Learning from global experience Over the years the international community has developed a variety of tools and approaches to combatting climate change. Among the most common are certified emission reductions; forest carbon sequestration and emission offsetting. Central Asia already has some experience in these approaches, and further efforts could be made to upscale them.
As the first global scheme to provide a standardized emission offset instrument — certified emission reductions — the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol established a market-based approach for developed countries to offset their emissions by funding projects in developing countries. Similar, but modified Sustainable Development Mechanism is envisaged under the Paris Agreement. To qualify, projects must provide emission reductions that are additional to what
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would otherwise have occurred and contribute to sustainable development. The CDM has become a model for countless other offsetting opportunities for individuals and businesses (UNFCCC 2020a). Uzbekistan already has the initial experience in CDM projects design and implementation in chemical and energy industries. Kazakhstan has designed and tested another market-based mechanism: domestic emission trading system.
