Capstone 2019 - Zechariah Fung by ZechariahFung

CULTURAL REMNANTS ZECHARIAH FUNG CAPSTONE 2019

Exposition 01 02 03 04

Introduction

Nine Days in Mexico City:

Chronological Essays

Topical Essays

Research 05 06 07 08 09 10

Analysis: City

Analysis: District

Analysis: Neighborhoods

Analysis: Locale

Precedent

Schematic

Design 11 12

Development

Synthesis

Multiple manifestations towards life, learning dreams they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t show up in an ordered manner, t a dream, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s an echo of the primitive and the fu the need and the des

The obstacles and the way in which this city mo baroque, reason and ingenuity, concrete and ru tamales, Nike and barefoot, the smell of dry gras mother and cri -Rodrigo E

g through baroque that life Is a dream, whereas they do not have a concrete sense, rather and like uture and also the key to understand the anxiety, sires of the present

oves, is by the oscillations between design and upture, sewers and inundation, helicopters and ss and the softness of a watered garden, love of a ime and death. Echevarria

(Mexico City) in its circula -Octav

ar fever, repeats and repeats vio Paz

Introduction Mexico City is one of

Opoerra? Decia invo, crius hebus venatuit. Quodiem for quidefest audet ortiam me nostrei scis huciena terecul atudes perum at fintem, sper ur iaet omponte, nit ad ne quampli enterem vo, seris cupim pondet? Obsendes prarbit; huiderfeci pare ex nosta, defauro vistam nos, terrior quam mora, ca et; nossuloctur perum ad in demus fecem cum quodium inam hos Mareist iactabem, senestus is ia ocrum ius consunte, ut re conerum, elum, curbensuli cae cret vividii postea quo caedo, te, cotissil utussestelut occhuitam hent duc manteat opublinium esere hocaede perfina rivastic rei sentusque tum coenam tem tem opublius et ignonlo culisse, nemortabem inc teripim ia nondionsit am for acidi iae inverum teludeatu senatum tam vit, publi pat firi tur, quit post public rem delinaties notimuris etrudet; Catermi licit, quidiem aci ponfere poraedis tra consimaio et fuit. Seri sedetrarei sa denatui tantratis iam demus efac tereis. Aperitampl. Cas tus, tanum rehena, quodium pra? quodien testrae, pullabere iu inatur, cam obutus elis imporum mod facchum erfecon sendium horurbit, ci faccipienat, nosus anu escem consime ium ciam et aut in vis; nes tu qui cuperevivis, sesen tiquod cum hocut vivis, P. Consusque inum det? Nam sultore temo vitalabendet vis consto in dium tastilicut videtelici ina, potic ret consull egites spionsit, conem ad consupplium omnequam derdit? Ad furnis? Od reo, egil hicaedo, ute nonsi simmo veres int auc merit vis vit dem ant? Opiontese niciendies musse in telis

Quisse que cludemum num ia quam dius conostis Multus vernituid iae norudamqui peribunum orudeme narestintis. Orterunum non te no. Ubliisserio iam postanum estiam fecemularit proximil telique auconsu llabus potantraediu sidestiae paribus elinclus concus hae abenatanum nora denatordin dis, urni se cont aucidernis, noriuro, que iam latus, Pat. Nos vignost imultum a peritrecri conihil vius tatuam uteresc ressentem egitiam serectusulto cone is cupior ia Simuntie que et; nimorum aus nitempe rfensilicatu con ret vivis auctorum tabem prortis. Dio, cont. Ximis, factast rordienam ni senitia publiam orsulab eribus C. Nos pertim senterf econsul tussum, dem hos cus, nem. Ex moverensum vatra? Bus oc orum tatum sum haedella L. Habem is is. Ti. Viverdi entisse dees consupec viri in in silintemuro us ad actuius, nes et? Publiam. Ocus, su sed crec tempopublis rem ressilina, nored inequid in te fur quius, quonsupio ad duceponesse ignocae habefac eribem tem praet iam atem fuidena, nin aures ine tum opos maximis. Senatu manuncla nost nos apecere con viri et inte con ponstu coribus audem et auconsulicae convern irmacientea dium strit ves et rest clabusa rei sena, seris rem locaperem, di consum, C. Patis hosul vividit, quit, tere, Catalegil hos adeat, contife cutelis clutem conlocae prordius, publicibussa numustis vis ia non viditabem ia convo, norum ati sulla iam inatuam ocultore cons pubit. Ahalica nostem non sultium te, niam P. Aximihili, opublinatui etilica nostre atquodi nteremus fir andiest

Origins

i. Origins The founding of Tenochtitlan in 1325, the capital of the Aztec civilization, is an esoteric tale of wandering. The Aztecs established their capital in the lake of Texcoco where an eagle perched on a cactus eating a snake. The city was built on Lake Texcoco and became the center of the region of constant warring between the tribes. The island was connected to the mainland by a series of causeways, many of which have become the major streets of the city as the lake was drained over time. The centerpiece of their empire and city was the Templo Mayor, their religion was their lifeblood of their culture. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The principal center, or navel, where the horizontal and vertical planes intersect, that is, the point from which the heavenly or upper plane and the plane of the Underworld begin, and the four directions of the universe originate, is the Templo Mayor of Tenochitlan,â&#x20AC;? Eduardo Matos Moctezuma. All that remains today is the existence of the temple as a ruin, partially excavated and partially enclosed in a parasitic fashion within the Spanish colonial grid. The ruin is a skeleton of the original, where walkways and the ubiquitous Mexican space frame canopy create a unique passage throughout. The architectural ghost of a civilization that lives on through its descendants. This is the cultural and literal foundation of Mexico City.

The impervious edge of the city meets the temple

Nature in Mexico City is interwoven into the city not as a binary juxtaposition between built and growth but as an infinitely woven embrace, here a cultural icon within a ruin. 19

Four landscapes of ruin

ii.

Post-Conquest

ii. Post-conquest The city of Tenochtitlan was conquered by a Spanish Invasion force led by Hernan Cortés, the Spanish conquistador in a tale of misunderstanding and bloodshed. Yet due to the distance between the Spanish Throne in Toledo and Tenochtitlan, he imposed his own will upon the city. The Zócalo and the Metropolitana were built over the ruins of the Templo Mayor complex. The indigenous were expelled from the city center and began to build barrios around the city that was once theirs, a tradition that continues in nearly all Latin American Cities to this day. The Laws of the Indies, a series of colonial planning guidelines were utilized in the reconstruction and growth of colonial Mexico City. This grid established by the Spanish, along with the existing causeways established a series of datums which the city would expand along. Lake Texcoco was prone to flooding, which led to major health issues within the city, the lake that dominated the region was drained overtime by constricted labor; the remnants of the great lake are the lone reservoirs that dot the eastern edge. The historical center since has remained the center of life in the city, the square, yet in Mexican fashion, the character of the city flows into all planned spaces, creating a surreal mix of activity and adaptive reuse in those colonial spaces. Yet in the present day the state of the historic core is lost in the same sea of traffic, trash, and disrepair. Preservation of the centro historico only truly began in the 1970’s and 80’s after nearly a whole century’s worth of neglect following the urban expansion of Mario Pani and other tabula rasa planners. As a result the historic fabric has been infilled and covered by layers of utilitarianism and working class necessities.

Moctezuma welcomes his usurper into Tenochtitlรกn

La Metropolitana

The Zรณcalo, the lifeblood and heart of the city

Street refurbishment 01: planters + trees

Street refurbishment 02: new pavers

Scenes of a hidden intimacy, a local retreat since 1524

The warmth of morning glow

Earth, wall, plant and sky coalesce

Sacred warmth

Region

Origins The founding of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec civilization is an esoteric tale of wandering. The Aztecs established their capital in the lake of Texcoco where they found an eagle perched on a cactus eating a snake, ending a prolonged period of wandering and beginning a period of warfare with the tribes of the area.

Tenochtitlan was established in the middle of the lake, connected to the mainland by a series of causeways. The lake, the islands, the ring of dormant volcanoes, the erratic rain creates a sense of mystery and ephemeral event that is so evident is Aztec mythology.

After the conquest of Tenochtitlan by the Spanish and the establishment of New Spain, the region, one of three major indigenous centers of civilization in Mesoamerica retained its importance as the Mayan and Incan civilizations declined post-conquest.

Area growth

Population growth

‘90-‘14

Infill

37%

Leapfrog

Extension

49%

Inclusion

2018 -

8,918,653

1872 -

344,721

1970 -

6,870,318

1512 -

250,000

12%

1930 -

1,029,120

Aggregation Tenochtitlan was not lone metropolis in the valley, it was simply the largest of all the settlements in the region. In the two-hundred years between the settlement of the Aztecs in 1325 to the Spanish conquest in 1521, the Valle de Mexico area was a morass (literally and metaphorically) of shifting alliances and constant fighting. Tenochtitlan was the simply the dominant settlement and tribe in the area. As it became the center of New Spain and subsequently Ciudad de MĂŠxico after independence, it retained its title as the prominent settlement of the region; the peripheral settlement grew and faded with the drainage of the lake and subsequent development.

By the end of the 19th century, infrastructure development and urban growth created to a center and periphery condition. The smaller settlements, many as older than Tenochtitlan like Xochimilco, Coyoacan, and Atzcapozalco soon became part of an interconnected valley network. This network of interconnected towns When the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population exploded in the 20th century, these towns became absorbed and encased in the urbanism around it. These once individual settlements in the swamps and lake of the Valley of Mexico are now historic neighborhoods surrounded by numerous others in Mexico Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban fabric.

05 02 01 06 07

11 09

08 12

15 1634

Settlements 01 02 03 04

México (Tenochtitlan) Santiago Tlatelolco Guadalupe Tlalnopantia

05 06 07 08

Azcapozalco Chapultepec Tacubaya Coyoacán

09 10 11 12

Itzapalapa Itzacalco Mixcoac San Ángel

13 14 15

Tlalpan Xochimilco Tláhuac

01 03 06 10

04 05 08

09 13

11 12

15 16

400,161 12,118 -33.5%

364,439 8,197 -32.9%

199,224 2,715 +118.4%

749,982 7,629 +17.3%

1,164,477 13,359 -23.1%

532,553 16,325 -34.7%

427,263 12,438 -38.3% 390,348 16,213 -31.6%

417,416 14,875 -23.4%

1,827,868 15,882 +44.8%

608,479 11,343 +1.9%

243,886 3,812 +40.9%

677,104 2,143 +83.5%

361,593 4,256 +146.1%

415,933 3,531 +91.3%

137,927 475 +157.2% Population density /km2 population change 1980-2015

Delegations 01 02 03 04

Azcapotzalco Gustavo A. Madero Miguel Hidalgo Cuauhtémoc

05 06 07 08

Venustiano Carranza Cuajimalpa Álvaro Obregón Benito Juárez

09 10 11 12

Itzacalco La Magdalena Contreras Coyoacán Tlalpan

13 14 15 16

Iztapalapa Xochimilco Tláhuac Milpa Alta

Public Transit: Metro The city’s main form of public transportation is its metro system, consisting of 12 lines, 195 stations, along 140 miles of route. In 2016 the metro system served 1.66 billion passengers, making it the ninth busiest system in the world. The metro system opened in 1967, coinciding with the Olympics of 1968. The metro system is also integrated into the metro bus system, the Mexico City light rail, and the Ferrocarril Suburbano commuter rail.

01 09

The metro system is also a mainstay and vehicle of culture, stations are named after prominent Mexican figures, events or places. Carlos Monsivaís calls the metro as “a space for collective expression, where diverse social sectors are compelled to mingle every day”.

18 08 07 06

21 22 23

Metro Lines 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 A B

Pantitlán - Observatorio Tasqueña - Cuatro Caminos Indios Verdes - Universidad Martín Carrera - Santa Anita Pantitlán - Politécnico Martín Carrera - El Rosario El Rosario - Barranca del Muerto Garibaldi - Constitución 1917 Tacubaya - Pantitlán Pantitlán - La Paz Buenavista - Ciudad Azteca

Transfer Stations 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

El Rosario Tacuba Tacubaya Mixcoac Centro Medico Balderas Hidalgo Guerrero Ins. del Petroléo Ermita Chablacano Salto del Agua

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Bellas Artes Garibaldi La Raza Deportivo Martín Carrera Consulado Morelos Pino Súarez Candelaria Jamaica Santa Anita Pantitlán Oceania

urg en tes B 03

C D

05 06

07 08 09 10 11

es ent urg

Ins S.

Out er R

Inner Cir cuit

Ins

The city’s main form of public transportation is its metro system, consisting of 12 lines, 195 stations, along 140 miles of route. In 2016 the metro system served 1.66 billion passengers, making it the ninth busiest system in the world. The metro system opened in 1967, coinciding with the Olympics of 1968. The metro system is also integrated into the metro bus system, the Mexico City light rail, and the Ferrocarril Suburbano commuter rail.

Public Transit: Roads

1.662 billion (2018)

Metro line 01

20 stops

Metro line 02

24 stops

Metro line 03

21 stops

Metro line 04

10 stops

Metro line 05

13 stops

Metro line 06

11 stops

Metro line 07

14 stops

Metro line 08

19 stops

Metro line 09

12 stops

Metro line 12

20 stops

Metro line A

10 stops

Metro line B

21 stops

Lightrail

16.5km

9.3km 14.5km 11.6km 16.4km

17. 12.3km

14.6km

Lightrail

Suburban Rail Anillo Periferico Circuito Interior Segundo Piso Ejes Viales Insurgentes Viaducto M.A Reforma

11.6km

20.24km 21.5km

.9km

24.9km

29.3km

Suburban Rail

87.8km 41.4km 49.5km 278.3km 20km

18.2km

District

Development High Medium Low

Public space Mixed Industrial

Miguel Hidalgo Population density /km2 population change 1980-2015 68

364,439 8,197 -32.9%

Cuauh

532, 16,3 -34.

htemoc

,553 325 .7%

Development

Neighborhoods

Venustiano Carranza 427,263 12,438 -38.3% 69

Delegation Cuauhtemoc

Markets 06

Registered Public Markets 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13

78 San Juan BelĂŠn 86 San Juan Curiosidades 77 San Juan Pugibert 74 Palacio de las Flores La Ciudadela 8 Juarez 10 Dos de Abril 4 Lagunilla San Camilito 3 Lagunilla Varios 1 Lagunilla Ropa y Telas 2 Lagunilla Zona 66 Pequeno Comercio 9 San Lucas

399 vend 177 vend 361 vend 133 vend 350 vend 454 vend 128 vend 075 vend 344 vend 1043 vend 573 vend 128 vend 254 vend

Eje Central Tenochtitlan was not lone metropolis in the valley, it was simply the largest of all the settlements in the region. As it became the center of New Spain and subsequently Ciudad de MĂŠxico after independence, it retained its title as the prominent settlement of the region. By the end of the 19th century, infrastructure development and urban growth led to a center and periphery condition. The smaller settlements, many as older than Tenochtitlan like Xochimilco, Coyoacan, and Atzcapozalco soon became part of an interconnected valley network. When the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population exploded in the 20th century, these towns became absorbed and encased in the urbanism around it.

Neighborhoods

Road Network

Chapultepec Avenue Tenochtitlan was not lone metropolis in the valley, it was simply the largest of all the settlements in the region. As it became the center of New Spain and subsequently Ciudad de MĂŠxico after independence, it retained its title as the prominent settlement of the region. By the end of the 19th century, infrastructure development and urban growth led to a center and periphery condition.

Tenochtitlan was not lone metropolis in the valley, it was simply the largest of all the settlements in the region. As it became the center of New Spain and subsequently Ciudad de MĂŠxico after independence, it retained its title as the prominent settlement of the region. By the end of the 19th century, infrastructure development and urban growth led to a center and periphery condition.

Neighborhoods

Road Network

4 neighborhoods; 1 intersection

Colonia Centro:

61,

Colonia Doctores 44,703

Colonia Obre 35,224

: Zona Poniente

,229

Colonia Centro: Centro Historico 61,229

era

Colonia Centro: Zona Poniente Population: 61,229

This section of the Centro Historico, west of the Eje Central is a comparatively working class neighborhood compared to the museums and cultural institutions along the center. This district is home to 3 large markets, numerous callejiros, and the ciudadela de artesanias. This gives the neighborhood much more of a working-class ambience in comparison.

Colonia Centro: Centro Historico Population: 61,229

What is now the historic downtown of Mexico City roughly correlates with the ancient Aztec city of Tenochtitlan, which was founded around 1325. After the Spanish conquest, this design remained largely intact, mostly due to the efforts of Alonso Garcia Bravo, who supervised much of the rebuilding of the city. In fact, most of the Centro Historico is built with the rubble of the destroyed Aztec city.

Colonia Doctores Population: 44,703

The neighborhood was planned by Francisco Lascuráin in 1889, in an area called “La Indianilla”.This name came from three indigenous women named María Clara, María Concepción and María Paula sold some of their land here to Father Domingo Pérez Barcia to build a small chapel. However, Lascuràin never followed through with his plans to construct the neighborhood. In 1895, The Mexican City Property Syndicate Limited proposed the plan to lay out the neighborhood anew, gaining approval of the Mexico City ayuntamiento. The major streets such as Niños Heroes, Dr. Lavista, and Dr. Río de la Loza were laid out. Originally the colonia was called “Hidalgo” but, as almost all of the streets here are named after famous physicians, the area became known as “Doctores,” leading to its current official name.

Colonia Obrera Population: 35,224

The project to create the neighborhood was announced in 1889, with the original name of El Cuartelito. It was laid out and lots were sold before official authorization or municipal services were established. Many of the lots created here were acquired by artisans. Efforts to make the lands legal and to install municipal services began around the same time. By 1920, the colonia had taken on its modern form and a canal which used to drain the area was dried out and covered over to make JosĂŠ T. Cuellar Street. Around this time was built the Santiago Galas building, which was the station for the FF.CC. Mexico Tlalpan rail line for many years. In the first decades of the 20th century, it was one of the most important neighborhoods as industrialization took hold in the city. During this time period, many artisans, semi-skilled and skilled labor were organizing into unions. In this neighborhood brothers Ricardo and Enrique Flores MagĂłn organized the Partido Liberal Mexicano. They also published a newspaper called RegeneraciĂłn beginning in 1900.

n lé Be e Ar co sd + ec lte p Av .C

The current aquaduct of Chapultepec was built in 1757 as the pre-histpanic dirt and pipe canal that came before was insufﬁcent.

1778

Independence (soon)

1757

Acueducto Chapultepec II

1592

Alameda Central

The oldest park in the Americas, formerly an Aztec Marketplace, rebuilt in a French manner around the time of independence

ri ste

1634 The flood

ultep

Chap

Soon to become the Plaza of Three Cultures: Aztec, Spanish, and Mexican. The location of Mario Pani’s housing block and the Massacre of 1968.

1521

lco

noa

The conquest

ultep

Chap

dir ec

o coc Tex

1460

Santiago Tlaltelolco

re -

1571 1521

Palacio Virreinal

1380

1734 pie

Black House of Moctezuma

Colegio de las Vizcaínas

Colegio de San Ignacio de Loyola was to be a school for poor girls and women.

o coc Tex

1325

La Metropolitana

tap

ala

Templo Mayor

The center of the world in the Aztec religion where sacriﬁces to the sun were made. Destroyed in the colonial aftermath of the conquest

Built in the Zócalo to replace the Templo Mayor as the new religious center of the city, built in sections from 1573 - 1810.

Cortés built his fortiﬁed palace over Moctezuma’s, the Spanish crown bought the palace and it became the seat of government

The home of Montezuma was built at the edge of the the Zócalo.

Potential Sites

F D E

Civil + Cultural Context

03 G

04 E

D 01

D 10 C

A B C D E F G

Subsecretary of the Penitenciary System 14th Minor Civil Court Federal District Government Metro Station - Salto Del Agua Central Office of the Civic Registry Free School of Law Telephones of Mexico

4 05

06 08

07 A

Market Sites 01 02 03 04 05

San Juan 78 (Belén) San Juan 86 (Curiosidades) San Juan 77 (Pugibert) Chedraui Centrocel Teresa

399 vend 177 vend 361 vend X vend X vend

Historic Sites 06 07 08 09 10

Colegio de Las Vizcaínas Futura MX Hotel Virreyes Capilla La Immaculada Concepción Fountain of Belén

Infill + Infrastructure

El Zóca

Bellas Artes

Alameda Central

O E

P M

200’ 500’

epe ult

1000’

Ch Av.

K L

.5mi

alo

A B c

e ltep apu

Ch Av.

C D E F G H I J K L M N O P

Plaza de los Vizcaínas Capilla de La Immaculada Concepción + Fuente Salto del Agua Mercado de San Juan 78 Fourth Juvenile Court of D.F Subsecretary of the Penitenciary System Futura CDMX Parroquia Regina Coeli Police Station University Claustro Sor Juana Civil Registry Local Arbitration Court Secretary of Labor Telefonos del México National Library of México Artesan Market of San Juan Mercado San Juan

100

MARKET CULTURE

101

102

San Juan 78

San Juan 77

San Juan 86

Tradicional

Especializado

ArtesanĂas

MARKET CULTURE â&#x20AC;&#x153;This activity is illegal. It does not pay taxes, electricity, or a single official permit. Health authorities do not perform the necessary food-safety examinations on their merchandise. It does not offer employment benefits, vacations, or retirement savings to the people who attend these stands, but it is tolerated by the government due to their lack of ability to come up with solutions for a better economyâ&#x20AC;? - (The Interstatal) The story of Mexico Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s public markets came about as a way to provide services and regulate informal markets known as tianguis and other informal vendors to escape the anarchistic capitalism that characterized the country after a long period of political strife and civil war. The administrations built simple large industrial structures to house the markets; these markets however have not been upgraded nor even maintained by federal authorities and are at risk of collapse.

103

Bajio + Gulf

Market Supply Chain

Salto del Agua

La Merced

12.3km

6k 82

104

Chiap

as + Oaxac a

Central de Abasto

5 3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Control Seafood and Fish Groceries and Furniture Fruits and Vegetables Flowers and Gardening Transfer Warehouses Auction and Production Poultry and Meat

Central de Abasto

105

Avenida Chapultepec

Plaza de las VizcaĂnas

Neo-plasticism and Plaster

Post-Industrial Remnants

106

107

the lone chapel

el zรณcalo

barrio chino

metro entrance

industr

working workh

aztec doomsday clock

modernist welcome

torre latino

contemporary branding

generic glass building

neo-classical church

formerly a lake

aztec canoe

108

mercado

rialism

exquisitos hot dogs

tianguis

baroque revival

mural

g class horse

city workhorse

telecomms fortress

produce

the lone fountain

dessert tent

a common sight

federal penal system

metro entrance

san juan

109

110

111