eD;tyg; ay:aygufaecJah omf oifhtzkdY ....

ol a wmf a umif ; rS e f o rQ olwpfzufajcukyf,l? olYtwGuf b,fawmhrS tjrwfrxkwf/ ol a wmf a umif ; rS e f o rQ olwpfzuf xdcu kd ef pfemapvkcd suf jzifh b,fawmhrS acsmufrwGef;/ þpum;ESpyf kH t<uif;rJ, h pkH w d o f iG ;f í csO;f uyfwwfygvQif olay; orQ owd olay;vkd&mbuf twnfMh unfjh zifh vku d ef mrdwidk ;f olwpfcgowday; oif vnf;yJ vlolaX;jzpfzkdY ra0;NyD/ olwpfcgowday; oif vnf;yJ ewfolaX;jzpfzdkY ra0;NyD/ olwpfcgowday; oif vnf;yJ t&d,mocifjzpfzkdY raES; NyD/ 1364-ckEpS ?f e,kev f jynfah eY/ (pH&yd Nf idr?f ausmfawm? yHak wmifpcef;)

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

d oHa0Zed,av;Xmec&D; OD;vSa&T

]]tmeE´m? igbk&m;y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;onfhaemuf? &wemoHk;yg;ü MunfndKí o'¨gw&m;&SMd uukeaf om &[ef;&Siv f l Oygoum 'g,umrsm;ESihf Oygodum 'g,dumr rsm;onf atmufazmfjyygav;XmeokdY vma&mufzl;ajrmf oHa0*,loifhMuay\/ ,if;av;XmewkdYum; jzpfygonf/ Ak'*¨ ,mbk&m;zl;c&D;pOfrsm;onf jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&? omoema&;0efBuD;XmeESifh tdE, d´ Ekid if &H dS y&a'oDoC H em,utzGUJ wkYd ñSEd idI ;f pDpOf vrf;ñTecf suft& oGm;a&mufMu&onfjzpf&m? c&D;pOf wpfavQmuf jrefrmbke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;rsm;wGif wnf;ck?d em;ae? pm;aomufMu&ef pDpOfay;xm;Muyg onf/ [k d w ,f B uD ; rsm;uJ h o k d Y txuf w ef ; ususr[k w f aomfvnf; oifhwifhavsmufywfpGm pDpOfay;xm;Mu jcif;jzpfojzifh bk&m;zl;c&D;onfrsm;twGuf auseyf a&mifh&Jí aomuuif;Mu&ygonf/ oufqkdif&m bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;wGif wnf;cked m;aepOftwGi;f q&mawmfBuD;rsm;ukd bk&m;zl;tzGUJ vku d f uefawmhMu jcif;? vSLzG,0f w¬KESihf tvSLaiGrsm; vSL'gef;Mujcif;ukd ausmif;wku d w f idk ;f wGif aqmif&u G Mf uygonf/

(1) jrwfpGmbk&m;tavmif;awmf zGm;awmf rl&m vkrÁdeDO,smOf/ (2) oAÁnKwa&TÚmPfawmfukd &awmfrlí bk&m;tjzpfoYdk a&mufawmfr&l m r[maAm"dr@dKif/ (3) yOö0*¾iD g;OD;wkt Yd m; jrwfpmG bk&m;w&m;OD; a[mawmfr&l m rd*'g0ke/f (4) jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmefpH0ifawmfrl&m ukoed m½Hk tifMuif;&*Hw k jYdk zpfMu\/ tmeE´m-tMuifolwkdYonf? bk&m;zl;c&D; vSnfhvnfcJhMuí b0pkawuG,fvGefcsdefü MunfndK aom o'¨gw&m;pdwfjzifh uG,fvGefcJhaomf ewf&Gm ok*wdokdY a&mufMuukefvwåHU}}[k jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif onf t&SiftmeE´tm; a[mMum;awmfrlcJhay\/ uReaf wmfwYdk ]]r[mwk;d Ak'*¨ ,mbk&m;zl;tzGUJ }} vku d yf gvmaom av,mOfonf umvuwåm;avqdyf okYd {NyDv (8)&uf? a'opHawmfcsdef nae(6)em&DwiG f qku d af &mufygonf/ avqdyw f iG f r[mwk;d tzGUJ uk, d f pm;vS,rf sm; vma&mufBudKqku d m? umvuwåm;NrdKU? jrefrmbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;jzpfonfh ]]aAm"dokc}} ausmif;okYd ac:,lcyhJ gonf/ xkad usmif;wGif naepm pm;MuNyD; wpfnwm wnf;cked m;aeMu&ygonf/]]aAm"d okc}}ausmif;onf jrefrmEkdifiHrS tvkdawmfjynfhq&m awmfBuD;u BuD;Muyfwnfaxmifxm;aom ausmif;

Ak'¨*,m {NyDv (9)&uf? eHeuf (6)em&DwGif umv uwåm;NrdKU? jrefrmbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rS xGufí uDvkdrDwm (480)a0;uGmonfh Ak'¨*,mokdY avat; pufwyf armfawmf,mOfBuD;jzifh c&D;qufMu&ygonf/ þarmfawmf,mOfonf bk&m;zl;c&D;pOfNyD;qH;k onf txd ykdYaqmifay;onfh,mOf jzpfygonf/ eHeufc&D;p

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

xGuo f nfh tcsdew f idk ;f wGif armfawmf,mOfay:ü tzGUJ vkduf bk&m;&Sdckd;jcif;? w&m;pm&Gwfqkdjcif;? arwåmykdY trQa0jcif;wku Yd dk jyKMuygonf/ umvuwåm;-a'vD ta0;ajy;vrf;rBuD;twkdif; oGm;Mu&onfjzpf&m um;vrf;onf acsmarGUaumif;rGev f NS yD;? þvrf;rukd yif ESpq f wk;d csJUazmufvyk af eaMumif;vnf; awGUcJMh u ygonf/ jzwfoGm;&onfh vrf;ab;0J,maus;&GmNrdKU i,frsm;&Sd jynforl sm;ESihf aetdrrf sm;um; a[mif;EGr;f usOf;ajrmif;pkwfcsmMuonfu rsm;\/ qif;&Jom; jynfolu rsm;vdrfhrnf[k xifygonf/ uRefawmfwkdYtzGJUonf Ak'¨*,mjrefrmbkef; awmfBuD;ausmif;okdY nae(6)em&DwGif a&mufMuyg onf/ naepmpm;aomufMuNyD; nykid ;f wGif Ak'*¨ ,m&Sd r[maAm"dapwDawmfESifh apwDawmftwGif;&Sd Ak'¨ ½kyfyGm;awmfukd oGm;a&mufzl;ajrmfMuygonf/ Ak'¨½kyf yGm;awmf\ *E¨uk#dwkduftwGif; 0ifa&mufí Ak'¨\ rsufESmawmfukd vSrf;zl;vkduf&onfESifh twkdif;rod aom MunfE;l rIyw D u d dk cHpm;&ygonf/ txl;oyÜg,f vSaom ½kyyf mG ;awmfjzpfyg\/ r[maAm"dapwDawmf\ aemufbufwGifum; jrwfpGmbk&m;yGifhawmfrlcJhonfh ae&maAm"dyifESifh a&Tyv’if&Sdaeygonf/ vuf&Sd aAm"dyifonf rlvaAm"dyiftppf\ rsK;d rS yGm;,lpu dk yf sK;d xm;aom aAm"dyif[k od&ygonf/ a&Tyv’i\ f oH;k yHk wpfyu kH dk aAm"dyif&if;wGif zl;awGUEkid Nf yD; ok;H yHEk pS yf u kH idk í kH r[maAm"dapwDawmfBuD; wnfaqmufxm;ygonf/ rlvr[maAm"dapwDawmfudk bDp(D 3)&mpkwiG f oD&"d r®m aomurif;BuD; (taomurif;)wnfxm;cJjh cif;jzpfNyD;? vuf&Sdr[m aAm"dapwDawmfonf jrefrmEkdifiH rif;wkef;rif;BuD;vufxuf jyKjyifwnfaqmufxm; aom jrefrmAdokumynm&Sifrsm;\ vuf&m? jrefrm wk\ Yd aumif;rI awmfjzpfaMumif; od&&dS ygonf/ r[m aAm"dapwDawmf\ ywfywfvnfwGif jrwfpGmbk&m;? bk&m;tjzpfodkY a&mufNyD;aemuf owåXmepHawmfrlcJh onfah e&mrsm;? txdr;f trSwaf pwDEiS fh trSwt f om; ausmufwidk rf sm;udk zl;awGUMu&ygonf/ yOörowåm[ jzpfaom qdwfausmif;anmifyifae&mwGif oD&d"r®m aomurif;BuD; pdkufxlcJhaom ausmufpmwkdifESihf rif;wkef;rif;BuD; vSL;'gef;cJhaom jrefrm aMu;

acgif;avmif;BuD;udk zl;awGUMu&ygonf// owår owåm[ae&m vif;vGe;f yif&if; ae&mü jrefrmEkid if u H pdkufysdK;xm;aom vif;vGef;yifysdKwpfyifudk zl;awGU& ygonf/ þae&mwGif jrefrmEkdifiHom; wzkóESihf bv’u d ukeo f nfnaD emifwY k d jrwfpmG bk&m;udk yxrOD;qk;H ysm;rkefYqkyfqGrf;udk qufuyfcGihf&cJhMuNyD; yxrOD; qH;k qHawmfjrwf(8)qlukd vufc&H &Scd MhJ uonf/ ¤if;jyif ]Ak'¨H o&PH *pämrd? "r®H o&PH *pämrd}[lí a'G0gpduo&P*Hkudk yxrOD;qHk; cH,lcGihf &cJhMuav onf/jrwfpmG bk&m;ocifonf owåXmewGif (49)&uf pHaeawmfrNl y;D aemuf yOö0*¾iD g;OD;wdt Yk m; w&m;OD; a[m&ef rd*'g0keaf wmodYk <uoGm;cJah vonf/ aemufwpfaeY {NyDv(10)&uf eHeufwGif jrwfpmG bk&m;tm; &nfp;l uyfvLS rnfh a&TMumouFe;f udk &Gufí Ak'¨*,mq&mawmfwpfyg; OD;aqmifvsuf? r[mwdk;bk&m;zl;tzGJUvdkuf r[maAm"dapwDawmf? r[maAm"dyifEiS fh a&Tyv’iw f u Ykd kd vuf,m&pfwpfywf ywfum a&TMumouFef; uyfvSLylaZmfMuygonf/ ¤if;aemuf owåXmepHaeawmfrcl o hJ nfah e&mtESYH vdu k v f H zl;ajrmfMuonf/ Ak'¨*,mywf0ef;usif&dS ,d;k ',m;Ak'¨ bmom bk&m;ausmif;? wdAufbk&m;ausmif;? *syef Ak'¨bmombk&m; urmul&½kyfyGm;awmfwdkYudk zl;ajrmf Mu&ygonf/ OD;aqmifvkdufydkYonfh q&mawmf\ &Si;f vif;ajymjyonfrsm;udk em,l&if; Ak'a¨ cwfy&Hk yd f rsm;udk xifa,mif? jrifa,mifrd&ygonf/ aeYv,fydkif; wGif ausmif;ü tem;,lvdku ,lEkdifygonf/ r[m aAm"dapwDawmftwGif; 0ifa&mufí w&m;tm;xkwf jcif;? ykwD;pdyfjcif;? arwåmydkYtrQa0jcif; ponfjzihf tm;&yg;& bk&m;zl;vdkuvnf; zl;EkdifMuygonf/ aEGyifylaomfvnf; bk&m;&dyf? w&m;&dyfum; at;jr vSygonf/ naeykdif;wGif reD;ra0;&Sd okZmwmowdkY orD;\ tdraf e&m txdr;f trSwaf pwD?okZmwmCem EdkYqGrf; uyfvSLcJhonfhae&m? jruf&dwform;ok'¨d, jrufvSLcJhonfh txdrf;trSwfae&m? jrwfpGmbk&m; tavmif;awmf a&TcGufarQmcJhonfh txdrf;trSwf ae&mwdkYudk vSnfhvnfzl;ajrmfMuonf/ a&TcGufarQmcJh onfh ae&Oö&mjrpfukd cyfvrS ;f vSr;f rS arQmfíMunfMh u

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

r[maAm"dapwDawmftwGif;rS Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmf

r[maAm"d apwDawmf 97

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

onf/ wpfcsdeu f Munfvifaoma&tvsOf wpfoiG f oGif pD;aecJhavrnfh jrpfae&Oö&monf ,ckawmh azG;azG;jzLaom oJjrpfjzpfí aeavNyD/ aemufwpfaeY {NyDv(11)&ufaeY eHeufwGif jrwfpmG bk&m;tavmif;awmf 'kuú&p&d,musihcf o hJ nfh O½ka0vawmifay:&Sd ausmuf*o l Ykd oGm;a&mufz;l ajrmf Muonf/ O½ka0vawmonf ,cktcg opfyiftyk pf k rsm; [dkwpfpk? onfwpfpkESihf O½ka0vawmifonf um; opfyifenf;aom ausmufawmifjrihfBuD;rsm; tjzpfom jrifawGU&ayawmhonf/

rd*'g0keOf ,smOftwGi;f wGif eE´, d olaX;BuD; vSL'gef; cJhaom &wemtkwfausmif;ae&m? yOö0*¾Dig;OD;tm; w&m;OD;"r®pMuma[mcJah om ae&mtxdr;f trSwf "r® &mZduapwDae&m? oD&d"r®maomurif;BuD; pdkufxlcJh aom ausmufpmwkdif? yOö0*¾Dig;OD;tm; tewåvu© Pokwf a[mawmfrlcJhaomae&m txdrf;trSwf "ar®capwD? jrwfpmG bk&m;tm; yOö0*¾iD g;OD;c&D;OD;BudKcJh aom ae&mtxdr;f trSwf acsmufuEÅaD pwDEiS fh tjcm; ajrmufjrm;vSpGmaom ausmif;rsm;? Z&yfrsm;? omo edu taqmufttHrk sm;ae&mwdu Yk kd jrifawGUzl;ajrmfMu &onf/ "r®pMumw&m;OD; a[mcJhonfh ae&mwGif rd*'g0keq f &mawmfEiS t fh wl oDv,ljcif;? "r®pMum&Gwf qdkjcif;? qDrD;ylaZmfjcif;? trQtwef;ay;a0jcif;wdkYudk aqmif&u G cf MhJ uygonf/ rd*'g0keOf ,smOfEiS u fh yfvsuf orifrsm;udk ab;rJhay;xm;aom orifNcHudk awGU &onf/ orifrsm;udk tpmauR;Muonf/ bk&m;&Sif vufxuf aet0if? vtxGuf om,mat;csrf;vS aom tcsdew f iG f w&m;OD;a[mcJph Ofu þae&monf aus;oH? iSufoH? prf;a&pD;oHwdkYjzihf pdwfMunfEl; qGwfysHUzG,f &SdcJhayvdrhfrnf/ ,ckrlum; teD;tyg; &yfuu G rf sm;rS vlo?H pufo?H um;[Ge;f oHwo Ykd m rif;rl vsuf&adS eayawmhonf/ rd*'g0keOf ,smOftwGi;f rSxu G í f ywf0ef;usi&f dS Ak'¨"mwfawmftppfwpfql udef;0yfawmfrlae&m Ak'¨ "mwfawmfjywku d ?f jrefrmEkid if rH S wnfaqmufvLS 'gef; xm;aom yOö0*¾Dig;OD;tm; w&m;a[m[ef ½kyfyGm; awmfrsm;udv k nf; vSnv hf nfz;l ajrmfcMhJ uonf/ nae ydkif;wGif tdE´d,a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmerS zGifhvSpf jyoxm;aom Ak'¨bmomqkid &f m a&S;a[mif;vuf&m? ausmufqpf? yef;yk? yef;csDypönf;rsm; jywdkufudk oGm;a&mufavhvmMunf½h MI uygonf/

rd*'g0kef {NyDv(12)&ufaeY eHeuf(6)em&DwGif? Ak'¨ *,mrS uDvdkrDwm(250)a0;aom rd*'g0kefawm&Sd&m Am&mPoDNrdKUodYk c&D;qufcMhJ uygonf/ aeYv,fpmudk vrf;c&D;wpfae&mwGif pm;Muygonf/ tdE´, d aus; vufom;wd\ Yk [if;vsmum; rsm;aomtm;jzihf yJEiS fh tmvl; ponfwu Ykd o kd m tawGU&rsm;ygonf/ ¤if;wd\ Yk yJ[if;csdKtDto D nf csOfiefpyfBudKufaom jrefrmwd\ Yk vQmESifh tawmfyif tvSr;f a0;vsuf &Sad yawmhonf/ nae(2)em&DwGif vrf;c&D;&Sd &mrme*&NrdKUav;wGif &Sad om tdE, d´ apmfbmG ;a[mif;wpfO;D \ aetdrjf ywku d Ef iS fh **Fgjrpf½cI if;udk 0ifMunfch MhJ uonf/ nae(4)em&DwiG f Am&mPoDNrdKU&Sd rd*'g0kef jrefrmbke;f awmfBuD; ausmif;odYk a&mufMuygonf/ ausmif;wGif acwå em;aeMuNy;D aemuf naeydkif;wGif (jrefrmEkdifiHrS jyef a&mufvmNyD; Am&mPoDwiG f tajccsaexkid Mf uonf)h OD;vSjrihq f o kd l td E ´ d , vl r sd K ;rd o m;pk u ol w d k Y \ aps;qk d i f w G i f trSwfw&vufaqmifypönf;rsm; 0,f,lEkdifMu&ef vmac:ygonf/ jrefrmbk&m;zl;tzGJUrsm;tm; tNrJ vmac:aeus? bk&m;zl;rsm;uvnf; jrefrmhoaH ,mZOf jzihf tNrJtm;ay;0,f,laeus[k od&ygonf/ aemufwpfaeYeHeufwGif rd*'g0kefausmif; q&mawmfO;D aqmifí uRefawmfwYkd bk&m;zl;tzGUJ onf rd*'g0keOf ,smOftwGi;f odYk 0ifcyhJ gonf/ ausmif;0if;rS O,smOftwGi;f tul;wGif ok0PÖomrZmwfawmfxrJ S rd*orwmjrpfukd jzwfausmfMu&onf/ ,ckawmh a& r&Sad om acsmif;usOf;uav;om jzpfaeygawmhonf/

om0w¦d aemufwpfaeY {NyDv(14)&ufaeY eHeuf(6) em&DwiG f rd*'g0kejf refrmbke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;rS xGuí f uDvdkrDwm (347)a0;aom om0w¬d(qm&mAwfwd) NrdKUodkY c&D;qufcJhMuygonf/ vrf;c&D;wpfae&mwGif aeYv,fpm pm;aomufMuonf/ om0w¬djrefrm

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;odYk a&mufcgeD;wGif jrwfpmG bk&m; wefcdk;jym#d[mjycJhonfh o&ufjzLukef;txdrf;trSwf apwDa[mif;? a'0'wfajrrsKdcJhonfhae&mwdkYudk vSrf; arQmMf unf½h cI MhJ uygonf/ aeYv,f(2)em&DwiG f om0w¬d NrdKU jrefrmbke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;odYk a&mufMuygonf/ naeydkif;wGif om0w¬dausmif;q&mawmf vdkufyg vsuf om0w¬Nd rdKUa[mif;ae&m&Sd yaoe'Daumov rif;BuD;\ eef;awmf&mapwD? t*Fkvdrmv opömqdkcJh onfhae&m txdrf;trSwfapwDwkdYukd oGm;a&mufzl; ajrmfMuonf/ om0w¬dNrdKUa[mif;\ ta&SUbufwGif rvdu ’ mrdz&k m;BuD; vSL'gef;cJah om ykAmÁ ½Hak usmif;ae&mESihf ry#m? ukd'gowkdY Zmwfvrf;yg tpd&0wDjrpfwkdYukd a0;a0;wGif a&;a&;rSe;f í vSr;f Munfch MhJ uygao;onf/ xkrd q S ufí wpfcsed u f aZwrif;om;\ o&ufO,smOf twGif; wnfxm;cJhaom aZw0efausmif;awmf&m? &SifoD0vdausmif;awmf&m? tmeE´maAm"danmifyif? jrwfpGmbk&m; a&MunfawmfoHk;&m a&wGif;ponfh rsm;pGmaom omoedutaqmufttHkrsm;ukd vSnfh vnf zl;ajrmf&if; bk&m;&Siv f ufxufawmfudk rSe;f q &nfarQmf MunfnKd o'¨g yGm;Mu&ygonf/jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sif oDwif;oH;k cJ&h m *E¨u#k w d u dk af e&mwGif q&mawmfEiS hf twl oDv,ljcif;? y&dwf&Gwfjcif;? qDrD;ylaZmfjcif;? trQtwef;a0jcif;ponfh aumif;rIuo k v dk rf sm; jyKcJMh u ygonf/ nykdif;wGif om0w¬dbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif; q&mawmfudk ylaZmfuefawmhí tvSLaiGrsm; vSL'gef; cJMh uygonf/

ausmif;y&d0kPftwGif;&Sd avmurPdplVmapwDawmf? tmeE´modrf? "r®m½HkESifh tjcm;omoedutaqmuf ttHrk sm;rSm jrefrmEkid if t H pk;d &ESihf jrefrmEkid if o H m;wk\ Yd aumif;rI? jrefrmhtEkynmvuf&mtjynfhjzifh jrefrm qefqef aqmufvkyfxm;aomaMumifh vSywifhw,f oyÜg,fvsuf&adS eMuayonf/ naeykid ;f wGif ausmif;q&mawmfvu dk yf gvsuf vkrÁdeDO,smOfwGif;okdY 0ifa&mufzl;ajrmfMuygonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;tavmif;awmf zGm;awmfrl&m vkrÁdeD O,smOfudk urÇmu h v k or*¾\ tpDtpOfjzifh urÇmAh 'k ¨ bmom0ifrsm;ESifhom oufqkdifaom? at;csrf;aom oD;jcm;e,fajrtjzpf owfrSwfay;xm;onf[k od& ygonf/ teD;ywf0ef;usifwiG f r[m,me? ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom0ifEkdifiHrsm;rS oufqkdif&m omoedu taqmufttHkrsm;? ausmif;rsm;wnfaqmufxm;Mu ygonf/ vkredÁ OD ,smOftwGi;f tavmif;awmfzmG ;awmf rlonfh ae&mwGif txdrf;trSwfausmif;awmf wnf xm;onf/ausmif;awmftwGi;f ajrBuD;wGi;f atmufwiG f tavmif;awmf\ b,fbufajcawmf&mwpfqlukd wl;azmfawGU&Sdxm;í zl;ajrmfMu&onf/ ausmif;awmf ywf 0 ef ; usif w G i f taomurif ; ausmuf p mwk d i f ? tavmif;awmf a&oefpY if&ma&uef? omuD0ifrif;wkYd tcsif;csif; nDñGwfcJhMuonfh txdrf;trSwfapwD awmfrsm;? tjcm;omoedu taqmufttHkrsm;pGmwkdY ukd zl;awGUMu&onf/ þae&mwGif jrwfpGmbk&m; tavmif;awmfonf]]ta*¾g[ro®d avmuó? aZa|m[ ro®d avmuó? aoa|m[rod® avmuó}} [k [pfa<u;cJhavonfwum;[k Mum;a,mifvmrd ygonf/ vkrÁdeDO,smOf\ tjyifbufwGif bk&m;aps; wef;uav;&Sad e&m? eDaygvuf&m Ak'q ¨ if;wkawmfrsm; ESihf tjcm;trSww f &vufaqmifrsm; 0,f,El idk Mf uyg onf/ nykdif;wGif ausmif;q&mawmftm; uefawmh MuNyD; vSLzG,0f w¬Krsm; qufuyfvLS 'gef;Muygonf/

vkrÁdeD aemufwpfaeY {NyDv (15)&uf? eHeuf(6)em&D wGif om0w¬d jrefrmbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rSxGufí uDvrdk w D m (221)a0;uGmonfh eDaygEkid if w H iG ;f &Sd vkredÁ D okYd c&D;qufcMhJ u\/ eHeuf (9;30)em&DwiG f eDaygEkid if H e,fpyft0if*w d o f Ydk a&mufMuonf/ jynf0ifciG hf udpö rsm; aqmif&u G Nf yD; eDaygEkid if w H iG ;f okYd 0ifcMhJ u&m aeYv,f (1)em&DwiG f vkredÁ jD refrmbke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;odYk a&mufí aeYv,fpm pm;Muygonf/ eDaygEkdifiH&Sd vkrÁdeD jrefrmausmif;rSm jrefrmEkid if t H pk;d &?omoema&;0efBuD; XmerS pDru H yG u f t J yk cf sKyfxm;aom ausmif;jzpfygonf/

ukodem½Hk aemufwpfaeY {NyDv (16)&uf? eHeufwGif

❦ vkrÁed jD refrmausmif;rS uDvrdk w D m (150)a0;uGmaom ukodem½HkokdY c&D;qufcJhMuygonf/ eHeuf (11;30) em&DwiG f ukoed m½Hk (ul&eDS m*)NrdKUokYd a&mufMuygonf/ ukodem½kHbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;okdY r0ifrD jrwfpGm bk&m; y&deAd ÁmefpNH yD;aemuf awaZm"mwfavmifuRrf; &m ae&mwGif wnfxm;aom ruk#AE¨apwDac: tm*g&pxlygESihf jrwfpmG bk&m;y&deAd mÁ efrpHrD aemufq;kH a&Munfawmf aomufo;kH cJo h nfah e&m txdr;f trSwf apwDwu Ydk dk 0ifa&mufz;l ajrmfMuygonf/ aeYv,f(12) em&DwGif ukodem½Hkbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;okdY a&muf&Sd Muí aeYv,fpm pm;oHk;Muygonf/ naeykid ;f wGif ausmif;q&mawmfvu dk yf g vsuf ukodem½HkO,smOftwGif;&Sd jrwfpGmbk&m;y&dedAÁmef pH0ifawmfr&l m r[my&deAd mÁ eapwDudk 0ifa&mufz;l ajrmf Muygonf/ apwDtwGi;f wnfxm;aom y&deAd ÁmefpH ½kyfyHkawmfukd zl;awGUvkduf&pOfcPü &ifukd qkdYeifhap ygonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmefjyKonfhtaMumif; q&mawmf&Sif;vif;ajymjyaeonfukd emMum;Mu&if; q&mawmfa&m? bk&m;zl;rsm;yg rsuf&nf0kdif;Mu&yg onf/ ]][E´ 'ged bdua© 0 tmrEÅ,mrda0g? 0,"r®m ocFg&m tyÜrma'e orÜma'x}}qkad om jrwfb&k m;\ qkq d ;kH rpum;ukd jyefvnfMum;a,mif&if;? ,lusKH;r& cHpm;Mu&ygonf/ jrwfpmG bk&m;awmifaomfrS ra&Smif vTJEkdifaom ocFg&w&m;taMumif;ukd xyfavmif;í oHa0*tyfaMumif;xyfum &ifrSmpGJrSwfrdygawmh onf/ y&deAd Ámefp½H yk yf akH wmfudk MumouFe;f uyfvLS Mu onf/ q&mawmfESifhtwl oHa0**gxmrsm; &Gwfqkd Muonf/ ypädr0E´em*gxmukd &GwfMuonf/ qDrD; ylaZmf? a&TouFef;uyfvSLMuonf/ nykdif;wGif q&m awmftm; ylaZmfuefawmhMuNyD; vSLzG,f0w¬Krsm; vSL'gef;cJMh uygonf/

qufvufazmfjyygrnf OD ; vS a &T rS w f w rf ; jyKpk o nf /

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

anmifwkef;NrdKY? a&T[oFmawm& ausmif;wkduf tbd"Zr[m&|*k½k pwkw¦pHausmif;q&mawmf b'´Eå0drv \ Mo0g'&wem okwya'om rS aumufEkwfcsufrsm;

rQwpGmusifh vlYcGifvlYe,f? ZmwfrsKd;EG,fü? uHjc,fcsxm;? vl trsm;wkdY? pm;pm;qifhwef;? a&mufatmifrSef;vsuf? BudK;yrf;Muol? tqlqw l iG ?f rwlujJG ym;? csKd;tpm;wk?Yd BudK;tm;roef? EHeYk Ú YJ mPfjzif?h rwefr&m? aMumif;usKd; uGmaMumifh? vkd&mcsnf;ESD;? usKd;rNyD;cJh? woD;xkdYjyif? csKdUvl&iS u f m;? vkt d ifjynf&h ef vGejf yif;xefonf?h rrSef rrQ? 0D&, d jzif?h aeYnrae? BudK;yrf;avaomf? 0wf&nf ,l&ef? t[kefoefjzifh? ysHavonfhysm;? yHktvm;okdY? vGefoGm;ojzifh? usKd;pifvGifhcJh? rQvifh0D&d? orm"dwkdY? nDbdaumif;pGm? BudK;pm;ygaomf? vkd&mtusKd;? zGHUzGHU NzdK;vsuf? arQmfukd;oavmuf? qifhwef;a&mufNyD? NyD; ajrmufvkdtif? jynfhpHkvifvdrfh/

ukokdvfukdpk ouf0gra&G;? *kPfBuD;ao;wkdY? arGay;udk,fhuH? rawmfveS b f ?J pDro H rQ? vku d u f ek &f aMumif?h rme wHceG ?f xufrcReb f ?J uHñeT o f rQ? tarG&vsu?f csed u f s aomcg? olac:vmu? rSD&mo[m,f? aumif;rI<u,f vsuf? aMumufzG,frIuif;? &Jwif;wif;jzifh? vufiif; b0? pGefYEkdifMurS? okcjynfhavSmif;? em*wfaumif; rnf ....pkaqmif; aumif;rIukdomwum;/

100

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

t*¾r[my@dw a&Tusifedum, 'oromoemykdif

ajrmif;jr q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; aZ,smvSrkd; ajrmif;jrq&mawmf ajrmif; jrq&mawmf[lí *kPfowif;ysHU arT;xHkoif;aeaomaMumifh pma&; olonf ajrmif;jrq&mawmftm; ajrmif;jrZmwd rSwfxifaeonf/ q&mawmfum; ajrmif;jrZmwd r[kw?f ppfuidk ;f wkid ;f ? jrif;rlNrdKUe,f 0rf ; jynf h & G m Zmwd j zpf o nf / 0rf;jynfh&GmawmifolBuD; OD;csdrfh? a':aiG,kwkdYrS 1250-ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/i,frnfrmS armifb;dk pH

101

jzpfonf/om;orD; (12)a,muf teuf ti,fq;kH om;&wemwpfyg; jzpfonf/ touf(11)ESpo f m;t&G,f wGif 0rf;jynfh&Gm &Sifyif&yfopf ausmif;? q&mawmf OD;rmvmxH wGif omraPjyKonf/ 0rf;jynf?h tv’uyÜ? jrif;rlwkdYwGif (17)ESpf om;txd yd#uwfpmayrsm; oif Mum;cJhonf/ touf(18)ESpfrS &[ef; (7)0g&onftxd {uif;

❦ uke;f ausmif;? Ouúb H &k m;BuD;wku d ?f rEÅav; r[m0do'k g¨ ½Hw k u dk f yxr r[m0do'k ¨g½Hk q&mawmf?tb,m &mrq&mawmf? qD;yifOD;em&'g bd0HowkdYxHwGif? a&Tbdkrdw¬Dvm wkduf? awmifNrdKU OD;tkH;wkdYxHwGif txufwef; ygVdawmf?t|uxm? #Dum? edum, usrf;BuD;rsm;ukd aygufa&mufatmif oifMum;cJh onf/ &[ef; (18? 19)0grsm;ü oD[Vdk o f Ydk <uí t*Fvyd Ef iS o hf uúw ponfh a'oEÅ&pmaywku Yd dk avhvm oifMum;cJo h nf/ ajrmif;jrq&mawmf om raPb0u tvõu ’ yÜ&mG ?ausmif; opfausmif;? OD;ynmxH ynmoif cJhzl;\/ wpfaeYwGif ausmif; 'g,um\ ypö,mEk*[ ¾ jzifh &SiÚ f mP 0Hotm; &[ef;cH&ef q&mawmf OD;ynmu trde&Yf \ dS /rjzpfEidk af wmh yg/ 17-ESpo f m;t&G,u f yif qGr;f cHtrd rf S a':[,fq,fu avQmuf xm;NyD;jzpfaMumif; &SiÚ f mP0Hou jyefvnfavQmufxm;\/ ausmif; 'g,umu &[ef;'g,umjzpfoifh w,f? ausmif;'g,um &[ef;rcH &&if rif; ighausmif;raeESifh[k ausmif;opfbkef;BuD; OD;ynmu trde&Yf \ dS / &SiÚ f mP0Ho ajrmif;jr q&mawmf a vmif ; vsmuvnf ; ajymNyD;om;pum;ukd tysufrcH? ausmif;opfbkef;BuD; OD;ynmxHrS tomwMunf xGufcJh\/ t&SiÚ f mP0Ho &[ef;(2) 0gt&wGif i,fq&m 0rf;jynfh&Gm &Sifyif&yfopfausmif; q&mawmf OD;rmvm wykdYwGJvwGif ysHvGef awmfr\ l /&yf&mG vlxu k &ufxm;í

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

crf ; em;ok d u f N rd K uf p G m psmyeyG J usif;y&ef pDpOfonf/ t&SiÚ f mP 0Hou q&mhpum; em;axmifum aeYcsif;NyD; rD;oN*KØ[&f efajymonf/ wpfzufESifh wpfzuf tjiif;yGm; Muonf/ aemufq;k H yOöi;f i,frQ om jzpfawmfral om t&SiÚ f mP 0Hou vufavQmhvu dk &f \/ okaYd omf waygif;vjynfhaeYtNyD;cs &ef qH;k jzwfcsufcsMu\/ waygif;vjynfhaeYrS rcs Ekid o f nft h cg nvlajcwdwcf sed w f iG f t&SifÚmP0Houkd,fwkdif q&mh tavmif;udx k rf;xkwí f rD;oN*KØ[f NyD; &yf&GmrS xGufcJh\/ ajrmif;jrq&mawmfum; i,fpOfb0uyif [efaqmifrI uif;\/ tajymwpfrsKd;? tvkyf wpfrsKd;r[kw/f ajymvQif ajymonfh twkid ;f vkyaf qmifaom yk*Kd¾ vfjzpf onf/ rEÅav; r[m0do'k g¨ ½Hw k u dk f ü oDwif;oH;k í ZGv J v YkH jzifh pmay ynmwkdYukd oif,lonf/ tpkd;& pmar;yGJ ti,fwef;? tvwf wef; y&d,wåo d moemh[w d ous oD["r®mp&d, pmoifwef;wkdYukd vG , f u l p G m atmif j rif c h J o nf / &[ef; (6)0gt&wGif y&d,wåd omoemh[dw"r®mp&d, oD;jcm; pmcswef;wkdYukd ajzqkdatmifjrif awmfrcl o h J nf/y&d,wåo d moemh[w d "r®mp&d, oD;jcm;pmcsbGJUwHqdyf awmfudk tvSLcH&&Sad wmfrNl yD;aemuf q&mawmf b'´EÅÚmPmbd0Ho onf pHjy*P0gpu pmcsyk*¾dKvf jzpfawmfrcl o hJ nf/ q&mawmfonf usrf;aygif;rsm;pGm a&;om; pD&if

102

ajrmif;jrq&mawmfum; i,fpOfb0uyif [efaqmifrIuif;\/ tajymwpfrsKd;? tvkyfwpfrsKd;r[kwf/ ajymvQifajymonfhtwkdif; vkyfaqmifaom yk*¾dKvfjzpfonf/

awmfrlchJaom t&SifZeumbd0Ho avmif;vsmtm; pmayykdYcsjcif;? yck u ú L Nrd K U r[m0d o k w m&mr wuúokdvf pmcswkdufBuD;okdY ykdY ay;um wpf0goDwif;oH;k NyD; apmifh a&Smufjcif; ponfwdkYukd jyKpk ysKd;axmifawmfrjl cif;wkaYd Mumifh pHjy q&mawmftjzpf xif&Sm;awmfrl onf/okt Yd wGuf q&mawmf t&Sif Zeumbd0Houvnf; ajrmif;jr q&mawmf? ajrmif;jrq&mawmf [lí ol \ q&morm;tm; EI w f zsm;rSrcscJah y/ ajrmif ; jrq&mawmf [ k ac:wGiv f m&jcif;rSm 1289-ckrS pí ajrmif;jr yaZÆmwm½kHomoem ukd jyKpk y sKd ; axmif v maomaMumif h yifjzpfonf/ ajrmif;jrq&mawmf

❦ jzpf a y:vma&;ES i f h pyf v sOf ; í ausmif;'g,um 0efaxmufrif; OD;pktm; ppfukdif;awmif½dk; csrf; at;q&mawmfBuD;u trde&Yf v dS u dk f onfhpum;rsm;uvnf; rSwfom; zG,faumif;vSonf/ 'umpk&JU ausmif;wku d ef YJ toifah wmfq;kH jzpf wJh yk*Kd¾ vw f pfyg;awGUjrifxm;w,f/ 'gayr,fh tckjrefrmjynfrSm r&Sd bl;/ oD[Vdk (f oD&v d uFm)a&mufae w,f/ bmoEÅ&? a'oEÅ&? ynm A[kokwawGukd oif,l&SmazGavh vmpkaqmif;aew,f/ omoem a&;pdwf"mwfvnf; vGefjyif;xef w,f/ 'umckyifh&if &Ekdifp&m taMumif;&Sw d ,f/tusifah &m?ynm a&m bmrQrvkb d ;l / tm;vH;k jynfph kH w,f/ bGUJ trnfuawmh OD;ÚmP 0HovkdYac:w,f/ 'Dbkef;BuD;ukdrS taetxdik ef YJ ywfoufNyD;tm;r& ao;&if 'umpk Munf n d K zk d Y bkef;BuD; ajray:rSm r&Sdawmhbl;/ bke;f BuD;aumif;r&ao;&if ausmuf qif;wkukdyJ ukd;uG,fr,f[kajym avh&SdNyD; ausmif;xkdifbkef;BuD;a&G; aom ausmif;'g,um0efaxmuf BuD; OD;pkonf csrf;at;q&mawmf BuD; trdefY&SdvkdufonfESifh om; jzpfol OD;bESiq hf &mawmf OD;pdw&å wku Yd dk oD[Vdk o f Ykd vTwí f bke;f BuD; OD;ÚmP0Hotm; yifhaqmifap onf/ xkdtcsdefupNyD; ajrmif;jr q&mawmf[k jzpfay:vmonf/ 1289-ckEpS w f iG f ajrmif;jr yaZÆmwm½Hw k u dk u f dk rdrw d pfyg;wnf; pwifwnfaxmifonf/ 1311ckESpfwGif a&Tusifedum,A[kdXme jzpfonfh rEÅav;r[m0dok'¨g½Hk

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

wkdufokdY ajymif;a&TUNyD; wkdufwm tkycf sKyfa&;ESihf *dP k ;f tkycf sKyfa&;ukd wm0ef,&l onf/ 1314-ckEpS w f iG f a&Tusifedum, 'kwd,omoem ykdiftjzpf wifajrSmufjcif;ukd cH& onf/ 1315-ckEpS w f iG f Ekid if aH wmf tpkd;&\ t*¾r[my@dwbGJUwH qdyfukd tvSLcH&&Sdonf/ 1334ckEpS rf pS í 1337-ckEpS f ysv H eG af wmf rlonftxd a&Tusifedum,m "d ywd r[mem,u a&Tusif'or omoemyk d i f jzpf a wmf r l o nf / q&mawmfBu;D \ ynma&;rl0g' rSm ynma&;acwfr&D rnf/ tae txkid f a&S;us&rnf[í l jzpfonf/ &[ef;awGqkdwm tae ½dk;om;&r,f? todÚmPfbufus awmh qef;Mu,fap&r,f?vltrsm; eJY a&ma&maESmaESmvnf; rae& bl;[lí wynfrh sm;ukd qH;k roGeo f if avh&o dS nf/ 'um? 'umrESifhvmbf vmbaemufoYdk rvku d ?f bk&m;&Sif ESihf a&Tusifq&mawmfb&k m;BuD;\ rsufEmS awmfuo dk mMunfí h 0denf; twk d i f ; usif h B uH a wmf r l a om ajrmif;jrq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;tm; þaqmif;yg;jzifh OD;ñTw&f cdS ;dk ylaZmf ygownf;/ (þaqmif;yg;jzpfajrmuf a&;twGuf tbufbufu ulnD aom 0rf;jynfh ausmif;tkyfq&m BuD; rdwfaqGBuD; OD;0if;aqGtm; aus;Zl;wif&adS Mumif; rSww f rf;wif ygonf/) aZ,smvS r k d ;

103

oHa0* qHk;rpm - oGm;usKd;qHjzL? &Sjd yefr?l b,forl aMumufNyD/ - þonfr,m;? þonf om;? rD;yGm;rSeaf wmhonf/ - c,0,? bdZÆe? ysufMu vSavNyD/ - tyda,[d? yda,[d? 'ku© BuHKavNyD/ - 'ku©axGaxG? wayay? cH ae&avNyD/ - edAmÁ efomacgif?ab;rJah omif? a&mufatmifjyKoifNh yD/ - rjyKygbJ? eifa&Smifv?JT eifyJ rku d v f NS yD/ - ,kwå, d w k åm? eifqifum? eifom [efrsm;onf/ - bk&m;oGm;oGm;? ausmif; oGm;oGm;? pdwx f m;eif rMunf/ - 'ge oDvm? eifjyKum? apwemaZmrMunf/

xG#facgifq&mawmf

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

yrm'taMumif; odaumif;p&m t&Sify@0(a&Trif;0H) ]yrm'}arh a vsmh j cif ; vk d Y t"dyÜg,f&w dS ,f/aumif;wJv h yk if ef; rSeforQukd arhavsmhtm;enf;NyD; rvkyfjzpfawmhbJ raumif;wJhvkyf ief;rSeo f rQom vkyjf zpfw,f/tJ'g ukd ]yrm'} arhavsmhjcif;vkdYac: w,f/ ]yrm'} arhavsmh qkdwm owdr&Sdwm?]r&Sd}qkdwm ]uif;}ae wm/ ]uif;}qdkwmvnf; [mvm [if;vif; uGif;jyifjzpfaewm/ uGif;jyifqkdwmvnf; trkd;tum t&Hr&Sdwm? tumt&H r&Sd&if rvHNk cHKbl;/ rvHNk cHKwJah e&maerd&if rkd;a&? rkd;ayguf? av? ae?rSuf? jcif? ,if? a>r? uif;? acG;?Muuf? iSuf pwJh obm0tEÅ&m,frsKd;pHk tvG,fwul 0ifa&mufvmNyD; zsufqD;cH&&if qif;&Jyifyef;pGmeJY ysupf ;D &w,f/ vlq;dk ? olc;dk ? "m;jy pwJh 0ef;usit f EÅ&m,faMumifv h nf; ysufp;D &w,f/ t&Suv f NkH cHKrI? toufvkH

NcHKrI? use;f rmvHNk cHKrI? ypön;f vHNk cHKrI? rdom;pkvkHNcHKrI bmrQr&Sdawmhbl;/ 'gawGu ]A[d'¨}ac:wJh tjyifyidk ;f oH k ; oyf j ywmyg/ owd q k d w J h tumt&Hr&Sd&if ]tZöswå}ac:wJh twGi;f pdwyf idk ;f qkid &f mrSmvnf; xkYd twly/J pdw&f UJ tumt&H? wHcg;? tapmifhta&Smufqkdwm owdukd ajymwmyg/ pdwfrSm owdqkdwJh tumt&H? tapmift h a&Smufr&Sd &if udavomqkw d h J rk;d a&rk;d ayguf? olc;d k ? "m;jy? vlq;dk awG 0ifa&muf vmNyD; rdr&d UJ pdwaf umif;awGudk zsuq f ;D í raumif;wJph w d af wGu ae&m,lNyD; tkypf ;dk ?vTr;f rk;d oGm;w,f/ pdwrf mS udavomawG0if vm&if rat;csr;f awmhb;l ?ylavmif vmw,f? qif;&Jvmw,f?rjzLpif bJ npfEGrf;oGm;w,f/ ]pdwå oHuad vo owåm oHuv d ó d EÅ}d pd w f a wG yl a vmif n pf E G r f ; &if ? owå0gawGvnf; ylavmifnpfErG ;f

104

oGm;w,fqkdwJh bk&m;&Sifpum;eJY vnf; rSefaew,f/ owå0gawG uk, d pf w d f yl avmif? npfEGrf;? yifyef;? qif;&J ae&if ukov dk u f dk owdr&awmhbJ arhavsmhNyD; tukokdvfawGom jyKvkyNf yD; tcsdeu f ek o f mG ;w,f/ tJ'gukyd J yrm' arhavsmh w,f?ukokdvfawG arhw,f?tuk okv d af wG jzpfw,fvYdk ajymwmyg/ wcsKdUuajymw,f?wynfh awmfwkdY oufowf? ckd;rI? umar okvnf; uif;&Si;f w,f/ vdrn f m jcif;? aomufpm;jcif;vnf; rvkyf bl;/ rSefuefrQwpGmeJY pD;yGm;&Sm w,f/ trsm;ay:rSm arwåmxm; w,f/ t,lrSefw,fbk&m;wJh/ wdw k akd jym&if 'kp½du k f (10)yg;uif; w,f/ pGrf;EkdiforQ ulnDw,f? axmufyw hH ,f ('ge)? ig;yg;oDv (oDv)Nrw J ,f/'gaMumifh wynfah wmf rsm; yrm'-arhavsmjh cif;uif;w,f r[kwfvm;wJh/ rCa'0vuFm

❦ opfrmS ]]aumif;rIukdyif? rvkdp tm;? om;r,m;ESifh? aysmfyg;avh usuf? aqmif;wGi;f Muufo?Ydk eHeuf nae? NrJraoGvQif? taoeD;pGm? wpfoufvQmrQ? aysmf&mrSDvsuf? cPwGufukd? wrufwarm? arh vsufaysmf\}} vkYd qH;k rxm;wmukd owd&rdw,f/ csKyfajym&&if a& yGufyrm cPwmtouf&Sif&wm ukd raoawmhb;l xifNyD; aojcif; w&m;arhNyD; om;? r,m;awGeJY aysmfaewmvnf; ]yrm'}arhavsmh aew,fvYdk qk&d if;jzpfw,f/ uk d , f h Z eD ; eJ Y t wl a ewm (,Ofaus;atmif oH;k EIe;f xm;\) umarokrdpäm oDvrysufpD;ay sr,fh ]tjA[®pm&D}ac:wJh olawmf aumif;rsm; rjrwfE;dk wJt h rIudk rdrd u jrwfE;dk aewmvnf; yrm' arh avsmhjcif;jzpfw,f/ aemufNyD; yrm'-arhavsmhjcif;jzpfapEkdifwJh t*FgawGxJrSm umr*kPftm½HkrSm cHpm;aewmvnf; t"duyg0ifae wm pmayrSm awGU&ygw,f/ ]umr*kPf}vkdY ajymvkduf &if trsm;pku wpfrsKd;wnf;xif aeMuwm? r[kwfygbl;/ trsm; BuD;&Syd gw,f/ ]umr*kP}f ü]umr} u 0w¬Kumr? udavomumr qkNd yD; ESprf sKd;&Sw d ,f/ ½lyg½Ht k qif;? o'´g½Hk toHpwJh tm½Hkig;yg;u 0w¬Kumrac:w,f/avmb?a'go pwJh udavomq,fyg;u udavom umrvkaYd c:w,f/ ½lyg½Hktqif;rSm avmb pwJh udavomq,fyg;vH;k jzpfEidk f ovkd usefwhJ toH? teH?Y t&om?

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

tawGUtxd tm½HkawGrSmvnf; udavomq,fyg;vHk; jzpfEkdifyg w,f/ pmus,rf mS pk;d í q,fyg;vH;k &Sif;rjyawmhyg/ ½lyg½HkponfrSm avmbudavomjzpfí yrm'arhavsmhyHkukdvnf; erlemom"u av;awG xkwfjyygr,f/ Oyrm-Or® m 'EÅ D t vS u k d jrifí t½l;uJo h jYdk zpf&wJh od0rd if;? oD&rd m&JUtqif;ukd jrifí ESp&f uf? oHk;&uf? bmrQvnf;rvkyf? qGrf; vnf; rpm;awmhbJ tdyf&mrSm acGNyD; tdyaf ewJ&h [ef;i,f/ qGr;f cH ukd,fawmfav;jrifrdí r&&ifao yghr,f? r&vkYd aooGm;wJh oD[Vdk f u trsKd;orD;i,f pwmawG[m tqif;½lyg½Hkukd taMumif;jyKí avmbjzpfNyD; yrm'arhavsmhjcif; yJ/ bk&m;tavmif;Oa'gif; rif;? Oa'gif;r&JU wGefoHMum;&í ñGwfuGif;rdjcif;? armifawmf jref jrefjyefvmcJhygvkdY rSmvkdufwJh Ze y'uvsmPD&JUtoHukd Mum;aeí w&m;tm;xkwv f Ydk r&wJh nDawmf eE´ pwmawGuvnf; toHo'´g ½Hu k dk taMumif;jyKNyD; avmbwPSm jzpfí yrm'-arhavsmjh cif;jzpfw,f/ tom;uifryg&if rpm; Ekid í f wpfpwpfpeJY vl&UJ tom;yg rpm;bJ raeEkdifvkdY rif;tjzpfrS jzKwfcsNyD;? jynfEiS 'f Pfygay;cH&wJh ayg'd o m'rif ; [m t&omuk d taMumif;jyK &owPSmjzpfvY d k yrm' arhavsmhjcif;yJ/ ,ckacwfrmS vnf; 'D&owPSmaMumifh EGm;? 0uf? qdw?f Muuf? ig;? ykpeG pf wJh owå0g rsm;&JU toufaygif;rsm;pGm ay;

105

qyfae&jcif; jzpfygw,f/ azm|AÁm½Hk ukd,ftawGU txdaMumifh udavomawGjzpfvkdY yrm' arhavsmyh u kH awmh ,ckacwf urÇmol?urÇmom;awG tdru f rcGm Ekid b f J w&m;tm;rxkwEf idk af vmuf atmif arhavsmhaeMujcif;jzpfyg w,f/ urÇmukd rqkdxm;bd?,ck omoemxGe;f um;&m? xGe;f um;qH;k jrefrmjynfrmS vlO;D a&oef;(50)ausmf cefY &Sdygw,f/ Ak'¨bmom0ifcH,l olu (45)oef;cefY &Srd ,fxifw,f/ tJ'D (45)oef;xJrmS Ak'b ¨ mom0if rSm txGwq f ;Hk tusifjh zpfwhJ owd y|mefw&m;ukd &uf&n S ?f vrsm;pGm rdrdudk,fukd tm;&auseyfavmuf wJhtxd tm;xkwfzl;ol OD;a& rnfrQ&SdNyDvJvkdY pma&;olupNyD; ukd,fhukd,fukd jyefí ar;oifhyg w,f/ pma&;ol xifrw d ,f/(45) oef;rSm (10)oef;cefYom ('gu cefrY eS ;f yg/ 'Dxufenf;zku Yd aocsm ygw,f/) w&m;ukd &uf&n S v f rsm; tm;xkwzf ;l rnfvYdk xifryd gw,f/ 'g[m bmjzpf a evk d Y v J a r;&if tm½Hkig;yg;ukd taMumif;jyKNyD; avmb? a'gopwJh udavom awG jzpfaeMuí ]yrm'}arhavsmh jcif ; ? arh a vsmh a eMuw,f v k d Y qk d v k d & if ; jzpf y gw,f / 'gaMumif h pma&; olww Ydk pfawGarhavsmhaewJh ]yrm'}udk rarhravsmh tNrJowd &SdwJh ]tyÜrm'}jzifh tpm;xkd;NyD; w&m;awG tm;xkwEf idk Mf uygap/ apwem? arwåmjzifh t&Siyf @0(a&Trif;0H)

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

106

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

1251-ckESpf ESpfOD;ykdif;wGif xD;csKdifhNrdKU? a&TtifMuif;awm&wku d üf refvnfq&mawmfb&k m;BuD; oDwif;oHk;aexkdifawmfrlcJhygonf/ ausmif;'g,um rSm jrawmifajcmufNrdKU0efBuD; rif;xif&mZorEÅpnfol jzpfonf/ xkjd rawmif0ef;BuD;onf a&TtifMuif;awm& okYd vma&mufNyD; q&mawmfrsm;ESihf tmvmy?ov’my pum; rMumcPajymMum;aeavh&Sdwwf\/ wpfaeY aomtcg jrawmif0efBuD;onf refvnfq&mawmfEiS hf pyfrdpyf&m pum;a[majymae&mrS ... ]]wynfah wmf avQmufxm;yg&ap q&mawmf}} ]]bmrsm;avQmuf x m;csif w mwk H ; 'um awmf}} ]]rSefyg? t&Sifbk&m;rsm; a[mjyawmfrlwJh twkid ;f ukov dk af umif;rIjyKwidk ;f wynfah wmfrsm; edAmÁ efudk a&muf z k d Y qk a wmif ; aeMuygw,f / 'gayr,f h edAÁmef&UJ oabmukd wdwu d sus rodygbl;uk, d af wmf/ wdwu d susodatmif edAÁmef&UJ oabmukd a[mjyawmf rlapcsifygw,fq&mawmf}} ]]'umawmfu edAÁmef&JU oabmukd b,fvkd rsm; t,ltq&SdaevkdYvJ/}} ]]wynfhawmf&JU t,ltquawmh edAÁmef qkdwm pdwf apwoduf ½kyfw&m;wkdYvkd xif&Sm;&SdwJh y&rw¬w&m;rkdY edAÁmefukd a&mufw,fqkd&if ,ckvkd om;ESifhr,m;ESifh? wkdufESifhwmESifh xifxif&Sm;&Sm; csrf;omaysmf&TifpGm rtkd? rem? rao tNrJwnfae& vdrrhf ,fvYdk ,lqxm;ygw,fb&k m;}} ]]'umawmf op„ömav;yg;qkw d m Mum;zl;&JU r[kwv f m;}} ]]rSefyg? Mum;zl;½Hkruygbl;? wynfhawmf bk&m;&Sdckd;wkdif; 'ku©? ork',? eda&m"ESifh r*¾opöm av;jzmw&m; ykdif;jcm;xifxif odjrifawmfrlaom jrwfpmG bk&m;tm; 0yfwmG ;½du k sKd; vufprkH ;kd &Scd ;dk ylaZmf yg\vkdY qkdNyD; &Sdckd;aeaMumif;ygbk&m;}} ]]aumif;wmaygh 'umawmf? opömav;yg;&JU trnfvnf;od&? bk&m;&Scd ;dk vnf;&? tifrwefaumif; aywmy?tJ'o D pömav;yg;&JU t"dygÜ ,fukd od&if edAmÁ ef&UJ oabmukv d nf; odawmhrmS y}} ]]b,fvo dk &d rSmvJ q&mawmf? trde&Yf ydS gOD;}}

]]'ku©? ork',? eda&m"? r*¾qkdwJh opöm av;yg;teufrSm 'ku©eJYork',qkdwJh avmuDopöm ESpfyg;u wpfwGJ? eda&m"eJY r*¾qkdwJh avmukwå&m opöm ESpfyg;uwpfwGJ? tJonfvkdcGJNyD; rSwfxm;OD; 'umawmf}} ]]rSefyg? rSwfxm;ygNyD bk&m;}} ]]tJonftwGJ ESpw f rJG mS 'ku©u tusKd;opöm? ork',u taMumif;opöm? eda&m"u tusKd;opöm? r*¾u taMumif;opöm? tJonfvkdcGJNyD; rSwfvkdufOD;}} ]]rSefyg? rSwfxm;ygNyD bk&m;}} ]]'ku©opömqkdwmu qif;&Jjcif;trSefvkdY t"dygÜ ,f&w,f/tJonf trSeq f if;&Jww hJ &m;u b,f olw;kH qkad wmh 'kuH© awblruH a0#H vkYd oN*K[ ØÛ u f sr;f u qkdwJhtwkdif; bHkoHk;yg;rSmjzpfwJh 0#fw&m;[m trSef

edAÁmefukd vkdcsifw,fqkdwm 'ku©opöm&JU obm0ukd ususeeodwJh yk*¾dKvfrS vdck siMf uwmyg/ 'kuu © 'dk u k r© eS ;f rodwt hJ jyif okcvkdYxifaeao;wJh yk*Kd¾ vu f awmh edAmÁ efudk tvum;ay;vnf; r,lygb;l /

107

qif;&Jjcif;jzpfwhJ 'ku©opömw&m;yJw/hJ onfae&mrSm bHo k ;kH yg;qkw d m umrbH(k 11)bH?k ½lybH(k 16)bH?k t½ly bHk (4)bH?k tm;vH;k (31)bHu k dk qkv d w dk ,f/ 0#fw&m; qkw d mu pmpum;eJaY jym&&if udavom0#f? ur®0#f? 0dygu0#faygh/ taMumif;aMumifh tusKd;jzpfwJh y#dpö orkyÜg'fw&m;ukd Xmetm;avsmfpmG 0#fo;kH yg;vkYd ac: xm;w,f/ tJ'gukd vlwidk ;f em;vnfr,fh pum;eJaY jym &&if ½kyw f &m;ESiehf mrfw&m; (okrYd [kw)f 'DcE¨muk, d Bf uD; ukd 0#f(3)yg;vkdY qkdvdkw,f/ uJ ..'umawmf? 'ku© opömqkdwm qif;&Jwm trSefaemf? 'DtrSefqif;&JwJh w&m;u bHo k ;Hk yg;rSmjzpforQ 0#fw&m;wJ?h 0#fw&m; qkdwmuvnf; ½kyfemrfqkdwJh þcE¨m/ 'Dawmh 'ku© opöm[m b,folwkH;? awGUNyDvm; 'umawmf}} ]]rSefyg? awGUygNyD bk&m;? þcE¨mBuD;[m 'ku©opöm trSejf zpfaMumif;yg}}

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

]]'ku©opömqkdwJh cE¨mBuD;awmh &aeNyD?'DcE¨m bmaMumif h & wmwH k ; vk d Y taMumif ; &S m vd k u f a wmh taMumif;u wjcm;rawGUbl;?vkcd sifv&Ydk wm qkw d mukd awGUae&w,f/ 'D½kyfemrfcE¨mukd vkdcsifvkdY&wmyJ/ rvkcd sif&if r&ygbl;wJ/h vkcd sifw,fqw dk mu avmb w&m;/ tJ'Davmbw&m;ukd opömzJGUawmh ork', opömzGJU&w,f/ 'gaMumifh ork',qkdwJh vkdcsifrI avmbw&m;aMumifh 'kuq © w kd hJ ½ky?f emrf jzpf&w,fvYdk twkcd sKyfrw S af yawmh 'umawmf}} ]]rSefyg? rSwfom;ygw,f bk&m;}} 'ku©eJY ork',qkdwJh avmuDopömw&m;ESpf yg; rSwNf yD;wJah emuf eda&m"eJY r*¾qw dk hJ avmukwå&m opömukd qufNyD;rSwfvkdufOD; 'umawmf}} ]]rSefyg? rSwfygr,f t&Sifbk&m;}} ]]eda&m"eJY r*¾qw dk hJ avmukwå&mopömESpyf g; rSm eda&m"u tusKd;opöm? r*¾u taMumif;opöm jzpfw,f/ ]]ra*¾g avmukwå&mrawm}} qkdwJhtwkdif; avmukwå&m r*fÚmPfEiS w hf uG jzpfay:vmwJh or®m 'd|d? or®mouFyÜ? or®m0gpm? or®mur®EÅ? orm tmZD0? orm0g,mr? or®mowd? or®morm"dqw dk hJ w&m;&Spyf g;ukd r*¾opömvkaYd c:a0:w,f/ r*¾opömqkw d hJ taMumif;cHcJh&if eda&m"opömqkdwJh tusKd;[m ay: awmhwmyJ/ 'gaMumifh r*¾opömu taMumif;w&m;? eda&m"opömu tusKd;w&m;vkdYqkd&w,f/ 'Dae&mrSm r*¾qw dk hJ taMumif;w&m;aMumifjh zpfay:vmwJh eda&m" opömqkdwm ]eda&ma"memr edA ÁmeH}vdYk qkdwJhtwkdif; 'umawmfavQmufxm;wJh edA Ámefw&m;ygyJ/ edAÁmef qkdwmeJY eda&m"opömqkdwm oabmcsif;wlw,fvkdY qkv d w dk ,f/ 'gaMumifh edAÁmef&UJ oabmukd od&atmif eda&m"opöm&JU oabmukd MunfhMupkdY/ eda&m"qkw d m jrefrmvkad wmh csKyfNidr;f w,fvYdk qkw d ,f/ bmawGcsKyfNidr;f wmvJq&dk if ]'ku©ead &ma"m t&d,opÞ}Hö qkw d t hJ wkid ;f 'ku©&UJ csKyfNidr;f &mjzpfw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm 'umawmfrw S x f m;cJw h mukd jyefpOf;pm;prf;? 'ku©opömqkw d m bmudt k &aumufco hJ vJ}} ]]rSefvSyg ½kyfemrfcE¨mukd 'ku©opömvkdY t& aumufcyhJ gw,fb&k m;/}} ]]edAÁmefrSm ½kyfemrfcE¨mr&Sdoifh&if 'umawmf

xifjrif,lqxm;wJh? om;r,m;? wkdufwm ypönf; qkw d mawG[m ½kyef mrf&UJ trnfawGom jzpfwt hJ wGuf edAÁmefrSm om;awG? r,m;awG? wkdufwmawGeJY rtkd? rem? raoae&w,fqkdwJh t,ltqukdvnf; rSm; w,fvkdY rqdkoifhbl;vm; 'umawmf}} ]]rSeyf g? 'Dvq dk dk edAÁmefrmS ½kyv f nf;r&S?d emrf vnf;r&SdeJY bmcHpm;csufrQvnf; r&Sdygvm;q&m awmf}} ]]'umawmf?b0qkw d m Mum;zl;rSmaygh? umr b0? ½lyb0? t½lyb0qkdwJh b0rsKd;aygh}} ]]rSefyg? Mum;zl;ygw,f bk&m;}} ]]b0qkdwm ygVdpum;? jrefrmvkdYawmh jzpf w,fvYdk qkv d w dk ,f/jzpfw,fqw dk m ½kyo f pf? emrfopf jzpfwmygyJ/ ½kyfemrfrSwpfyg; jzpfw,fqkdwm bmrQ r&Sb d ;l /½kyef mrfjzpfw,fq&dk if]Zmwó r&PHa[mwd? Zmwm 'ku©med zkówd}vkdY o*gxm0*¾oH,kwf ygVdawmfrSm a[mawmfrlwJhtwkdif; ysuf&rSm? qif;&J &rSm rvGJbl;/ 'gaMumifh ½kyfemrfjzpfwJh b0rSeforQ bk&m;&Sif vGefpGmpufqkyf&GH&Smawmfrlw,f/ csD;rGrf; awmfrrlbl;/ ]ao,s0wyd bdu©a0 tyÜrwåaumyd ½laxm 'k*a¾ E¨ma[mwd? {0arwH acg t[H bdu©a0 tyÜrwåurÜd b0H e0aPÖrd? tEÅraom tpä&m oCFmwrwårÜ}d vkYd {u*Fw k å&ygVdawmfrmS a[mw,f/ tenf;i,frQaom rpifonf raumif;aom teHY&Sd ouJhokdY þtwl tenf;i,frQaom b0ukdvnf; csD;rGrf;awmfrrlbl;wJh? t,kwfqHk; vufzspfwwD; umvrQaom b0ukdaomfvnf; csD;rGrf;awmfrrlbl; wJ?h 'gaMumifh ½kyef mrfew YJ uG cHpm;rI (a0',dwokc) [m wPSmu xifovkd ppfrSefwJhokc r[kwfbl; 'umawmf? 0dy&dPmr'ku©ukd azmufjyefNyD; okcvkdY xifaejcif;rQom jzpfw,f/ ½kyef mrfcsKyNf idr;f wJh oEÅo d ck csr;f omurS ppfreS w f chJ sr;f omjcif;jzpfw,f 'umawmf}} ]]rSefyg? ½kyfvnf;r&Sd? emrfvnf;r&SdwJh oEÅd okcqkdwJh csrf;omqkdwm ppfrSefwJhcsrf;omjzpfrSmu awmh rSeyf gw,f/'gayr,fh wynfah wmfrsm; vufvrS ;f rrDbl; q&mawmf? vufvSrf;rrDawmh apmapmu wynfah wmfrsm; awG;xifxm;wJh om;eJrY ,m;eJY wku d f eJY wmeJY rtkd? rem? rao xm0&ae&whJ edAÁmef

108

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

avmuf pdwfxJrSm ESpfESpfoufouf r&SdvSbl; q&mawmf}} ]]'umawmf&JU pum;ukdMum;awmh vdyf½kyf Oyrmukd owd&rdw,f 'umawmfa&U ...}} ]]b,fvkd vdyf½kyfOyrmrsm;vJ q&mawmf? trde&Yf ydS gOD;}} ]]rdcifjzpfou l udpw ö pfcek YJ aps;ukd cPoGm; p&m&Sdawmh om;av;ESpfa,muf NidrfNidrfoufouf upm;ae&pfatmifqNdk yD; &TaH jrap;,lvmNyD; om;wkaYd &tar aps;udk cPoGm;OD;r,f/ a[m'DrSm &THUajrap; av; tar,lcJhw,f/ om;wkdYESpfa,muf 'D&THUajrap; av;eJY t½kyfuav;awGvkyfNyD; upm;ae&pfMuvkdY qkdNyD; &THUajrap;wHk;ukd om;rsm;ukday;NyD; aps;ukdoGm; owJ/h om;ESpaf ,mufvnf; &TUH ajrap;wH;k av;&awmh t½kyv f yk Mf uwmaygh/ yxrqHk; tpfukdu EGm;½kyfvkyfr,fvkdYajym awmh nDu EGm;½kyu f rqef;ygbl;uGm? uRJ½yk v f yk yf g vkdY qkdw,f/ tpfukdjzpfolu uRJ½kyfuvnf; rqef; ygbl;uGm? acG;½kyfvkyfygpkdYvkdY qkdowJh/ nDjzpfolu acG;vnf; bmqef;vkdYvJ? wkdYtdrfrSmawmif &Sdom;yJ uGm? wkdYrjrifzl;wJh t½kyfvkyfMu&atmifvkdY qkdowJh/ 'Dvedk YJ olwrYkd jrifz;l wJh taumif bmaumif&o dS vJvYdk nDtpfukdESpfa,mufawG;Muawmh vdyfukd owd&Mu owJ/h tJ'n D t D pfuEdk pS af ,muf[m vdyu f dk Mum;om Mum;zl;NyD; rjrifzl;Mubl;wJh/ 'ghaMumifh nDtpfukdESpf a,muf olwkdYrjrifzl;wJh vdyf½kyf xkvkyfMuwmaygh/ t&ifq;kH tpfujdk zpfou l avmufpmvH;k BuD;BuD;vH;k NyD; OD;acgif;vkyw f ,f? OD;acgif;xdyrf mS tcRefBuD;wyfxm; w,f/ rsufvHk;ae&mrSmawmh a&G;eDaphBuD;wyfNyD;? ESmacgif;ae&mrSmawmh yJoD;awmifhBuD;wyfxm;owJh? nDjzpfolu ajymif;zl;,lvmNyD; ajymif;zl;aphawGeJY yg;pyfrSm ]oGm;}awGwyfw,f? ajymif;zl;arG;awGeJY EIwfcrf;arG;? rkwfqdwfarG; wyfMujyefw,f/ vdyf&JU ajceJYukd,fukdawmh EGm;vkdxkNyD; tNrD;eJYtawmifukd awmh opf&u G ef w YJ yfxm;MuowJ/h vdyf½kyfBuD;xkNyD;awmh nDtpfukdESpfa,muf oabmusNyD; wpf[m;[m;oabmawGusaewkef; tarjzpfol aps;u jyefvmyga&m/ rdcifu ighom;rsm; bmawG? bm½kyfawGxkNyD; oabmawGusaeMuovJ

ar;awmh? om;awGu uRefawmfwYdk vdy½f yk x f x k m;wm tar? uRefawmfwkdYvdyf½kyf tm;BuD;vSvGef;vkdY tar Munfph rf;ygOD;vkYd tarhudk vdy½f yk jf yMuowJ?h 'Dawmh rdcifu om;wkOYd pöm b,frmS vdy½f yk [ f w k v f v Ydk ?J om;wkYd t½kyfu bm½kyfBuD;rSef;rodbl;/ a[mMunfh- tar vkyjf yr,f? vdy½f yk q f w dk m 'Dvadk ew,fvYdk vdy½f yk yf pkH H vkyfjyowJh? om;ESpfa,muf[m tarvkyfjywJh vdyf ½kyu f Mdk unfNh yD;? [ift h if;-tarhvyd ½f yk u f uRefawmfwYdk vdyf½kyfavmufrvSbl;? tarhvdyf½kyfukd r&csifygbl; vkdY ajymowJh 'umawmf/ tckvnf; 'umawmfu uav;ESpfa,muf vkyd ?J uk, d x f ifreS ;f xm;wJh edAÁmefvyd ½f yk ef YJ auseyfae awmh ppfreS w f hJ edAÁmefvyd ½f yk u f sawmh? [ift h if; rvkd csifygbl; jzpfaeawmhwmaygh? trSefuawmh edAÁmef& ygvk\ d vkYd yg;pyfu vG,v f , G q f ak wmif;aeMuayr,fh edAmÁ efudk vlwidk ;f rvkcd siyf gbl;/ edAmÁ efudk &ygvkad Mumif; wpfzGzGqkawmif;aeMuayr,fh edAÁmefukd r&atmif aeMuwmyg/ edAmÁ efudk vkcd sifw,fqw dk m 'kuo © pöm&JU obm0ukd ususeeodwJh yk*¾dKvfrS vdkcsifMuwmyg/ 'ku©ukd 'ku©rSef;rodwJhtjyif okcvkdYxifaeao;wJh yk*Kd¾ vu f awmh edAmÁ efudk tvum;ay;vnf; r,lygbl;/ edAÁmefa&mufaMumif; w&m;vnf; remcsif? rMum;csif Mubl;? 'gew&m;? oDvw&m;avmufeYJ t[kwrf w S f aeMuwm?]vlru dk f wd&pämef? edAmÁ efpum;? tvGecf g;\} qkdwJhtwkdif; edAÁmefw&m;qkd em;cg;aeygvdrfhOD;r,f/ 'gaMumifh edAÁmefem;rcg;bJ wu,fvkdcsifpdwfjzpf atmif 'ku©opömukd xyfjyefwvJvJ½IrSwfavhvmyg 'umawmf}} refvnfq&mawmf xkdokdY rdefYawmfrlvQif jrawmif0efrif;vnf; rSev f yS g? vGepf mG &Si;f vif;vSyg onf/ 'ku©opömukd odatmif tpGrf;ukefBudK;pm; tm;xkwyf grnfb&k m;[k 0efcaH vQmufxm;cJah yonf/ xku d o hJ Ydk jrawmif0efrif;tm; a[mMum;awmf rlNyD;aemuf jrawmif0efrif;\ avQmufxm;awmif;yef jcif;aMumifh ]]'d|d0daom"e 0ZD&*¾'DyeD}}usrf;ukd xkdESpf (1251)ckESpf? e,kefvqef; (8)&ufaeYtNyD; refvnfq&mawmfb&k m; a&;om;pD&ifawmfrcl ahJ vonf/ t&Sify@dw (aA'g&D*lawm&)

109

❦

avmurSm ]vlcsif;wlay r,fh touf½LS csif; uGw J ,f}qkw d hJ pum;twkid ;f ygyJ? vlcsi;f wlayr,fh wpfO;D eJw Y pfO;D wpfa,mufeYJ wpf a,muf rwl n D M uwmawG [ m trsm;BuD;ygyJ/ pD;yGm;Opöm? &mxl; *kPo f ed ?f ½ky&f nftqif;? aqGrsKd; rdwaf qG?ywf0ef;usiftokid ;f t0dik ;f ? ynmÚmPfBuD;rI? tajrmftjrif&rdS I qdkwmawG[m wpfOD;eJYwpfOD; tvGeyf J uGmjcm;Muygw,f/ 'D v k d uG m jcm;csuf a wG &SdaeMuayr,fh 'DuGmjcm;csufudk odMuwJo h l tvGeyf eJ nf;vSygw,f/ wpfO;D eJw Y pfO;D wpfa,mufeYJ wpf a,muf uGmjcm;aewmukd odMu wJh olawGtxJrSmyJ 'DvkduGJjym;& wJh taMumif;&if;ukd rodMuwJo h l awGu rsm;ygw,f/ 'Dvdk uGjJ ym;& wJh taMumif;&if;ukd odMuolawG txJ r S m vnf ; ]wk d Y w pf a wG [ m pD;yGm;OpömjynfhpHkatmif? xkdufoifh wJh &mxl;*kPfodef&Sdatmif? ½kyf &nftqif; wifw h ,fatmif? aqG aumif;?rsKd;aumif;?rdwaf qGaumif; awGeJY awGUqHkatmif? tokdif; t0dkif;aumif;atmif? ynmÓPf BuD;rm;atmif 'DtaMumif;&if; awGawmh jynfph akH tmif jznfq h nf;

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

,ckaumif; aemifaumif;&vdrfhrnf "r®'w l t&Siaf qudE´ xm;r,f}qkdwJh olrsKd;uvnf; tvGefukd &Sm;yg;vSygw,f/ 'Dvkd b0eJYcsDNyD; aumif; atmif vkt d yfcsufawGudk jynfph zkH Ydk BudK;pm;vkw d o hJ ?l BudK;pm;aewJh ol? BudK;pm;&if&w,fvdkY odwJhol qkd

110

wmuvnf; tvGeyf J &Sm;yg;vSyg w,f/ÚmPfynm tajrmftjrifBuD; rSom aumif;atmif BudK;pm;wJo h l jzpfEidk yf gw,f/ ÚmPftajrmftjrif&w dS ,f qkdwmuvnf; a&SUa&;? aemif

❦ a&;awGudk axmufqwwfwm ukd ac:ygw,f/ 'Dvkd a&SUaemuf axmufqNyD; ,ck ypöKyÜerf mS csrf; csrf;omom aewwf? xkdifwwf wmukd ac:ygw,f/ ÚmPf t ajrmf t jrif &S d ovkv d edk YJ a&SUa&;? aemifa&; awG; NyD; ylyifaeol? tckypöKyÜefrSm vnf; aomu ylyifpkd;&drfrIawGeJY aeolukdawmh tylvHk;BuD;olvkdY ac:ygw,f/ rdu k rf w J ,fvaYdk wmif ac:vk&Yd ygw,f/ ]]t&Sifbk&m;? ]t&ifu aumif;vkdY ckaumif;ygw,f? tck aumif; aemifaumif;&vdrhfrnf} qkw d m&JU t"dygÜ ,fudk &Si;f jyay;ygOD; bk&m;}} ]]aMomf ..'umrBuD;u a&S;u q&mawmfBuD;rsm; a&;om; a[majymcJhwJh pum;ukd rSwfrdae ao;wmuk;d }} ]][kwfygw,fbk&m;?rSwf rd½w kH iG rf uygbl; bk&m;? t"dygÜ ,f ukdyg enf;enf;awmh odxm;yg w,f bk&m;? tJ'g wynfah wmfr odwmeJY vGJaerSmpkd;vkdY ar;Munfh wmygbk&m;}} ]]'umrBuD;u b,fvkd t"dygÜ ,furdk sm; odxm;ovJqw dk m t&ifajymjyOD;rSaygh}} ]]rSefvSygbk&m;/ ]t&if aumif;vkdY ckaumif;ygw,f} qkd wm t&ifb0u aumif;wJh uH awGudk vkycf zhJ ;l who J [ l m tckb0 rSm tJ'D uHawG&JUtusKd;ukd cHpm; &NyD; tck aumif;aewmukd ajym wmygbk&m;}} ]]tif;-'gvnf; [kwo f m;

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

yJ/}} ]tckaumif;?aemifaumif; &vd r f h r nf } qk d w muawmh tck uwnf;u uHaumif;rS 'Daumif; wJu h aH wGu aemifb0? aemifb0 awG u k d aumif ; atmif v k d u f N yD ; tusKd;ay;Muygvdrfhr,f/tJ'Dvkd qk&d if aemifb0vnf; aumif;usK;d cH p m;&vd r f h r ,f v k d Y ajymwmyg bk&m;}} ]]'gvnf; [kwfwmygyJ}} ]][if-t&Sib f &k m;&JUavoH u ]'gvnf; [kwfwmygyJ} qkd awmh wjcm;[kww f hJ t"dygÜ ,fawG &S d a o;&if v nf ; ajymay;ygOD ; bk&m;? wynfhawmfu tJ'gawG ukd odcsifvkdY ar;Munfhwmyg bk&m;}} ]]tif; ..ar;Munfhawmh vnf; ajzMunfh ay;&wmaygh}} ]]a&S ; a&S ; q&mawmf B uD ; rsm;u bk&m;a[m w&m;awmf awGukd jrefrmawG em;vnfvG,f atmif jrefrmpum;eJY jyefqkd a[majymcJhMuwmyg/ 'Dvkd a[m ajymwJhtcg em;axmifwJholawG bufu t"dyÜg,fudk pHv k ifatmif em;vnfzkdYuawmh tvGefcJ,Of; ygw,f? bk&m;&Sif&JU qkdvkd&if; t"dygÜ ,f? q&mawmfb&k m;BuD;rsm; &JU zGifhqkdcsufawGukd OD;yOöif;wkdY awmifrS tvH;k pHak tmif oabm raygufao;ygbl;/ tenf;i,frQ avmuf rjzpfpavmufuav;yJ &Syd gao;w,f}} ]]tJ'Davmufawmif euf eJovm; bk&m;}} ]]'Dxufawmif ruygbl;

111

vkYd ajymcsifygw,f qkyd gpk/Yd 'um rBuD;ajymwJh ]a&S;u uHaumif;&if tck uH a umif ; r,f ? tck u H aumif;&if aemifvnf; uHaumif; r,f} qkw d m[mvnf; rSew f mygyJ/ 'gtjyif ]a&S;u o'¨g? 0D&, d awG aumif;&if tckvnf; o'¨g? 0D&, d awG aumif;r,f? tck o'¨g0D&, d awG aumif;&if aemifvnf; o'¨g 0D&d,awG aumif;r,f} qkdwm awGukdvnf; odxm;oifhygw,f}} ]]aMomf ..a&S;uaumif;? ckaumif;? ckaumif;&if aemif aumif;qkw d m uHaumif;wm wpf ckwnf;ukd ajymwmr[kwb f ;l aygh/ [kwfygovm; bk&m;}} ]][kwyf gw,f? 'gaMumifh w&m;awmfawG&UJ t"dyÜg,fawGu eufeJodrfarGUygw,f/ aus;Zl; awmf & S i f v,f w D q &mawmf bk&m;BuD;uvnf; ]oaAÁowåm ur®óum}? ]owå0gawGtm;vHk; [m uHomvQif uk, d yf idk Of pöm&SMd u w,f} qkdwJh pum;ukd axmuf xm;NyD; ]0D&, d awGvnf; uk, d yf idk f Opöm?ÚmPfawGvnf; uk, d yf idk Of pöm} qkw d m &SMd uwmyJvYdk rdeaYf wmfrcl zhJ ;l ygw,f}} ]]aMomf ..tJ ' D v k d u k d ; bk&m;? wynfhawmfwkdY uawmh uHwpfckwnf;yJ ukd,fykdifOpömvkdY xifcJhwm? 'gawmifrS uHqkdwm tawmf y J od E k d i f c J h w maMumif h wpfcgwav ]uHraumif;vkdY}? ]uHraumif;vkdY} qkdNyD; uHukdyJ vTcJ s vku d w f m rsm;ygw,fb&k m;}} ]]uHuvnf; owå0gawG ukd jc,fv, S Ef idk o f vkd owd?0D&, d ?

❦ ÓPfpwmawGuvnf; owå0g awGukd jc,fvS,fwmygyJ}? uHu jc,fv, S w f mukd ypöKyÜet f ckvuf&dS tajctaerS m ÓPf t m;awG 0D&d,tm;awGeJY a&maevkdY ½Iyfae ygvd r f h r ,f / uH t usKd ; ay;wm [kwrf [kwq f w dk mukd oHo, jzpf Ekid Mf uw,f}} ]]wynfhawmf pdwf0ifpm; vmvkdY uHtaMumif;ukd &Sif;jy ygOD;bk&m;}} ]]uJ ..'Dvq dk &dk if twdwf uHu NyD;cJw h hJ b0wke;f u jyKcJw h hJ uHwpfcku aumif;usKd;? qkd;usKd; ay;yHkukd ajymjyygr,f/ vlb0ukd &wmcsif;uawmh vljzpfapEkdifwJh ukokdvfuHaMumifh 'DukokdvfaZm awG aocgeD;apmcJhMuvkdY vljzpf vmwm &Sif;ygw,f/}} ]]rSeyf gw,fb&k m;}} ]]tJ-'gayr,fh vljzpfwm csif;twlwl? 'geukokdvfuH tm; aumif;yHk? tm;raumif;yHktaeeJY ukd,fhukd,fukd odatmif jyefar; Munf h ? 'grS r[k w f & if v nf ; ywf0ef;usifukd avhvmMunfhvkdY &ygw,f}} ]]Munfhav? wcsKdUqkd&if trd0rf;xJukd a&mufvmuwnf; u om;rSe;f ? orD;rSe;f awmif rod &ao;bl;/ [kb d uf 'Dbuf tbk;d tbGm;awGu ajr;av;twGuf qkdNyD; EkdYrIefYbl;awG? uav;tusÐ awG? upm;p&mt½kyfawG trsm; BuD;yJ BudKNyD;0,fay;xm;Muw,f? wcsKdUqkd&if arG;zGm;vmwJhtcg tqifoifhoHk;zkdY t0wfykdif;jzLjzL tESD;awGukdyJ txnf tpdwfoHk;

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

q,f 0,fay;xm;vkdufMuwm trsm;BuD;yJ}} ]][kww f ,fb&k m;? wcsKdU qk&d if tJ't D wkid ;f yJ awGUzl;ygw,f? rarG;cifuwnf;u uHaumif; vku d Mf uwmbk&m;}} ]][if ; ..'umrBuD ; rarG;cifuwnf;u uHaumif; w,fvkdY ajymwm [kwfygw,f? toH;k tEIe;f tajymtqkt d &awmh [kwyf gw,f/ 'gayr,fh tJ'g uH aumif;wm r[kwb f ;l ? tusKd;ay; aumif;wmyg/}} ]]aMomf ..[k w f o m;yJ ? wynfhawmfwkdYu EIwfusKd;aevkdY ajymaeustwkdif; ajymrdwmyg bk&m;}} ]]tif; ..[kwfygw,f? wcsKdUrsm;Muawmh taru ukd,f 0efv, G Nf yDqu dk wnf;u qif;qif; &J&J wpftdrfvHk; jzpfoGm;vkdufMu wm? wcsKdUrsm;qkd tazjzpfwJhol awmif qHk;&&Smao;w,f/ EkdYrIefY bl;wk?Yd t0wftpm;wk?Yd upm;p&m wkdYqkdwm a0;vma0;? arG;NyDa[h qkdrSyJ taz0wfaeus a&vJvkyf wJh ykq;dk ukd ]NAJ}ceJ qkwNf yD; t0wf ES;D vkyf ywf&wmawGvnf; &Sad o; wmyJav/}} ]]t&Sifbk&m;? ajymvkduf wmuvnf;wuwJ uGufuGuf uGif;uGif; &Sdvkdufwm? ADG'D,dk jyaeovkdygyJ? wynfhawmfwkdY i,fwek ;f u aewJ&h mG u rdyed af o; uav;arG;wmawG jyefay:vm w,f/rarG;cif uk, d af v;vuf0efeYJ wke;f u olaY ,mufsm; wifatmif aowma&m? a&vJyq k ;dk qkww f m

112

a&m? tukefjyefay:w,fbk&m;? tck t&Sifbk&m;ajymovkd qkd&if tJ'Duav;&JUuHu t&ifb0u raumif; cJw h maygh/ [kwo f vm; bk&m;}} ]]t&ifu raumif;cJhwJh uH wpfcck jk yKNyD; tvSLay;zkYd tm; enf;cJw h t hJ wGuf 'Dvjdk zpf&wmaygh av}} ]][m...'D v k d q k d & if uH raumif ; wmBuD ; u tvG e f y J aMumufp&mBuD;ygyJ? cyfa0;a0; a&SmifrS aumif;r,feJY wlygw,f bk&m;}} ]]'umrBuD;ajymyHku uH qkdwmukd wpfrsKd; xifaew,feJY wlygw,f? tJ'aD wmh qkjd yOD;r,f? om;awG? orD;awGtwGuf ,Of aus;vdr®moifwef; zGifhwkef;u oifay;cJhwJh uHtaMumif;av; ukd}} ]]rdeyYf gOD;bk&m;}} ]]uHqkdwm ]tvkyf}? ]tvkyf}qkdwm uH? tvkyfraumif; uH raumif;? uHraumif; tusKd;ay; raumif;? tvkyaf umif;rS uHaumif;r,f? uHaumif;rS tusKd;ay; aumif;r,f? tusKd;ay;aumif;csif aumif;aumif;vky}f / ]]uJ..[kwNf yDvm;}} ]]aMomf ..uH q d k w m uk d , f v k y f c J h w J h t vk y f u k d ajym wmaygh/ [kwfvm;bk&m;}}

❦ ]][kwfwmaygh? uHqkdwm ukd,fvkyfwJhtvkyf? ukd,fajymwJh tvkyf? udk,fpOf;pm;wJhtvkyfukd ]uH}vkdY ac:wm? t&ifu vkyfcJh wma&m?tckvyk af ewma&maygh}} ]]uk d , f a umif ; wmvk y f &if ukd,fyJ aumif;usKd;&r,f? aumif ; usKd ; awG r S e f o rQuk d uH aumif;awGu zefqif;ay;w,f? uHaumif;awGrSeforQukd udk,f ukd,fwkdifu zefqif;Ekdifw,f? zefqif;cGi&hf w dS ,f? tJ'v D dk oabm aygufrS uk, d b hf 0 uk, d t hf usK;d ay; aumif;atmif ukd,fhtvkyf ukd,fh tay:yJ rl w nf w ,f q k d w m odvmwmaygh}} ]]aMomf ..uH q k d w m&J U t"dyÜg,fu 'Dvkdukd; bk&m;? 'Dvkd qk d & if wynf h a wmf w k d Y t wG u f raumif;usKd;awG rBuHKatmif? raumif;wmawG a&SmifzkdY aumif; wmaygh?aumif;usKd;awG trsm;BuD; &zkdYvnf; tckvkd odxm;NyD;&if tckuwnf;u BudKwifNyD; aumif; wmawGvkyfxm;&if b,favmuf aumif; vkdufrvJ bk&m;}} ]]aumif;wmaygh 'umr BuD;? yifukd,ftodÚmPf tod w&m;&SMd uolawGtwGuf tckvdk A[kow k todÓPfawG &oGm; &if BudKwifNyD;awmh uHaumif; atmif usifhvkdY&wmaygh}} ]]aMomf ..t&Sifbk&m;u uHtaMumif; &Sif; jyovkdvkdeJY wynfhawmfar;wJh ]t&ifaumif; vkdY ckaumif;ygonf}qkdwmukd ajzay;aewmuk;d }} ]][k w f w ,f a v? 'grS

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

vnf; ]tckaumif; aemifaumif; &vd r f h r nf } qk d w muk d quf N yD ; tajzay;&rSmuk;d }} ]]tajzay;awmf r l y gOD ; bk&m;}} ]]'Dwpfcgawmh wuúov dk f ausmif ; om;? ausmif ; ol a wG twGuf zGifhay;cJhwJh ,Ofaus; vdr®m w&m;pcef;wkef;u qHk;r cJw h mukd jyefajym&r,f}} ]]ajymygbk&m;}} ]]om;wkdY orD;wkdY? om; wkdY orD;wkdY[m t&G,fa&muf vmvkdY tcsdefa&mufNyDqkd&if tdrf axmifjyKMu&rSmyJ? bke;f bke;f wku Yd tdrfaxmifjyKatmifawmh a[m ay;? ajymay; wkdufwGef;ay;vkdY r&ygbl;/ a[majym wkdufwGef; &ifvnf; &[ef;awmfawGtwGuf tjypf&Sdygw,f/ 'gayr,fh rjzpf rae tdrfaxmifjyKMuawmhr,f qkd&if tdrfaxmifbuf cifyGef; a,mufsm;aumif; &zkdY? ZeD;r,m; aumif; &zk?Yd aemufNyD; om;aumif; &wem? orD;aumif;&wemav; awG &zkt Yd wGuf bke;f bke;f wkYd Ak'¨ bmomrSm enf;vrf;aumif;awG &Syd gw,f/ tJ'gukd om;wk?Yd orD;wkYd enf;vrf;taeeJY ,lr,fqkd&if awmh bkef;bkef;u ajymay;vkdY &ygw,f}vkdY ajymvkdufw,f}} ]]tJ'v D q dk adk wmh uav; awGu bmajymovJ bk&m;}} ]]ajymay;yg bke;f bke;f } wJ?h 'geJ Y pum;awmh Bud K wif N yD ; yv’ifcHxm;&ao;w,f? wu,f vkYd bke;f bke;f ajymwht J cg om;wk?Yd orD;wk&Yd UJ em;eJY rMum;0Hh remom

113

vuf&SdtcsdefrSm jyK? ajym? BuH aewJhtckduf uHapwemuawmh ygaewmygyJ? uHuawmh jzpfaewmygyJ? tJ'DuHaumif;csif&if owd? 0D&d,? ÚmPfeJYwGJay;aygh/

❦ awGyg&if ]awmfygawmh bke;f bke;f } vkdY ajymzkdYvnf; t&ifrSmxm;& ao;w,f}} ]][if . .t&S i f b k & m;wk d Y w&m;a[m&wmuvnf; rvG,f ygvm;bk&m;}} ]]oabmaygufa&maygh? bkef;bkef;wkYd&JU jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif tavmif ; awmf o d ' ¨ w ¬ r if ; om; rjzpf r D ewf j ynf r S m &S d a ewJ h tavmif;awmfewfom;[m ol 0ifpm;&rnfh rdbawG trsKd;tEG,f awG pwJh Munfph &mawGudk Munfh NyD;rS 0rf;xJudk 0ifw,f? y#doaE¨ aew,f aygh}} ]]rSev f yS gbk&m;}} ]]tJ'DvkdygyJ? ewfjynfrSm wefckd;&SdMuwJh ewfawG[m ouf wrf;ukefvkdY vlYjynfukd vmMu &r,f qkd&if tJ'DvkdyJ vSrf;NyD; MunfhwwfMuygw,f/ b,fol awGukd rdbawmf&rvJaygh/ tJ'D awmh wkdY&JUtar? taz jzpfr,fh olawG[m tcgBuD;? &ufBuD;awG Oyko&f ufawGrmS &Spyf g;oDv apmifh Mu&JUvm;? Mum;&ufawGrmS ig;yg; oDv vkHNcHKMu&JUvm;vkdY MunfhNyD; awmhrS y#doaE¨,lzkdY ewfjynfu pkaw ewfoufa>cMuygw,f}} ]]aMomf ..[k w f o vm; bk&m;}} ]]ewf o l a wmf a umif ; b0u vmcJw h hJ om; orD;awGudk 0rf;rSm vG,v f u dk &f wmeJY wpfNydKif euf wpfro d m;pkv;kH cspfcspfcifcif &SdMuvkdY? wpftdrfvHk; pD;yGm;awG jzpfv?Ydk vlraI &;awG tqifajyvk?Yd &mxl;awGwuf MuvkYd 'Duav;&JU

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

uHaumif;wJh t&Sed af Mumifh tusKd; ay;awG aumif;ukew f maygh}} ]]aMomf ..tJ'Dvkdqkdwm wynfhawmfjzifh tckrSyJ Mum;zl; ygw,fb&k m;}} ]]tif; ..'Dvkd vlYjynfukd ewfjynfu a&mufvmwJh olawmf aumif;ewfawG&Sdovkd vrf;ab; &yfxJ &GmxJ avQmufNyD; oGm;vm usufpm;aeMuwJh Nydwåm? o&J? wapäawGuvnf; wcsKdUvljzpfzkdY tcGifhta&; BuHKNyDqkdwmeJY vlY b0ukd 0ifpm;MuwmygyJ/ tJ'gayr,fh olwaYdk wG vlb Y 0ukd vm MuwJt h cg awGU&mBuHK&m 0rf;Aku d f xJ0ifNyD; trl;orm;vnf; taz awmfvkdufwmyJ? csJorm;awGukd vnf ; tarawmf v k d u f w myJ ? wGufMunfhaygh? uHraumif;vkdY Nydwmå jzpfwo hJ al wGom BuHKovkrd sK;d uk d , f h 0 rf ; Ak d u f x J y#d o aE¨ v m ae&if wpftdrfvHk; tqifrajy jzpfvYdk wpfoufv;kH 'ku©a&mufNyD om rSwfvkdufayawmh}vkdY ajymcJh wmaygh}} ]][m ..tJ'Dvdkqkdawmh 'D u av;awG [ m olwkdYAdkufxJ Nydwmå awG 0ifvmrSmukd awmfawmf aMumuf oGm;rSmaygh}} ]]aMumufvm;?r aMumuf vm;awmh rajymwwfbl;/ tJ'D wuúov dk af usmif;om; ausmif;ol awG[m w&m;yGNJ yD; tdrjf yefa&muf? ESpf&uf? oHk;&ufMumawmh zkef; qufNyD; avQmufwJhvlvnf; &Sd w,f?owif;Mum;vnf; &Sdw,f? OykofaeYawGrSm OykofawG apmifh ukefMuNyDwJh? ig;yg;oDvvnf;

114

a&S;uwifBudKNyD; jyKzl;w,fqkdwm a&S;,cifrjrifEkdifwJh b0wpfckckukdom ajymw,fvkdY rwGufvkduf? r,lvu dk yf ge?YJ t&ifEpS af wGuvnf;? rESpfuvnf; NyD;cJhwJhESpfuvnf;? raeYuvnf; apmapmuav; uvnf;tm;xkwfcJhr,fqkd&if a&S;uwifBudKNyD; jyKcJhw,fac:wmygyJ vHkatmif aeMuNyDwJh}} ]]aumif;vku d w f m bk&m;? ckacwfvil ,fawGom t&Sib f &k m; wkdY qHk;ra[majymjyovkd oDv awG vHkNcHK? OykofawGapmifh&if b,f a vmuf a umif ; vk d u f r vJ bk&m;}} ]]tif; ..olwkdYawG oDv apmif h M uawmh r S m aygh ? cif y G e f ; aumif;? ZeD;aumif;vnf; &Ekdif w,f? om;aumif;? orD;aumif; vnf; &Ekdifw,fqkdwm odoGm; MuNyDu;dk }} ]]tif ; ..'D v k d r sKd ; om wynfah wmfwYdk tJ'D t&G,w f ek ;f u odc&hJ ifvnf; olwv Ydk ydk J jzpfrmS ygyJ bk&m;}} ]]jzpfoifhwmaygh 'umr BuD;? tJ'Dvkd oDvuH aumif; aumif; tckt&G,fapmifhxdef;Mu vk d Y tck u H a umif ; &if aemif

❦ aumif;&r,fqw dk m taotcsmyJ av? tJ'Davmufawmh uHukd em;vnfNyD; ,HMk unfrv I nf; &So d ifh ygw,f}} ]]aMomf-[kwfygNyDbk&m;? uH t aMumif ; uk d em;vnf o if h oavmuf em;vnfygNyDbk&m;? wjcm;ÚmPfw?Ydk 0D&, d wkt Yd aMumif; awGuv dk nf; ajymay;ygOD;bk&m;}} ]]'guawmh yxrtaeeJY 'DypöKyÜeb f 0tusK;d ay;aumif;zku Yd dk uHtaeeJY twdwu f u H trsm;BuD; taxmuf t yY H j yKw,f q k d w muk d odNyD;&if tckvuf&dS ypöKyÜet f csdef wkdif;? tcsdefwkdif;rSmu 0D&d,&SdzkdY? owd&zdS ?Ydk ynmÓPf&zdS u Ydk trsm; BuD; ta&;BuD;ygw,f}} ]]bmjzpf v k d Y v J q k d a wmh vuf&SdtcsdefrSm jyK? ajym? BuH aewJhtckduf uHapwemuawmh ygaewmygyJ? uHuawmh jzpfae wmygyJ? tJ'DuHaumif;csif&if owd? 0D&d,? ÓPfeJYwGJay;aygh/ ÚmPfygwJhuHu aumif;vnf; aumif ; w,f ? Mum&S n f v nf ; tusKd;ay;w,f? tusKd;ay;awG uvnf; jrifhjrwfonfxuf jrifh jrwfvmEkdifw,f? tckuHaumif; csif&if tckÚmPfeJYaygif;? ÓPf &Sdatmif aevkdufaygh}} ]]enf;enf;awmh oabm aygufygNyDb&k m;? 'gayr,fh uk, d f u ÓPfeJYaygif;w,f? raygif; bl;qkw d mukd b,fvo dk Ed idk yf govJ bk&m;}} ]]tif ..'Dvkdqkd&if vG,f vG,fyJ ajymr,f? i,fwkef;u t&ifwkef;u ukd,fhpdwfeJY tckjzpf

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

aewJh uk, d phf w d u f ydk J csifch sdeMf unfh Mu&atmif}} ]]rSev f yS gbk&m;}} ]]o'¨g? 0D&d,? owd? ynm r&Scd ifwek ;f uqk&d if vSL'gef; wJhtcgrSm pdwfu wGefYoGm;wwf NyD; ESajrmwJhtcgrSm pdwfu aysmf aewwfw,f/ ESajrmwmukd BudKuf aewwfw,f}} ]][kwyf gw,fb&k m;}} ]]tck t cg tod Ó Pf awG&Sdvm? o'¨gtm;awG? ynm tm;awG &SdvmwJhtcgrSmawmh ESajrmwJhtcg pdwfu wGefYae wwfNyD; vSL'gef;aewJt h cg pdwu f aysmfaeygw,f/ vSL'gef;&wmukd BudKufaewwfygw,f}} ]]aMomf . . . [kwfw,f bk&m;? wynfhawmfwkdY&JU pdwfu tJ'Dvkdukd uGmvmwm wynfh awmfwkdY ukd,fwkdifodcJh&ygw,f bk&m;}} ]]tif;aygh? vSL'gef;wmeJY ywfoufvkdYvnf; t&ifu vSLcJh zl;&if tckvSL&wm vG,fvm w,f/ vSLjzpfvmw,f? rvSLjzpf &ifvnf; aemiftcg vSLjzpfvm w,f/vSL&wm vG,fvmwmaygh}} ]]tJ'v D ydk gyJ? oDveJY ywf oufvkdYjzpfjzpf? bm0emeJY ywf oufvjYdk zpfjzpf? t&ifu jyKcJzh ;l &if tck jyKzkv Yd , G w f ,f? tckjyKzkv Yd , G f &if aemifvnf;jyKzkdY vG,fw,f aygh}} ]]bm0emqkdawmh w&m; tm;xkwfwmukd ajymwm r[kwf vm;bk&m;}} ]][kww f ,fav? bm0em

115

qk d w m w&m;tm;xk w f w muk d ajymwmaygh}} ]]'Dvkdqkd&if orxwkdY? 0dyóemwkYd qkw d mua&mbk&m;}} ]]tif; ..orxyJjzpfjzpf? 0dyóemyJjzpfjzpf? a&S;uwifBudK jyKcJh&zl;wJh owåd&dS&if aemuf aemuf vku d Nf yD; aus;Zl;jyKwmygyJ? a&S;uwifBudKNyD; jyKzl;w,fqw dk m a&S;,cif rjrifEidk w f hJ b0wpfcck k uko d m ajymw,fvYdk rwGuv f u dk ?f r,lvu dk yf geJ?Y t&ifEpS af wGuvnf;? rESpu f vnf;? NyD;cJw h EhJ pS u f vnf;? raeY u vnf ; ? apmapmuav; uvnf; tm;xkwfcJhr,fqkd&if a&S;u wifBudKNyD; jyKcJhw,f ac: wmygyJ}} ]]tck ypöKyÜew f &m;tvkyf tm;xk w f a e&if ]tck a umif ; aemifaumif;&vdrrhf ,f}qko d vkyd gyJ? aemufpuúe?Yf aemufred pf? aemuf em&D?aemuf&uf?aemufv? aemuf ESp?f aemufb0? aemuftcsdeaf wG tm;vHk;rSm taumif;awGcsnf; jzpfvmawmhwmaygh}} ]]aMomf ..aemuf b 0 qkdwm aemifaumif;r,fqkdwm tJ'Dvkdtxd oabmayguf&rSmukd bk&m;}} ]][kwfw,fav? ,cif u orxtm;xkwfcJh&if tJ'D owå d u tck x d a &m aemif y g aus;Zl;jyKygw,f? tJ'v D ydk ?J ,cif u 0dyóemtm;xkwfcJh&ifvnf; tJ'Dowådu tckxda&m aemifyg aus;Zl;jyKygw,f}} ]]rSev f yS gbk&m;?tJ'gawmh oabmayguf oif h o avmuf

❦ aygufygw,fbk&m;? 'gayr,fh orxeJ Y 0d y óem b,f v k d uGmjcm;w,fqw dk mudak wmh wynfh awmfwkdY em;vnfatmif ajymay; ygOD;bk&m;}} ]]uJ . . tJ ' D v k d q k d & if em;vnf½Hkavmuf ajymay;&wm aygh? 'umrBuD;wkdYtdrfrSm wDAGD ½k y f j rif o H M um;puf e J Y AG D ' D , d k atmufpufqw dk m r&Sb d ;l vm;}} ]]&Syd gw,fb&k m;}} ]]tJ'DESpfck bmuGmovJ qk d & if AG D ' D , d k a tmuf puf u ukd,fMunfhcsifwJhtacGukd ukd,f BudKufovkd xk;d Munfv h &Ydk ygw,f/ bmaMumfjimrQ rygbJ awmuf avQmuf qufNyD; Munfv h &Ydk w,f? [kwo f vm;}} ]][kwyf gw,fb&k m;/}} ]]tJ ..wDAGD½kyfjrifoHMum; uawmh olvTifhaewmukdyJ Munfh vkdY&w,f? oljyaewmukdyJ Munfh vkdY&w,f? ukd,fBudKufwm Munfh vkrYd &bl;? oljywm Munfv h &Ydk wm eJY uk, d Bf udKufwm acGx;dk Munfw h m ESpfrsKd;? tJ'Dvkd uGmwmaygh}} ]]aMomf . ..wynf h a wmf oabmaygufygNyD bk&m;? orx tm;xk w f w ,f q k d w m AG D ' D , d k xk d ; Munf h o vk d ud k , f B ud K uf w J h ur®|mef;tm½Hkukd ukd,fMunfh? uk, d t f m;xkwaf yghb&k m;?0dyóem uawmh wDA½DG yk jf rifoMH um; Munfh &ovkd uk, d Bf udKufwm rMunfb h ?J ol jywmMunfo h vkd ay:vmorQ jzpf v morQawG u k d jrif a tmif Munf h a e&wmvk d Y ajymcsif w m r[kwfvm; bk&m;}}

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

]]tif ; ..'umrBuD ; u oabmayguf v G , f N yD ; ÓPf aumif;om;yJ? orxeJY0dyóem tm;xkwf&mrSm 'Dvkd uGmjcm;rSef; od&if awmfawmf[kwfvmNyDaygh? orxu uk d , f t m;xk w f & m ur®|mef;tm½Hk xif&mS ;avav orxowå d a wG aumif ; vm avavygyJ? 0dyóemuawmh wD A G D Z mwf v rf ; Munf h a e&ovk d Zmwfvrf;jyvnf; Munfh½HkygyJ? rif ; om;jyjy? rif ; orD ; jyjy? vlMurf;jyjy oljywm Munf½h ykH gyJ}} ]]'gwGifruygbl;? Zmwf vrf;aumif;aewkef; aMumfjim xkd;vnf; aMumfjimMunhfae jrif ae½HkygyJ? BudKufw,f rBudKufbl; rjzpf&ygbl;? ukefukefajymvkduf r,f? wDAGDMunfhae&if; rD;ysuf oGm;vnf; BudKufw,f rBudKuf bl; rjzpfatmif aewwfzkdYygyJ}} ]]trS e f u awmh wpf avmuvHk;[m? udk,fwpftdrfvHk; [m Zmwfvrf;jyvkduf? aMumfjim xk;d vku d ?f rD;ysufvu dk ?f Zmwfvrf; jyvkdufeJY trsKd;pHkjzpfaewmyg? tJ'gukd oabmaygufwJhÓPf? todom&S&d if rdrpd w d f ukd avmb? a'go? arm[awGu vmNyD;awmh rzsufqD;EkdifMuawmhygbl;? tJ'g 0d y óemw&m;tm;xk w f r I & J U oabmtrSeyf gyJ}} ]]aMomf ..t&S i f b k & m;? Oyrmay;jyrSyJ orxeJY 0dyóem qkdwmukd uGJuGJjym;jym; &Sif;&Sif; vif;vif; od&awmhw,fbk&m;? wynfhawmfwkdYu tJ'Dvkd wDAGD Munfah e&ovkq d w dk m em;vnfNyD;

116

aewwfoGm;&if 0dyóemÓPf qkw d m ay:Ekid yf govm;bk&m;}} ]]aMomf ..'umrBuD ; &,f? b,ftm½HBk uHKBuHK? b,fupd ö qHkqHk rwkefrvIyf aewwfvm wmuk d u 0d y óemÓPf t m; tpGrf;awGygw,fav? tJ'Dvkd aeEkdifwm ÓPfyJaygh}} ]][kwyf gNyDb&k m;? wynfh awmfwkdY tJ'Dvkd tod? tJ'Dvkd pdwrf sKd;eJaY eoGm;Mu&if aemifvnf; tusKd;&Srd vm;?b,fawmh avmuf rsm; w&m;xl; todawG&Ekdifyg ovJb&k m;/}} ]]uJ ..uJ 'umrBuD;? wpfcgwnf;ajymvku d rf ,f/ a&S;u wifBudK jyKcJhzl;wJh aumif;rItxl; &SdygapwhJ/ 'umrBuD; ajymovkd qkd&if ]t&ifu aumif;vkdY ck aumif;ygonf? tckaumif; aemif aumif;&vdrfhrnf} wJh? tck a&SU puúeYf 0dyóemÓPfjzpf&if aemuf puú e f Y a wG r S m vnf ; 0d y óem ÓPfawGjzpf? ÓPftm;awG wkd; NyD; w&m;xl;awGqkdwm &Ekdif ygw,f/ vufzspw f pfwu G t f wGi;f rSmukyd J &Ekid yf gw,f/ BudK;pm;vku d f prf;yg}} ]]oabmaygufNyDbk&m;? tcsdefwkdif; oljywmukd Munfh wwf? jrifwwfwJhol jzpfatmif BudK;pm;NyD; aeygawmhr,fb&k m;}} ]]tif ; ...aumif ; ygNyD ? aumif;ygNyD/}} owdvnf;&S?d ÓPfvnf;&S?d todjynfph MkH uygap/ "r®'lw t&SifaqudE´

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

'ku©a0'emjzpfay:vmvQif 0e0goD-t&Sif0gao|mbd0Ho 1364-ckESpf? aESmif;wefcl;vqef; (6)&uf? (7.4.2002)aeYonf &efukefwkdif;? A[ef;NrdKUe,f? a&T[oFm od&rD EÅpaH usmif;\ y"meem,u q&mawmf jzpfawmfrlaom a&Tusifedum, wGJzufomoemydkif t*¾r[my@dw? tbd"Zr[m&|*k½b k UJG wHqyd af wmf& b'´EÅ&mZdE´mbd0Ho q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ ouf awmf (86)ESpfjynfh arG;aeYr*FvmtcgawmfaeYjzpf onf/ q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ trdefYawmfjrwfukd OD;xdyf&GufNyD; þt&Sifonfvnf; xkdaeYnOfhrSm w&m;a[mMum;ay;cJhygonf/ w&m;yGJrprD em&D0uf cefYtvkdwGif þt&Sif\txHokdY a,m*D0wfpHkESifh trsKd;orD;oHk;a,muf a&muf&SdvmNyD; wpfa,muf aomolu-

]]bke;f bke;f u 0dyóemw&m;awG a[majym aeovm;bk&m;}}[lí pum;pvku d &f m]]tif; ..[kwfygw,f? 'gayr,hf bkef;BuD; u oGm;a&;? vma&;cufcw J ?hJ rzGUH NzdK;ao;whJ awm&Gm i,fuav;awGrmS a[majymaewmrsm;ygw,f}} ]]bke;f bke;f wkv Yd dk t&nftcsif;rsKd;eJq Y &kd if NrdKU ay:rSmaeNyD; a[majymvkduf&if emrnft&rf;BuD; oGm;rSmbk&m;? bmjzpfvkdY bkef;bkef;u awmrSma[m &ovJb&k m;}} ]]awm&Gmuav;awGrSmqkd&if NrdKUBuD;awGrSm vkd w&m;a[majymjyowJh q&mawmfawGvnf; ta&muftayguf enf;w,fav?tJ'aD wmh bke;f BuD;u uGuv f yfjznfNh yD; omoemjyKae&w,faygh}}

117

❦ ]]bkef;bkef;u arwåm? u½kPm w,fBuD; wmuk;d bk&m;?wynfah wmfwu Ydk vnf; 0dyóemw&m; vk d u f p m;aeygw,f b k & m;? tcsd e f & &if &ovk d tm;xkww f ,fb&k m;}} ]]tckvkd w&m;awG tm;xkwfwm awmf awmfMumNyDvm;}} ]]touf (18)ESpfupNyD; tm;xkwfvkdufpm; chJygw,fbk&m;? tckwynfhawmftouf (25)ESpf&Sd oGm;NyDbk&m;? NrdKUrSmawmh w&m;pcef;awGvnf; aygw,f? vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;uvnf; aumif; w,f qkdawmh tqifajyygw,fbk&m;}} ]]pcef;0ifwJhtcsdefomru tdrfrSmvnf; BudK;pm;tm;xkwaf yghu, G }f } ]]rSeyf g? w&m;pcef;uxGuv f mNyD;&if tdrrf mS vnf; BudK;pm;tm;xkwfygw,fbk&m;? &dyfomrSm tm;xkw&f wmeJaY wmh rwlb;l ayghb&k m;}} ]]qdwfNidrfrI&SdwJh awmxJ? awmifxJrSm tm; xkwEf idk &f ifawmh taumif;qH;k ayghu, G }f } ]]wynfah wmfwq Ydk &dk if w&m;tm;xkwcf gp rSm w&m;xkdifvkdY (15)rdepfavmufMumvm&if anmif; vmwm? usOfvmwm? ylvmwm? udkufvmwmeJY &ifqkdif&w,fbk&m;? tck tavhtusifh&vmawmh wpfem&DavmufMumrS emwm? usOfwm? ukdufcJwm awGU&w,fb&k m;}} ]]tJ'g um,du'ku©ac:w,fuG,fh? tJ'Dvkd emusifuu dk cf rJ ?I ylr?I xHrk aI wG topfay:vm&if ay: vmcgp odyfNyD; rxif&Sm;ao;&if okdYr[kwf rdrdu cHEidk &f nfprG ;f tm;&Sad o;&if ½Irw S af eusjzpfwhJ 0ifav xGufav&JU at;oabm?aEG;oabm? wkd;xdoabm? wGe;f uefoabmuav;awGuydk J qufNyD;½Iaygh?topf ay:vmwJh anmif;nmukdufcJrI xHkrI? usOfrI? emrI awGu odyNf yD;awmhjyif;xefvm&if rlv½IaeusjzpfwhJ xGufav0ifav&JU oabmuav;awG[m ½IuGufxJ rSm rawGUbJ jzpfaewwfw,f/ tJ't D cgrsK;d rSm topf jzpfay:xif&mS ;vmwJh anmif;nmuku d cf rJ ?I emusifr?I ylrI? xHkrI tp&SdwJh oabmawG[m ododomom xif&mS ;vmw,f}} ]]½Iw,fqw dk m emw,f? usOfw,f? ylw,f?

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

uku d w f ,fvYdk ay:&mrSmvku d Nf yD; &Gwq f adk ewmukd ajym wmvm;bk&m;}} ]]EIwfujzpfap? pdwfxJujzpfap &Gwfqkdae p&m rvkb d ;l uG,?hf ay:aewJo h abmukd owdxm;NyD; toduyfNyD; Munfah ewmukd ½Iw,fvaYdk c:w,f/ ay: &mukdvkdufNyD; &Gwfqkdaewm[m trnfay;aewmyJ uG,/hf w&m;todÚmPfrygbl;/ 'Doabmuav;awG tay:rSm owdeYJ toduav;uyfxm;zko Yd m t"duyg}} ]]wynfhawmfwkdYuawmh vkdufNyD;&GwfqkdaerS tm;&w,fbk&m;/ vkdufrqkdbJae&if ayghawmhawmh jzpfaew,fb&k m;}} ]]'guvnf; tusifyh gyJu, G ?hf tavhtusifh &vm&if EIwfujzpfap? pdwfxJujzpfap emw,f? usOw f ,f? ylw,f? uku d w f ,f ponfjzifh vku d &f w G q f dk ae&wm[m yifyef;vmw,f}} ]]wynfhawmfwkdYtaeeYJ tJ'Demusif ukdufcJ rIawG? anmif;nmrIawGukd ½IrSwfvkduf&if wpfcg wavvnf; aysmufoGm;w,f/ wpfcgwavvnf; ykNd yD;awmh jyif;jyif;xefxefc&H w,fb&k m;}} ]]jzpfay:vmwJh um,du'ku©oabmawG [m tm;raumif;ao;&ifawmh ½Irw S af eqJrmS yJ ukef aysmufoGm;wm awGU&wwfw,fuG,fh/ odyfNyD;awmh tm;aumif ; vm&if a wmh a,m*D w k d Y & J U pd w f x J r S m raysmufomG ;bJ ykNd yD;qk;d vmw,fvaYdk wmif xif& w,f/ 'Dvkdjzpfwm[m um,du'ku©oabmawG ykdNyD; xif&mS ;vmrIygyJ}} ]]'Dvkd jyif;xefvm&if r½I&awmhbl;vm; bke;f bke;f }} ]]tJ'v D dk jyif;xefvm&if pdwx f rJ mS qif;qif; &J&J cHpm;csufa0'emjzpfay:vmwwfw,f/ tJ'Dvkd cHpm;rIoabmukd owdjyKNyD; ½IrSwfae&if tJ'D½Ipdwf [m 0dyóembm0emukokdvfpdwfyJuG,fh? 'gaMumifh jyif ; jyif ; xef x ef a0'emoabmawG u k d v nf ; ½Iaumif;ygw,f/ topftopfjzpfvmwJh qif;&JrI oabmukd 0D&d,BuD;BuD;xm;NyD; 0dyóembm0em tvkyfukd NyD;jynfhpHkatmif vkyfygvdkY 0dok'¨dr*f r[m #DumrSm rdeMYf um;xm;wm&Sw d ,fu, G /hf twwfEidk q f ;kH awmh qif;&JrI'ku©a0'emukd onf;cHNyD;½I&rSmyg/

118

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

tavhtusif&h vmvkYd pdww f nfNidrv f m&if 'Dum,du 'ku©oabmuav;awG wjznf;jznf;csif; avsmhavsmh oGm;wm? ykdykdNyD;awmh wufvmwmuav;awGukd odjrifvmygw,f/ tcsKdUqd&k if ½Iae&if;eJY ½Iuu G x f rJ mS ukeaf ysmufomG ;wmukv d nf; awGUjrif&ygw,f}} ]]tJ'Dvkd ½Iae&mu ukefaysmufoGm;awmh wynfhawmfwkdY bmukdqufNyD; ½I&rvJbk&m;}} ]]tJ'Dtcg rlv½IrSwfaeusjzpfwJh 0ifav? xGufav&JU at;rI? ylrI? aEG;rI? wGef;uefrI oabm uav;ukd jyefNyD;awmh owdxm;½Iaygh}} ]]'ku©a0'emoabmawG odyfjyif;xefvmNyD; onf;cHEkdifpGrf;tm; r&Sdawmhbl;qkd&if b,fvkdvkyf& rvJb&k m;}} ]]cHEkdif&nfpGrf;tm;r&SdbJ rSdwfBudwfayawNyD; ½Iae&if pdwx f rJ mS a'greóa0'emawG jzpfay:vm wwfw,fuG,fh/ tJ'Dtcg rdrd&JU xkdifNyD;aewJhtae txm;ukd oufaomifhoufomjzpfoGm;atmif owd BuD;BuD;eJY ½IrSwf&if; jyKjyifay;&w,f/ ajymif;jyifqJ umvrSm jzpfay:vmwJh vufajct*FgBuD;i,fawG&JU av;wm? ayghwm? wGef;uefwm? ylwm? at;wm uav;awGukdvnf; ½IrSwfoGm;&w,f/ ajymif;jyif ay;vkdY oufaomifhoufomjzpfoGm;&if 0ifavxGuf av tcku d rf mS jzpfay:aewJh at;rI? aEG;rI? wGe;f uef rI? xdrIoabmuav;ukd jyef½I&w,f/ okdYr[kwf uk, d chf E¨mtay:rSm ypöKyÜet f cku d f xif&mS ;aewJo h abm wpfckckukd ½I&w,f}} ]]rSeyf gbk&m;? wynfah wmfwYdk tJ'v D dk onf;cH NyD; ½IrSwfEkdifwJhtcgrsKd;rSm ukd,fay:rSmjzpfay:aewJh emusifuu dk cf w J m? xHw k mawG&,f? tJ'o D abmawGudk ½IaewJh ½Ipdwf&,f[m ½IÓPfxJrSm ododomom uGjJ ym;vmw,fb&k m;/ tJ'v D dk uGjJ ym;vm&if acgif;wkYd &ifbwfwYkd vufajcwkq Yd w dk m? a,mufsm;? rde;f r qkw d m &SmvkdYrawGUawmhbJ oabmw&m;oufouf ukdom awGU&awmhw,fb&k m;}} ]]at;aygh? tJ'Dtqifha&muf&if ]ouúm, 'd|}d qkw d mukd ½IÚmPfeYJ y,fEikd w f maMumifh ESv;kH oGi;f rSeu f efvmw,f/ 'gaMumifh ]w&m;qkw d m oabmyJ? oabmqkdwmvnf; w&m;yJ}vkdY em;vnfvkdufyg/

oabmrod&if w&m;rodb;l / oabmodrS w&m;od w,f/ oabmukd ÚmPferYJ jrif&if w&m;udk rjrifb;l / oabmukjd rifrS w&m;ukd jrifw,fvYdk em;vnfvu dk f yg}} ]]bkef;bkef;pum;u vkd&if;ukd w,fNyD;awmh xdrdwmyJ bk&m;}} ]]tJ'Dvkd cE¨mrSm topfay:vmwkdif; b,f tm½Hrk mS rqkd ½Ivu dk w f idk ;f oabmoufoufudk jrifvm NyDqkd&if ½IuGufawGvnf; ykdNyD;awmh &Sif;vmw,f/ ½IpdwfawGvnf; ykdNyD;awmh Munfvifvmw,f/ oGufvmw,f? todawG xl;vmwJhtwGufaMumifh ay:aygufaewJh qif;&J'ku©oabmawG[mvnf; todpw d ef u YJ yfNyD; ½Ivu dk w f idk ;f ajymif;vJomG ;wm csKyf oGm;wmukd odvmygw,f/ tJ'Dtcg pdwfukdvnf; yifyifyef;yef;csKyfwnf;xm;p&m rvkad wmhb;l uG,}hf } ]]bkef;bkef;trdefY&SdovkdyJ? wynfhawmfwkdY wu,fvufawGUusifhoHk;wJhtcgusawmh taumif txnf? yHkoP²mef? a,mufsm;? rdef;rqkdwm bmrQ rawGU&awmhbJ t½IcHtm½HkoabmeJY ½Ipdwfoabm ukdyJ awGU&awmhw,fbk&m;/ tJ'DvkdodwJhtod[m pmzwfNyD;awmh odwJhtod? awG;ac:BuHqNyD; odwJh todeJY rwlbl;bk&m;/ 'DvkdtodrSefrIaMumifh w&m; vkyif ef;pOfrmS pdwaf ysmv f mw,f/ ½kycf E¨muk, d [ f m vnf; ayghyg;NyD;awmhvmw,f/ oGuv f ufvmw,fvYdk awmif xif&w,fb&k m;}} ]][kwfw,fuG,fh? vrf;pOfrSeftwkdif; usifh oH;k vm&if 'Dtwkid ;f jzpfwmyJ? 'gaMumifjh rwfpmG bk&m; uvnf; ]twuúm0pa&m=ihgw&m;awG[m qifjcif awG;ac:BuHqwJh ÚmPfavmufeJY odwJhw&m;r[kwf bl;}vkdY a[mawmfrlxm;ygw,f/ tcsKdUolawG[m w&m;awmfukd vufawGUusus ukd,fwkdiftm;rxkwf Mubl;? tcsKdUusawmh usifhoHk;tm;xkwfaomfvnf; enf;vrf;rrSefjyefbl;? tcsKdUusawmh enf;vrf;rSef aomfvnf; 0D&d,r&Sd pdwfryghwygheJY tm;xkwfjyef w,f/ tJ'Dvkdyk*¾dKvfrsKd;awG[m w&m;&JUt&omukd rcHpm;&ygbl;/ tJ'Dvkd w&m;t&omukd ukd,fwkdif rodawmh 'Dw&m;awGudk r,Hb k ;l qkw d m jzpfvmw,f}} ]]tJ'guawmh vluefYvefYawGayghbk&m;?

119

❦ wynfah wmfwt Ydk m;xkww f m wpfcgwpf&u H sawmh vnf; 'ku©a0'emawGukd ukefatmifqkdwJh &nf&G,f csufeJY wu,ftm;xkwfayr,fvkdY rukefbJ ykdNyD;awmh jyif;xefvmwmvnf; &Sw d ,fb&k m;}} ]]w&m;tm;xkwfwm[m 'ku©a0'emawGukd ukefatmif tm;xkwf&wm r[kwfbl;uG,fh? jzpfay: aeqJ 'ku©a0'em&JUoabm? okca0'em&JUoabm? uk, d af y:rSmxif&mS ;&Sad ewJh ½kyo f abm? pdwx f rJ mS jzpf ay:aewJh vkcd sirf aI vmbOD;pD;wJh oabm? jypfrmS ;vkrd I a'goOD;pD;wJhpdwf&JU oabmrSefawGukd trSeftwkdif; od&atmif owdxm;NyD;awmh ½I&wmuG,?hf 'Dae&mrSm um,du'kua© 0'em (tcHcufwhJ anmif; nm uku d cf J emusifr)I ay:vm&if ½Iy½kH eI nf;? oH;k enf;&Sw d ,fu, G }hf } ]]trde&Yf ydS gbke;f bke;f }} ]]yxrenf;uawmh vuf&Sdjzpfay:aewJh yifyef;qif;&J tcHcufwJhoabmukd onf;cHNyD;awmh pl;pl;pkdufpkduf ZGJ&Sd&SdeJY tavQmhray;bJ ½IwJhenf;yJ? 'Denf;uawmh wu,fftm;xkwfae&if 'DtcHcufwJh oabmawG&JU jzpfrI? ysufrIoabmawGukd xifvG,f apygw,f/ 'gayr,fh ukd,fa&m? pdwfa&m yifyef; wwfw,f/ pdw&f UJ onf;cHEidk rf pI rG ;f tm; enf;ao;&if a'goawmif jzpfwwfao;w,f/ 'kw, d enf;uawmh jzpfay:aewJh yifyef;qif;&J tcHcufraI wGukd onf;cH EkdiforQ pGrf;EkdiforQ pl;pkdufpGm ½IrSwfNyD;? tJ'Dvkd ½Irw S f aepOfrmS tcHcufraI wG yifyef;rIawGu ykNd yD;awmh jyif;xefvm&if rSdwfBudwf½IraeawmhbJ tjcm;wpf ae&mu ay:vm&m topftm½Hkukd ajymif;NyD;½IrSwf &w,f/ okdYr[kwf tjyiftyuae ay:vmwJh toH tm½kaH wG? teHt Y m½Hak wG&UJ wpfcck sif;csKyfaysmufomG ;rI ukd owdxm;NyD; ½I&w,f/ okrYd [kwf tjyiftyuae avwkd;vkdY at;oGm;wJhoabm? aEG;vmwJhoabm? ylvmwJo h abm ponfwu Ydk dk toduyfNyD; ½Irw S &f w,f/ tifrwef av;vHwhJ 0efxyk Bf uD;ukd xrf;vmwJo h [ l m armyef;vm&if txkyfukd cPcsem;? tarmajyvm &if qufNyD;awmh xrf;oGm;ovkdaygh? tcHcufwJh oabmawGukd ½IrSwfaepOf ukd,fa&mpdwfyg yifyef; vm&if tjcm;tm½Hktopf&JU oabmvu©Pmukd ajymif;NyD;½Irw S &f w,f/tJ'aD wmh oufaomifo h ufom

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

jzpfvmw,f/ tJ'v D dk oufomrI&vm&if jyefNyD;awmh yxr½IcJhwJh tcHcufwJh oabmawGukd jyef½I&w,f/ tJ'Dvkd½IwJhenf;vnf; &Sdw,fuG,fh}} ]]rSefygbk&m;? bkef;bkef; tcktrdefY&SdwmawG [m vufawGUusustm;xkwfwJh oltwGufawmh awmfawmfukd wefzkd;&SdwJh pum;awGyJbk&m;}} ]]em;axmifOD;uG,fh? wwd,enf;uawmh odyNf yD;awmh yifyifyef;yef;azmufjyefvmwJt hJ cg? tcH cufwhJ tcgrSmqk&d if 'Dyifyef;qif;&J tcHcufraI wGudk &ifqkdifr½IawmhbJ? rlv½IrSwfaeusjzpfwJh 0ifav? xGuaf v&JUoabm? okrYd [kwf 0rf;Aku d u f ae wif;ae avsmhaewJhoabmukd wpfcgwpf&HrS todjyefuyfNyD; ½Ipdwf rvGwf½Hkavmuf ½IrSwfwJhenf;aygh/ jrpfxJrSm avSavSmaf ewJo h [ l m yifyef;vmwJt h cgrSm &Guu f dk zGiNhf yD; a&pkefrSm avSukd arQmNyD;vkdufovkdaygh/ uJ'Davmufq&dk if oabmaygufavmufNyDaygh}} ]]rSefyg? aygufygNyDbk&m;? bkef;bkef; tck trdefY&SdcJhwJh enf;oHk;rsKd;rSm wynfhawmfwkdYtaeeJY b,fenf;ukd toH;k jyK&rSmvJb&k m;}} ]]'gu yHkaoajymvkdYawmh r&bl;uG,fh? wu,fvufawGUtm;xkwfwJhtcgrSm rdrd&JU vkyfief; tajctaeukdrSDNyD;awmh oifhawmfovkd ajymif;vJ½I oGm;wmom toifhawmfqHk;yJuG,fh? 'gayr,fhvkdY wpfco k wday;csifwmuawmh tm;enf;NyD; aoG;aygif awG odyfusaewJhtcg? aoG;wkd;a&m*g jyif;jyif;xef xef jzpfaewJt h cg? ESv;kH a&m*g jyif;jyif;xefxefpNJG id aewJt h cg? OD;aPSmuftm½Hak Muma&m*gawG jzpfaewJh tcgrSmawmh yxrqH;k ajymcJw h ehJ nf;ukd roH;k oifb h ;l / tpm;ysuf? ttdyyf sufNyD; tiftm;csnfeh aYJ ewJh vlem [m av;vHwJh0efxkyfBuD;ukd ro,fEkdifovkd jzpfae wmaMumifh pdwfa&mukd,fyg ykdNyD;awmh yifyef;vm wwfw,f/ tJ'gudkawmh owdxm;oifhw,f}} ]]rSefyg? 'Davmufod&&if wynfhawmfwkdY auseyfygNyDbk&m;/ bkef;bkef;vnf; w&m;a[mcsdef eD;NyD? wynfhawmfwkdY "r®m½kHxJrSm ae&moGm;,lvkduf OD;r,fb&k m;}}[k avQmufxm;oGm;avawmhownf;/ 0e0goD - t&S i f 0 gao|mbd 0 H o

120

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

pdwfaumufonfhtcg ajzmifhvkdufyg OD;paE´mbmo (a&Tva&mif? rif;bl;) zE´eH pyvH pdw?HÅ 'k&u©H 'kEéd0g&,H/ OZHk ua&mwd ar"m0D? Ookuma&m0 awZeH/ pdwÅH-pdwfonf? zE´eHwkev f yI \ f / pdwo f nf tb,fvYdk wkef vIyaf voenf;/ vkdcsifwyfruf? BudKufESpf oufzG,f ½lyg½Hkukd jrifonfhtcg? pdwo f nf avmbjzifh wkev f yI \ f / rdrd rBudKuf rESpo f ufonfh ½lyg½Hk ukd jrif&onft h cg pdwo f nf a'go jzifh wkev f yI \ f / rdrBd udKufEpS o f uf onfh toH? o'´g½Hkukd Mum;onfh tcg pdwfonf avmbjzifh wkef vIyf\/ rdrd rBudKuf rESpfouf

onfh toH o'´g½Hu k dk Mum;&onfh tcg pdwo f nf a'gojzifh wkev f yI f \/ rdrdBudKufESpfoufonfh teHY *E¨m½Hkukd eHonfhtcg? arT;&onfh tcg pdwfonf avmbjzifh wkef vIy\ f / rdrrd BudKuf rESpo f ufonfh teHY *E¨m½Hu k dk eHonft h cg? ½SL½Iu d f onfhtcg pdwfonf a'gojzifh wkefvIyf\/ aumif;jrwfonfh tpm;tpm? BudKufESpfoufonfh tpm;tpm &om½Hkukd pm;aomuf cHpm;&onft h cg pdwo f nf avmb jzifh wkefvIyf\/ raumif;onfh tpm;tpm? nHhonfh tpm;tpm? rdrd rBudKufrESpfoufonfh tpm; tpm &om½Hkukd pm;aomufcHpm; &onfhtcg pdwfonf a'gojzifh wkev f yI \ f / aumif;jrwfE;l nHo h nfh

121

xdawGUp&m azm|AÁm½Hkukd awGUxd cHpm;&onft h cg pdwo f nf avmb jzifh wkefvIyf\/ Murf;wrf;cufxefonfh xdawGUp&m? rBudKurf ESpo f uf onfh xdawGUp&m azm|AÁm½Hkukd awGUxdcHpm;&onfhtcg pdwfonf a'gojzifh wkefvIyf\/ ,if;okYd wkev f yI o f mG ;aom pdwfukd r½IrSwfrd? rodvkdufaom tcg arm[onf jzpf\/ wpfzef rdrEd iS hf wef;wlol rsm; rdrdxuf pnf;pdrfOpöm &mxl; tqift h wef; ponftm;jzifh om vGefoGm;onfukd awGUjrifMum;od &onfhtcg pdwfü £ómonf jzpf\/ xkt d cg pdwo f nf £óm jzifh wkefvIyfjyef\/

❦ rd r d & S m azG & &S d x m;aom pnf;pdrOf pömrsm;ukd rpGeEYf idk rf cGm&uf tvGeftrif; wG,fzuf odrf;ykduf í rdrv d nf; rpm;&uf?trsm;tusK;d twGufvnf; roHk;&ufonfhtcg pdwüf rpä&, d onf jzpf\/ xkt d cg pdwo f nf rpä&, d jzifh wkev f yI jf yef \/ &mxl;udk trSDjyKíjzpfap? tmPmukd trSDjyKíjzpfap? pnf; pdrOf pömukd trSjD yKíjzpfap? twwf ynm? emrnfausmfMum;rIukd trSD jyKíjzpfap? ]]rkd;pGef<um;<um;? ig wum;}}[k pdwBf uD;0ifí rdru d , dk f ukd tjrifq h ;kH rSmxm;? olwpfyg;wkYd tm; tedrfhqHk;xm;um ESdrhfcs qufqrH o d nft h cg pdwüf rmeonf jzpf\/ xkdtcg pdwfonf rme aMumifh vGefpGm wkefvIyfav\/ ,if;okYd wkev f yI o f mG ;aom pdwfukd r½IrSwfrd? rodvkdufaom tcg pdwfü yrm'-arm[onf jzpf\/ þokdYvQif pdwfonf avmb?a'go? rmefrme?¨£óm? rpä&d,? yrm'? arm[ponfh w&m;qkd;rsm;aMumifh wkefvIyfí aeav\/

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

rde;f ruk]d ]avmfvnfaom rde;f r}}[k vlwkdY qkdMu\/ xkdYtwl tm½Hk wpfcük twnfwusrae?tm½Hu k dk wpfckNyD;wpfck ajymif;íajymif;í ,lavh&Sdaom pdwfukd ]]vQyfay: aom pdw}f ?] avmfvnfaompdw}f [lí qkd&\/ xkdYtjyif ajy;vTm;aqmh upm;wwfonft h &G,f uav;i,f onf xkdifjcif; £&d,mykwfjzifh vnf; MumMumrae?&yfíaqmh\/ &yfjcif; £&d,mykwjf zifv h nf; Mum Mumrae? ajy;í upm;\/ rwnf Nidrfaom uav;i,fonf [kd[kd onfonf ajy;vTm;aqmhupm;í aeavh&SdouJhokdY pdwfonf [kd tm½Hküvnf; MumMumrae? onf tm½Hküvnf; MumMumrae? ajy; vT m ;aqmh u pm;í aeav\/ ,if;okYd rwnfNidraf ompdw?f twnf wus r&Sdaompdwf?£ajE´r&aom pdwfukd ]]vQyfay:aom pdwf}}[lí ac:&\/ ]]avmfvnfaompdwf}} [lí qkd&\/ pd w f o nf þok d Y v Qif vQyfay:av\/avmfvnfav\/

pdwÅH-pdwfonf? pyvHvQyfay: avmfvnf\/

pd w f o nf tb,f o k d Y vQyfay: avmfvnfavoenf;/ rdrd\ ZeD;onftay:ü twnfwus wnfhrwfaompdwf rxm;? rsm;pGm azmufjym;avh&d S aom a,musf m ;uk d ] ]vQyf a y:aom a,mufsm;}}[k avmuü ajymMu \/ rdrd\ cifyGef;onftay:ü twnfwus wnfrh wfaom pdwf rxm; rsm;pGmazmufjym;avh&adS om

pdwo f nf tb,fov Ydk Qif apmifha&Smuf& cufavoenf;/ wm;jrpf& cufavoenf;/ tmemyge½IrSwfp a,m*D onf ,if;oabmukd ykí d em;vnf Edik af yonf/ þ orx?0dyóem tm½Hkonf oefY&Sif;\/ aumif; jrwf\/ rnpfnrf;/ rylavmif ryifyef;ap/ avmuDtm½kH umr

122

*kPrf sm;um; roef&Y iS ;f ? rjrifjh rwf? npfnrf;\/ylavmif yifyef;ap\/ oefY&Sif;aumif;jrwfonfh orx 0dyóemtm½Hkukd pl;pl;pkdufpkduf tm½HkjyKíaeaom pdwfonf oeYf &Si;f \/ aumif;jrwf\/ rylavmif? ryifyef;/ xkdYaMumifh]]oefY&Sif; aumif;jrwf onfh þorx? 0dyóem tm½Hk rSmae..}}[k pdwfukdxm;í wjcm; roGm;atmif apmifah &SmufMunfyh g/ rnfrQ apmifha&Smuf& cufav oenf;/ ukd,fwkdifodayrnf/ pdwfonf rdrdxm;onfh tm½Hkürae? olaecsif&m tm½Hkü om ae\/usupf m;aeus(tqif;? toH?teHY? t&om? txdtawGU) tm½Hik g;yg; umr*kPw f &m;rsm;qD oko Yd m vSpcf eJajy;íoGm;\/ zswf ceJ xGufíoGm;\/ twdwfokdY ajy;í?ajy;í awG;\/ tem*wfoYdk ysH U íysH U í vG i f h \ / pd w f o nf tawG;tawmxJü ai;armí ae avonf/ vGifharsmí aeav onf/ ,if;oabmukd ]]a&ü aygufzGm;?a&aysmf ig;onf a&rSxkwfq,fí ukef; ay:okdY ypfwifxm;onf&Sdaomf a&ukdatmufarh waqGUaqGUckef wkefvIyfí aeouJhokdY ....}} tm½Hkig;yg; umr*kPf w&m;wdüYk aysmfyg;íaeaom pdwf ukd umr*kPftm½HkrS xkwfq,fí orx? 0dyóemtm½Hak y:okYd wif xm;onf&Sdaomf ..umr*kPfukd atmufarh waqGUaqGUckef wkev f yI f í ae\}}[k jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a[mawmfrl\/ ,if;umr*kPftm½Hkrsm;

❦ qDokdY ajy;í? ajy;í oGm;aeaom pdwfukd ]]xkdtm½kHrsm;um; roefY &Sif;? rjrifhjrwf? ylavmifapwwf \/ yifyef;apwwf\? npfErG ;f ap wwf\/ xkdYaMumifh xkdtm½Hkrsm; qDokdY roGm;ESifh}}[kqkdí pdwfukd wm;jrpfMunfyh g/ rnfrQ wm;jrpf&cufav oenf;/ pd w f o nf þok d Y v Qif apmifah &Smuf&cufav\/ wm;jrpf &cufav\/ þum; "r®y' pdwå 0*fü jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrl xm;aom pdw\ f oabmaywnf;/ ,if;odkY wkev f yI ?f vQyfay: í apmifah &Smuf? wm;jrpf&cuf aom pdwu f dk ]]aumufaompdw}f } [lí qkd&\/ ]]jrm;orm;onf aumuf aomjrm;ukd ajzmifah tmif jyKouJo h Ydk ynm&Sdonf aumufaompdwfukd ajzmifhatmif jyK&rnf}}[k jrwfpmG bk&m;onf a[mawmfr\ l / jrm;orm;onf aumuf aomjrm;ukd rajzmifhxm;vQif xkd jrm;onf vk&d mypfrw S o f Ykd ra&muf Ekid af y/xkt Yd wl uREkyf w f \ Ydk aumuf aompdwu f d k ]]tyÜrm'}}owdw&m; jzifh rajzmifhbJxm;vQif xkdpdwf onf uREf k y f w k d Y Ak ' ¨ b mom0if r sm; tjrifhqHk;arQmfrSef;xm;onfh]]edAÁmef ypf r S w f } }ok d Y xd r nf r [k w f a y/ xkt Yd jyif rdrw d Ydk toD;oD; arQmfreS ;f xm;onfh avmuDatmifjrifBuD; yGm;a&; ypfrSwfrsm;ukdvnf; a& &SnfwGif ajzmifhwef;pGm xdrSefEkdif rnf r[kwfay/ aumufaomjrm; onf ypfrw S rf v S í JG om oGm;ouJh okYd xkt Yd wl aumufaompdwf onf edAÁmefrv S í JG om oGm;ayvdrhf rnf/

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

aumuf a ompd w f o nf ed A Á m ef rSauGUí uREykf w f t dYk m; tyg,fav; yg;oko Yd m ykaYd yvdrrhf nf/pdwaf umuf vQif b0onfvnf; aumufauGU aom b0yif jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ uREfyk w f o Ydk nf ykxZk Ofrsm; jzpfMu\/ yk x k Z Of r sm;jzpf o nf h tavsmuf ykxZk Ofpw d o f m jzpfay vdrfhrnf/ t&d,mpdwf jzpfrnf r[kwf/ vkdcsifESpfouf wyfruf zG,&f m tqif;tm½Hu k dk jrif&onfh tcg owd? ynmuif;vQif uif; oavmuf uREfkyfwkdY\ pdwfonf avmbaMumifv h nf; aumufauGU ayvdrfhrnf/ rBudKufrESpfouf? tvkdrusonfh tqif;tm½Hkukd awGUjrif&onfhtcg a'goaMumifh vnf; aumufauGUayvdrfhrnf/ xkt Yd wl wyfrufz, G &f m toH?teH?Y t&om? tawGUtxdwdkYESifh awGU BuHKcHpm;&aomtcgüvnf;aumif;? rESpo f ufp&m toH? teH?Y t&om tawGUtxdwkdYESifh awGUBuHKcHpm;& aom tcgüvnf;aumif; ESvHk; oGif;tavsmuf uREfkfyfwkdY\ pdwf onf avmbaMumifv h nf; aumuf ayvdrfhrnf/ a'goaMumifhvnf; auGUayvdrfhrnf/rmefrme?£óm? rpä & d , paom w&m;qk d ; rsm; aMumifhvnf; aumufauGUayvdrfh rnf/ xkdtcg .... rdrdwkdY\ pdwfukd jyefí tm½HkjyKNyD;vQif ... ]]o&m*H 0g pdwåH o&m*H pdwåEÅd yZmemwd? oa'goH 0g pdwåH oa'goH pdwåEÅd yZmemwd/ }} &m*ES i f h w uG j zpf a om pdwfukd &m*ESifhwuGjzpfaompdwf

123

[lí od&rnf/ a'goESiw hf uGjzpf aom pdwfukd a'goESifhwuG jzpf aom pdwf[k od&rnf ponfjzifh jrwfpmG bk&m;a[mMum;awmfral om owd y |mef w &m;jzif h ½I r S w f í aumufaompdwfukd ajzmifh&rnf jzpf\/ avmb?a'go? rmefrme? £óm? rpä&d,paom w&m;qkd; rsm;aMumifh ,if;odkY aumufauGU oGm;aompdwu f dk owdy|mefw&m; jzifh rajzmifEh idk í f b0aumufauGU oG m ;&aom om"ursm;onf avmuüvnf; rsm;pGm&S\ d / bk&m; a[m usrf;*efüvnf; rsm;pGm&Sdyg \/ xkaYd Mumifh rdrb d 0ukd edAmÁ efokYd ajzmifhwef;oGm;apvkdolwkdif; rdrd b0ukd edAÁmefrS auGUroGm;apvkd olwidk ;f ? rdrb d 0ukd tyg,fav;yg; okYd aumufroGm;apvko d w l idk ;f onf ykxZk Ofwo Ydk bm0 avmb? a'go? rmefrme? ¨£óm? rpä&, d paom w&m;qkd;rsm;aMumifh rdrd wkdY\ pd w f r sm; aumuf a uG U oG m ; onfhtcg ... jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mawmf rlonfh owdy|meokwfukd avh vm? zwf½?I rSwo f m;? usifo h ;kH NyD; vQif ]]OZHk ua&mwd? ar"m0D}}[l aom jrwfpGmbk&m;\ tqHk;tr twkdif; tyÜrm'w&m; vufukdif xm;um aumufaompdwu f dk ajzmifh tyfygaMumif; today;wifjytyf ygownf;/

OD ; paE´ m bmo (a&Tva&mif? rif;bl;)

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

xGufcJhorQ pm"r® oef;xkdufol

EkdhESpfvHk;zkd;vHk; ausygw,f -

t&SifqE´m"du (a&Tyg&rDawm&) yxrtBudr?f Zefe0g&Dv? 2004-ckEpS ?f wefz;kd (700)usyf? a&Tyg&rD"r®pmayjyefyY mG ;a&;tzGUJ trSw-f (19-at^2)? Akv d &f mñGev Yf rf;? '*HNk rdKUe,f? &efuek /f zke;f -249573? 281663? (0999)21198 rSjzefcY sdonf/ - pmrlciG jfh yKcsuftrSw-f 9^2004 (1)?

tifwmAsL;*sme,f? tvif;wef;*sme,frsm; wGif azmfjycJhaom aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh xufacgif\ ]b0ESix hf m0&NydKib f ufrsm;}pmtkyt f rSmpm? jroef;pH \ ]Oayu©mt0ef;t0kdif;}pmtkyf trSmpm? &efukefNrdKU? ema&;ulnrD t I oif;?'kw, d ESpyf wfvnf txdr;f trSwf ]ay;qyforl sm;}pmtkyt f rSmpmrsm;ukd pkpnf;xm;onfh aqmif;yg; (21)yk'f azmfjyxm;ygonf/ aqmif;yg;rsm; rSm pmzwfow l u Ydk odví dk ar;aom taMumif;tcsuf wku Yd dk q&mawmfu &Si;f vif;vG,u f pl mG Oyrm?Oyar,s rsm;jyí ajzqkx d m;onf[ h efjzifh wifjyxm;ygonf/ zwfp&m? rSwfp&m? odp&m? usifhp&mawG csnf;jzpfonfukd aqmif;yg;acgif;pD;rsm; zwfrd½Hkjzifh odEidk yf gonf/ ]&[EÅmESihf t½d;k uGi;f quf}?]yapöuAk'g¨ }? ]{[dbu d ©K&[ef;ESihf acgif;&dwq f cH sjcif;}? ]oufowf vGwfESifh tom;BuD;q,frsKd;}?]EkdYESpfvHk;zkd;vHk;ausyg w,f}? ],rrif;ESihf ½l;aMumifr;l aMumif}? ]pdwaf vQmzf yG w f hJ tvkyf}? ]rdbaus;Zl;qyfenf;}?]tvSLESihfa&puf} ponfah qmif;yg;rsm; yg0ifonf/pmjrnf; aumufEw k f azmfjyvku d yf gonf/ &[EÅmESihf t½d;k uGi;f qufaqmif;yg; aumuf pmwGif ]wu,fawmh bk&m;om;awmf &[ef;awmf

124

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

rsm;udk &[EÅm[kwfr[kwf pdppfa0zefwJh tvkyf[m vl0wfaMumif 'um? 'umrawG&JU tvkyfr[kwfyg bl;/ olajymwJhpum;? ola[mwJhw&m;u ukd,fh&JU pdw"f mwfeYJ uk, d &hf UJ b0ukad umif;&m? jrwf&m? Nidr;f csr;f &mbuf wkd;wufajymif;vJapEkdifw,fqkd&if &[ef; wmwm? rwmwm ,HkMunfav;jrwfqnf;uyfukd; uG,f½Hkyg/ &[EÅmqD wynfch t H m;xkwrf S &[EÅmjzpfrmS r[kwfygbl;/ ykxkZOfqD wynfhcHtm;xkwf&ifvnf; bk&m;a[m usifhpOfeJY udkufnD&if &[EÅmjzpfEkdifyg w,f/ &[EÅmvkdY emrnfBuD;ayr,fh olñTefMum;wJh usifhpOfawGu bk&m;a[m ax&0g'usifhpOfawGeJY qefu Y sifr,fq&dk ifawmh ]q&mrSm;&if wpfoo H &mvH;k arSmuf}qkdwJhpum;twkdif; tBuD;tus,f ukd,fusKd; enf;Muygvdrrhf ,f}[k aumufEw k af zmfjyxm;onf/ ]EkEYd pS v f ;kH zk;d vH;k ausygw,f}aqmif;yg;wGif ]]jrwf pGmbk&m;&Si[ f m rdcifaus;Zl;ukd EkEYd pS v f ;kH zk;d vH;k ausatmif qyfEidk cf yhJ gw,f? jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sirf mS rdciftay: EkzYd ;dk a<u; vHk;0rusefawmhygbl;qkdwJh rdefYqkda&;om;csuf yd#uwfawmf (ax&0g'ppfppf Ak'¨pmay)rSm tckdif trm txift&Sm;&Syd gw,f}}[k usrf;ñTe;f azmfjyxm; onf/ ]]rdcifEkdY&nfu qmavmifrGwfodyfrIukd ajy aysmufapEkdifygw,f/ "r®EkdY&nfuawmh qmavmif rGwo f yd rf u I dk xm0&tNyD;wkid f ajyaysmufapEkid yf g w,f/ rdcifudk "r®E&Ydk nfwu dk af uR;NyD; aus;Zl;qyf&if EkzYd ;dk tm;vH;k ausygw,f}}[k pma&;olu qkdygonf/

udk,fhpdwf ukd,fppf -

t&SifqE´m"du (a&Tyg&rDawm&) yOörtBudr?f rwfv? 2004-ckEpS ?f wefz;kd (400)usyf? a&Tyg&rD"r®pmayjyefyY mG ;a&;tzGUJ trSw-f (19-at^2)? Akv d &f mñGev Yf rf;? '*HNk rdKUe,f? &efuek /f zke;f -249573? 281663? (0999)21198 rSjzefcY sdonf/

- pmrlciG jfh yKcsuftrSw-f 159^2004 (3)? 1996-ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv (18)&ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKU? &Spfrkdif o'¨r®&HoD&dyfomü a[mMum;tyf aom w&m;awmfudk jyKjyifjznfph u G af &;om;xm;onfh w&m;awmfwpfy'k jf zpfygonf/ ]]ud, k phf w d ?f uk, d t hf ajymeJY uk, d t hf jyKtrl awGudk tjypfuif;ruif;? oefpY ifjrihjf rwfr&I rdS &S?d tNrJ rjywf ppfaq;jcif;[m avmua&;&mrSma&m? "r® a&;&mrSmyg BuD;yGm;wkd;wufjcif;&JU taMumif;w&m; ygyJ}}[k pma&;olu qkdygonf/

rSwpfyg; tjcm;r&SdNyD - "r®'w l t&Siaf qudE´ - wefzdk; ( - )usyf? - pmay&wem 383? a&TbHkomvrf; (tay:)? &efukef/ zke;f -372077 rSjzefcY sdonf/ - pmrlciG jfh yKcsuftrSw-f 545^2003 (8)? (5-10-2002)&ufaeY? nwGif &efukefNrdKU? tvHkNrdKUe,f? opfawmvrf;? aZmwem&mry&d,wåd pmoifwu dk Bf uD;twGi;f ü a[mMum;tyfaom oH,w k å edum,f? o*gxm0*¾o, H w k ?f a'0wmoH,w k f eE´e 0*füvmaom eE´eokweå u f dk wefqmqifí a[mMum; onfh w&m;awmfjzpfygonf/ q&mawmfu ]]tJ't D odraysmufwhJ owduydk J

125

❦

tm;ukd;NyD; arG;wm[m aoonf]rSwpfyg; tjcm; r&S}d ? tJ'v D t dk odÚmPfawG ay:vmygw,f/ jzpfwm [m ysufonf]rSwpfyg; tjcm;r&Sd}? &Sdw,fqkdwm ukew f m]rSwpfyg; tjcm;r&S}d ? ay:w,fqw dk m aysmuf wm]rSwpfyg; tjcm;r&S}d ?uGw J ,fqw dk m cGw J m]rSwpfyg; tjcm;r&S}d / 'ghtjyif ao? uke?f aysmuf? uG?J ysufonf ]rSwpfyg; tjcm;r&S}d wJh ½kyef mrfqif;&JtrSef "r®oabm awG csKyfq;kH &m[mvnf; edAÁmefyq J w dk m odvmygvdrhf r,f/ ½kyf? emrfcsKyfNidrf;rIonf edAÁmef? 'ku©qif;&J trSef ½kyef mrfcsKyfNidr;f &monf edAÁmef]rSwpfyg; tjcm; r&Sd}vkdY em;vnfNyD; 'Dtodw&m;awG raysmufrysuf wJh owdtNrJ&SdNyD; avmutwGif;rSmvnf; om,m at;csrf;atmif aewwfMuygap}}[k qkdygonf/

&[ef;jrwf*kPf&nf - r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu"Z? wuúov dk o f Qifo&D d ("r®mp&d,? bD-at) - 'kw, d tBudr?f Zlvidk v f ? 2004-ckEpS ?f - wefz;kd (200)usyf? - jrifph E´mpmay trSw-f 55? 8-&yfuu G ?f okeE´m(3)vrf;? ajrmufOuúvmNrdKUe,f? &efuek /f zke;f -690324 rSjzefcY sdonf/ - pmrlciG jfh yKcsuftrSw-f 542^2001 (8)?

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

]oHCm&wem}tm; rjypfrSm;rdapbJ tjypf uif;pGm? ,HkMunfav;jrwfpGm ukd;uG,fqnf;uyfEkdif Muap&ef? uk;d uG,q f nf;uyfvo dk nfh o'¨gw&m;rsm; xufoefvmap&eftwGuf oHCmh*kPf&nfukd azmf usL;ylaZmfxm;onf/ ]],aeYacwf vl&G,frsm;uvnf; &[ef; oHCmawmfrsm;ESihf qufqrH aI 0;vmMuí &[ef;oHCm qkdif&m? 0denf;usifh0wfqkdif&m? "r®usifh0wfqkdif&m todynm A[kow k enf;í bmomjcm;pum;ukd em; a,mifum Ak'b ¨ mom&[ef;tjzpfudk tvkyrf vkycf sií f &[ef;jyKaeol? tacsmifpm;&í &[ef;jyKaeol[k txiftjrifao; oabmxm;cH,x l m;Muonf/&[ef; oHCmb0\ jrifjh rwfaomusifph Ofudk rodMuívnf; aumif;? &[ef;b0csrf;omukd rodMuívnf;aumif; þuJhokdY xifjrif,lqtxifao;Mujcif;om jzpfyg onf/ þpma&;olonf Ak'¨bmom&[ef;b0\ jrifhjrwfaom b0tjzpf? &[ef;tjzpfukd rusifhu aMumufp&maumif;yHk tvH;k pkEH iS hf &[ef;ukd vSL'gef;& onfhtwGuf ypöKyÜef? wrvGeftusKd;BuD;yHkwkdYukd ,aeYacwfv&l , G f vlBu;D rsm;ukd odapvkyd gonf/MunfnKd wwfMuapvkyd gonf/ oHCmawmfudk tm;xm;Muap vkyd gonf/ypöKyÜeo f o H &mtwGuf v,f,majraumif; jzpfonfudkodNyD; 'gersKd;aphukd pdwfapwem o'¨g w&m;jzifh pkdufysKd;Muapvkdygonf}}[k pma&;olu qkyd gonf/

126

❦

" r® & o r *¾ Z if ;

pdwf&Sif;&if b0vnf;&Sif;w,f - cifapmwifh - yxrtBudr?f rwfv? 2004-ckEpS ?f - wefzdk; (650)usyf? trSwf-73( )? 'kwd,xyf? prf;acsmif;vrf;? prf;acsmif;NrdKUe,f? &efuek /f zkef;-512046 rSjzefYcsdonf/ - pmrlciG jfh yKcsuftrSw-f 137^2004 (2)? *sme,f? r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif azmfjycJhNyD;onfh q&mrBuD; a':cifapmwif\ h aqmif;yg;(22)yk'w f u Ydk kd pkpnf;xkwfa0jcif;jzpfygonf/ vlYavmurSm pdwf csrf;om?uk, d cf srf;omaexkid Ef idk af &;twGuf um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuH[laom uHoHk;yg;ukd xdef;csKyfjyKjyif wnhrf wf aewwf? xkid w f wfMuap&ef vrf;ñTex f m; onfh tawG;tjrifpmpkrsm; jzpfygonf/ ]ajyvnfoGm;&atmif}pmpkwGif ]]olrsm;r aumif;aMumif;ajymwJhtcg ukd,fh*kPfvnf; edrfhoGm; ygw,f?uk, d u hf , kd u f dk rav;pm;Ekid af wmhygbl;/olrsm;&JU aumif;wJ*h P k u f dk tm½Hjk yKNyD; wefz;dk xm;wwfzeYdk YJ olrsm; uk, d x hf ufomoGm;wmukd remvkw d phJ w d f rjzpf zkyYd gyJ/ 'gqk&d if uk, d u hf , kd u f kd av;pm;Ekid w f o hJ l jzpfwm eJt Y rQ pdwfcsrf;omwJhol jzpfrSmygyJ/ 'Dvrdk S w&m;oabmeJY rqifjcifEidk &f if pGeBf udK; jywfovkd atmufukdqGJcscH&rSmyg/ b,ft&mrQ rNrJ ygbl;/ tvH;k pHak om ocFg&w&m;rsm;[m tedp?ö 'ku©? tewåcsnf;yg/ b0qkdwmvnf; wkdwkdav;ygyJ}}[k oef;xkdufol pma&;olu qkdygonf/

usrf;jyKtausmf tr&yl&NrdKU

r[m*E¨m½Hkq&mawmf

127

t&SiZf eumbd0o H \

b0vrf;ñTef tqkdtrdeYfrsm;

r&Sd &Smyg? &Sd acRwm i,f&, G pf Ofuwnf;u rBudK;pm;cJ&h if touf BuD;vmvkYd twwfynm wpfcck ek YJ toufarG;&awmh r,fqkdawmh ynm&ifhusuf&if &ifhusufovkd? ynm nHh&if nHhovkd tusKd;cHpm;Mu&rSmyJ/ vlwidk ;f csrf;omcsifMuw,f? ]]0D&, d eJY &SmazG yg? owdynmeJY NcdK;NcHacRwmyg}}qkdawmh &Smvnf; r&Smcsif? &SmvkdY&awmhvnf; rNcdK;NcH? racRwmcsif Muawmhjyefb;l / usef;rma&;? ynma&; ae&mwkid ;f rSm vkdvkd 'DvkdyJ awGUae&w,f/