E12 theme

THEME EUROPAN 12

A D A P TA B L E CITY inserting the urban rhythms

LA VILLE A D A P TA B L E insĂŠrer les rythmes urbains

THEME EUROPAN 12 THEME EUROPAN 12: ADAPTABLE CITY 3

Adaptable city

SYNTHESIS OF LECTURES OF THE FORUM OF CITIES AND JURIES OSLO 4/5.11.2011 ON THE TOPIC OF ര“ THE ADAPTABLE CITY ”ര

17

Reference 2 dĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ĂŶĚ ĂĚĂƉƟŶŐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ VESTA NELE ZAREH, architect, researcher LIA, Berlin (DE)

INTRODUCTION 9

Malleable city

Reference 3

LUC GWIAZDZINSKI, geographer

Resilience of an estate

urban planner, Grenoble (FR)

SEBASTIÀ JORNET, architect,

URBAN RHYTHMS AND ADAPTATION OF SPACES : 5 EXAMPLES 13

21

urban planner, Barcelona (ES) 25

^ŚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐ ƚŽ ďĞƩĞƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ HELMUT RESCH, architect,

Reference 1

head of planning, Selb (DE)

WƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝƐŵ ŽĨ ƟŵĞ LIZA FIOR, architect, muf architects, London (UK)

Reference 4

29

Reference 5 dĞŵƉŽƌĂůŝƟĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ MICHEL SIKORSKI, architect, XDGA yĂǀĞĞƌ Ğ 'ĞLJƚĞƌ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͕ ƌƵƐƐĞůƐ ; Ϳ

2

THEME EUROPAN 12 : LA VILLE ADAPTABLE 4

La ville adaptable

SYNTHESE DES CONFERENCES DU FORUM DES VILLES ET JURYS OSLO 4/5.11.2011 SUR LE THEME DE «LA VILLE ADAPTABLE»

18

Référence 2 Espaces temporaires et adaptables VESTA NELE ZAREH, architecte, chercheur LIA, Berlin (DE)

INTRODUCTION 10

La ville malléable

Référence 3

LUC GWIAZDZINSKI, géographe

Résilience d’un grand ensemble

urbaniste, Grenoble (FR)

SEBASTIÀ JORNET, architecte,

RYTHMES URBAINS ET ADAPTATION DES ESPACES : 5 EXEMPLES 14

22

urbaniste, Barcelone (ES) 26

ZĠƚƌĠĐŝƌ ƉŽƵƌ ŵŝĞƵdž ƐĞ ĚĠǀĞůŽƉƉĞƌ HELMUT RESCH, architecte,

Référence 1

responsable urbanisme, Selb (DE)

Espaces publics au prisme du temps LIZA FIOR, architecte, muf architects, Londres (GB)

Référence 4

30

Référence 5 dĞŵƉŽƌĂůŝƚĠƐ ĚƵ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ƵƌďĂŝŶ MICHEL SIKORSKI, architecte, y ' yĂǀĞĞƌ Ğ 'ĞLJƚĞƌ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͕ Bruxelles (BE)

3

THEME EUROPAN 12 ADAPTABLE CITY 1- CITIES ON THE MOVE

Ù Ý®½® Äã Ä Öã ½ ®ãù

ƵƌŽƉĞ͛Ɛ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ƌĂĚŝĐĂů ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͗ ƚŚĞLJ ŶĞĞĚ ƵƌŐĞŶƚůLJ ƚŽ ƌĞĚƵĐĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĨŽŽƚƉƌŝŶƚ ƚŽ ŚĞůƉ ƌĞƐŽůǀĞ ƚŚĞ ĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĐƌŝƐŝƐ͕ ĐŽŵďĂƚ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĞĞŶŚŽƵƐĞ ĞīĞĐƚ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞ ŶŽŶͲ ƌĞŶĞǁĂďůĞ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĂƉƉůŝĞƐ ďŽƚŚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞŝƌ morphology (form) and their metabolism (including all energy ĞdžƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞͿ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ŚŝŐŚůLJ ĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ǁĂLJƐ ŽĨ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞLJ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ͘ dŽ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞ ƚŚŝƐ͕ Ăůů ƚŚĞƐĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ďĞ ƚŚŽƵŐŚƚ out quickly, and that is why Europan 12 proposes to explore the ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƟŵĞ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ǀŝĞǁ ƚŽ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŵŽƌĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĂďůĞ͘

dŚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ƐĞƐƐŝŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ ŝŶ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶͲĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƐĐĂůĞ͕ ŝƐ ƚŽ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞ ƟŵĞ ŝŶ ŝƚƐ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ space by making the city resilient and adaptable.

Ù«ùã«ÃÝ Ä ½®¥ ù ½ Ý Ê¥ çÙ Ä ÝÖ Ý dŚŝƐ ĞŶƚĂŝůƐ͕ ĨŽƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ŶĞǁ ǁĂLJƐ ŽĨ ƐŚĂƌŝŶŐ ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŶĚ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ŽĨ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͘ dŚŝƐ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ Ă ĐŚƌŽŶŽƚLJƉŝĐĂů ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͕ ďůĞŶĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂƟĂů ĂŶĚ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂů ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ͕ ĨŽƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ĨŽƌ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ŵĞĂŶƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ Ă ƐĞŶƐŝƟǀĞ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉůĂĐĞƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƵƐĞĚ Ăƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƟŵĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĂƚ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͘ dŚŝƐ ƌĂŝƐĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ͞ŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůŝƚLJ͟ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ transparency for users of the city. It is also important to think ĂďŽƵƚ ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ ƚŽ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚ ƚŚĞŵ ďĞƩĞƌ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĂůŝƟĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŽĚĂLJ͛Ɛ ĐŝƚLJ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ĂďŽƵƚ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ƵƐĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐŚĂƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐLJĐůŝŶŐ ŽĨ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ ƚŽ ĂǀŽŝĚ ĞdžĐĞƐƐŝǀĞ ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞƌĞďLJ ƚŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ Ă ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ĐŝƚLJ ďLJ ĞdžƉůŽŝƟŶŐ ƟŵĞ ŝŶ ŝƚƐ ĨƵůů ƌĂŶŐĞ͘ /Ŷ ĨĂĐƚ͕ ƚŽĚĂLJ ŝƚ ƐĞĞŵƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚ͕ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŽĨ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ŶĞĞĚƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ŝŶ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƟŵĞĨƌĂŵĞƐ ŽĨ ƵƐĞ ĂŶĚ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘ /ŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƟŵĞ ŝŶƚŽ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ŝƐ Ă ĨĂĐƚŽƌ ƚŚĂƚ ŶĞĞĚƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ǁŽƌŬĞĚ ŽŶ͕ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŝƚ ĂīĞĐƚƐ ƚŚĞ Ϯ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂů ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ĐŝƚLJ͗ ƐƉƌĂǁů ĂŶĚ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŶŽǁ ƐƉƌĞĂĚƐ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ ŝŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ďƵƚ ŝŶ ƟŵĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ emerging feature of the modern city is that of one that is ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐůLJ ĂĐƟǀĞ͕ Ϯϰͬϳ͘ hƌďĂŶ ƐƉƌĂǁů͕ ĨŽƌ ŝƚƐ ƉĂƌƚ͕ ĂīĞĐƚƐ ŽƵƌ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐĂŶ ĂůƐŽ ďĞ ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ ŝŶ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ƐĞŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶ͘ dŝŵĞ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ ƌĞŇĞĐƚƐ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĞĚ ĐŝƚLJ͕ Ă ƉŽůLJĐŚƌŽŶŝĐ ĐŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ŽƉĞƌĂƚĞƐ ƚŽ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƟŵĞĨƌĂŵĞƐ͘ ^Ž ĨŽƌ ƵƌŽƉĂŶ ϭϮ͕ ƚŚĞ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐ ŝƐ ŽŶ ƌĞŇĞĐƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌŚLJƚŚŵƐ and life cycles of urban spaces so that they can adapt to change, ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ůŽƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ͕ ĐĂŶ ƐůŽǁ ĚŽǁŶ ĂŶĚ ƐƉĞĞĚ ƵƉ͕ ĂĚũƵƐƚ ƚŽ ĐLJĐůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ ŽĨ ĂŶ ƵŶĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘ ^Ž ŝƚ ŝƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ĂŶƟĐŝƉĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĞǀŝƚĂďůĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ ŽĨ change, allowing a plurality of uses, but also being capable ŽĨ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ǁŚĂƚ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJ ĞdžŝƐƚƐ͘ ŶĚ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ ĂĚũƵƐƟŶŐ ƚŽ ǁŚĂƚ ŝƐ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJ ƚŚĞƌĞ ǁŚŝůĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ǀŝƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚĂŬĞ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ ŽĨ ďŽƚŚ ƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶ͘

4

ZĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ŽĨ Ă ƐƉĂĐĞ ƚŽ ƌĞĐŽǀĞƌ Ă ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ Žƌ Ă ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŌĞƌ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐŝŶŐ Ă ƚƌĂƵŵĂ͘ Adaptability is the quality of a space that can be easily adapted to harmonise with the changes of use that it undergoes or may undergo. dŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŚĂƐ ƚŽ ƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ ĂŌĞƌ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐŝŶŐ ĚŝǀŝƐŝǀĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ Žƌ ĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƚĞ ƚŽ ĂĚũƵƐƚ ƚŽ ƌĂƉŝĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ Žƌ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƐĞůLJ ďĞ ƌĞǀŝƚĂůŝƐĞĚ ŝŶ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ŝƚ ƵƐĞƐ͘ dŽ ĚŽ ƚŚŝƐ͕ ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ĂĐƋƵŝƌĞ Ă ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ƚŽ ĂĚĂƉƚ ƚŽ ŶĞǁ ƟŵĞĨƌĂŵĞƐ ŽĨ ƵƐĞ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ďĞƩĞƌ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ŶŽƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĂŶ ͞ĂĚĂƉƚĂďůĞ ĐŝƚLJ͟ ŝƐ ŽĨ Ă ĐŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ǁŽƌŬĞĚ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ďƌĞĂŬŝŶŐ͕ ĐĂƉĂďůĞ ŽĨ ĞdžƚĞŶĚŝŶŐ ŝƚƐ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀŝŶŐ ŝƚƐ ĨŽƌŵƐ͕ ŝŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƟŵĞ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚŝƐ ĐĂƐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ƵŶĚĞƌůLJŝŶŐ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ͗ ŚŽǁ ĚŽ LJŽƵ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞ ƟŵĞ ŝŶƚŽ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͍

ÖÙʦ٠ÃÃ Ý ãó Ä ½ ¦ ù͕ ®Äò Äã®ÊÄ Ä Ù ò ÙÝ® ®½®ãù /Ŷ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ůĞƐƐ Ă ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŇĞdžŝďŝůŝƚLJ Žƌ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂŶ ŽĨ ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ ĨŽƌ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ůĞŐĂĐLJ ;ƚŚĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ ŽĨ ƉůĂĐĞƐͿ͕ ŝŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ ;ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƐƉĂƟĂů ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂĐĐŽŵŵŽĚĂƚĞ Ă ƉůƵƌĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƵƐĞƐͿ ĂŶĚ ƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ;ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐͿ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ůĞƐƐ ĂďŽƵƚ technology than a method of establishing links between ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĮŶĚŝŶŐ ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ŵĞĂŶƐ͕ ĨŽƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ƚŚĂƚ ƉůĂŶƐ ĨŽƌ ŶĞǁ buildings need to include measures for nature and landscape ĂŶĚ ŶĞǁ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ĐĂƉĂďůĞ ŽĨ ŚĂƌŵŽŶŝƐŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ďLJ ĂĚĚŝŶŐ ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ ;ƌĞͲĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶͿ͘ dŽ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͕ ƟŵĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĞīĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ ƟŵĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ Ă ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞ ĂŶĚ ŝŶǀĞŶƟǀĞ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ƌŚLJƚŚŵƐ͘ &Žƌ ƚŚŝƐ͕ ŽŶĞ ŶĞĞĚƐ ƚŽ ĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞͬĂƐƐĞƐƐ what is already there, and think about the future within an open ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞƐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƟŵĞƐĐĂůĞƐ͗ ĨŽƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƌŚLJƚŚŵƐ ŽĨ ůŝĨĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌŚLJƚŚŵƐ ŽĨ ĚĂLJ ĂŶĚ ŶŝŐŚƚ͕ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĂƐŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ŽĨ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘

LA VILLE ADAPTABLE 1- DES VILLES EN MOUVEMENT >ĞƐ ǀŝůůĞƐ Ě͛ ƵƌŽƉĞ ƐŽŶƚ ĞŶŐĂŐĠĞƐ ĚĂŶƐ ƵŶĞ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ƌĂĚŝĐĂůĞ ͗ ĞůůĞƐ ĚŽŝǀĞŶƚ ĂƵ ƉůƵƐ ǀŝƚĞ ĚŝŵŝŶƵĞƌ ůĞƵƌ ĞŵƉƌĞŝŶƚĞ ĠĐŽůŽŐŝƋƵĞ ƉŽƵƌ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵĞƌ ă ůĂ ƌĠƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ĚĞ ůĂ ĐƌŝƐĞ ĠŶĞƌŐĠƟƋƵĞ͕ ă ůĂ ůƵƩĞ ĐŽŶƚƌĞ ů͛ĞīĞƚ ĚĞ ƐĞƌƌĞ͕ ă ůĂ ƐĂƵǀĞŐĂƌĚĞ ĚĞƐ ƌĞƐƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ŶŽŶ ƌĞŶŽƵǀĞůĂďůĞƐ͘ ĞƩĞ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞ à la fois leur morphologie (forme) et leur métabolisme (entre ĂƵƚƌĞƐ ů͛ĞŶƐĞŵďůĞ ĚĞƐ ĚĠƉĞŶƐĞƐ ĠŶĞƌŐĠƟƋƵĞƐͿ Ğƚ ĞƐƚ ĨŽƌƚĞŵĞŶƚ ĚĠƉĞŶĚĂŶƚĞ ĚĞƐ ŵŽĚĞƐ ĚĞ ǀŝĞ ƋƵ͛ĞůůĞƐ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞŶƚ͘ WŽƵƌ ĐĞ ĨĂŝƌĞ il faut penser rapidement ces changements et c’est pour cela ƋƵ͛ ƵƌŽƉĂŶ ϭϮ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞ ĚĞ ƌĠŇĠĐŚŝƌ ă ůĂ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ĚƵ ƚĞŵƉƐ ĂĮŶ ĚĞ ƌĞŶĚƌĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ƉůƵƐ ĂĚĂƉƚĂďůĞ͘

Ùùã«Ã Ý ã ù ½ Ý ò® Ý ÝÖ Ý çÙ ®ÄÝ ĞůĂ ƐƵƉƉŽƐĞ ƉĂƌ ĞdžĞŵƉůĞ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞƌ ĚĞ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞƐ ĨŽƌŵĞƐ ĚĞ ƉĂƌƚĂŐĞ ĚĞ ů͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƟĨ Ğƚ ĚĞƐ ŵŽĚĂůŝƚĠƐ ĚĞ ŐŽƵǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͘ Cela induit d’adopter une approche chronotopique, qui mêle les ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ ƐƉĂƟĂůĞƐ Ğƚ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĞůůĞƐ Ğƚ Ě͛ĠƚĂďůŝƌ ƉĂƌ ĞdžĞŵƉůĞ ĚĞƐ ƉůĂŶƐ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂŝƌĞƐ ĚĞƐ ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ĞůĂ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĞ ĂƵƐƐŝ ĚĠǀĞůŽƉƉĞƌ ƵŶ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐŵĞ ƐĞŶƐŝďůĞ ƉĞƌŵĞƩĂŶƚ Ě͛ƵƟůŝƐĞƌ ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚƐ ůŝĞƵdž ă ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚƐ ŵŽŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ĞŶ ƌĞƉĞŶƐĞƌ ůĂ ƋƵĂůŝƚĠ ĚĞ ĐĞƐ ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĚĂŶƐ ĐĞƩĞ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͘ ĞůĂ ŝŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĞ ͞ů͛ŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůŝƚĠ͟ ĚĞƐ ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƵƌďĂŝŶƐ Ğƚ ůĞƵƌ ůŝƐŝďŝůŝƚĠ ƉŽƵƌ ůĞƐ ƵƟůŝƐĂƚĞƵƌƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ͘ /ů ŝŵƉŽƌƚĞ ĂƵƐƐŝ ĚĞ ƉƌĞŶĚƌĞ ĞŶ ĐŽŵƉƚĞ ůĞƐ ƉƌŽũĞƚƐ Ě͛ĂŵĠŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝĨƐ͕ ƉŽƵƌ ŵŝĞƵdž ůĞƐ ĂƌƟĐƵůĞƌ ĂǀĞĐ ůĞƐ ƌĠĂůŝƚĠƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ Ě͛ĂƵũŽƵƌĚ͛ŚƵŝ͘ /ů Ɛ͛ĂŐŝƚ ĂƵƐƐŝ ĚĞ ƌĠŇĠĐŚŝƌ ƐƵƌ ůĞƐ ŵƵůƟͲƵƐĂŐĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ Ğƚ ŶŽƚĂŵŵĞŶƚ ƐƵƌ ůĂ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ĚƵ ƉĂƌƚĂŐĞ Ğƚ ĚƵ ƌĞĐLJĐůĂŐĞ ĚĞƐ ďąƟŵĞŶƚƐ ƋƵŝ ƉĞƌŵĞƩƌĂŝĞŶƚ Ě͛ĠǀŝƚĞƌ ƵŶĞ ƚƌŽƉ ŐƌĂŶĚĞ ĐŽŶƐŽŵŵĂƟŽŶ Ě͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞ Ğƚ ĚŽŶĐ ĚĞ ĨĂǀŽƌŝƐĞƌ ƵŶĞ ǀŝůůĞ ĚƵƌĂďůĞ ĞŶ ũŽƵĂŶƚ ƐƵƌ ƚŽƵƚĞ ůĂ ƉĂůĞƩĞ ĚƵ ƚĞŵƉƐ͘ /ů ƐĞŵďůĞ ĞŶ ĞīĞƚ ŶĠĐĞƐƐĂŝƌĞ ĂƵũŽƵƌĚ͛ŚƵŝ Ě͛ĂďŽƌĚĞƌ ůĂ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ĚĞƐ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽŝƌĞƐ͕ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ Ğƚ ĚĞ ů͛ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ă ƉĂƌƟƌ ĚĞƐ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂůŝƚĠƐ ĚĞƐ ƵƐĂŐĞƐ Ğƚ ĐĞůůĞƐ ĚƵ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ƵƌďĂŝŶ͘ >Ă ƉƌŝƐĞ ĞŶ ĐŽŵƉƚĞ ĚƵ ƚĞŵƉƐ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞƐ ƉŽůŝƟƋƵĞƐ ƵƌďĂŝŶĞƐ ĚŽŝƚ ƐĞ ĚĠǀĞůŽƉƉĞƌ ĐĂƌ ŝů ĂīĞĐƚĞ ůĞƐ Ϯ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůĞƐ ĐĂƌĂĐƚĠƌŝƐƟƋƵĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂŝŶĞ ͗ ů͛ĠƚĂůĞŵĞŶƚ Ğƚ ů͛ĠĐůĂƚĞŵĞŶƚ ;ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶͿ͘ ^ŝ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ Ɛ͛ĠƚĂůĞ ĚĂŶƐ ů͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞ͕ ĞůůĞ ůĞ ĨĂŝƚ ĂƵƐƐŝ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ Ğƚ ůĂ ĮŐƵƌĞ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂŝŶĞ ƋƵŝ ƐĞ ĚĞƐƐŝŶĞ ĞƐƚ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ĂĐƟǀĞ ĞŶ ĐŽŶƟŶƵ͕ ϮϰŚͬϮϰŚ͘ ů͛ĠĐůĂƚĞŵĞŶƚ ůƵŝ ĂīĞĐƚĞ ŶŽƚƌĞ ǀĠĐƵ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ͕ ƋƵŝ ƉĞƵƚ ġƚƌĞ ĠŐĂůĞŵĞŶƚ ůƵ ƐŽƵƐ ĨŽƌŵĞ ĚĞ ƐĠŐƌĠŐĂƟŽŶ͘ >Ğ ƚĞŵƉƐ ĞƐƚ ĂůŽƌƐ ă ů͛ŝŵĂŐĞ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ĠĐůĂƚĠĞ͕ ǀŝůůĞ ƉŽůLJĐŚƌŽŶŝƋƵĞ ƋƵŝ ĨŽŶĐƟŽŶŶĞ ă ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚƐ ŚŽƌĂŝƌĞƐ͘ /ů Ɛ͛ĂŐŝƚ ĚŽŶĐ ƉŽƵƌ ƵƌŽƉĂŶ ϭϮ ĚĞ ŵĞƩƌĞ ů͛ĂĐĐĞŶƚ ƐƵƌ ůĂ ƉƌŝƐĞ ĞŶ ĐŽŵƉƚĞ ĚĞƐ ƌLJƚŚŵĞƐ Ğƚ ĚĞƐ ĐLJĐůĞƐ ĚĞ ǀŝĞ ĚĞƐ ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƵƌďĂŝŶƐ ĂĮŶ ƋƵ͛ŝůƐ ƉƵŝƐƐĞŶƚ Ɛ͛ĂĚĂƉƚĞƌ ĂƵ ĐŚĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƐĂŶƐ ƉĞƌĚƌĞ ůĞƵƌ ƐƉĠĐŝĮĐŝƚĠ͕ ƋƵ͛ŝůƐ ƉƵŝƐƐĞŶƚ ƌĂůĞŶƟƌ Ğƚ ĂĐĐĠůĠƌĞƌ͕ ĂƌƟĐƵůĞƌ ůĞƐ ĐLJĐůĞƐ Ğƚ ůĞƐ ŵƵƚĂƟŽŶƐ ĨĂĐĞ ă ƵŶ ĂǀĞŶŝƌ ŝŶĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ͘ /ů Ɛ͛ĂŐŝƚ ĚŽŶĐ Ě͛ĂŶƟĐŝƉĞƌ ůĞƐ ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ ŝŶĠǀŝƚĂďůĞƐ ĚĞƐ ĐŚĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ĚĞ

ƉĞƌŵĞƩƌĞ ƵŶĞ ƉůƵƌĂůŝƚĠ Ě͛ƵƐĂŐĞƐ ŵĂŝƐ ĂƵƐƐŝ Ě͛ġƚƌĞ ĐĂƉĂďůĞ Ě͛ŚĠƌŝƚĞƌ ĚĞ ŵĂŶŝğƌĞ ĐƌĠĂƟǀĞ͘ ƚ ĚŽŶĐ ĚĞ Ɛ͛ĂũƵƐƚĞƌ ă ĐĞ ƋƵŝ ĞƐƚ ĚĠũă ůă ƚŽƵƚ ĞŶ ĚĠǀĞůŽƉƉĂŶƚ ĚĞƐ ǀŝƐŝŽŶƐ ĚĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ĂĐĐŽƌĚĂŶƚ ůĞƐ ƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶĐĞƐ Ğƚ ůĞƐ ǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶƐ͘

ò®½½ Ù Ý®½® Äã ã Öã ½ >͛ĞŶũĞƵ ƐƉĠĐŝĮƋƵĞ ĚĞ ĐĞƩĞ ƐĞƐƐŝŽŶ ĞƐƚ ĚŽŶĐ͕ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞƐ ƉƌŽũĞƚƐ Ě͛ĠĐŚĞůůĞ ƵƌďĂŶŽͲĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĞ͕ Ě͛ĞdžƉůŽƌĞƌ ůĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ ĚĂŶƐ ƐĞƐ ƌĂƉƉŽƌƚƐ ă ů͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ĞŶ ƌĞŶĚĂŶƚ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ƌĠƐŝůŝĞŶƚĞ Ğƚ ĂĚĂƉƚĂďůĞ͘ La résilience est la capacité d’un espace à récupérer un ĨŽŶĐƟŽŶŶĞŵĞŶƚ ŽƵ ƵŶ ĚĠǀĞůŽƉƉĞŵĞŶƚ ĂƉƌğƐ ĂǀŽŝƌ ƐƵďŝ ƵŶ ƚƌĂƵŵĂƟƐŵĞ͘ >͛ĂĚĂƉƚĂďŝůŝƚĠ ĞƐƚ ůĂ ƋƵĂůŝƚĠ Ě͛ƵŶ ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ƋƵŝ ƉĞƵƚ ġƚƌĞ ŵŽĚŝĮĠ ĂŝƐĠŵĞŶƚ ĞŶ ŚĂƌŵŽŶŝĞ ĂǀĞĐ ůĞƐ ĐŚĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƵdžƋƵĞůƐ ƐŽŶ ƵƟůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ĞƐƚ ƐŽƵŵŝƐĞ ŽƵ ƉĞƵƚ ġƚƌĞ ƐŽƵŵŝƐĞ͘ >Ă ǀŝůůĞ ĚŽŝƚ ƐĞ ƌĠŐĠŶĠƌĞƌ ĂƉƌğƐ ĂǀŽŝƌ ĨĂŝƚ ů͛ŽďũĞƚ Ě͛ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐƟƋƵĞƐ ĐůŝǀĂŶƚĞƐ͕ ŽƵ Ɛ͛ĂĚĂƉƚĞƌ ă ƵŶĞ ĂĐĐĠůĠƌĂƟŽŶ ĚĞ ƐŽŶ ĚĠǀĞůŽƉƉĞŵĞŶƚ ŽƵ ĂƵ ĐŽŶƚƌĂŝƌĞ ƐĞ ƌĞǀŝƚĂůŝƐĞƌ ůŽƌƐƋƵĞ ƐĞƐ ƵƐĂŐĞƐ ƐŽŶƚ ŽďƐŽůğƚĞƐ͘ DĂŝƐ ƉŽƵƌ ƌĠĂůŝƐĞƌ ĐĞƐ ĞŶũĞƵdž͕ ůĞƐ ƉƌŽũĞƚƐ ƵƌďĂŝŶƐ ĚŽŝǀĞŶƚ ĂĐƋƵĠƌŝƌ ƵŶĞ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚĠ Ě͛ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ă ĚĞƐ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞƐ temporalités d’usages qui soient mieux coordonnées entre elles.

DĂŝƐ ƉŽƵƌ ĐĞůĂ͕ ůĞƐ ƉƌŽũĞƚƐ ƵƌďĂŝŶƐ ĚŽŝǀĞŶƚ ĂĐƋƵĠƌŝƌ ƵŶĞ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚĠ Ě͛ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ă ĚĞƐ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞƐ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂůŝƚĠƐ Ě͛ƵƐĂŐĞƐ ŵŝĞƵdž coordonnées entre elles. ͨ >Ă ŶŽƟŽŶ ĚĞ ͞ǀŝůůĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĂďůĞ͟ ĞƐƚ ĐĞůůĞ Ě͛ƵŶĞ ǀŝůůĞ ƋƵĞ ů͛ŽŶ ƉĞƵƚ façonner sans qu’elle se rompe, capable d’étendre ses possibles et de reprendre ses formes, dans l’espace et le temps. » La ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ƐŽƵƐͲũĂĐĞŶƚĞ ĚĞǀŝĞŶƚ ĂůŽƌƐ ͗ ĐŽŵŵĞŶƚ ŵĞƩƌĞ ĚƵ ƚĞŵƉƐ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞƐ ƉƌŽũĞƚƐ ƵƌďĂŝŶƐ ͍

Ý ÖÙʦ٠ÃÃ Ý ÄãÙ Ã Ãʮ٠͕ ®Äò Äã®ÊÄ ã Ù ò ÙÝ® ®½®ã Ƶ ŶŝǀĞĂƵ ĚƵ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ͕ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ŵŽŝŶƐ ƵŶĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ĚĞ ŇĞdžŝďŝůŝƚĠ ŽƵ ĚĞ ĨŽŶĐƟŽŶŶĂůŝƚĠ ƋƵĞ ĚĞ ƐĐĠŶĂƌŝŽƐ ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĠĞƐ ĞŶƚƌĞ ŵĠŵŽŝƌĞ ;ŚŝƐƚŽŝƌĞ ĚĞƐ ůŝĞƵdžͿ͕ ŝŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ ;ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ ĚĞƐ ĚŝƐƉŽƐŝƟĨƐ ƐƉĂƟĂƵdžͿ Ğƚ ƌĠǀĞƌƐŝďŝůŝƚĠ ;ĂŵĠŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂŝƌĞƐͿ͘ ͛ĞƐƚ ŵŽŝŶƐ ƵŶĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ĚĞ technologie qu’une méthode pour établir des liens entre les ŵŝůŝĞƵdž ŶĂƚƵƌĞůƐ Ğƚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞůƐ Ğƚ ƚƌŽƵǀĞƌ ĚĞƐ ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƐ Ğƚ ĞŶĐŚĂŠŶĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ ĞůĂ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĞ ƉĂƌ ĞdžĞŵƉůĞ ƋƵĞ Ɛŝ ů͛ŽŶ ƉƌĠǀŽŝƚ ĚĞ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞƐ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ŝů ĨĂƵƚ ƉƌĠǀŽŝƌ ĂƵƐƐŝ ĚĞƐ ŵĞƐƵƌĞƐ ƉŽƵƌ ůĂ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ Ğƚ ůĞ ƉĂLJƐĂŐĞ͕ Ğƚ ůĂ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚĠ ĚĞƐ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵdž ƉƌŽũĞƚƐ ă Ɛ͛ŝŶƐĠƌĞƌ ĚĂŶƐ ƵŶ ƐLJƐƚğŵĞ ĞŶ ĂũŽƵƚĂŶƚ ĚƵ ƐĞŶƐ Ğƚ ƵŶĞ ĮŶĂůŝƚĠ (reliance).

WŽƵƌ ƉĂƌǀĞŶŝƌ ă ĐĞƐ ŽďũĞĐƟĨƐ͕ ŝů ĨĂƵƚ ƉƌĞŶĚƌĞ ůĂ ŵĞƐƵƌĞ ĚƵ ƚĞŵƉƐ Ğƚ ĚĞ ƐĞƐ ĞīĞƚƐ͕ Ğƚ ů͛ŝŶƚĠŐƌĞƌ ĚĂŶƐ ƵŶĞ ĂŶĂůLJƐĞ ĚĞƐ ƌLJƚŚŵĞƐ ƵƌďĂŝŶƐ Ͳ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĂďůĞ Ğƚ ŝŶǀĞŶƟǀĞ͘ WŽƵƌ ĐĞůĂ͕ ŝů ĞƐƚ ŶĠĐĞƐƐĂŝƌĞ Ě͛ĠǀĂůƵĞƌͬĂƉƉƌĠĐŝĞƌ ĐĞ ƋƵŝ ĞdžŝƐƚĞ Ğƚ ĚĞ ƉĞŶƐĞƌ ĂƵ ĚĞǀĞŶŝƌ ĚĂŶƐ

5

THEME EUROPAN 12 2- SELECTION CRITERIA FOR EUROPAN 12 SITES ½ Ù ã ÊÙ Ê Ýʽ ã Ý®ã Ý dŚŝƐ ĨƵƚƵƌĞͲĚŝƌĞĐƚĞĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ŽĨ ŵĞƚĂŵŽƌƉŚŽƐŝƐ Ăƚ ǁŽƌŬ ŽŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ƐŝƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞƐ Ă ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŽ ůŽŽŬ ĨŽƌ ƐŝƚĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƵƌŽƉĂŶ ϭϮ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶ͗ Ͳ ƐŝƚĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ĞdžƉŽƐĞĚ ƚŽ ĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƟŽŶ Žƌ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĐĞƐƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ ƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚ Žƌ ƐƟŵƵůĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚŽƐĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ͖ Ͳ ƐŝƚĞƐ ǁŚŽƐĞ ƵƐĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ŽďƐŽůĞƚĞ ĂŶĚ ǁŚŽƐĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ƌĞƚŚŽƵŐŚƚ ŝŶ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ůŝĨĞ ĐLJĐůĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ƐĞĞŬŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ͖ Ͳ ƐŝƚĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ƚƌĂƵŵĂƟƐĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ ƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐ ďĂĚ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂǀĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶƐ͕ ƐĞŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶ͕ ƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ͘

ÖÙʦ٠Ãà ãùÖ Ý dŚĞ ŝĚĞĂ ŝƐ ƚŽ ĂƌƟĐƵůĂƚĞ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƐŝƚĞ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ ǁŝƚŚ ĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂů ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŶĐĞŝǀĞĚ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ůŝŶĞƐ ŽĨ ĨŽƌĐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ŶŽƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƟŵĞ ĂŶĚ ĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶ͗ Ͳ ƐŽ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂĚĂƉƚƐ ƚŽ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ŽĨ ƵƐĞ͕ ƚŽ ŵŽǀĞ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ƵƌďĂŶŝƚLJ͖ Ͳ ƐŽ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĐĂŶ ĂĐĐŽŵŵŽĚĂƚĞ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀĞ ƵƐĞƐ͕ ƚŽ ŵŽǀĞ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŵŽƌĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂů ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚ͖ Ͳ ƐŽ ƚŚĂƚ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĐĂŶ ĞǀŽůǀĞ ŽǀĞƌ ƟŵĞ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͕ ďƵƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ƚŽ ĂĚũƵƐƚ ƚŽ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂƟĐ ƵŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘

Ý ½ Ý͗ ÝãÙ ã ¦ù͕ ® Ý Ä ÖÙʹ ãÝ dŚĞ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŝŶŚĞƌĞŶƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ ŶŽƚ ƚŽ ƐĂLJ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ ŽĨ ĞĂĐŚ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŶŐ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͕ ŵĞĂŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ϯ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐĐĂůĞƐ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚĞĚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĂƌĞĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶ͗ ĂͲ global strategic scale (the scale communicated to the ĐŽŵƉĞƟƚŽƌƐͿ͘ dŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ĂƌĞĂ ;ƐƉĂƟĂů ĐŽŶƵƌďĂƟŽŶ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƟŶŐ ŽĨ autonomous and interlinked urban units) and the city (urban ƐƉĂĐĞ ŽĨ ĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ŵŝdžͿ͖ ďͲ ideas scale ;ƐĐĂůĞ ƵƐĞĚ ďLJ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƚŽƌƐ ƚŽ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚ ƚŚĞ ƐĞƚ ŽĨ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ ĨŽƌ ƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶͿ͘ dŚĞ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ͕ ŝƚƐ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŝƚƐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͖ ĐͲ urban and architectural project scale (focus of the design process). dŚĞ ĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚ͖

6

®Ä¥ÊÙà ã®ÊÄ Êçã ã« Ý®ã Ý dŚĞƐĞ ƐĐĂůĞƐ ĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚ ƚŽ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐŝnjĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁŝůů ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ƉƌĞĐŝƐĞůLJ ĨŽƌ ĞĂĐŚ ƐŝƚĞ ĂŶĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ďĂƐŝƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ͘ Each Europan 12 site pack will therefore contain 3 types of ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ĞŶƚƌĂŶƚƐ͕ ĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ϯ ƐĐĂůĞƐ͗ Ͳ ƚŚĞ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ Žƌ ĐŽŶƵƌďĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ terms of sustainability (economic, social and cultural) together ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŵĂũŽƌ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂŶƚƐ ;ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ ƵƐĞƐ͕ density, etc.), whether current or future. Ͳ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ ŝƐ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŵĂũŽƌ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐ ŝƚƐ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕ ŝŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞŐĂƌĚ to its urban rhythms, whether in terms of uses or of staged ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŽǀĞƌ ƟŵĞ͘ Ͳ ƚŚĞ ĂĐƚƵĂů ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ƐŝƚĞ ǁŚĞƌĞ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ ůŝŬĞůLJ ƚŽ ŽĐĐƵƌ ĂŌĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶ͕ ǁŝƚŚ Ăůů ƚŚĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ ƚŽ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐŝƌĞĚ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ Ă ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͛Ɛ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƟŵĞĨƌĂŵĞƐ of use.

ƵŶ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ŽƵǀĞƌƚ ŝŶƚĠŐƌĂŶƚ ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚĞƐ ĠĐŚĞůůĞƐ ĚĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ ͗ ƉĂƌ ĞdžĞŵƉůĞ͕ ůĞƐ ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚƐ ƌLJƚŚŵĞƐ ĚĞƐ ŵŽĚĞƐ ĚĞ ǀŝĞ͕ ĚƵ ũŽƵƌ Ğƚ ĚĞ ůĂ ŶƵŝƚ͕ ĚĞƐ ƐĂŝƐŽŶƐ Ğƚ ĐĞƵdž ĚĞƐ ŐĠŶĠƌĂƟŽŶƐ ƋƵŝ ƐĞ ƐƵŝǀĞŶƚ͘

ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵŝƌĞ ƵŶĞ ƉƌŽďůĠŵĂƟƋƵĞͿ >Ğ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ͕ ƐĞƐ ĚĠƚĞƌŵŝŶĂŶƚƐ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂƵdž Ğƚ ůĞƐ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ă ƐŽŶ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŶĞŵĞŶƚ ͖

2- CRITERES POUR LA SELECTION DES SITES D’EUROPAN 12

ĐͲ échelle de projet urbain et architectural ;ĐĞůůĞ ƋƵŝ ƌĞůğǀĞ ĚĞ ůĂ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƟŽŶͿ Le fragment urbain qui se dessine.

Ý®ã Ý ½ ½ Ù Ý͕ Ê Ýʽ ã Ý Êç ãÙ çà ã®Ý Ý

®Ä¥ÊÙà ã®ÊÄ ÝçÙ ½ Ý Ý®ã Ý

ĞƩĞ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ĚƵ ĚĞǀĞŶŝƌ ŵĞƚ ů͛ĂĐĐĞŶƚ ƐƵƌ ůĞƐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐƵƐ ĚĞ ŵĠƚĂŵŽƌƉŚŽƐĞ ĞŶ ũĞƵ ĚĂŶƐ ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚƐ ƚLJƉĞƐ ĚĞ ƐŝƚĞƐ Ğƚ ƵŶ ĐĂĚƌĞ ƉŽƵƌ ůĂ ƌĞĐŚĞƌĐŚĞ ĚĞƐ ƐŝƚĞƐ ĚƵ ĐŽŶĐŽƵƌƐ ƵƌŽƉĂŶ ϭϮ ͗

ĞƐ ĠĐŚĞůůĞƐ ĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚ ă ĚĞƐ ƚĂŝůůĞƐ ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚĞƐ Ě͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ƋƵ͛ŝů ĂƉƉĂƌƟĞŶĚƌĂ ĚĞ ĚĠĮŶŝƌ ƉƌĠĐŝƐĠŵĞŶƚ ƉŽƵƌ ĐŚĂƋƵĞ ƐŝƚĞ Ğƚ ƐƵŝǀĂŶƚ ůĞƐ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚĞƐ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĠƐ͘

Ͳ ĚĞƐ ƐŝƚĞƐ ƐŽƵŵŝƐ ă ƵŶĞ ĂĐĐĠůĠƌĂƟŽŶ ŽƵ ă ůĂ ŶĠĐĞƐƐŝƚĠ ĚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ Ğƚ ƋƵŝ ƐĞ ƚƌŽƵǀĞŶƚ ĂĐƟǀĠƐ ƉĂƌ ĐĞƐ ĐŚĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ͖

Chaque dossier de site d’Europan 12 comprendra donc 3 ƚLJƉĞƐ Ě͛ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ƉŽƵƌ ůĞƐ ĐŽŶĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƐ ĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĂŶƚ ĂƵdž ϯ ĠĐŚĞůůĞƐ ͗

Ͳ ĚĞƐ ƐŝƚĞƐ ĂƵdž ƵƐĂŐĞƐ ŽďƐŽůğƚĞƐ ĚŽŶƚ ŝů ĨĂƵƚ ƌĞƉĞŶƐĞƌ ůĞƐ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŝƚĠƐ ă ƉĂƌƟƌ ĚĞƐ ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚƐ ĐLJĐůĞƐ ĚĞ ǀŝĞ ĚĞ ů͛ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŶĞŵĞŶƚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞů Ğƚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞů͕ Ğƚ ƋƵŝ ĐŚĞƌĐŚĞŶƚ ă ĂŵĠůŝŽƌĞƌ ůĞƐ ůŝĞŶƐ ͖ Ͳ ĚĞƐ ƐŝƚĞƐ ƚƌĂƵŵĂƟƐĠƐ ĞŶ ƌĂŝƐŽŶ ĚĞ ŵĂƵǀĂŝƐĞƐ ĚĠĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ ƉƌĠĂůĂďůĞƐ ƋƵŝ ŽŶƚ ƉƌŽĚƵŝƚ ĚĞƐ ĐůŽŝƐŽŶŶĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ĚĞƐ ƐĠŐƌĠŐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ĚĞƐ ƉŽůůƵƟŽŶƐ͘

ãùÖ Ý ÖÙʦ٠Ãà /ů Ɛ͛ĂŐŝƚ Ě͛ĂƐƐŽĐŝĞƌ ă ĐĞƐ ĐĂƌĂĐƚĠƌŝƐƟƋƵĞƐ ĚĞ ƐŝƚĞƐ ĚĞƐ ĐĂĚƌĞƐ ƉƌŽďůĠŵĂƟƋƵĞƐ ƋƵŝ ĞdžŝŐĞŶƚ ĚĞ ƉĞŶƐĞƌ ĚĞƐ ƉƌŽũĞƚƐ ƵƌďĂŝŶƐ Ğƚ architecturaux autour de lignes de force dans lesquelles on ƉƵŝƐƐĞ ŝŶƚĠŐƌĞƌ ůĂ ŶŽƟŽŶ ĚĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ Ğƚ Ě͛ĠǀŽůƵƟŽŶ ͗ Ͳ ƉŽƵƌ ƋƵĞ ů͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞ Ɛ͛ĂĚĂƉƚĞ ĂƵdž ĐŚĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ Ě͛ƵƐĂŐĞƐ ǀĞƌƐ ƉůƵƐ Ě͛ƵƌďĂŶŝƚĠ͖

Ͳ ůĞƐ ĞŶũĞƵdž ƉŽůŝƟƋƵĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ŽƵ ĚĞ ů͛ĂŐŐůŽŵĠƌĂƟŽŶ ĞŶ ƚĞƌŵĞƐ de durabilité (économiques, sociaux et culturels) ainsi que les grands déterminants territoriaux (réseaux, usages, densité etc..) ĞdžŝƐƚĂŶƚƐ ŽƵ ă ǀĞŶŝƌ Žƶ ƐĞƌŽŶƚ ƐƉĠĐŝĮĠƐ ůĞƐ ŐƌĂŶĚƐ ĞŶũĞƵdž ƐƵƌ ůĞƐ ŵƵƚĂƟŽŶƐ Ě͛ƵƐĂŐĞƐ Ğƚ ůĞƵƌƐ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂůŝƚĠƐ ͖ Ͳ ůĞƐ ƐƉĠĐŝĮĐŝƚĠƐ ĚƵ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ Žƶ ƐĞ ƚƌŽƵǀĞ ůĞ ƐŝƚĞ Ğƚ ůĞƐ ŐƌĂŶĚĞƐ ĚĠƚĞƌŵŝŶĂŶƚƐ ĚĞ ƐĂ ŵƵƚĂƟŽŶ ĞŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůŝĞƌ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĂŶƚ ůĞƐ ƌLJƚŚŵĞƐ ƵƌďĂŝŶƐ ƋƵĞ ĐĞ ƐŽŝƚ ĂƵ ŶŝǀĞĂƵ ĚĞƐ ƵƐĂŐĞƐ ƋƵĞ ĚĞ ůĂ ŵƵƚĂƟŽŶ ĠĐŚĞůŽŶŶĠĞ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ ͖ Ͳ ůĞ ƐŝƚĞ ĚĞ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ƉƌŽƉƌĞŵĞŶƚ Ěŝƚ ƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďůĞ Ě͛ġƚƌĞ ŽƉĠƌĂƟŽŶŶĞů ă ů͛ŝƐƐƵĞ ĚƵ ĐŽŶĐŽƵƌƐ͕ ĂǀĞĐ ƚŽƵƚĞƐ ůĞƐ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐ ƉĞƌŵĞƩĂŶƚ ĚĞ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŶĚƌĞ ů͛ĞdžŝƐƚĂŶƚ Ğƚ ůĞƐ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐ ƐŽƵŚĂŝƚĠĞƐ Ğƚ ƵŶ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ŵĞƩĂŶƚ ĞŶ ĠǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ ůĞƐ ĞŶũĞƵdž ĚĞƐ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂůŝƚĠƐ ĚĞƐ ƵƐĂŐĞƐ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞ ƉƌŽũĞƚ͘

Ͳ ƉŽƵƌ ƋƵĞ ůĞ ŵġŵĞ ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ƉƵŝƐƐĞ ŝŶƚĠŐƌĞƌ ƉůƵƐŝĞƵƌƐ ƵƐĂŐĞƐ ƋƵŝ ƉĞƵǀĞŶƚ ƐĞ ƐƵĐĐĠĚĞƌ ǀĞƌƐ ƉůƵƐ Ě͛ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚĠ Ğƚ Ě͛ĠĐŽŶŽŵŝĞ ĚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽŝƌĞ͖ Ͳ ƉŽƵƌ ƋƵĞ ů͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ƉƵŝƐƐĞ ĠǀŽůƵĞƌ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ ŵĂŝƐ ĞŶ ŝŶƚĠŐƌĂŶƚ ů͛ĂůĠĂƚŽŝƌĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂƟƋƵĞ

½ Ý « ½½ Ý ͗ ÝãÙ ã ¦® ͕ Ù ¥½ ø®ÊÄ ã ÖÙʹ ã >Ă ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĠ ŝŶŚĠƌĞŶƚĞ ĂƵdž ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ ǀŽŝƌĞ ĂƵdž ƉƌŽďůĠŵĂƟƋƵĞƐ ƉƌŽƉƌĞƐ ă ĐŚĂƋƵĞ ƉĂLJƐ ĞƵƌŽƉĠĞŶ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚ͕ ŽďůŝŐĞ ă ĚŝƐƟŶŐƵĞƌ ĞŶƚƌĞ ϯ ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚĞƐ ĠĐŚĞůůĞƐ ĞŶƚƌĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽŝƌĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŶĞŵĞŶƚĂů ŝŵƉůŝƋƵĠ Ğƚ ůŝĞƵ ƉƌŽƉƌĞŵĞŶƚ Ěŝƚ ͗ ĂͲ échelle de stratégie globale (celle qui est donnée aux concurrents). >Ă ƌĠŐŝŽŶ ŵĠƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŝŶĞ ;ĐŽŶŐůŽŵĠƌĂƚ ƐƉĂƟĂů ĐŽŵƉŽƐĠ Ě͛ƵŶŝƚĠƐ ƵƌďĂŝŶĞƐ ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵĞƐ Ğƚ ŝŶƚĞƌͲůŝĠĞƐͿ Ğƚ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ;ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ƵƌďĂŝŶ Ě͛ĂĐƟŽŶƐ Ğƚ Ě͛ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ĂǀĞĐ ŵŝdžŝƚĠ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĮĠĞͿ ͖ ďͲ ĠĐŚĞůůĞ ĚĞ ƌĠŇĞdžŝŽŶ (celle qui permet aux concurrents de

ϳ

>h 't/ /E^</͕ geographer urban planner, Grenoble (FR)

MALLEABLE CITY « Ħ®Ä¦ ã« ó ù ó ½ÊÊ» ã ã« ®ãù dŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŝƐ ďLJ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ Ă ƉůĂĐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŵĂdžŝŵŝƐĞƐ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ Ă ƉůĂĐĞ ŽĨ ƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ͘ Ŷ ĂƩƌĂĐƟǀĞ ĐŝƚLJ͕ Ă ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ĐŝƚLJ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ǁĞ ĨĞĞů ŐŽŽĚ͕ ŝƐ ĂŶ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ƐƉĂĐĞ ǁŚĞƌĞ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ ŵĞĞƚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞ͘ dŚĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŽĨ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŝƐ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů͘ ĐŝƚLJ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ Ă ĐŝƚLJ ŝĨ ŽŶĞ ĐĂŶŶŽƚ Ɛŝƚ ĚŽǁŶ͕ ĚƌŝŶŬ ĂŶĚ ƵƌŝŶĂƚĞ ĨƌĞĞůLJ͕ ŝŶ ĚĂLJƟŵĞ͕ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ Ăƚ ŶŝŐŚƚ ĂŶĚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ǁĞĞŬĞŶĚ͘ dŝŵĞ ŝƐ Ă ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƐƟůů ǀĞƌLJ ƌĂƌĞůLJ ƚĂŬĞŶ ŝŶƚŽ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ ŝŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘ ŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ͕ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ͕ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ĂƐ ŝĨ ƚŚĞLJ ŽŶůLJ ƌĂŶ ϭϲ ŚŽƵƌƐ Ă ĚĂLJ ĂŶĚ ŽŶ ǁĞĞŬĚĂLJƐ͘ hƉ ƵŶƟů ŶŽǁ͕ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚ ƚŽ ƐĂǀĞ ƟŵĞ ʹ ƚŚŝŶŬ ĂďŽƵƚ ŽƵƌ d's ŝŶ &ƌĂŶĐĞ͕ ŚŝŐŚͲƐƉĞĞĚ ƚƌĂŝŶƐ ŝŶ ƵƌŽƉĞ ĂŶĚ ĞůƐĞǁŚĞƌĞ ʹ ďƵƚ ƟŵĞ ŚĂƐ ƌĂƌĞůLJ ďĞĞŶ ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚ ƚŽ ƐĂǀĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ͘ ǀĞƌLJŽŶĞ ŝƐ looking for ways to build the city on the city, but in fact the city is ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐ ŝƚƐ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ŝŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ͘ KƵƌ ůŝĨĞƐƚLJůĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ͕ ďƵƚ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͕ ƚŚĞ materiality of the city, has not always adapted to the new ways ƉĞŽƉůĞ ůŝǀĞ ĚĂLJͲƚŽͲĚĂLJ͕ Žƌ ƚŽ ŶĞǁ ůŝĨĞͲĐLJĐůĞƐ͘ ŶŽƚŚĞƌ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ƚŚĂƚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ĂƌĞ ƵƐĞĚ ĂůŵŽƐƚ ŵŽŶŽͲĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůůLJ ;ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ necessarily true of the one we are in), as are districts and public spaces. dŝŵĞ ŝƐ ĂŶ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶ ĂƐ Ă ŬĞLJ ƚŽ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚLJƐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĂƐ Ă ůĞǀĞƌ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ ŽĨ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ dŝŵĞ ĚĞŵĂŶĚƐ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŝƚ ŝƐ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ ŶŽ ŽŶĞ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞƌLJŽŶĞ ŬŶŽǁƐ ĂďŽƵƚ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ƚŽ Ăůů ŽĨ ƵƐ ŝŶ ŽƵƌ ĚĂŝůLJ ůŝǀĞƐ͘ dŝŵĞ ƌĞŇĞĐƚƐ ƚŚĞ ĚĞŵĂŶĚƐ ŽĨ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƉƌŽdžŝŵŝƚLJ͕ ĨŽƌ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ͘ dŝŵĞ ĂůƐŽ ƌĞůĂƚĞƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĞǀĞƌLJ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů͛Ɛ ƐĞŶƐŽƌLJ ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ůĞĂǀĞƐ ƌŽŽŵ ĨŽƌ ĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJ͘ tĞ ŶĞĞĚ Ă ƐLJƐƚĞŵŝĐ ĂŶĚ ŵƵůƟͲƐĐĂůĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘ dŽ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͕ ƚŽ ƐĞĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĂƐ Ă ƉƵůƐĞ ďĞĂƚ͕ ƐƵĐŬŝŶŐ ŝŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĂLJƟŵĞ ĂŶĚ ĞdžƉĞůůŝŶŐ Ăƚ ŶŝŐŚƚ͘ Ƶƚ ǁĞ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ĂůƐŽ ƚŚŝŶŬ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĂƐ Ă ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŽĨ ŇŽǁƐ ĂŶĚ ŶŽƚ Ă ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚƐ͗ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ĐŽŵĞ ŝŶ͕ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ŐŽ ŽƵƚ͘ dŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŝƐ Ă ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŽĨ ŇŽǁƐ͘ dŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĂůƐŽ ŶĞĞĚƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ƚŚŽƵŐŚƚ ŽĨ ĂƐ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ ŝŶ ŵŽƟŽŶ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ Ă ĮdžĞĚ ƐƉĂĐĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂƐ Ă ƚŚƌĞĞͲĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶĂů ĞŶƟƚLJ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ Ă ŇĂƚ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ͘ The city should also be thought of as a place that is not only used ďLJ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŝƐ ŵĂĚĞ ũƵƐƚ ĂƐ ŵƵĐŚ ĨŽƌ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ƉĂƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ͗ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͕ ǀŝƐŝƚŽƌƐ͕ ƵƐĞƌƐ͙ dŚĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁŚŽ ƐƉĞŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ǁĂŬŝŶŐ ƟŵĞ ŝŶ LJŽƵƌ ĐŝƚLJ ĂƌĞ ŶĞǀĞƌ ĂƐŬĞĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŽƉŝŶŝŽŶ ǁŚĞŶ Ă space is designed. dĂŬĞ ƚŚĞ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ ŽĨ Ă ďĞŶĐŚ͕ ǁŚĂƚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ǁĞ ĚŽ ǁŝƚŚ ŝƚ͍ ^ŚŽƵůĚ ǁĞ ŝŶƐƚĂůů Ă ďĞŶĐŚ͍ ŶĚ ǁŚĞƌĞ͍ ŶĚ ƚŚĞŶ͕ ǁŚŽ ĨŽƌ͍ &Žƌ ŽůĚ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͕ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͕ ƚƌĂŵƉƐ͙͍ tŚŽ ŝƐ Ă ďĞŶĐŚ ĨŽƌ͍ &Žƌ ůŽĐĂů ǀŽƚĞƌƐ Žƌ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁŚŽ ǀŽƚĞ ĞůƐĞǁŚĞƌĞ͍

8

ã« « Ù ã Ù®Ýã® Ý Ê¥ ã« çÙ Ä ã®½ ͗ ÝÖÙ ó½͕ ¥Ù ¦Ã Äã ã®ÊÄ͕ çÙ¦ Ä ù dŚĞ ŵŽŵĞŶƚ ǁĞ ƐƚĂƌƚ ůŽŽŬŝŶŐ Ăƚ ƵƌďĂŶ ƟŵĞĨƌĂŵĞƐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚůLJ͕ ǁĞ ĮŶĚ ǁĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ĂŶĂůLJƐĞ Ă ŶĞǁ ƐĞƚ ŽĨ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ͗ ƐƉƌĂǁů͕ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƵƌŐĞŶĐLJ͘ The spread of the city in space is what we call urban sprawl. The city spreads regardless of boundaries. But another form of sprawl ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ǁĂLJ ǁŽƌŬ ƐƉƌĞĂĚƐ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƟŵĞ͘ dŚĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ ŚĂƐ ŶŝďďůĞĚ ĂǁĂLJ Ăƚ ƐŝĞƐƚĂƐ͕ ŵĞĂůƟŵĞƐ͕ ǁĞĞŬĞŶĚƐ ĂŶĚ ŶŝŐŚƚƐ͘ /Ŷ ƵƌŽƉĞ͕ ϭϴй of today’s employees work at night. Weekends are now working ƟŵĞ͕ ŶŽƚ ũƵƐƚ ^ĂƚƵƌĚĂLJƐ ďƵƚ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJ ^ƵŶĚĂLJƐ͘ DĞĂů ďƌĞĂŬƐ ŚĂǀĞ ŚĂůǀĞĚ ŝŶ ůĞŶŐƚŚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůĂƐƚ ϮϬ LJĞĂƌƐ͘ &Žƌ ƚŚĞ ŶŐůŝƐŚ͕ ƚŚĞ ŵŝĚĚĂLJ ŵĞĂů ƚĂŬĞƐ ĂŶ ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ ŽĨ ϭϮ ŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ͘ /Ŷ &ƌĂŶĐĞ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ƐƟůů ϰϬ ŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ͕ ďƵƚ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ŚĂůĨ ǁŚĂƚ ŝƚ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ͘ tĞ ŐŽ ƚŽ ďĞĚ ĂŶ hour and a half later than our parents. So the picture today is of Ă Ϯϰͬϳ͕ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ĐŝƚLJ͘ The city has broken up into spaces where we sleep, spaces where ǁĞ ǁŽƌŬ͕ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ǁŚĞƌĞ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ ĨƵŶ͕ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ǁŚĞƌĞ ǁĞ ƐŚŽƉ͘ The metaphor for this city of island areas is the archipelago. But ĂůŽŶŐƐŝĚĞ ƚŚŝƐ͕ ƟŵĞ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĞĚ͘ &Žƌ Ă ůŽŶŐ ƟŵĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͛Ɛ ůŝǀĞƐ ǁĞƌĞ ƌƵůĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ƌŚLJƚŚŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƵŶ͕ ƚŚĞŶ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ƌŚLJƚŚŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďĞůůƐ͕ ƚŚĞŶ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ƌŚLJƚŚŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨĂĐƚŽƌLJ ƐŝƌĞŶ ;ϴ Ăŵ ƚŽ ŶŽŽŶͬϮ Ɖŵ ƚŽ ϲ ƉŵͿ͘ EŽǁĂĚĂLJƐ͕ ϱϯй ŽĨ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĞƐ ǁŽƌŬ ƵŶƐŽĐŝĂů ŚŽƵƌƐ͕ Ă ŵĂũŽƌŝƚLJ͘ dŚĞƌĞ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ Ă ƐŚŝŌ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ďŝŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů ƌŚLJƚŚŵƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚ ƟŵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵŽďŝůĞ ƉŚŽŶĞ͘ ŶĚ ŚĞƌĞ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞ ŝĚĞĂ ŽĨ Ă ĐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ƟŵĞĨƌĂŵĞƐ͗ ƟŵĞ ŝƐ ŶŽ ůŽŶŐĞƌ ƐŝŶŐƵůĂƌ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ƟŵĞƐ͘ The 3rd ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ƵƌďĂŶ ƟŵĞ ŝƐ ĚĞĂĚůŝŶĞƐ͕ ƌĞĂů ƟŵĞ ĚƌŝǀĞŶ ďLJ ƚĞůĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ĚƌŝǀŝŶŐ Ă ŐůŽďĂů ĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ƐLJŶĐŚƌŽŶŝƐĞĚ ŽŶ ǁŽƌůĚ ƟŵĞ͘ DŽďŝůŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƐƉƌĞĂĚŝŶŐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ǁĂLJ͗ ƚŚĞLJ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĐŽŵĞ fragmented and less and less regular, increasingly peripheral ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞŶƚͲƌĞůĂƚĞĚ͘ DŽďŝůŝƚLJ ŝƐ ŵŽƌĞ ĂŶĚ ŵŽƌĞ ůĞŝƐƵƌĞͲƌĞůĂƚĞĚ͕ ĂŶĚ LJĞƚ ŝƚ ŝƐ ƐƟůů ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ ĂƐ ďĞŝŶŐ Ăůů ĂďŽƵƚ ĐŽŵŵƵƟŶŐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚƐ ĨŽƌ ŽŶůLJ Ϯϱй ŽĨ ƚƌĂǀĞů͘ ^ƵĐŚ ŵŽďŝůŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ůĞƐƐ ĂŶĚ ůĞƐƐ ƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ ĂŶĚ ŵŽƌĞ ůĂƐƚ ŵŝŶƵƚĞ͘ dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ĨŽůůŽǁƐ njŝŐnjĂŐ ƉĂƚŚƐ͕ ƐŽ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ŽŶ ƟŵĞ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ ĂĚũƵƐƚŵĞŶƚƐ ƚŽ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͕ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ŵĞĂŶƐ ŵŽǀŝŶŐ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŶĞĂƌ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŶĞĂƌ businesses.

DŝƌƌŽƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ ĂƌĞ ďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJ ŵŽďŝůĞ͘ dŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ƉŽůLJͲƚŽƉŝĂŶ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ƉŽůLJͲĂĐƟǀĞ͕ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƉŽƌƞŽůŝŽ ŽĨ ũŽďƐ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ than a single career. They are increasingly unstable, in family life, ŝŶ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ͕ ŝŶ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJ ƵŶƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĂďůĞ͕ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJ ŚLJďƌŝĚ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞĂƐ ǁŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŽīĞƌƐ ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJ ƐƚĂƟĐ ĂŶĚ ƌŝŐŝĚ͘ dŚĞ ĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ŝƐ ĮƌƐƚ ŽĨ Ăůů ĂŶ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ŝŶ complexity. We are seeing something that is hard to understand, ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ƚŚŽƵŐŚƚ ĂďŽƵƚ ŝŶ ϯͲ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƚŚĞ ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶ

>h 't/ /E^</͕ géographe urbaniste, Grenoble (FR)

LA VILLE MALLEABLE « Ħ Ù Ù ¦ Ù ÝçÙ ½ ò®½½ >Ă ǀŝůůĞ ĞƐƚ ƉĂƌ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ƵŶ ůŝĞƵ ĚĞ ŵĂdžŝŵŝƐĂƟŽŶ ĚĞƐ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ ŵĂŝƐ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ĂƵƐƐŝ ƵŶ ůŝĞƵ ĚĞ ƐĠƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ͘ hŶĞ ǀŝůůĞ ĂƩƌĂĐƟǀĞ͕ ƋƵŝ ƐĞ ĚĠǀĞůŽƉƉĞ͕ Ğƚ Žƶ ů͛ŽŶ ƐĞ ƐĞŶƚ ďŝĞŶ͕ ĞƐƚ ƵŶ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽŝƌĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĠ Žƶ ůĞƐ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵƐ ƐĞ ƌĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĞŶƚ Ğƚ ĠĐŚĂŶŐĞŶƚ͘ >Ă ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ĚĞ ů͛ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚĠ ƵƌďĂŝŶĞ Ğƚ ĚĞ ůĂ ƌĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĞ ĞƐƚ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĞůůĞ͘ hŶĞ ǀŝůůĞ Ŷ͛ĞƐƚ ƉĂƐ ƵŶĞ ǀŝůůĞ Ɛŝ ŽŶ ŶĞ ƉĞƵƚ ƉĂƐ Ɛ͛ĂƐƐĞŽŝƌ͕ ďŽŝƌĞ Ğƚ ƵƌŝŶĞƌ ŐƌĂƚƵŝƚĞŵĞŶƚ͕ ĚĂŶƐ ůĂ ũŽƵƌŶĠĞ͕ ŵĂŝƐ ĂƵƐƐŝ ůĂ ŶƵŝƚ Ğƚ ůĞ ǁĞĞŬͲĞŶĚ͘ Le temps était une dimension qui est encore très peu abordée ĞŶ ĂŵĠŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ Ğƚ ĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐŵĞ͘ KŶ ƉĞŶƐĞ ůĞƐ ǀŝůůĞƐ͕ ŽŶ ůĞƐ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞ͕ ŽŶ ůĞƐ ĂŵĠŶĂŐĞ ĐŽŵŵĞ Ɛŝ ĞůůĞƐ ŶĞ ĨŽŶĐƟŽŶŶĂŝĞŶƚ ƋƵĞ ϭϲŚͬϮϰ Ğƚ ůĂ ƐĞŵĂŝŶĞ ƐĞƵůĞŵĞŶƚ͘ :ƵƐƋƵ͛ă ƉƌĠƐĞŶƚ͕ ŽŶ Ă ĂŵĠŶĂŐĠ ů͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ƉŽƵƌ ŐĂŐŶĞƌ ĚƵ ƚĞŵƉƐ ͖ ũĞ ƉĞŶƐĞ ă ŶŽƐ d's ĞŶ &ƌĂŶĐĞ͕ ĂƵdž ĂƵƚƌĞƐ ƚƌĂŝŶƐ ă ŐƌĂŶĚĞ ǀŝƚĞƐƐĞ ĞŶ ƵƌŽƉĞ Ğƚ ĂŝůůĞƵƌƐ͕ ŵĂŝƐ ŽŶ a rarement aménagé le temps pour gagner de l’espace. Tout le ŵŽŶĚĞ Ɛ͛ŝŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĞ ƐƵƌ ůĂ ŵĂŶŝğƌĞ ĚŽŶƚ ŽŶ ƉĞƵƚ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵŝƌĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ƐƵƌ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ͕ ŵĂŝƐ ĞŶ ĨĂŝƚ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ƉŽƵƌƐƵŝƚ ƐŽŶ ĞdžƚĞŶƐŝŽŶ ƐƵƌ ů͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞ͘ EŽƐ ŵŽĚĞƐ ĚĞ ǀŝĞ ŽŶƚ ĐŚĂŶŐĠ ŵĂŝƐ ůĂ ĨĂďƌŝƋƵĞ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ͕ ůĂ ŵĂƚĠƌŝĂůŝƚĠ͕ ŶĞ Ɛ͛ĞƐƚ ƉĂƐ ƚŽƵũŽƵƌƐ ĂĚĂƉƚĠĞ ĂƵdž ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵdž ŵŽĚĞƐ ĚĞ ǀŝĞ ƋƵŽƟĚŝĞŶƐ͕ ŵĂŝƐ ĂƵƐƐŝ ĂƵdž ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵdž ĐLJĐůĞƐ ĚĞ ǀŝĞ ĐŽŵŵĞ ƉĂƌ ĞdžĞŵƉůĞ ů͛ĂůůŽŶŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĚĞ ůĂ ĚƵƌĠĞ ĚĞ ǀŝĞ͘ KŶ ĐŽŶƐƚĂƚĞ ĂƵƐƐŝ ƋƵ͛ŝů LJ Ă ƵŶĞ ƵƟůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ƋƵĂƐŝ ŵŽŶŽĨŽŶĐƟŽŶŶĞůůĞ ĚĞƐ ďąƟŵĞŶƚƐ ;ĐĞ Ŷ͛ĞƐƚ ƉĂƐ ĨŽƌĐĞŵĞŶƚ ůĞ ĐĂƐ ĚĞ ĐĞůƵŝ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞƋƵĞů ŽŶ ƐĞ ƚƌŽƵǀĞͿ͕ ĚĞƐ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌƐ ŵĂŝƐ ĂƵƐƐŝ ĚĞƐ ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƉƵďůŝĐƐ͘ >Ğ ƚĞŵƉƐ ĞƐƚ ƵŶĞ ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĞůůĞ ĐŽŵŵĞ ĐůĠ ĚĞ ůĞĐƚƵƌĞ ĚĞƐ ĚLJƐĨŽŶĐƟŽŶŶĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ĐŽŵŵĞ ůĞǀŝĞƌ ĞŶ ƚĞƌŵĞƐ ĚĞ ĚĠǀĞůŽƉƉĞŵĞŶƚ ĚƵƌĂďůĞ͘ >Ğ ƚĞŵƉƐ͕ ĕĂ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞ ĚĞ ƚŽƵƚ ůĞ ŵŽŶĚĞ ĚĂŶƐ ůĂ ǀŝĞ ƋƵŽƟĚŝĞŶŶĞ͘ >Ğ ƚĞŵƉƐ ƌĠƉŽŶĚ ă ůĂ ĚĞŵĂŶĚĞ ĚĞƐ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐ ĞŶ ƵƌŽƉĞ ĞŶ ƚĞƌŵĞƐ ĚĞ ƉƌŽdžŝŵŝƚĠ͕ ĚĞ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ͘ >Ğ ƚĞŵƉƐ ƌĞŶǀŽŝĞ ĂƵƐƐŝ ă ůĂ ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶ ƐĞŶƐŝďůĞ ĚĞ ĐŚĂĐƵŶ Ğƚ ůĂŝƐƐĞ ƉůĂĐĞ ă ůĂ ĐƌĠĂƟŽŶ͘ KŶ ĚŽŝƚ ĂǀŽŝƌ ƵŶĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĐŚĞ ƐLJƐƚĠŵŝƋƵĞ Ğƚ ŵƵůƟͲƐĐĂůĂŝƌĞ͘ WŽƵƌ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƌ ĚĞ ƌĞŐĂƌĚ͕ ǀŽŝƌ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ĐŽŵŵĞ ƵŶĞ ƉƵůƐĂƟŽŶ ͗ ĞŶ ũŽƵƌŶĠĞ ĞůůĞ ĂƫƌĞ͕ ůĞ ƐŽŝƌ ĞůůĞ ĞdžƉƵůƐĞ͘ DĂŝƐ ŽŶ ĚŽŝƚ ƉĞŶƐĞƌ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ĐŽŵŵĞ ƵŶ ƐLJƐƚğŵĞ ĚĞ ŇƵdž Ğƚ ŶŽŶ ƉĂƐ ĐŽŵŵĞ ƵŶ ƐLJƐƚğŵĞ ĚĞ ƐƚŽĐŬƐ ͗ ŝů y a des gens et des choses qui rentrent, il y a des gens et des ĐŚŽƐĞƐ ƋƵŝ ƐŽƌƚĞŶƚ͘ >Ă ǀŝůůĞ ĞƐƚ ƵŶ ƐLJƐƚğŵĞ ĚĞ ŇƵdž͘ /ů ĨĂƵƚ ĂƵƐƐŝ ƉĞŶƐĞƌ ƵŶĞ ǀŝůůĞ ĞŶ ŵŽƵǀĞŵĞŶƚ ƉůƵƐ ƋƵ͛ƵŶ ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ĮŐĠ Ğƚ ƋƵ͛ŝů Ɛ͛ĂŐŝƚ Ě͛ƵŶĞ ĞŶƟƚĠ ă ϯ ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ Ğƚ ŶŽŶ ƵŶ ƉůĂŶ͘ /ů ĨĂƵƚ ĂƵƐƐŝ ƉĞŶƐĞƌ ƋƵĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ĞƐƚ ƵŶ ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ƋƵŝ Ŷ͛ĞƐƚ ƉĂƐ ƐĞƵůĞŵĞŶƚ ƵƟůŝƐĠ ƉĂƌ ůĞƐ ƌĠƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͘ >Ă ǀŝůůĞ ĞƐƚ ĂƵƐƐŝ ĨĂŝƚĞ ƉŽƵƌ ĚĞƐ ƵƟůŝƐĂƚĞƵƌƐ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂŝƌĞƐ ͗ ůĞƐ ƚƌĂǀĂŝůůĞƵƌƐ͕ ůĞƐ ǀŝƐŝƚĞƵƌƐ͕ ůĞƐ ƵƐĂŐĞƌƐ͙ ĐĞůůĞƐ Ğƚ ĐĞƵdž ƋƵŝ ƉĂƐƐĞŶƚ ůĞƵƌ ƚĞŵƉƐ ĠǀĞŝůůĠƐ ĚĂŶƐ ǀŽƚƌĞ ǀŝůůĞ͕ ũĂŵĂŝƐ ŽŶ ŶĞ ůĞƵƌ ĚĞŵĂŶĚĞ ůĞƵƌ ĂǀŝƐ ůŽƌƐƋƵ͛ŽŶ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞ ƵŶ ĞƐƉĂĐĞ͘ >Ğ ďĂŶĐ͕ ƋƵ͛ĞƐƚͲĐĞ ƋƵ͛ŽŶ ĞŶ ĨĂŝƚ ͍ ƐƚͲĐĞ ƋƵ͛ŽŶ ů͛ŝŶƐƚĂůůĞ ͍ ƚ Žƶ ͍ ƚ ĞŶƐƵŝƚĞ ƉŽƵƌ ƋƵŝ ů͛ŝŶƐƚĂůůĞ ƚͲŽŶ ͍ WŽƵƌ ůĞƐ ƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞƐ ąŐĠĞƐ͕ ƉŽƵƌ ůĞƐ ũĞƵŶĞƐ͕ ƉŽƵƌ ůĞƐ ĐůŽĐŚĂƌĚƐ͙͍ WŽƵƌ ƋƵŝ ŝŶƐƚĂůůĞ ƚͲŽŶ ůĞ ďĂŶĐ ͍ WŽƵƌ ĐĞƵdž ƋƵŝ ǀŽƚĞŶƚ ůĂ ŽƵ ƉŽƵƌ ĐĞƵdž ƋƵŝ ǀŽƚĞŶƚ ĂŝůůĞƵƌƐ ͍

½ Ý Ù ã Ù®Ýã®Øç Ý ç ã ÃÖÝ çÙ ®Ä ͗ ã ½ à Äã͕ ½ ã à Äã͕ çÙ¦ Ä ƉĂƌƟƌ ĚƵ ŵŽŵĞŶƚ Žƶ ů͛ŽŶ Ă ĐŚĂŶŐĠ ĚĞ ƌĞŐĂƌĚ ƐƵƌ ůĞƐ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂůŝƚĠƐ ƵƌďĂŝŶĞƐ͕ ŽŶ ĚŽŝƚ ĂŶĂůLJƐĞƌ ůĞƵƌƐ ĐĂƌĂĐƚĠƌŝƐƟƋƵĞƐ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞƐ ͗ ů͛ĠƚĂůĞŵĞŶƚ͕ ů͛ĠĐůĂƚĞŵĞŶƚ Ğƚ ů͛ƵƌŐĞŶĐĞ͘ >͛ĠƚĂůĞŵĞŶƚ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ƐƵƌ ů͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞ͕ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ĚŝīƵƐĞ͘ >Ă ǀŝůůĞ Ɛ͛ĠƚĂůĞ ĞŶ ŝŐŶŽƌĂŶƚ ůĞƐ ĨƌŽŶƟğƌĞƐ͘ DĂŝƐ ů͛ĠƚĂůĞŵĞŶƚ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ĂƵƐƐŝ ĐĞůƵŝ ĚĞƐ ĂĐƟǀŝƚĠƐ ƐƵƌ ůĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ͘ >͛ĠĐŽŶŽŵŝĞ Ă ŐƌŝŐŶŽƚĠ ůĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ƐŝĞƐƚĞ͕ ůĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ ĚƵ ƌĞƉĂƐ͕ ůĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ ĚƵ ǁĞĞŬͲĞŶĚ͕ Ğƚ ůĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ŶƵŝƚ͘ ϭϴй ĚĞƐ ƐĂůĂƌŝĠƐ ĂƵũŽƵƌĚ͛ŚƵŝ ĞŶ ƵƌŽƉĞ ƚƌĂǀĂŝůůĞ ůĂ ŶƵŝƚ͘ >Ğ ǁĞĞŬͲĞŶĚ ĞƐƚ ĚĠƐŽƌŵĂŝƐ ƵŶ ƚĞŵƉƐ ĚĞ ƚƌĂǀĂŝů͕ ůĞ ƐĂŵĞĚŝ ĂƵƐƐŝ et de plus en plus le dimanche. Le temps des repas a diminué de ŵŽŝƟĠ ĞŶ ϮϬ ĂŶƐ͘ WŽƵƌ ůĞƐ ĂŶŐůĂŝƐ͕ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ϭϮ ŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ ůĞ ƌĞƉĂƐ ĚĞ ŵŝĚŝ ĞŶ ŵŽLJĞŶŶĞ͘ Ŷ &ƌĂŶĐĞ͕ ŽŶ ĞƐƚ ĞŶĐŽƌĞ ă ϰϬ ŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ ŵĂŝƐ ĕĂ Ă ƋƵĂŶĚ ŵġŵĞ ĚŝŵŝŶƵĠ ĚĞ ŵŽŝƟĠ͘ KŶ ƐĞ ĐŽƵĐŚĞ ϭŚϯϬ ƉůƵƐ ƚĂƌĚ ƋƵĞ ŶŽƐ ƉĂƌĞŶƚƐ͘ ŽŶĐ ůĂ ĮŐƵƌĞ ĂĐƚƵĞůůĞ͕ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ͕ ϮϰŚͬϮϰ Ğƚ ϳũͬϳ͘ >Ă ǀŝůůĞ Ă ĠĐůĂƚĠ ĞŶ ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ Žƶ ů͛ŽŶ ĚŽƌƚ͕ Žƶ ů͛ŽŶ ƚƌĂǀĂŝůůĞ͕ Žƶ ů͛ŽŶ Ɛ͛ĂŵƵƐĞ͕ ĞŶ ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ Žƶ ů͛ŽŶ Ɛ͛ĂƉƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŶĞ͘ >Ă ĮŐƵƌĞ ĚĞ ĐĞƩĞ ǀŝůůĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐĠĞ ĚĞ njŽŶĞƐ ŝŶƐƵůĂŝƌĞƐ͕ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƉĞů͘ DĂŝƐ ĐŽŶĐŽŵŝƚĂŶƚ ĞƐƚ ů͛ĠĐůĂƚĞŵĞŶƚ ĚĞƐ ƚĞŵƉƐ͘ KŶ Ă ĨŽŶĐƟŽŶŶĠ pendant longtemps au rythme du soleil, puis au rythme des ĐůŽĐŚĞƐ͕ ƉƵŝƐ ĂƵ ƌLJƚŚŵĞ ĚĞ ůĂ ƐŝƌğŶĞ ĚĞ ů͛ƵƐŝŶĞ ;ϴŚͲϭϮŚ ͬ ϭϰŚͲϭϴŚͿ͘ ƵũŽƵƌĚ͛ŚƵŝ͕ ϱϯй ĚĞƐ ƐĂůĂƌŝĠƐ ƚƌĂǀĂŝůůĞŶƚ ĞŶ ŚŽƌĂŝƌĞƐ ĂƚLJƉŝƋƵĞƐ͘ ŽŶĐ ƵŶĞ ŵĂũŽƌŝƚĠ ĚĞ ŐĞŶƐ ƚƌĂǀĂŝůůĞ ĞŶ ŚŽƌĂŝƌĞƐ ĚĠĐĂůĠƐ͘ KŶ ĞƐƚ ƉĂƐƐĠ ĚĞƐ ŐƌĂŶĚƐ ƌLJƚŚŵĞƐ ƐŽĐŝĂƵdž ĂƵ ƚĞŵƉƐ ƉŝǀŽƚ ĚƵ ƚĠůĠƉŚŽŶĞ ƉŽƌƚĂďůĞ͘ ƚ ĕĂ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ů͛ŝĚĠĞ Ě͛ƵŶĞ ǀŝůůĞ ă ƉůƵƐŝĞƵƌƐ ƚĞŵƉƐ ͗ ŽŶ Ŷ͛ĞƐƚ plus dans un seul, on est dans plusieurs temps.

La 3ème ĐĂƌĂĐƚĠƌŝƐƟƋƵĞ ĚƵ ƚĞŵƉƐ ƵƌďĂŝŶ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂŝŶ͕ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ů͛ƵƌŐĞŶĐĞ͕ Ğƚ ĂǀĞĐ ůĞƐ ƚĠůĠĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ůĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ ƌĠĞů ƋƵŝ ŝŵƉůŝƋƵĞ ƵŶĞ ĂĐĐĠůĠƌĂƟŽŶ ŐĠŶĠƌĂůŝƐĠĞ͕ ĂǀĞĐ ƵŶĞ ƐLJŶĐŚƌŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ mondiale. >ĞƐ ŵŽďŝůŝƚĠƐ Ɛ͛ĠƚĂůĞŶƚ ĚĞ ůĂ ŵġŵĞ ĨĂĕŽŶ ͗ ĞůůĞƐ ĠĐůĂƚĞŶƚ Ğƚ ĚĞǀŝĞŶŶĞŶƚ ĚĞ ŵŽŝŶƐ ĞŶ ŵŽŝŶƐ ƌĠŐƵůŝğƌĞƐ͕ ĚĞ ƉůƵƐ ĞŶ ƉůƵƐ ƉĠƌŝƉŚĠƌŝƋƵĞƐ Ğƚ ĠǀĠŶĞŵĞŶƟĞůůĞƐ͘ Ğ ƐŽŶƚ ĚĞ ƉůƵƐ ĞŶ ƉůƵƐ ĚĞƐ ŵŽďŝůŝƚĠƐ ĚĞ ůŽŝƐŝƌƐ ƋƵĞ ů͛ŽŶ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ ƉŽƵƌƚĂŶƚ ĚĞ ƌĞŐĂƌĚĞƌ ĐŽŵŵĞ Ɛŝ Đ͛ĠƚĂŝƚ ƚŽƵũŽƵƌƐ ĚƵ ĚŽŵŝĐŝůĞͬƚƌĂǀĂŝů ƋƵŝ ŶĞ ƌĞƉƌĠƐĞŶƚĞ ƋƵĞ Ϯϱй ĚĞƐ ŵŽďŝůŝƚĠƐ͘ ĞƐ ŵŽďŝůŝƚĠƐ ƐŽŶƚ ĚĞ ŵŽŝŶƐ ĞŶ ŵŽŝŶƐ ƉƌĠǀŝƐŝďůĞƐ Ğƚ ƐŽŶƚ ĚĞ ĚĞƌŶŝğƌĞ ŵŝŶƵƚĞ͘ ůůĞƐ ƐŽŶƚ njŝŐnjĂŐĂŶƚĞƐ͕ ĚŽŶĐ ƚƌĂǀĂŝůůĞƌ ƐƵƌ ůĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ͕ ĕĂ ƉĂƐƐĞ ƉĂƌ ĚĞƐ ĂũƵƐƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĚĞƐ ƐLJƐƚğŵĞƐ ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ŵĂŝƐ ĕĂ ǀĞƵƚ ĚŝƌĞ ĂƵƐƐŝ ƌĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞƌ ůĞƐ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƉƌğƐ ĚĞ ů͛ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ Ğƚ ƌĞůŽĐĂůŝƐĞƌ ůĞƐ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƉƌğƐ ĚĞƐ entreprises.

WĂƌ ƌĂƉƉŽƌƚ ă ĐĞƐ ĠǀŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ů͛ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵ ĚĞǀŝĞŶƚ ĚĞ ƉůƵƐ ĞŶ ƉůƵƐ ŵŽďŝůĞ͘ /ů ĞƐƚ ƉŽůLJͲƚŽƉŝƋƵĞ ͗ ŝů Ă ƉůƵƐŝĞƵƌƐ ůŝĞƵdž͘ /ů ĞƐƚ ƉŽůLJͲĂĐƟĨ ͗ ŝů Ă ƵŶ ƉŽƌƚĞĨĞƵŝůůĞ Ě͛ĂĐƟǀŝƚĠƐ ƉůƵƐ ƋƵ͛ƵŶ ƐĞƵů ŵĠƟĞƌ͘ /ů ĞƐƚ ĚĞ ƉůƵƐ ĞŶ ƉůƵƐ ŝŶƐƚĂďůĞ ͗ ĞŶ ĨĂŵŝůůĞ͕ ĂƵ ƚƌĂǀĂŝů͕ ĚĂŶƐ ƐĂ ůŽĐĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ͘ /ů ĞƐƚ ĚĞ ƉůƵƐ ĞŶ ƉůƵƐ ŝŵƉƌĠǀŝƐŝďůĞ͕ ŝů ĚĞǀŝĞŶƚ ĚĞ ƉůƵƐ ĞŶ ƉůƵƐ ƵŶ ŚLJďƌŝĚĞ ĂůŽƌƐ ƋƵĞ ů͛ŽīƌĞ ƵƌďĂŝŶĞ ĞƐƚ ƚŽƵũŽƵƌƐ ƉůƵƐ ƐƚĂƟƋƵĞ Ğƚ ƌŝŐŝĚĞ͘

9

>h 't/ /E^</͕ geographer urban planner, Grenoble (FR)

ŽĨ ƟŵĞ͗ ϯϬй ŽĨ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶƐ ƐĂLJ ƚŚĂƚ ƟŵĞ ŝƐ ŽƵƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů͘ dŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƐƉĂĐĞ͗ ĞǀĞƌLJ ƟŵĞ ƐŽŵĞŽŶĞ ĐŽŵĞƐ ƵƉ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ŶĞǁ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ͕ Ă ŶĞǁ ƐƚĂŶĚͲĂůŽŶĞ ŽďũĞĐƚ ŝƐ ďƵŝůƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌŝƉŚĞƌLJ͕ ƐŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŐƌŽǁƐ͘ dŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ Ă ƟŵĞ ůĂŐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĨĂŵŝůLJ ůŝĨĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ĚŝĸĐƵůƟĞƐ ƌĞĐŽŶĐŝůŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƚǁŽ͘ ŶĚ ƚŚĞŶ ƉƌŽďĂďůLJ ĚŝĸĐƵůƟĞƐ ŝŶ ŚƵŵĂŶ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ĂƐ it used to be understood. ^Ž ǁŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐ͍ &ŝƌƐƚ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐ ƚŽ ƚŚŝƐ ĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƟŽŶ͗ ƚŚĞ ƌĞͲĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů ŽǀĞƌ ƟŵĞ͗ ŝĨ / ǁĂŶƚ͕ / ĐĂŶ ƐƚŽƉ͘ ,ĞƌĞ ǁĞ ƐĞĞ ƚŚĞ ĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŽĨ ƐůŽǁ ůĞŝƐƵƌĞ͕ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ũƵŵƉŝŶŐ Žī ƚŚĞ ďĂŶĚǁĂŐŽŶ͘ ŶĚ ƚŚĞŶ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ĂůƐŽ ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĂĐƟǀŝƐƚ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ^ůŽǁ &ŽŽĚ Žƌ ŝƩă ^ůŽǁ͕ ƚŽǁŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŽƉĞƌĂƚĞ ŝŶ ƐůŽǁ ŵŽƟŽŶ͘ ŶĚ ƚŚĞŶ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĞŶĚ ŽĨ ƐĞƫŶŐ ƵƉ ĨĞƐƟǀĂůƐ ŝŶ Ăůů ŽƵƌ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ͗ ƚŚĞ ͞ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌƐ ĨĞƐƟǀĂů͟ ŝŶ &ƌĂŶĐĞ ƚŽ ĐĞŵĞŶƚ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚƐ͖ ŐĂƌĂŐĞ ƐĂůĞƐ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ŐŽ ƚŽ ďƵLJ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌ͛Ɛ ĂƐŚƚƌĂLJ͖ ǁŚŝƚĞ ŶŝŐŚƚƐ͗ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĂŶ ĞdžƉůŽƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ĨĞƐƟǀĂůƐ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ŬŝŶĚ͕ ƚŽ ĐĞŵĞŶƚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŝƟĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞLJ ǁŽƌŬ͊

ÝÊ ó« ã ®Ý ã« Ã ½½ ½ ®ãù͍ Ƶƚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ĂůƐŽ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐ ŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ ǀĞƌƐĂƟůĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ƌŽƚĂƟŶŐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŚLJďƌŝĚŝƐĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĂƚ ŝƐ ǁŚĂƚ ǁĞ ŵĞĂŶ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ŵĂůůĞĂďůĞ ĐŝƚLJ͘ ĨĞǁ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŬŝŶĚƐ͗ ƚŚĞ ďĂŶŬƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ^ĞŝŶĞ ďĞĐŽŵĞ Ă ďĞĂĐŚ ŝŶ ƐƵŵŵĞƌ͖ ƚŚĞ ƐƋƵĂƌĞ ŝŶ ĨƌŽŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ dŽǁŶ ,Ăůů ŝŶ ^ƚƌĂƐďŽƵƌŐ ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ Ă ƐŬĂƟŶŐ ƌŝŶŬ ŝŶ ǁŝŶƚĞƌ͖ ƐĐŚŽŽů ƉƌĞŵŝƐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƚŽ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĞǀĞŶŝŶŐƐ͖ ĂĞƌŽƉůĂŶĞƐ ĐĂƌƌLJ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚĂLJ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŝů Ăƚ ŶŝŐŚƚ͖ Ă ďƵƐ ůĂŶĞ ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ Ă ƉĂƌŬŝŶŐ ůĂŶĞ Ăƚ ŶŝŐŚƚ͖ Ă ŚŝŐŚͲƐƚƌĞƐƐ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶ ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ Ă ƐŚŽǁ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĨŽƌ ĂƌƟƐƚƐ͖ ĂŶ ĞŵƉƚLJ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐĞƌƚ ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ Ă ƚŽǁŶ ƚŽ ƐƚĂŐĞ ĂŶ ĞǀĞŶƚ͕ Ă ƐƚƌĞĞƚ ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ Ă ĨŽŽƚďĂůů ƉŝƚĐŚ͕ Ă ďĂƌ ďĞĐŽŵĞ Ă ǁŽƌŬƉůĂĐĞ ʹ Ă ŚLJďƌŝĚ ƐƉĂĐĞ ʹ Ă ůĂƵŶĚƌLJ ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ Ă ůŝďƌĂƌLJ͕ Ă ƐƚĂƟŽŶ Ă ƐƵƉĞƌŵĂƌŬĞƚ͘ ^Ž ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚŝƐ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ĂƉĂƌƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƐŵĂůůͲƐĐĂůĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞ ƐĞĞ ŝŶ ĐŝƟĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ŐŽĂů ŽĨ the malleable city is to be able to respond to stress by using the key ŽĨ ƟŵĞ͘ ,Žǁ ĐĂŶ ǁĞ ĂĚĂƉƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĚĞŵĂŶĚ ĂƐ ŝƚ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ Ă ůŝĨĞ͕ Ă LJĞĂƌ͕ Ă ĚĂLJ͍ ,Žǁ ĐĂŶ ǁĞ ůŝŵŝƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŶĚ ŽƉƟŵŝƐĞ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ĂƌĞĂ͍ ,Žǁ ĐĂŶ ǁĞ ƌĞĚƵĐĞ ĐŽƐƚƐ͍ ŶĚ ĮŶĂůůLJ͕ ŚŽǁ ĐĂŶ ǁĞ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ƚŽ ŵĂŬĞ Ă ƌĞĂů ĐŝƚLJ͍ The malleable city is a city that can be worked without breaking. /ƚ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ƚŚĞ Ϯϰ ŚŽƵƌͲĂͲĚĂLJ ĐŝƚLJ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ƚŚĞ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĞĚ ĐŝƚLJ͕ ďƵƚ ŝƚ ŝƐ Ă ĐŝƚLJ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĞĚ ďLJ ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ ŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞ ǁŚĞƌĞ ǁĞ ŐŝǀĞ ŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƌŝŐŚƚ ƚŽ ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ŵĂŬĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽƌƌĞĐƚ ŵŝƐƚĂŬĞƐ͘ ŵĂůůĞĂďůĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŝƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ǀĞƌƐĂƟůĞ ĂŶĚ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟŶŐ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ Ăƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂů ƐĐĂůĞƐ ʹ LJĞĂƌ͕ ƐĞĂƐŽŶ͕ ĚĂLJ ʹ ĂŶĚ Ăƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐƉĂƟĂů ƐĐĂůĞƐ ʹ ŚŽƵƐĞ͕ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ͕ ƐƚƌĞĞƚ͕ ĐŽŶƵƌďĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ŵĂůůĞĂďůĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ĂďŽƵƚ ǀĞƌƐĂƟůĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ǀĞƌƐĂƟůĞ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ ĂĚĂƉƚĂďůĞ͕

ϭϬ

ŵŽĚƵůĂƌ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƟďůĞ ƐƚƌĞĞƚ ĨƵƌŶŝƚƵƌĞ͕ ƌĞĂůͲƟŵĞ ƐŝŐŶĂŐĞ ƚŽ ƌĞŇĞĐƚ ĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶ ƌŽůĞƐ͕ Ă ŶĞǁ ĐŝƚLJ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂďŽǀĞ Ăůů ũŽŝŶƚ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ Ăƚ ĞǀĞƌLJ ƐƚĂŐĞ͘ A malleable city is also about new rules for new uses. Rules for ƐŚĂƌŝŶŐ ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ͗ ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŝƐ ŚĂƌĚ ĞŶŽƵŐŚ ƚŽ ƐŚĂƌĞ ŝŶ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ĐŝƟĞƐ͕ ƐŽ ǁŚĂƚ ĚŽ ǁĞ ĚŽ ǁŚĞŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ƐŚĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͍ ^Ž ƌƵůĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ƐƉĂƟĂů ĂŶĚ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂů ďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟŶŐ ƵƐĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ďĞ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ͗ ǁŚĞŶ ĂŶĚ ǁŚĞƌĞ ĚŽ / ƐƚŽƉ͍ dŚĞ ƌŝŐŚƚ ŬŝŶĚ ŽĨ ƐŝŐŶĂŐĞ ŝƐ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ͕ ĂůŽŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ŐŽŽĚ ƟŵĞƚĂďůĞ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ĐŚĂƌƚĞƌƐ ƚŽ ĂǀŽŝĚ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ͗ ǁĞ ĐĂŶ begin thinking about these issues by introducing night charters ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĞĞƚ ďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ ĐŽĚĞƐ͘ /Ŷ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ ǁĞ ŽďǀŝŽƵƐůLJ ŶĞĞĚ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂƟŽƚĞŵƉŽƌĂů ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͗ / ǁŽƵůĚ ĂĚǀŽĐĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƟŵĞ ĂŶĚ ŵŽďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ ƚŽ ƐĞƚ ƚŚĞ ƌŝŐŚƚ ƚĞŵƉŽ ĨŽƌ ĐŝƟĞƐ͕ Ă ƟŵĞ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶĐLJ ƐĐŚĞŵĞ ƚŽ ŵĂŶĂŐĞ ƟŵĞƚĂďůĞƐ͕ ŝŶ ŽƚŚĞƌ ǁŽƌĚƐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ƟŵĞ ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ͖ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŶ͕ ŽďůŝŐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ Žƌ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŽĨ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ Žƌ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƚŽ ƚŚŝŶŬ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚŝƐ ŶŽƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƟŵĞ͕ ǁĞ ǁŽƵůĚ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ Ă ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ŽĨ ͞ŚŝŐŚ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂů ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͘͟ ^ŝŶĐĞ ǁĞ ǁĂŶƚ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ ŇĞdžŝďůĞ ĂŶĚ ĂĚĂƉƚĂďůĞ͕ ǁĞ ǁŝůů ŽĨ ĐŽƵƌƐĞ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ĂƐƐĞƌƚ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ƚŽ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƚ ƚŚĞ ĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ŶĞǁ ŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ŇĞdžŝďŝůŝƚLJ͗ ƚŚĞ ŶŽƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ƌŝŐŚƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ŶŽƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŶŽƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŝŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƟŵĞ͘ tĞ ǁŝůů ďĞ ŽďůŝŐĞĚ ƚŽ ŝŶǀĞŶƚ ŶĞǁ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ͕ Ă ŶĞǁ ǀŽĐĂďƵůĂƌLJ͗ ͞ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ƵƐĞƌƐ͕͟ ͞ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ŚƵďƐ͕͟ ͞ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͙͟ tĞ ǁŝůů ƉĞƌŚĂƉƐ ĂůƐŽ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ƚŚŝŶŬ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƟnjĞŶ ĂƐ Ă ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ĐŝƟnjĞŶ͘ dŚĞ ŵĂůůĞĂďůĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĐĂůůƐ ĨŽƌ Ă ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŵĂƚĐŚĞƐ ŝƚƐ ƌŚLJƚŚŵƐ͘ /Ŷ ĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ƚŚĞ ŵĂůůĞĂďůĞ ĐŝƚLJ ďƌŝŶŐƐ ĂƌĞ ĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶ ĞƐĐĂƉĞ ĨƌŽŵ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƵƌďĂŶŝƚLJ͕ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƐŵĂƌƚ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ͕ ĂďŽƵƚ ŵŽďŝůŝƐŝŶŐ ĂƌƟƐƚƐ ƚŽ ŵĂŬĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ Ă ĐŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ůŽŽŬ ůŝŬĞ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƉůĂĐĞƐ ǁŚĞƌĞ LJŽƵ ǁĂŶƚ ƚŽ ƐĞƩůĞ͘ ŶĚ ĮŶĂůůLJ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ƵŶĚŽƵďƚĞĚůLJ ĂďŽƵƚ Ă ŶĞǁ ǁĂLJ ŽĨ ŝŶŚĂďŝƟŶŐ͘ tĞ ƚĂůŬ ĂďŽƵƚ ŝŶŚĂďŝƟŶŐ ƐƉĂĐĞ͕ ďƵƚ ǁĞ ĐĂŶ ĂůƐŽ ƚĂůŬ ĂďŽƵƚ ŝŶŚĂďŝƟŶŐ ƟŵĞ͘

>h 't/ /E^</͕ géographe urbaniste, Grenoble (FR)

>ĞƐ ĐŽŶƐĠƋƵĞŶĐĞƐ ĚĞ ĐĞƐ ĠǀŽůƵƟŽŶƐ͕ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ƚŽƵƚ Ě͛ĂďŽƌĚ ů͛ĂĐĐƌŽŝƐƐĞŵĞŶƚ ĚĞ ůĂ ĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝƚĠ ͗ ŽŶ ĞƐƚ ĨĂĐĞ ă ƋƵĞůƋƵĞ ĐŚŽƐĞ qu’on a du mal à comprendre, qu’il faut penser en 3 dimensions et LJ ŝŶƚĠŐƌĞƌ ůĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ ͗ ϯϬй ĚĞƐ ĞƵƌŽƉĠĞŶƐ ĚŝƐĞŶƚ ŶĞ ƉůƵƐ ŵĂŝƚƌŝƐĞƌ ůĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ͘ ͛ĞƐƚ ĂƵƐƐŝ ƵŶĞ ĐŽŶƐŽŵŵĂƟŽŶ ĂĐĐƌƵĞ Ě͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ͗ ĐŚĂƋƵĞ ĨŽŝƐ ƋƵĞ ů͛ŽŶ ƉƌŽĚƵŝƚ ƵŶĞ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞ ĨŽŶĐƟŽŶ͕ ŽŶ ƉƌŽĚƵŝƚ ƵŶ ŶŽƵǀĞů ŽďũĞƚ ĐĠůŝďĂƚĂŝƌĞ ĞŶ ƉĠƌŝƉŚĠƌŝĞ Ğƚ ĚŽŶĐ ŽŶ ĂĐĐƌŽŝƚ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ͘ ͛ĞƐƚ ƵŶĞ ĚĠƐLJŶĐŚƌŽŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ Ğƚ ĚĞƐ ĚŝĸĐƵůƚĠƐ ă ĐŽŶĐŝůŝĞƌ ůĂ ǀŝĞ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶŶĞůůĞ Ğƚ ůĂ ǀŝĞ ĨĂŵŝůŝĂůĞ͘ ƚ ƉƵŝƐ ƐĂŶƐ ĚŽƵƚĞ ĚĞƐ ĚŝĸĐƵůƚĠƐ ă ƐĞ ƌĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĞƌ ĂƵ ƐĞŶƐ Žƶ ů͛ŽŶ ƉŽƵǀĂŝƚ ůĞ ĚŝƌĞ ĂǀĂŶƚ͘

ĞŶ ĂƌƌŝğƌĞ͘ hŶĞ ǀŝůůĞ ŵĂůůĠĂďůĞ͕ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ůĂ ƉŽůLJǀĂůĞŶĐĞ Ğƚ ů͛ƵƐĂŐĞ ĂůƚĞƌŶĠ ĚĞ ů͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ Ğƚ ĚĞƐ ďąƟŵĞŶƚƐ ĚŽŶĐ ă ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚĞƐ ĠĐŚĞůůĞƐ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĞůůĞƐ ͗ ĚĞ ů͛ĂŶŶĠĞ ă ůĂ ũŽƵƌŶĠĞ ĞŶ ƉĂƐƐĂŶƚ ƉĂƌ ůĞƐ ƐĂŝƐŽŶƐ ͖ Ğƚ ă ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚĞƐ ĠĐŚĞůůĞƐ ƐƉĂƟĂůĞƐ ͗ ĚĞ ů͛ŚĂďŝƚĂƟŽŶ ă ů͛ĂŐŐůŽŵĠƌĂƟŽŶ ĞŶ ƉĂƐƐĂŶƚ ƉĂƌ ůĞ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ Ğƚ ůĂ ƌƵĞ͘ >Ă ǀŝůůĞ ŵĂůůĠĂďůĞ͕ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ĂƵƐƐŝ ĚĞƐ ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƉƵďůŝĐƐ ƉŽůLJǀĂůĞŶƚƐ ͖ ĚĞƐ ďąƟŵĞŶƚƐ ƉŽůLJǀĂůĞŶƚƐ ͖ ƵŶ ŵŽďŝůŝĞƌ ƵƌďĂŝŶ ƋƵŝ ƐŽŝƚ ĂĚĂƉƚĂďůĞ͕ ŵŽĚƵůĂŝƌĞ Ğƚ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƟďůĞ ͖ ƵŶĞ ƐŝŐŶĂůĠƟƋƵĞ ĞŶ ƚĞŵƉƐ ƌĠĞů ƉƵŝƐƋƵĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ǀĂ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƌ Ě͛ĂīĞĐƚĂƟŽŶ ĂƵ ĐŽƵƌƐ ĚƵ ƚĞŵƉƐ ͖ ƵŶ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ͖ Ğƚ ƐƵƌƚŽƵƚ ƵŶĞ ĐŽͲĐŽŶĐĞƉƟŽŶ ă ĐŚĂƋƵĞ ĠƚĂƉĞ͘

DĂŝƐ ĂůŽƌƐ ƋƵ͛ĞdžŝƐƚĞͲƚͲŝů ĐŽŵŵĞ ƌĠƉŽŶƐĞƐ͍ ͛ĂďŽƌĚ ŝů LJ Ă ĚĞƐ ƌĠƉŽŶƐĞƐ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĞůůĞƐ ƉĂƌ ƌĂƉƉŽƌƚ ă ů͛ĂĐĐĠůĠƌĂƟŽŶ ͗ ůĂ ƌĞƉƌŝƐĞ ĞŶ ŵĂŝŶ ĚĞ ůĂ ŵĂŝƚƌŝƐĞ ĚĞ ƐŽŶ ƚĞŵƉƐ ͗ Ɛŝ ũĞ ǀĞƵdž ũĞ ƉĞƵdž ĂƌƌġƚĞƌ͘ ͛ĞƐƚ ů͛ĞdžƉůŽƐŝŽŶ ĚĞƐ ůŽŝƐŝƌƐ ůĞŶƚƐ͕ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ůĞ ůąĐŚĞƌͲƉƌŝƐĞ Ě͛ƵŶ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ŶŽŵďƌĞ ĚĞ ƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞƐ͕ ă ƵŶ ŵŽŵĞŶƚ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝĞ͘ ƚ ƉƵŝƐ ŝů LJ Ă ĂƵƐƐŝ ĚĞƐ ƌĠƉŽŶƐĞƐ ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞƐ ă ƚƌĂǀĞƌƐ ĚĞƐ ĐŽƵƌĂŶƚƐ ŵŝůŝƚĂŶƚƐ ĐŽŵŵĞ ůĞ ^ůŽǁ &ŽŽĚ ŽƵ ůĂ ŝƩă ^ůŽǁ͕ ĐĞƐ ǀŝůůĞƐ ƋƵŝ ĨŽŶĐƟŽŶŶĞŶƚ ĂƵ ƌĂůĞŶƟ͘ DĂŝƐ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ĂƵƐƐŝ ůĂ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚĠ ƋƵĞ ů͛ŽŶ Ă Ě͛ŝŶǀĞŶƚĞƌ ĚĂŶƐ ƚŽƵƐ ŶŽƐ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽŝƌĞƐ ĚĞƐ ĨġƚĞƐ ͗ ůĂ ĨġƚĞ ĚĞƐ ǀŽŝƐŝŶƐ ƉŽƵƌ ĨĂŝƌĞ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ ͖ ůĞƐ ǀŝĚĞƐ ŐƌĞŶŝĞƌ Žƶ ů͛ŽŶ ǀĂ ĂĐŚĞƚĞƌ ůĞ ĐĞŶĚƌŝĞƌ ĚĞ ƐŽŶ ǀŽŝƐŝŶ ͖ ůĞƐ ŶƵŝƚƐ ďůĂŶĐŚĞƐ ͗ ŽŶ Ă ǀƵ ů͛ĞdžƉůŽƐŝŽŶ ĚĞ ĐĞƐ ĨġƚĞƐ ƋƵŝ ƉĞƌŵĞƩĞŶƚ ĞŶ ƐŽŝƌĠĞ ĚĞ ĨĂŝƌĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽŝƌĞ Ğƚ ĚĞ ĨĂŝƌĞ ǀŝůůĞ Ğƚ ĕĂ ŵĂƌĐŚĞ ͊

hŶĞ ǀŝůůĞ ŵĂůůĠĂďůĞ͕ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ĠŐĂůĞŵĞŶƚ ĚĞ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞƐ ƌğŐůĞƐ ƉŽƵƌ ĚĞƐ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵdž ƵƐĂŐĞƐ ͗ ĐĞ ƐŽŶƚ ĚĞƐ ƌğŐůĞƐ ĚĞ ƉĂƌƚĂŐĞ ĚĞ ů͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƟĨ ͗ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ĚĠũă ĚŝĸĐŝůĞ ůĞ ƉĂƌƚĂŐĞ Ě͛ƵŶ ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƟĨ ĚĂŶƐ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ĂƵũŽƵƌĚ͛ŚƵŝ ĚŽŶĐ ĐŽŵŵĞŶƚ ĨĂŝƚͲŽŶ ůŽƌƐƋƵĞ ůĞƐ ĂĐƟǀŝƚĠƐ ƚŽƵƌŶĞŶƚ ĚĂŶƐ ƵŶ ŵġŵĞ ĞƐƉĂĐĞ͕ ĚĂŶƐ ƵŶ ŵġŵĞ ďąƟŵĞŶƚ ͍ ŽŶĐ ŝů ĨĂƵƚ ĚĞƐ ƌğŐůĞƐ͘ /ů ĨĂƵƚ ĠƚĂďůŝƌ ĚĞƐ ůŝŵŝƚĞƐ ƐƉĂƟĂůĞƐ Ğƚ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĞůůĞƐ ĚĞ ĐĞƚ ƵƐĂŐĞ ĂůƚĞƌŶĞ ͗ ƋƵĂŶĚ Ğƚ Žƶ ĕĂ Ɛ͛ĂƌƌġƚĞ ͍ /ů ĨĂƵƚ ƵŶĞ ƐŝŐŶĂůĠƟƋƵĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĠĞ͕ ƵŶĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ĚĞ ůĂ ŐĞƐƟŽŶ ĚĞ calendriers d’usages, mais aussi des chartes d’usage de l’espace ĐŽůůĞĐƟĨ ĂĮŶ Ě͛ĠǀŝƚĞƌ ůĞƐ ĐŽŶŇŝƚƐ ͗ ŽŶ ĐŽŵŵĞŶĐĞ ă ƚƌĂǀĞƌƐ ĚĞƐ ĐŚĂƌƚĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ŶƵŝƚ͕ ĚĞƐ ĐŽĚĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ƌƵĞ ă ƉĞŶƐĞƌ ă ĐĞƐ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ ůă͘

½ ò®½½ à ½½ ½ ÊÃà ٠ÖÊÄÝ ͍ DĂŝƐ ŝů LJ Ă ĚĞƐ ƌĠƉŽŶƐĞƐ ĂƵƐƐŝ ĞŶ ƚĞƌŵĞƐ ĚĞ ƉŽůLJǀĂůĞŶĐĞƐ ĚĞƐ ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ĚĞ ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶ Ě͛ĂĐƟǀŝƚĠƐ Ğƚ Ě͛ŚLJďƌŝĚĂƟŽŶ͘ ͛ĞƐƚ ůĂ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ŵĂůůĠĂďůĞ͘ YƵĞůƋƵĞƐ ĞdžĞŵƉůĞƐ ă ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚĞƐ ĠĐŚĞůůĞƐ ͗ ůĞƐ ƋƵĂŝƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ^ĞŝŶĞ ĚĞǀŝĞŶŶĞŶƚ ƵŶĞ ƉůĂŐĞ ƉŽƵƌ ů͛ĠƚĠ ͖ ůĂ ƉůĂĐĞ ĚĞ ůĂ ŵĂŝƌŝĞ ĚĞǀŝĞŶƚ ƵŶĞ ƉĂƟŶŽŝƌĞ Ă ^ƚƌĂƐďŽƵƌŐ ͖ ƵŶĞ ĠĐŽůĞ ĂĐĐƵĞŝůůĞ Ě͛ĂƵƚƌĞƐ ĂĐƟǀŝƚĠƐ ůĞ ƐŽŝƌ ͖ ƵŶ ĂǀŝŽŶ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĞ ĚĞƐ ŚŽŵŵĞƐ ůĂ ũŽƵƌŶĠĞ Ğƚ ĚƵ ĐŽƵƌƌŝĞƌ ůĂ ŶƵŝƚ ͖ ƵŶ ĐŽƵůŽŝƌ ĚĞ ďƵƐ ĚĞǀŝĞŶƚ ƵŶ ƉĂƌŬŝŶŐ ůĂ ŶƵŝƚ ͖ ƵŶ ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŶdžŝŽŐğŶĞ ĚĞǀŝĞŶƚ ƵŶ ůŝĞƵ ĚĞ ƐƉĞĐƚĂĐůĞ ƉŽƵƌ ĚĞƐ ĂƌƟƐƚĞƐ ͖ ƵŶ ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ǀŝĚĞ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞ ĚĠƐĞƌƚ ĚĞǀŝĞŶƚ ƵŶĞ ǀŝůůĞ ůĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ Ě͛ƵŶ ĠǀĠŶĞŵĞŶƚ͕ ƵŶĞ ƌƵĞ ĚĞǀŝĞŶƚ ƵŶ ƚĞƌƌĂŝŶ ĚĞ ĨŽŽƚ ŵĂŝƐ ĂƵƐƐŝ ƵŶ ďĂƌ ĚĞǀŝĞŶƚ ƵŶ ůŝĞƵ ĚĞ ƚƌĂǀĂŝů͕ ƵŶ ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ŚLJďƌŝĚĞ͕ ƵŶĞ ůĂǀĞƌŝĞ ĚĞǀŝĞŶƚ ƵŶĞ ďŝďůŝŽƚŚğƋƵĞ͕ ƵŶĞ ŐĂƌĞ ƵŶ ƐƵƉĞƌŵĂƌĐŚĠ͘ ŽŶĐ ƉĂƌ ƌĂƉƉŽƌƚ ă ĕĂ Ğƚ ĂƵͲĚĞůă ĚĞ ĐĞƐ ƉĞƟƚĞƐ ĞdžƉĠƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ ƋƵĞ ů͛ŽŶ ƉĞƵƚ ĐŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƌ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞƐ ǀŝůůĞƐ͕ ů͛ŽďũĞĐƟĨ ĂƵƚŽƵƌ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ŵĂůůĠĂďůĞ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ĚĞ ƉŽƵǀŽŝƌ ƌĠƉŽŶĚƌĞ ă ĚĞƐ ĐŽŶƚƌĂŝŶƚĞƐ ĞŶ ƵƟůŝƐĂŶƚ ůĂ ĐůĠ ĚĞƐ ƚĞŵƉƐ͘ ŽŵŵĞŶƚ Ɛ͛ĂĚĂƉƚĞ ƚͲŽŶ ă ůĂ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĠ ĚĞ ůĂ ĚĞŵĂŶĚĞ ĂƵ ůŽŶŐ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝĞ͕ ĚĞ ů͛ĂŶŶĠĞ Ğƚ ĚĞƐ ũŽƵƌƐ ͍ ŽŵŵĞŶƚ ůŝŵŝƚĞ ƚͲŽŶ ůĂ ĐŽŶƐŽŵŵĂƟŽŶ Ě͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞ Ğƚ ŽƉƟŵŝƐĞ ƚͲŽŶ ůĞƐ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƐ ĚŝƐƉŽŶŝďůĞƐ ͍ ŽŵŵĞŶƚ ƌĠĚƵŝƚͲŽŶ ůĞƐ ĐŽƵƚƐ ͍ ƚ ĞŶĮŶ͕ ĐŽŵŵĞŶƚ ŐĂŐŶĞ ƚͲŽŶ ĞŶ ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚĠ ƵƌďĂŝŶĞ ƉŽƵƌ ĨĂŝƌĞ ǀŝůůĞ ͍ >Ă ǀŝůůĞ ŵĂůůĠĂďůĞ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ƵŶĞ ĐŝƚĠ ƋƵŝ ƐĞ ůĂŝƐƐĞ ĨĂĕŽŶŶĞƌ ƐĂŶƐ ƌŽŵƉƌĞ͘ Ğ Ŷ͛ĞƐƚ ƉĂƐ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ϮϰŚͬϮϰ͕ ĐĞ Ŷ͛ĞƐƚ ƉĂƐ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ĠĐůĂƚĠĞ ŵĂŝƐ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ƵŶĞ ĐŝƚĠ ƋƵŝ ĞƐƚ ĚĂŶƐ ƵŶĞ ůŽŐŝƋƵĞ Ě͛ŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ Ğƚ Žƶ ŽŶ ƐĞ ůĂŝƐƐĞ ůĞ ĚƌŽŝƚ Ě͛ĞdžƉĠƌŝŵĞŶƚĞƌ Ğƚ ĚĞ ƐĞ ƚƌŽŵƉĞƌ ƉŽƵƌ ƌĞǀĞŶŝƌ

/ů ĨĂƵƚ ĂƵƐƐŝ ďŝĞŶ ĠǀŝĚĞŵŵĞŶƚ ĚĞƐ ŽƵƟůƐ ĚĞ ŐĞƐƟŽŶ Ğƚ Ě͛ĂŵĠŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƐƉĂƟŽͲƚĞŵƉŽƌĞůƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ͗ ũĞ ŵĞ ĨĞƌĂŝ ů͛ĂǀŽĐĂƚ des agences des temps et des mobilités pour essayer de donner ůĞ ďŽŶ ƚĞŵƉŽ ĂƵdž ǀŝůůĞƐ ͖ ƵŶ ƐĐŚĠŵĂ ĚĞ ĐŽŚĠƌĞŶĐĞ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĞů ƉŽƵƌ gérer les agendas, donc des urbanistes du temps ça doit bien ƉŽƵǀŽŝƌ Ɛ͛ŝŶǀĞŶƚĞƌ ͖ Ğƚ ƉƵŝƐ ƉŽƵƌ ŽďůŝŐĞƌ ůĞƐ ŐĞŶƐ ƋƵŝ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵŝƐĞŶƚ ŽƵ ƚƌĂǀĂŝůůĞŶƚ ƐƵƌ ƵŶ ďąƟŵĞŶƚ ŽƵ ƵŶ ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ă ƉĞŶƐĞƌ ĐĞƩĞ ŶŽƟŽŶ ĚĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ͕ ŝů ĨĂƵĚƌĂŝƚ ƋƵ͛ŽŶ ŝŶƚğŐƌĞ ƵŶ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĞ ĚĞ ͨ ŚĂƵƚĞ ƋƵĂůŝƚĠ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĞůůĞ ͩ͘ WƵŝƐƋƵ͛ŽŶ ǀĞƵƚ ġƚƌĞ ĚĂŶƐ ƋƵĞůƋƵĞ ĐŚŽƐĞ ĚĞ ƐŽƵƉůĞ Ğƚ Ě͛ĂĚĂƉƚĂďůĞ͕ ŝů ĨĂƵƚ ƋƵĂŶĚ ŵġŵĞ ƋƵĞ ů͛ŽŶ ĂĸƌŵĞ ĚĞƐ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĞƐ ƉŽƵƌ ĠǀŝƚĞƌ ů͛ĂƉƉĂƌŝƟŽŶ ĚĞ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞƐ ŝŶĠŐĂůŝƚĠƐ ůŝĠĞƐ ă ůĂ ƐŽƵƉůĞƐƐĞ Ğƚ ă ůĂ ŇĞdžŝďŝůŝƚĠ ͗ ůĂ ŶŽƟŽŶ ĚĞ ĚƌŽŝƚ ă ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ͕ ůĂ ŶŽƟŽŶ ĚĞ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ Ğƚ ůĂ ŶŽƟŽŶ Ě͛ĠŐĂůŝƚĠ ƵƌďĂŝŶĞ ĚĂŶƐ ů͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞ Ğƚ dans le temps.

KŶ ƐĞƌĂ ŽďůŝŐĠ Ě͛ŝŶǀĞŶƚĞƌ ĚĞ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵdž ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ͕ ƵŶ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵ ǀŽĐĂďƵůĂŝƌĞ ͗ ͨ ůĞƐ ƵƐĂŐĞƌƐ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂŝƌĞƐ ͕ͩ ͨ ůĞƐ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƚĠƐ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂŝƌĞƐ ͕ͩ ͨ ů͛ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂŝƌĞ ͙ͩ ŽŶ ƐĞƌĂ ƉĞƵƚͲġƚƌĞ aussi obligé à penser le citoyen comme un citoyen temporaire. La ǀŝůůĞ ŵĂůůĠĂďůĞ ĞŶƚƌĂŠŶĞ ƵŶĞ ŐŽƵǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĠĞ ĂƵdž ƌLJƚŚŵĞƐ͘ Ŷ ĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ ů͛ŝŶƚĠƌġƚ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ŵĂůůĠĂďůĞ͕ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ůĂ ĐƌĠĂƟǀŝƚĠ͕ c’est échapper aux contraintes et limites en termes d’espace Ğƚ Ě͛ĠŶĞƌŐŝĞ͘ ͛ĞƐƚ ů͛ƵƌďĂŶŝƚĠ͕ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ƵƟůŝƐĞƌ ůĞƐ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ĚĞ ů͛ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ƉŽƵƌ ů͛ŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞ͕ ĕĂ ƉĞƌŵĞƚ ĚĞ ŵŽďŝůŝƐĞƌ ůĞƐ ĂƌƟƐƚĞƐ ƉŽƵƌ ĨĂďƌŝƋƵĞƌ ĚĞƐ ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƉƵďůŝƋƵĞƐ Ğƚ ƵŶĞ ǀŝůůĞ ƋƵŝ ƌĞƐƐĞŵďůĞ ă ƋƵĞůƋƵĞ ĐŚŽƐĞ Ğƚ Žƶ ŽŶ Ă ĞŶǀŝĞ Ě͛ĂůůĞƌ Ɛ͛ŝŶƐƚĂůůĞƌ͘ ƚ ĞŶĮŶ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶĞŵĞŶƚ ƵŶĞ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞ ĨĂĕŽŶ Ě͛ŚĂďŝƚĞƌ͘ KŶ ƉĂƌůĞ d’habiter l’espace mais on peut aussi parler d’habiter le temps.

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>/ &/KZ͕ architect, muf architects, London (UK)

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PUBLIC SPACES THROUGH THE PRISM OF TIME ǀĞƌLJ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŚĂƐ ƚŽ ƐƚĂƌƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ŝƚƐ ŶĞdžƚ ůŝĨĞ͕ ĨŽƌ ǁŚĞŶ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĐůŝĞŶƚƐ ůĞĂǀĞ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ͕ ƚŽ ƐĞĞ ǁŚĂƚ ĨŽƌŵ ŝƚ ǁŝůů ƚĂŬĞ͘ tŚĂƚ ŝƐ ŐŽŽĚ ĂďŽƵƚ Ă ĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ ŝƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƚ ŐŝǀĞƐ LJŽƵ ĂŶ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJ ƚŽ ĞŶƚĞƌ Ă ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ Žƌ ĂŶ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƐŽ ĚŽŝŶŐ ŝŶ Ă ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ǁĂLJ ƚŽ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐ͕ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐ ĞǀŽůǀĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƵƐĞƐ͘ Venice is a good example of some of the new rules on changes in meaning and changes in uses. Venice is a city with no playgrounds ďƵƚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ŶĞǀĞƌƚŚĞůĞƐƐ ĂŶ ŝŶǀŝƐŝďůĞ ƌƵůĞŬ ƚŚĂƚ ĂůůŽǁƐ LJŽƵ ƚŽ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƚŚĞ ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ǁĂLJƐ͘ &Žƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ Ăƚ ǁŚĂƚ ƉŽŝŶƚ ĚŽĞƐ Ă ƉƵĚĚůĞ ďĞĐŽŵĞ Ă ǁĂƚĞƌ ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞ͍ dŚŝƐ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ƚĂŬĞƐ ƉůĂĐĞ ĂƐ ƐŽŽŶ ĂƐ LJŽƵ ĂĚŵŝƚ ŝƚƐ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ͘

à Ö֮Ħ ó« ã ®Ý ½Ù ù ã« Ù Ä ã®Ã Ý ã« ÖÙʹ ã à ®çÃ

sĞŶŝĐĞ͕ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƟŽŶ sĞŶŝƐĞ͕ ĚĞƐ ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƉŽƵƌ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƟŽŶ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂŝƌĞ

KƵƌ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ ŝŶ ĂůƐƚŽŶ ŝŶ ĞĂƐƚ >ŽŶĚŽŶ͕ ŝƐ ĂŶ ĂƌĞĂ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϱй ŽĨ >ŽŶĚŽŶ͛Ɛ ƉŽŽƌĞƐƚ ĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐ͘ /ƚ ǁĂƐ ĚĞĐŝĚĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ĂůƐƚŽŶ ĐŽƵůĚ ĂĐĐŽŵŵŽĚĂƚĞ ĂŶ ĞŶŽƌŵŽƵƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ǁŝƚŚ new housing, as if it were a blank sheet of paper or a desert. dŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƚŚŝŶŐ ǁĞ ĚŝĚ ǁĂƐ ƚŽ ƐŚŽǁ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐ ǁŚĂƚ ƚŚĞLJ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJ ŚĂĚ͕ ďLJ ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ĨĂďƌŝĐ͕ ƚŚĞ ǀŽůƵŶƚĂƌLJ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌƟĂƌLJ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ ĂŶĚ ůŝŶŬŝŶŐ them with open spaces. We mapped the whole place.

This enabled us to show how a place that was not supposed to ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶ ĨĂĐƚ ƉŽƐƐĞƐƐĞƐ Ă ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ƐƚƌĞƚĐŚ ŽĨ ƉĂƌŬ ŵĂĚĞ ƵƉ ŽĨ Ă ĐŚĂŝŶ ŽĨ ĂƌĞĂƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ ĂƐ ƉƵďůŝĐ spaces, for example spaces inside social housing and areas of wasteland or streets. As part of this process, we also mapped ƟŵĞĨƌĂŵĞƐ dŚĞŶ ǁĞ ĚŝĚ ϭϮ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJ ƐŵĂůů ďƵĚŐĞƚƐ͘ /Ŷ Ă ƐŵĂůů͕ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůLJ ĞŵƉƚLJ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ĂĚũƵƐƚŵĞŶƚ ƐŝŵƉůLJ ĞŶƚĂŝůĞĚ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐ Ă ĨĞǁ ƉŝĞĐĞƐ ŽĨ ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͗ Ă ƉƌŽũĞĐƚŽƌ͕ ƐŽƵŶĚ equipment and a container. 4 days a week, a man comes to open the container, which becomes a playground for 3 hours. And then the playground is replaced with another use.

Dalston, a green park made of internal spaces Dalston, des projets temporaires pour changer la zone

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/Ŷ ƚŚĞ Ϯ LJĞĂƌƐ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ŵĂƉ ǁĞ ŵĂĚĞ͕ ǁĞ ĂůƐŽ ŵĂŶĂŐĞĚ to transform a former railway line into a park and community ĂƌĞĂ͘ tĞ ĂůƐŽ ĂĚĂƉƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͗ ĞǀĞƌLJ ϲ ŵŽŶƚŚƐ͕ ƚŚŝƐ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉ ŝƐ ƌĞŶĞǁĞĚ͘ ŶĚ ǁĞ ĂƌĞ ŶŽǁ ĂďůĞ ƚŽ ďĞŐŝŶ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐ ďƵƚ ĚŝĸĐƵůƚ ĚĞďĂƚĞ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƌĞƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ ƚŚŝƐ park, because the existence of good quality open space would ĞŶĂďůĞ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞƌ ƚŽ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ŽŶ ŚŝƐ ƐŝƚĞ͘

>/ &/KZ͕ architecte, muf architects, Londres (GB)

ESPACES PUBLICS AU PRISME DU TEMPS ŚĂƋƵĞ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ĚŽŝƚ ĐŽŵŵĞŶĐĞƌ ƉĂƌ ůĂ ƉƌĠƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ĚĞ ƐĂ ǀŝĞ ƵůƚĠƌŝĞƵƌĞ͕ ĞŶ ĂƩĞŶĚĂŶƚ ůĞ ŵŽŵĞŶƚ Žƶ ůĞƐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚĞƐ Ğƚ ůĞƐ ĐůŝĞŶƚƐ ǀŽŶƚ ƋƵŝƩĞƌ ůĞ ƐŝƚĞ ƉŽƵƌ ǀŽŝƌ ĐŽŵŵĞŶƚ ŝů ǀĂ ƐĞ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŶĞƌ͘ >͛ĂƐƉĞĐƚ ƉŽƐŝƟĨ ĚĞ ůĂ ĐŽŵŵĂŶĚĞ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ƋƵ͛ĞůůĞ ǀŽƵƐ ĚŽŶŶĞ ů͛ŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶ ĚĞ ƌĞŶƚƌĞƌ ĚĂŶƐ ƵŶĞ ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ ŽƵ ƵŶĞ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ Ğƚ͕ ă ƚƌĂǀĞƌƐ ĐĞƩĞ ŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶ͕ Ě͛ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƌ ĞŶ ƵŶĞ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶĞ ŵĂŶŝğƌĞ ůĞ ĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞ Ğƚ ůĞƐ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚĠƐ ĚĞ ƐŽŶ ƐĞŶƐ͕ ƉĂƌĐĞ ƋƵ͛ă ƚƌĂǀĞƌƐ ů͛ƵƐĂŐĞ ůĞ ƐĞŶƐ ĠǀŽůƵĞ͘ sĞŶŝƐĞ ĞƐƚ ƵŶ ďŽŶ ĞdžĞŵƉůĞ ĚĞ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶĞƐ ĚĞ ĐĞƐ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞƐ ƌğŐůĞƐ ƐƵƌ ů͛ĠǀŽůƵƟŽŶ ĚƵ ƐĞŶƐ Ğƚ ĚĞƐ ƵƐĂŐĞƐ͘ sĞŶŝƐĞ ĞƐƚ ƵŶĞ ǀŝůůĞ ƐĂŶƐ ƚĞƌƌĂŝŶ ĚĞ ũĞƵ ŵĂŝƐ ĂǀĞĐ ƵŶ ĐĂƌŶĞƚ ĚĞ ƌğŐůĞƐ ŝŶǀŝƐŝďůĞƐ ƋƵŝ ǀŽƵƐ ƉĞƌŵĞƚ ĚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƌ ůĞ ƐĞŶƐ ĚĞƐ ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĚĞ ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚĞƐ ĨĂĕŽŶƐ͘ WĂƌ ĞdžĞŵƉůĞ͕ ă ƋƵĞů ŵŽŵĞŶƚ ƵŶĞ ŇĂƋƵĞ Ě͛ĞĂƵ ĚĞǀŝĞŶƚͲĞůůĞ ƵŶĞ ƉŝğĐĞ Ě͛ĞĂƵ ͍ ĞƩĞ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ Ă ůŝĞƵ ĂƵ ŵŽŵĞŶƚ Žƶ ŽŶ ůƵŝ ĞŶ ĂĐĐŽƌĚĞ ůĂ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚĠ͘

Ùãʦ٠֫® ½͛ ø®Ýã Äã ã Ý ã ÃÖÊÙ ½®ã Ý ÊÃà ÝçÖÖÊÙã ç ÖÙʹ ã

When a puddle become a water feature?

YƵĂŶĚ ƵŶĞ ŇĂƋƵĞ Ě͛ĞĂƵ ĚĞǀŝĞŶƚͲĞůůĞ ƵŶĞ ƉŝğĐĞ Ě͛ĞĂƵ ͍

EŽƚƌĞ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ă ĂůƐƚŽŶ Ɛƚ ƐĞ ƐŝƚƵĞ ĚĂŶƐ ƵŶ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ ƉĂƌŵŝ ůĞƐ ϱ й ĚĞƐ ƉůƵƐ ƉĂƵǀƌĞƐ ĚĞ >ŽŶĚƌĞƐ͘ /ů ĂǀĂŝƚ ĠƚĠ ĚĠĐŝĚĠ ƋƵĞ ĂůƐƚŽŶ ƉŽƵƌƌĂŝƚ ĂĐĐƵĞŝůůŝƌ ƵŶ ĠŶŽƌŵĞ ĂŵĠŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂǀĞĐ ĚĞ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵdž ůŽŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĐŽŵŵĞ Ɛ͛ŝů Ɛ͛ĂŐŝƐƐĂŝƚ Ě͛ƵŶĞ ĨĞƵŝůůĞ ĚĞ ƉĂƉŝĞƌ ǀŝĞƌŐĞ ŽƵ Ě͛ƵŶ ĚĠƐĞƌƚ͘ >Ă ƉƌĞŵŝğƌĞ ĐŚŽƐĞ ƋƵ͛ŽŶ Ă ĨĂŝƚĞ Ă ĠƚĠ ĚĞ ŵŽŶƚƌĞƌ ĂƵdž ƉŽƵǀŽŝƌƐ ůŽĐĂƵdž ĐĞ ƋƵ͛ŝůƐ ĂǀĂŝĞŶƚ ĚĠũă ă ƉĂƌƟƌ Ě͛ƵŶĞ ĠǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ ĚĞ ů͛ĞdžŝƐƚĂŶƚ͕ ůĞ ƐĞĐƚĞƵƌ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟĨ͕ ůĞ ƐĞĐƚĞƵƌ ƚĞƌƟĂŝƌĞ Ğƚ ůĞ ƐĞĐƚĞƵƌ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞů͕ ĞŶ ůĞƐ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂŶƚ ĂƵdž ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽƵǀĞƌƚƐ͘ EŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ĐĂƌƚŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĠ ƚŽƵƐ ůĞƐ ůŝĞƵdž͘ ĞůĂ ŶŽƵƐ Ă ƉĞƌŵŝƐ ĚĞ montrer comment un lieu qui n’était pas censé comporter Ě͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽƵǀĞƌƚƐ ƉŽƐƐğĚĞ ĞŶ ƌĠĂůŝƚĠ ƵŶ ƉĂƌĐ ĐŽŶƟŶƵ ŐƌąĐĞ ă ƵŶ ĞŶĐŚĂŠŶĞŵĞŶƚ ĚĞ njŽŶĞƐ ƋƵŝ ŶĞ ƐŽŶƚ ƉĂƐ ƉĞƌĕƵĞƐ ĐŽŵŵĞ ĚĞƐ espaces publics, par exemple des espaces au sein de logements ƐŽĐŝĂƵdž ŽƵ ďŝĞŶ ĚĞƐ njŽŶĞƐ ĞŶ ĨƌŝĐŚĞ͕ ĚĞƐ ƌƵĞƐ͘ Ğ ƚƌĂǀĂŝů Ă ŝŶƚĠŐƌĠ une cartographie des temporalités ŶƐƵŝƚĞ͕ ŶŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ĨĂŝƚ ϭϮ ƉƌŽũĞƚƐ ĂǀĞĐ ĚĞƐ ďƵĚŐĞƚƐ ƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵĞŶƚ ƌĞƐƚƌĞŝŶƚƐ͘ ĂŶƐ ƵŶ ƉĞƟƚ ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƋƵŝ ĠƚĂŝƚ ĐŽŵƉůğƚĞŵĞŶƚ ǀŝĚĞ͕ ů͛ĂũƵƐƚĞŵĞŶƚ Ă ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĠ ă ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵŝƌĞ ƋƵĞůƋƵĞƐ ĠůĠŵĞŶƚƐ Ě͛ĂŵĞƵďůĞŵĞŶƚ ͗ ƵŶ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚĞƵƌ͕ ĚƵ ŵĂƚĠƌŝĞů ƐŽŶŽƌĞ Ğƚ ƵŶ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌ͘ ϰ ũŽƵƌƐ ƉĂƌ ƐĞŵĂŝŶĞ ŝů LJ Ă ƵŶ ŵŽŶƐŝĞƵƌ ƋƵŝ ŽƵǀƌĞ ůĞ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌ ƋƵŝ͕ ƉŽƵƌ ϯ ŚĞƵƌĞƐ͕ ĚĞǀŝĞŶƚ ƵŶ ƚĞƌƌĂŝŶ ĚĞ ũĞƵ͘ ƚ ĞŶƐƵŝƚĞ ůĞ ƚĞƌƌĂŝŶ ĚĞ ũĞƵ ĞƐƚ ƌĞŵƉůĂĐĠ ƉĂƌ ƵŶ ĂƵƚƌĞ ƵƐĂŐĞ͘ Ƶ ĐŽƵƌƐ ĚĞƐ Ϯ ĂŶƐ ƐƵŝǀĂŶƚ ŶŽƚƌĞ ƉƌĞŵŝğƌĞ ĐĂƌƚŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĞ͕ ŶŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ pu transformer également un ancien chemin de fer en parc et ĞŶ ůŝĞƵ ĐŽŵŵƵŶĂƵƚĂŝƌĞ͘ EŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ĂƵƐƐŝ ĂĚĂƉƚĠ ůĂ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ĚĞ ŐŽƵǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ͗ ƚŽƵƐ ůĞƐ ϲ ŵŽŝƐ͕ ĞůůĞ ĞƐƚ ƌĞŶŽƵǀĞůĠĞ͘ ƚ ŶŽƵƐ sommes à présent en mesure d’entamer un débat intéressant ŵĂŝƐ ĚŝĸĐŝůĞ ƐƵƌ ů͛ĠǀĞŶƚƵĂůŝƚĠ ĚĞ ŐĂƌĚĞƌ ĐĞ ƉĂƌĐ͕ ƉĂƌĐĞ ƋƵĞ ů͛ĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞ Ě͛ƵŶ ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ŽƵǀĞƌƚ ĚĞ ƋƵĂůŝƚĠ ƉĞƌŵĞƩƌĂŝƚ ĂƵ promoteur d’augmenter la densité des logements sur son site.

Dalston, temporary projects for changing the aerea Dalston, des projets temporaires pour changer la zone

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>/ &/KZ͕ architect, muf architects, London (UK)

¹çÝã®Ä¦ ãÊ ã« ÖÊÝÝ® ½ Ä ® Ä㮥ù®Ä¦ ó« ã ®Ý ½ »®Ä¦

Barking London plan and views of the central public space with an arboretum >Ğ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ ůŽŶĚŽŶŝĞŶ ĚĞ ĂƌŬŝŶŐ͕ ƉůĂŶ Ğƚ ǀƵĞƐ ĚĞ ů͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů avec un arboretum

Barking is at the eastern end of the London Underground’s ŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ >ŝŶĞ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŵĂĚĞ ŝƚ ĂŶ ĂƩƌĂĐƟǀĞ ƚĂƌŐĞƚ ĨŽƌ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ͕ ĂŌĞƌ ϲϬ LJĞĂƌƐ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ĂŶLJ͘ ĂƌŬŝŶŐ ŝƐ ůŝŬĞ Ă ƐŵĂůů ŵƵƐĞƵŵ ŽĨ moments of urban planning. Things changed around the year ϮϬϬϬ͕ ĂŶĚ ŵƵĐŚ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĚŽŶĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŽĨ ũƵƐƚ ϰ LJĞĂƌƐ͘ /ƚ is a landscape where there has been a great deal of intense ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂƐ ůĞŌ ďĞŚŝŶĚ ĞŵƉƚLJ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ĨŽƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ one public space in the shade, which acts as a wind tunnel, and Ă ĨĞǁ ǀĞƌLJ ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĂŵĞŶŝƟĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ŽƉĞŶ Ăƚ ŶŝŐŚƚ͘ KƵƌ ƐŝƚĞ ŝƐ ZͲƐŚĂƉĞĚ͕ Ă ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĂďĂŶĚŽŶĞĚ ůĂŶĚ ďĂĐŬŝŶŐ onto the supermarket, which belongs to the local authority, and ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƚŽǁŶ ŚĂůů͕ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ůŝďƌĂƌLJ ĂŶĚ ϰϬϬ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ĂƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ͘ KƵƌ ĮƌƐƚ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ ƚŽ ƚŚŝƐ ƐŚĂĚLJ ĂƌĞĂ ǁĂƐ ƚŽ ĂĐĐĞƉƚ ŝƚ ďLJ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ŝƚ ĞǀĞŶ ŵŽƌĞ ƐŚĞůƚĞƌĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ of an arboretum that would temper the climate. This was an ĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƚ ŚĂƐ Ϯ ǀĞƌLJ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ͕ ĨƌĞĞĚŽŵ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŽŶĞ ŚĂŶĚ͕ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ŵLJƐƚĞƌLJ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ĚĞĮŶĞ Ă ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞ͘ tĞ ŝŶǀĞƐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ϭϱ ŵĞƚƌĞ ŚŝŐŚ ƚƌĞĞƐ ƚŽ ŵĂŬĞ ĂŶ instant forest, and we wondered whether this could also be a ƉůĂĐĞ ĨŽƌ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ƚŽ Đůŝŵď͕ ŝĨ ǁĞ ůĂŝĚ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĞĞƐ ŚŽƌŝnjŽŶƚĂůůLJ͘ ŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞƌ ƌĞƉůŝĞĚ͗ ͞ Ƶƚ ŽĨ ĐŽƵƌƐĞ͘ tŚLJ ƐŚŽƵůĚŶ͛ƚ ƚŚĞLJ ĞŶũŽLJ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĂƐ / ĚŝĚ͍͟ And we were able to work with the architects to change the ĨŽŽƚƉƌŝŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ Ă ŶĞǁ ŽƉĞŶŝŶŐ ƚŽ ŵĂŬĞ ƚŚĞ space more permeable and allow the public space to expand. dŚĞ ǀĞƌLJ ĮƌƐƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ǁĂƐ Ă ƟŶLJ ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƉŚĂƐĞ ǁĂƐ Ă ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌŽƵƐĞĚ ŶŽ ĐŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƐLJ͘ KƉƉŽƐŝƚĞ this new library there is a site in the corner, which became a new ĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƵƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ Ϯ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ ĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞ͘ One was this famous, comfortable, wooden bench, which we deliberately painted bright pink, because it was only supposed to ƐƚĂLJ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĨŽƌ Ă ǁĞĞŬ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ďĞŝŶŐ ƐĞƚ ŽŶ ĮƌĞ͘ Ƶƚ ŝŶ ĨĂĐƚ͕ ŝŶƐƚĞĂĚ͕ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ ƐŝƫŶŐ ŽŶ ŝƚ͘ dŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJ ĨŽƌ ĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞ ǁĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĂŶŝƚĞ ƚŽ ďĞ ĂĐƋƵŝƌĞĚ ůŽĐĂůůLJ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ what was missing was a link with history. So in the course of one ĂŌĞƌŶŽŽŶ͕ ŵLJ ĂƌƟƐƚ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌ <ĂƚŚĞƌŝŶĞ ůĂƌŬĞ ĂŶĚ / ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ Ă ůŽƐƚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶ ĨĂĐƚ ŚĂĚ ŶĞǀĞƌ ĞdžŝƐƚĞĚ͕ ĨƌŽŵ ƌƵŝŶƐ ĨŽƵŶĚ under the new library. /Ĩ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƚLJ ŝƐ ƚŽ ĞdžƉůŽŝƚ ǁŚĂƚ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJ ĞdžŝƐƚƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ŝƐ ƚŽ ĂĚũƵƐƚ ƚŽ ǁŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƚŚŝƌĚ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ ǁŚĂƚ is lacking. And what was lacking here was the fragile, the ŵLJƐƚĞƌŝŽƵƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝǀŝĐ͘

14

>/ &/KZ͕ architecte, muf architects, Londres (GB)

Ý͛ ÊÃÊ Ù ç ÖÊÝÝ® ½ ã ¥®Ä®Ù Øç® Ã ÄØç Barking se situe à l’extrémité de la ligne du métro Est de Londres, ĐĞ ƋƵŝ ů͛Ă ƌĞŶĚƵ ĂƩƌĂĐƟĨ ĞŶ ƚĞƌŵĞƐ Ě͛ŝŶǀĞƐƟƐƐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂůŽƌƐ ƋƵ͛ŝů Ŷ͛LJ ĞŶ ĂǀĂŝƚ ƉĂƐ ĞƵ ĚĞƉƵŝƐ ϲϬ ĂŶƐ͘ ĂƌŬŝŶŐ ĞƐƚ ƵŶ ǀĠƌŝƚĂďůĞ ƉĞƟƚ ŵƵƐĠĞ ĚĞƐ ŵŽŵĞŶƚƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ƉůĂŶŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ƵƌďĂŝŶĞ͘ >ĞƐ ĐŚŽƐĞƐ ŽŶƚ ĐŚĂŶŐĠ ĂƵƚŽƵƌ ĚĞ ů͛ĂŶ ϮϬϬϬ Ğƚ ďĞĂƵĐŽƵƉ Ă ĠƚĠ ĨĂŝƚ ĞŶ ů͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ĚĞ ƐĞƵůĞŵĞŶƚ ϰ ĂŶƐ͘ ͛ĞƐƚ ƵŶ ƉĂLJƐĂŐĞ Žƶ ŝů LJ Ă ĞƵ ƵŶ ĚĠǀĞůŽƉƉĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶƚĞŶƐĞ͕ ƋƵŝ Ă ůĂŝƐƐĠ ĚĞƌƌŝğƌĞ ůƵŝ ĚĞƐ ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ǀŝĚĞƐ͕ ƉĂƌ ĞdžĞŵƉůĞ ƵŶ ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĚĂŶƐ ů͛ŽŵďƌĞ͕ ƋƵŝ ĂŐŝƚ ĐŽŵŵĞ ƵŶ ƚƵŶŶĞů ă ǀĞŶƚ͕ Ğƚ ƋƵĞůƋƵĞƐ ĠůĠŵĞŶƚƐ ƚƌğƐ ƉŽƐŝƟĨƐ͕ ƚĞůƐ ƋƵĞ ĚĞƐ ĠƋƵŝƉĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽƵǀĞƌƚƐ ůĂ ŶƵŝƚ͘ EŽƚƌĞ ƐŝƚĞ ĞƐƚ ĞŶ ĨŽƌŵĞ ĚĞ Z͕ ƵŶ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚ ĚĞ ƚĞƌƌĂŝŶ ĚĠůĂŝƐƐĠ͕ ƋƵŝ ĂƉƉĂƌƟĞŶƚ ĂƵdž ƉŽƵǀŽŝƌƐ ůŽĐĂƵdž͕ ƋƵŝ ƚŽƵƌŶĂŝƚ ůĞ ĚŽƐ ĂƵ ƐƵƉĞƌŵĂƌĐŚĠ͕ ŵĂŝƐ ĚĞƐƐĞƌǀĂŝƚ ů͛ŚƀƚĞů ĚĞ ǀŝůůĞ͕ ůĂ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞ ďŝďůŝŽƚŚğƋƵĞ Ğƚ ϰϬϬ ĂƉƉĂƌƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƉƌŝǀĠƐ͘ EŽƚƌĞ première réponse à cet espace ombragé a été de se l’approprier en le rendant plus ombragé, en le remplissant d’un arboretum qui tempérerait le climat. En acceptant qu’il ait 2 qualités très ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚĞƐ͕ Ě͛ƵŶĞ ƉĂƌƚ ůĂ ůŝďĞƌƚĠ͕ ŵĂŝƐ ĂƵƐƐŝ ůĞ ŵLJƐƚğƌĞ͕ ƋƵŝ ĞƐƚ ƋƵĞůƋƵĞ ĐŚŽƐĞ ƋƵŝ ƉĞƵƚ ĚĠĮŶŝƌ ƵŶ ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ͘ EŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ŝŶǀĞƐƟ ĚĂŶƐ ĚĞƐ ĂƌďƌĞƐ ĚĞ ϭϱ ŵğƚƌĞƐ ƉŽƵƌ ĨĂŝƌĞ ƵŶĞ ĨŽƌġƚ ŝŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĠĞ͕ Ğƚ ŶŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ĚĞŵĂŶĚĠ ă ů͛ĂŵĠŶĂŐĞƵƌ Ɛŝ͕ ƉĞƵƚͲġƚƌĞ͕ ůĞƐ ĞŶĨĂŶƚƐ ƉŽƵƌƌĂŝĞŶƚ LJ ŐƌŝŵƉĞƌ͕ Ɛŝ ŽŶ ůĞƐ ŵĞƩĂŝƚ ă ů͛ŚŽƌŝnjŽŶƚĂůĞ͘ ƚ ŝů Ă ƌĠƉŽŶĚƵ ͗ ͨ DĂŝƐ ďŝĞŶ ƐƸƌ͘ WŽƵƌƋƵŽŝ Ŷ͛ĂƵƌĂŝĞŶƚͲŝůƐ ƉĂƐ ŵŽŶ ĞŶĨĂŶĐĞ ͍ ͩ ƚ ŶŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ƉƵ ƚƌĂǀĂŝůůĞƌ ĂǀĞĐ ůĞƐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚĞƐ ƉŽƵƌ ŵŽĚŝĮĞƌ ů͛ĞŵƉƌĞŝŶƚĞ ĚƵ ďąƟŵĞŶƚ ŐƌąĐĞ ă ƵŶ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵ percement pour réaliser un espace plus perméable dans lequel ů͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƉŽƵǀĂŝƚ Ɛ͛ĂŐƌĂŶĚŝƌ͘ >Ğ ƚŽƵƚ ƉƌĞŵŝĞƌ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ĠƚĂŝƚ ƵŶ minuscule atelier et la première phase était un morceau d’espace ƉƵďůŝĐ͕ ƋƵŝ ŶĞ ƐŽƵůĞǀĂŝƚ ƉĂƐ ĚĞ ĐŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƐĞ͘ Ŷ ĨĂĐĞ ĚĞ ĐĞƩĞ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞ ďŝďůŝŽƚŚğƋƵĞ ŝů LJ Ă ƵŶ ƐŝƚĞ ĚĂŶƐ ů͛ĂŶŐůĞ͕ ƋƵŝ ĞƐƚ ĚĞǀĞŶƵ ƵŶĞ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞ ĐŽŵŵĂŶĚĞ ƉŽƵƌ ŶŽƵƐ Ğƚ Ϯ ŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶƐ ĚĞ ĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞ͘ >͛ƵŶ ĠƚĂŝƚ ĐĞ ĨĂŵĞƵdž͕ ĐŽŶĨŽƌƚĂďůĞ͕ ďĂŶĐ ĚĞ ďŽŝƐ͕ ƋƵĞ ŶŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ĚĠůŝďĠƌĠŵĞŶƚ ƉĞŝŶƚ ĞŶ ƌŽƐĞ ǀŝĨ͕ ƉĂƌĐĞ ƋƵ͛ŝů ŶĞ ĚĞǀĂŝƚ ƌĞƐƚĞƌ ƋƵ͛ƵŶĞ ƐĞŵĂŝŶĞ ĂǀĂŶƚ Ě͛ġƚƌĞ ďƌƸůĠ͘ DĂŝƐ ĞŶ ĨĂŝƚ͕ ĂƵ ĐŽŶƚƌĂŝƌĞ͕ ůĞƐ ŐĞŶƐ se sont mis à s’asseoir dessus. La 2ème occasion de dialogue a ĠƚĠ ĚĞ ůƵƩĞƌ ƉŽƵƌ ƋƵĞ ůĞ ŐƌĂŶŝƚ ƐŽŝƚ ĂĐƋƵŝƐ ůŽĐĂůĞŵĞŶƚ͘ DĂŝƐ ŝů ŵĂŶƋƵĂŝƚ ƵŶ ůŝĞŶ ă ů͛ŚŝƐƚŽŝƌĞ͘ ŝŶƐŝ͕ ĂƵ ĐŽƵƌƐ Ě͛ƵŶ ĂƉƌğƐͲŵŝĚŝ͕ ŵŽŶ ĂƌƟƐƚĞ ƉĂƌƚĞŶĂŝƌĞ <ĂƚŚĞƌŝŶĞ ůĂƌŬĞ Ğƚ ŵŽŝͲŵġŵĞ ĂǀŽŶƐ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵŝƚ ƵŶ ďąƟŵĞŶƚ ƉĞƌĚƵ ƋƵŝ ĞŶ ĨĂŝƚ Ŷ͛ĂǀĂŝƚ ũĂŵĂŝƐ ĞdžŝƐƚĠ͕ ă ƉĂƌƟƌ ĚĞ ƌƵŝŶĞƐ ƚƌŽƵǀĠĞƐ ƐŽƵƐ ůĂ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞ ďŝďůŝŽƚŚğƋƵĞ͘ ^ŝ ůĞ ϭer ĞŶũĞƵ ĞƐƚ ĚĞ ǀĂůŽƌŝƐĞƌ ĐĞ ƋƵŝ ĞdžŝƐƚĞ͕ ůĞ Ϯème est de s’accommoder du possible et le 3ème ĚĞ ĚĠĮŶŝƌ ĐĞ ƋƵŝ ŵĂŶƋƵĞ͘ ƚ ĐĞ ƋƵŝ ŵĂŶƋƵĂŝƚ ŝĐŝ ƐĞŵďůĂŝƚ ġƚƌĞ ůĞ ĨƌĂŐŝůĞ͕ ůĞ ŵLJƐƚĠƌŝĞƵdž͕ ů͛ŚŝƐƚŽŝƌĞ Ğƚ ůĞ ĐŝǀŝƋƵĞ͘

A bench in a corner becomes a project of public spaces hŶ ďĂŶĐ ĚĂŶƐ ƵŶ ĐŽŝŶ ĚĞǀŝĞŶƚ ƵŶ ƉƌŽũĞƚ Ě͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ

Horizontal trees for children games Arbres horizontaux de jeux pour enfants

15

s ^d E > Z ,͕ architect researcher, LIA, Berlin (DE)

2

TEMPORARY AND ADAPTING SPACES ͞dŚĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĂďůĞ ĐŝƚLJ͟ ŝƐ Ă ƚŽƉŝĐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ >/E ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĞƌůŝŶ WŽůLJƚĞĐŚŶŝĐ͛Ɛ >/ >ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJ ĨŽƌ /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟǀĞ ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ĂƌĞ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ŽŶ͕ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ĨŽĐƵƐ ŽŶ ƚĞƐƟŶŐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ƌĞůĂƟŶŐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ͞ƉŽƐƚͲ<LJŽƚŽ͟ ;ƉŽƐƚͲĐĂƌďŽŶͿ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ ƚŽ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞ ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ KϮ ĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐ͕ ďƵƚ ƚŽ ĚĞĂů ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů͕ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ďLJ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ urban districts capable of absorbing change, i.e. making them ͞ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶƚ͘͟

ƉŚĞŵĞƌĂů ƵƌďĂŶ ŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶ /ŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶ ƵƌďĂŝŶĞ ĠƉŚĠŵğƌĞ

ã ÃÖÊÙ Ùù ÝãÙç ãçÙ Ý The 1st ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ʹ d DWK ʹ ŝƐ Ă ƐƚƵĚLJ ŽĨ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƵƐĞĚ ŽŶ ďƌŽǁŶ ĮĞůĚ ƐŝƚĞƐ͘ ϳϮ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚ ƚŽ ƐĞĞ ǁŚĞŶ ĂŶĚ ĨŽƌ ŚŽǁ ůŽŶŐ Ă ƚLJƉĞ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƉůĂĐĞĚ ŽŶ Ă ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ĚĂŵĂŐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ too much. It is not so much about land as about installing water, ĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ǁĂƐƚĞǁĂƚĞƌ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͘ This temporary building concept has prompted us to establish an ŝŶǀĞŶƚŽƌLJ ŽĨ ĨƌĞĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͘ tĞ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚ ĂŶ ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂů ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ĨŽƌ Ă ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ƉĂƌŬ Ăƚ dĞŵƉĞůŚŽĨ ĂŝƌƉŽƌƚ͕ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĂƐ ŵĂĚĞ ǁŝƚŚ ǀĞƌLJ ĨĞǁ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ĂŶĚ ĨŽƌ Ă ůŝŵŝƚĞĚ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ͘ ŶŽƚŚĞƌ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ͞WƌŝŶĐĞƐƐ͟ 'ĂƌĚĞŶƐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŽŶ ǁĂƐƚĞůĂŶĚ ŝŶ <ƌĞƵnjďĞƌŐ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵĞŶƚ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƌĞŵŽǀĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ƐŝŶŐůĞ ĚĂLJ͕ ƌĞƐƚŽƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ǁĂƐƚĞůĂŶĚ ƚŽ ŝƚƐ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ͘

>ŝŐŚƚ ŝŶƚĂůůĂƟŽŶ /ŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶ ůƵŵŝŶĞƵƐĞ

ÊÄò ÙÝ®ÊÄ Ê¥ ®Ä çÝãÙ® ½ Ý®ã Ý ŶŽƚŚĞƌ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ŽĨ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ƐŝƚĞƐ Ăƚ ^ĂŝŶƚ ƟĞŶŶĞ ŝŶ &ƌĂŶĐĞ͕ ůĂƌŐĞͲƐĐĂůĞ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůLJ ƵƐĞĚ ĨŽƌ ĂƌŵƐ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ďƵƚ ŶŽǁ ƉĂƌƟĂůůLJ Žƌ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůLJ ĞŵƉƚLJ͘ The challenge is to reintegrate these spaces into the city. We mapped the sites and produced an atlas containing an internal analysis of all the buildings, but also showing their geographical ůŽĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞŵ͘ tĞ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ Ă ĐĂƚĂůŽŐƵĞ ƚŽ ƐĞĞ ǁŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĚŽŶĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŶŽƚ all of them can be used for the same purpose. Some of these ƐŚĞĚƐ ĂƌĞ ŇĂƚ͕ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ ƚĂůůĞƌ͕ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƉŽŽƌ ĂĐŽƵƐƟĐƐ͕ ĂƌĞ ƚŽŽ small or are inaccessible.

This study is a basis from which to gain an idea of what can be done with these abandoned spaces, to think about how a link ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĨŽƵŶĚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐŚĞĚƐ ƚŽ ŵĂŬĞ ƚŚĞŵ ŚƵďƐ Žƌ central points and thereby create a synergy that can genuinely spread to the surrounding neighbourhoods.

^ĂŝŶƚͲ ƟĞŶŶĞ͕ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ŝŶƐŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ^ĂŝŶƚͲ ƟĞŶŶĞ͕ ďąƟŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞůƐ ĞŶ ĐƈƵƌ ĚĞ ǀŝůůĞ

16

s ^d E > Z ,͕ architecte chercheur, LIA, Berlin (DE)

ESPACES TEMPORAIRES ET ADAPTABLES ͨ >Ă ǀŝůůĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĂďůĞ ͩ ĞƐƚ ƵŶ ƚŚğŵĞ ƐƵƌ ůĞƋƵĞů ů͛ĂŐĞŶĐĞ >/E Ğƚ le bureau de recherches LIA de l’Ecole Polytechnique de Berlin ƚƌĂǀĂŝůůĞŶƚ ĞŶ ĠƚƵĚŝĂŶƚ ƉůƵƐ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůŝğƌĞŵĞŶƚ ů͛ĂĚĂƉƚĂďŝůŝƚĠ ĚĞƐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ĚĞ ďąƟŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ĚĞƐ ĂŵĠŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƵƌďĂŝŶƐ ĞŶ ĞdžƉĠƌŝŵĞŶƚĂŶƚ ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚĞƐ ƐƚƌĂƚĠŐŝĞƐ Ğƚ ŵĠƚŚŽĚĞƐ͘ >͛ĞŶũĞƵ ƉŽƵƌ ůĂ ŵĠƚƌŽƉŽůĞ ͨ WŽƐƚͲ<LJŽƚŽ ͩ ;ƉŽƐƚ ĂƌďŽŶĞͿ ĞƐƚ ŶŽŶ ƐĞƵůĞŵĞŶƚ Ě͛ŽďƚĞŶŝƌ ůĂ ƌĠĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĚĞƐ ĠŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐ ĚĞ KϮ͕ ŵĂŝƐ Ě͛ŝŶƚĠŐƌĞƌ ůĞƐ ďŽƵůĞǀĞƌƐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƐŽĐŝĂƵdž͕ ĠĐŽŶŽŵŝƋƵĞƐ͕ ĠĐŽůŽŐŝƋƵĞƐ ĞŶ ƌĞŶĚĂŶƚ ůĞƐ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌƐ ĚĞƐ ǀŝůůĞƐ ƋƵŝ ĞdžŝƐƚĞŶƚ ĐĂƉĂďůĞƐ Ě͛ĂďƐŽƌďĞƌ ĚĞƐ ĐŚĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ Đ͛ĞƐƚͲăͲĚŝƌĞ ͨ ƌĠƐŝůŝĞŶƚƐ ͩ͘

ÝãÙç ãçÙ Ý ã ÃÖÊÙ ®Ù Ý Le 1er ƉƌŽũĞƚ͕ d DWK͕ ĞƐƚ ƵŶĞ ƌĞĐŚĞƌĐŚĞ ƐƵƌ ĚĞƐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂŝƌĞƐ ƵƟůŝƐĂďůĞƐ ƐƵƌ ĚĞƐ ƚĞƌƌĂŝŶƐ ĞŶ ĨƌŝĐŚĞ͘ ^ŽŝdžĂŶƚĞͲĚŽƵnjĞ ƉƌŽũĞƚƐ ŽŶƚ ĠƚĠ ĂŶĂůLJƐĠƐ ƉŽƵƌ ƐĂǀŽŝƌ ƋƵĂŶĚ Ğƚ ĞŶ ĐŽŵďŝĞŶ ĚĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ ŽŶ ƉĞƵƚ ŵĞƩƌĞ ĞŶ ƉůĂĐĞ ƵŶ ƚLJƉĞ ĚĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ă ƵŶ endroit précis sans trop endommager ce site. Il ne s’agit pas tant Ě͛ƵŶĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ĚĞ ƐŽů ƋƵĞ Ě͛ŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶ Ě͛ĞĂƵ͕ Ě͛ĠůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚĠ Ğƚ ĚĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƚĞƵƌ ĚĞƐ ĞĂƵdž ƵƐĠĞƐ͘ Ğ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ĚĞ ďąƟŵĞŶƚ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂŝƌĞ ŝŶĐŝƚĞ ă ĨĂŝƌĞ ů͛ŝŶǀĞŶƚĂŝƌĞ ĚĞƐ ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ůŝďƌĞƐ ĞŶ ǀŝůůĞ ƋƵŝ ŽŶƚ ƵŶĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŝƚĠ͘ EŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ŵĞŶĠ ƵŶĞ ĞdžƉĠƌŝŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ƐƵƌ ƵŶ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ĚĞ ƉĂƌĐ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂŝƌĞ ŝŵƉůĂŶƚĠ ă ů͛ĂĠƌŽƉŽƌƚ dĞŵƉĞůŚŽĨ͕ ƉĞƌŵĞƩĂŶƚ ů͛ĂĐĐğƐ ĂƵ ƐŝƚĞ͕ ƋƵŝ Ă ĠƚĠ ƌĠĂůŝƐĠ ĂǀĞĐ ƚƌğƐ ƉĞƵ Ě͛ĠůĠŵĞŶƚƐ Ğƚ ƉŽƵƌ ƵŶĞ ĚƵƌĠĞ ůŝŵŝƚĠĞ͘ hŶ ĂƵƚƌĞ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ĞƐƚ ĐĞůƵŝ ĚĞƐ ũĂƌĚŝŶƐ ͨWƌŝŶĐĞƐƐĞͩ ŝŵƉůĂŶƚĠƐ ƐƵƌ ĚĞƐ ƚĞƌƌĂŝŶƐ ǀĂŐƵĞƐ ă <ƌĞƵnjďĞƌŐ Žƶ ůĞƐ ĠůĠŵĞŶƚƐ ƋƵŝ ůĞ ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵĞŶƚ ƉĞƵǀĞŶƚ ġƚƌĞ ĞŶůĞǀĠƐ ĞŶ ƵŶĞ ũŽƵƌŶĠĞ ƉĞƌŵĞƩĂŶƚ ĚĞ ƌĞƐƟƚƵĞƌ ůĞ ƚĞƌƌĂŝŶ ǀĂŐƵĞ͘

Temporary housing Maison temporaire

ÊÄò ÙÝ®ÊÄ Ý Ý®ã Ý ®Ä çÝãÙ® ½Ý hŶ ĂƵƚƌĞ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ĞƐƚ ů͛ĂŶĂůLJƐĞ ĚĞƐ ƐŝƚĞƐ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞůƐ ĞdžŝƐƚĂŶƚƐ ă ^ĂŝŶƚ ƟĞŶŶĞ ĞŶ &ƌĂŶĐĞ͕ ĚĞƐ ŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞƐ͕ ĚĞƐƟŶĠĞƐ ă ůĂ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ Ě͛ĂƌŵĞƐ͕ ƉĂƌƟĞůůĞŵĞŶƚ ŽƵ ĐŽŵƉůğƚĞŵĞŶƚ ǀŝĚĞƐ͘ >͛ĞŶũĞƵ ĞƐƚ ĚĞ ƌĠŝŶƚĠŐƌĞƌ ĐĞƐ ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĚĂŶƐ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ͘ EŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ƌĠĂůŝƐĠ ƵŶĞ ĐĂƌƚŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĞ ĂǀĞĐ ƵŶ ƚůĂƐ ƌĞƉƌĞŶĂŶƚ ƚŽƵƐ ůĞƐ ďąƟŵĞŶƚƐ ĞŶ ůĞƐ ĂŶĂůLJƐĂŶƚ ĚĞ ů͛ŝŶƚĠƌŝĞƵƌ ŵĂŝƐ ĂƵƐƐŝ ĞŶ ƌĞŐĂƌĚĂŶƚ ůĞƵƌ ŝŵƉůĂŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŐĠŽŐƌĂƉŚŝƋƵĞ Ğƚ ůĞƵƌƐ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ĞŶƚƌĞ ĞƵdž͘ EŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ĨĂŝƚ ƵŶ ĐĂƚĂůŽŐƵĞ ƉŽƵƌ ǀŽŝƌ ĐĞ ƋƵŝ ĞƐƚ ƌĠĂůŝƐĂďůĞ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞƐ ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚƐ ďąƟŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ĐĂƌ ƚŽƵƐ ŶĞ ƐĞ ƉƌġƚĞŶƚ ƉĂƐ ĂƵdž ŵġŵĞƐ ƵƟůŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ͘ ĞƌƚĂŝŶƐ ĚĞ ĐĞƐ ŚĂŶŐĂƌƐ ƐŽŶƚ ƉůĂƚƐ͕ Ě͛ĂƵƚƌĞƐ ƉůƵƐ ŚĂƵƚƐ͕ Ě͛ĂƵƚƌĞƐ ƉŽƐƐğĚĞŶƚ ƵŶĞ ŵĂƵǀĂŝƐĞ ĂĐŽƵƐƟƋƵĞ ŽƵ ƐŽŶƚ ƚƌŽƉ ƉĞƟƚƐ͕ ŶĞ ƐŽŶƚ ƉĂƐ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞƐ͘ ĞƩĞ ĠƚƵĚĞ ĞƐƚ ƵŶĞ ďĂƐĞ pour se forger une idée de ce qui peut être fait de ces espaces ĂďĂŶĚŽŶŶĠƐ͕ ƉŽƵƌ ƌĠŇĠĐŚŝƌ ĐŽŵŵĞŶƚ ŽŶ ƉĞƵƚ ƚƌŽƵǀĞƌ ƵŶ ƚƌĂŝƚ Ě͛ƵŶŝŽŶ ĞŶƚƌĞ ĐĞƐ ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚƐ ŚĂŶŐĂƌƐ ƉŽƵƌ ĞŶ ĨĂŝƌĞ ĚĞƐ ƉƀůĞƐ ŽƵ ĚĞƐ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƚĠƐ ĂĮŶ ĚĞ ĐƌĠĞƌ ƵŶ ĞīĞƚ ĚĞ ƐLJŶĞƌŐŝĞ ƋƵŝ ƉĞƵƚ ƌĠĞůůĞŵĞŶƚ ƌĂLJŽŶŶĞƌ ƐƵƌ ůĞƐ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌƐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŶĂŶƚƐ͘

^ĂŝŶƚͲ ƟĞŶŶĞ͕ ƚLJƉŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ŽĨ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ^ĂŝŶƚͲ ƟĞŶŶĞ͕ ƚLJƉŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ĚĞ ďąƟŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞůƐ

ϭϳ

s ^d E > Z ,͕ architect researcher, LIA, Berlin (DE)

®Äã ÄÝ®¥® ã®ÊÄ Ê¥ ã« ø®Ýã®Ä¦ ®ãù dŚĞ ƚŚŝƌĚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ͞'ƌĂŶĚ WĂƌŝƐ͕ ^ŽŌ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ͟ ĂĚǀĂŶĐĞƐ Ă ǀŝƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ WĂƌŝƐ ĐŽŶƵƌďĂƟŽŶ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŽ ϮϬϯϬ͗ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ Ă ƉŽƐƚͲ<LJŽƚŽ ŵŽĚĞů ďLJ ƌĞĚĞƐŝŐŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ĨĂďƌŝĐ ĂŶĚ ŵŽǀŝŶŐ ĂǁĂLJ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƐŝŶŐůĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ Ă ŵƵůƟƉŽůĂƌ ĐŝƚLJ͘ tĞ ƉƵƚ ĨŽƌǁĂƌĚ ϯ ŵĂŝŶ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͗ ŽŶĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ͞ůŝŐŚƚ͟ ǀĞƌƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ǀĞƌƐƵƐ ƚŚĞ ĚĞŶƐĞ Žƌ ͞ŝŶƚĞŶƐĞ͟ ĐŝƚLJ͕ ŽŶĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ĐŝƚLJ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ŝƐƐƵĞ ŝƐ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ĮŶĂůůLJ ŽŶĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĂƌƟĐƵůĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĞŵ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͘ dŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŽĨ WĂƌŝƐ ŝƐ Ă ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚLJ͘ Ƶƚ ǁŚĞŶ LJŽƵ ŽďƐĞƌǀĞ ŝƚƐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ǁŚŝůƐƚ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ suburbs by contrast contain all the elements added in the 2nd ŚĂůĨ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϮϬth ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ͕ ƉůĂĐĞĚ ƐŝĚĞͲďLJͲƐŝĚĞ ǁŝƚŚ ŶŽ ĂƩĞŵƉƚ Ăƚ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͘ Ƶƚ ƚŚŝƐ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ǁŽƌŬ ǁŝƚŚ͘ ,ĞƌĞ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ Ă ƌĞǀĞƌƐĂů ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĂƟŽ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ ĨƌĞĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƟǀĂƚĞĚ ĂƌĞĂƐ͘ dŚĞ ŽůĚĞƐƚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ĂƌĞ ŶŽ ŵŽƌĞ ƚŚĂŶ ĮŌLJ years old. The life cycles of buildings are much shorter and they ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ĨŽƌ Ă ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ͕ ĞŝƚŚĞƌ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ Žƌ industry. So these are the sites that urgently need to be adapted Ăƚ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ŬĞLJ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞLJ ǁŝůů ŚĂǀĞ ĂŶ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ surroundings.

/ŶƚĞŶƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ͗ ŵŝŶŝ / /ŶƚĞŶƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ͗ ŵŝŶŝ /

dŚĞ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƚLJ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ Ă ƐĐĂƩĞƌŝŶŐ ŽĨ ĐŽŶĨĞƫ͕ ďƵƚ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ Ă ƐŽůŝĚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͘ /ƚ is about introducing new typologies, new spaces that can be ƵƐĞĚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚůLJ͕ ĨŽƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ ĨŽƌ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ Žƌ ĐƌĂŌ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘ /ƚ͛Ɛ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ͞ŵŝĐƌŽͲŚƵďƐ͕͟ ƐŵĂůů ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐĞĚ ŽŶ ĨŽŽƚ Žƌ ďLJ ďŝŬĞ͕ ůŝŬĞ dŽŬLJŽ͛Ɛ ͞ĐŽŶǀĞŶŝĞŶĐĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ͕͟ ŵŽďŝůĞ Žƌ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ ƚŽ ŽīĞƌ ũŽď ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ƐƟŵƵůĂƚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ůŝĨĞ͘ tŝƚŚ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƐŵĂůůͲƐĐĂůĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ ǁĞ ĐĂŶ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĨLJ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŐŝǀĞ ŝƚ ŵŽƌĞ ůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵ ƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ƚŽ ĚŝƐƌƵƉƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞƌĞďLJ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƐŝŶŐůĞͲĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŝŶƚŽ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͘ The strategy of using natural elements as a focus of ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ďƌŝŶŐŝŶŐ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ďĂĐŬ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƌŝǀĞƌďĂŶŬƐ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŽŌĞŶ ŇŽŽĚͲƉƌŽŶĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ϯ ƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͗ ƚŚĞ ƐĞůĨͲĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐ ǁĂƚĞƌǁĂLJ͕ Ă ƌŝǀĞƌ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͖ ƚŚĞŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ͕ ŇĞdžŝďůĞ ƉŽŶƚŽŽŶƐ ǁŚĞƌĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ Ăƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐĞĂƐŽŶƐ͕ ƚŽ ƌĞͲĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚ ƚŚĞ ůŝŶŬ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƌŝǀĞƌ͖ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ƐŝƚĞƐ ŝŶƚŽ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ njŽŶĞƐ͕ ĚĞĂůŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ŇƵĐƚƵĂƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ƌŝǀĞƌ ůĞǀĞůƐ ďLJ ŝŶƐƚĂůůŝŶŐ Ă ǁĂƚĞƌ ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶ ƚĂŶŬ͘ tĞ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƚŚĞŵĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ Ăŝŵ ŽĨ ƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐ Ă ĐĂƚĂůŽŐƵĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ͞ĂĚĂƉƚĂďůĞ ĐŝƚLJ͘͟

Revitalizing dense city Revitaliser la ville dense

18

s ^d E > Z ,͕ architecte chercheur, LIA, Berlin (DE)

®Äã ÄÝ®¥® ã®ÊÄ ½ ò®½½ ø®Ýã Äã Le 3ème ƉƌŽũĞƚ ͨ 'ƌĂŶĚ WĂƌŝƐ͕ DĠƚƌŽƉŽůĞ ĚŽƵĐĞ ͩ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞ ƵŶĞ ǀŝƐŝŽŶ ĚĞ ů͛ĂŐŐůŽŵĠƌĂƟŽŶ ƉĂƌŝƐŝĞŶŶĞ ƉŽƵƌ ƐŽŶ ĚĠǀĞůŽƉƉĞŵĞŶƚ ũƵƐƋƵ͛ĞŶ ϮϬϯϬ ͗ ĐƌĠĞƌ ƵŶ ŵŽĚğůĞ WŽƐƚͲ<LJŽƚŽ ĞŶ ƌĞƉĞŶƐĂŶƚ ů͛ĞdžŝƐƚĂŶƚ ƉŽƵƌ Ɛ͛ĠůŽŝŐŶĞƌ ĚĞ ůĂ ŵŽŶŽ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƚĠ Ğƚ ĂůůĞƌ ǀĞƌƐ ůĂ ŵƵůƟƉŽůĂƌŝƚĠ͘ EŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĠ ϯ ƐƚƌĂƚĠŐŝĞƐ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůĞƐ ͗ ĐĞůůĞ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ůĠŐğƌĞ ǀĞƌƐƵƐ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ĚĞŶƐĞ ŽƵ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ͨ ŝŶƚĞŶƐĞ ͕ͩ ĐĞůůĞ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ƉƌŽĐŚĞ ƉŽƵƌ ůĂƋƵĞůůĞ ů͛ĞŶũĞƵ ĞƐƚ ů͛ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚĠ͕ Ğƚ ĞŶĮŶ ĐĞůůĞ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀĂůŽƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ Ě͛ĠůĠŵĞŶƚƐ ŶĂƚƵƌĞůƐ ƉŽƵƌ ůĞƐ ĂƌƟĐƵůĞƌ ă ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ͘ >͛ĂŐŐůŽŵĠƌĂƟŽŶ ƉĂƌŝƐŝĞŶŶĞ ĞƐƚ ƵŶĞ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚĠ͘ DĂŝƐ ůŽƌƐƋƵ͛ŽŶ ŽďƐĞƌǀĞ ƐĂ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ Ɛŝ ůĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ĞƐƚ ů͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ĞƵƌŽƉĠĞŶ ĐůĂƐƐŝƋƵĞ͕ ůĂ ďĂŶůŝĞƵĞ ƉĂƌ ĐŽŶƚƌĞ ĞƐƚ ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵĠĞ Ě͛ĠůĠŵĞŶƚƐ ĂũŽƵƚĠƐ ĚĂŶƐ la 2ème ŵŽŝƟĠ ĚƵ ϮϬème ƐŝğĐůĞ͕ ƉŽƐĠƐ ůĞƐ ƵŶ ă ĐƀƚĠƐ ĚĞƐ ĂƵƚƌĞƐ ƐĂŶƐ ĂƵĐƵŶĞ ŝŶƚĠŐƌĂƟŽŶ͘ DĂŝƐ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ĐĞƩĞ ǀŝůůĞ ƋƵĞ ŶŽƵƐ ĚĞǀŽŶƐ ƉƌĞŶĚƌĞ ĞŶ ĐŽŵƉƚĞ͘ /Đŝ ůĞ ƌĂƟŽ Ɛ͛ĞƐƚ ŝŶǀĞƌƐĠ ĞŶƚƌĞ ůĂ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ Ğƚ ůĞƐ ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ůŝďƌĞƐ Ğƚ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƐ ĐƵůƟǀĠĞƐ͘ >ĞƐ ďąƟŵĞŶƚƐ ůĞƐ ƉůƵƐ ĂŶĐŝĞŶƐ ŽŶƚ ƵŶĞ ĐŝŶƋƵĂŶƚĂŝŶĞ Ě͛ĂŶŶĠĞƐ͘ >ĞƐ ĐLJĐůĞƐ ĚĞ ǀŝĞ ĚĞƐ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐ ƐŽŶƚ ďĞĂƵĐŽƵƉ ƉůƵƐ ƌĠĚƵŝƚƐ Ğƚ ůĞƐ ďąƟŵĞŶƚƐ ŽŶƚ ĠƚĠ ĠƌŝŐĠƐ ƉŽƵƌ ƵŶĞ ĨŽŶĐƟŽŶ ďŝĞŶ ƉƌĠĐŝƐĞ͕ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ŽƵ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞ͘ Ğ ƐŽŶƚ ĚŽŶĐ ůĞƐ ƐŝƚĞƐ ƉŽƵƌ ůĞƐƋƵĞůƐ ƵŶĞ ƵƌŐĞŶƚĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ est nécessaire dans des endroits exemplaires qui auront des ĞīĞƚƐ ƐƵƌ ůĞƐ ĂůĞŶƚŽƵƌƐ͘>Ğ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĞ ĞƐƚ ƵŶĞ ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Ğƚ ƵŶĞ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ĚĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽŝƌĞƐ ĞdžŝƐƚĂŶƚƐ͕ ĚĞ ƉĂƌƐĞŵĞƌ ĚĞƐ ĐŽŶĨĞƫƐ͕ mais selon une stratégie concrète. Il s’agit d’introduire de ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞƐ ƚLJƉŽůŽŐŝĞƐ͕ ĚĞ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵdž ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂĮŶ ƋƵ͛ŽŶ ƉƵŝƐƐĞ ůĞƐ ƵƟůŝƐĞƌ Ě͛ƵŶĞ ŵĂŶŝğƌĞ ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚĞ͕ ƉĂƌ ĞdžĞŵƉůĞ ƉŽƵƌ ů͛ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ŽƵ ƉŽƵƌ ĚĞƐ ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂƌƟƐĂŶĂƵdž͘ ͛ĞƐƚ ů͛ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĚĞ ͨ ŵŝĐƌŽ ŚƵďƐ ͕ͩ ƉĞƟƚƐ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞƐ ă ƉŝĞĚ ŽƵ ĞŶ ďŝĐLJĐůĞƩĞ ĐŽŵŵĞ ůĞƐ ͨ ĐŽŶǀĞŶŝĞŶĐĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ͩ ă dŽŬLJŽ͕ ŝŵƉůĂŶƚĠƐ Ě͛ƵŶĞ ŵĂŶŝğƌĞ ŵŽďŝůĞ ŽƵ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂŝƌĞ ƉŽƵƌ Žīƌŝƌ ĚĞƐ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚĠƐ Ě͛ĞŵƉůŽŝ Ğƚ ĚLJŶĂŵŝƐĞƌ ůĂ ǀŝĞ ƵƌďĂŝŶĞ͘ ŝŶƐŝ ĂǀĞĐ ĐĞƐ ƉĞƟƚĞƐ ƐƚƌĂƚĠŐŝĞƐ ŽŶ ƉĞƵƚ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĮĞƌ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ Ğƚ ůĂ ƌĞŶĚƌĞ ƉůƵƐ ƌĠƐŝƐƚĂŶƚĞ ƐƵƌ ůĞ ůŽŶŐ ƚĞƌŵĞ ĂƵdž ďŽƵůĞǀĞƌƐĞŵĞŶƚƐ Ğƚ ĂŝŶƐŝ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞƌ ĐĞƐ njŽŶĞƐ ŵŽŶŽĨŽŶĐƟŽŶŶĞůůĞƐ ĞŶ ĚĞƐ njŽŶĞƐ ƉůƵƌŝĨŽŶĐƟŽŶŶĞůůĞƐ͘

,ŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĞƐƚĂƚĞͬ ŝīƵƐĞĚ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ Grands ensembles / Habitat dispersé

>Ă ƐƚƌĂƚĠŐŝĞ ĚĞ ŵƵƚĂƟŽŶ ĂƵƚŽƵƌ ĚĞƐ ĠůĠŵĞŶƚƐ ŶĂƚƵƌĞůƐ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞ ă ƌĠͲŶĂƚƵƌĂůŝƐĞƌ ĚĞƐ njŽŶĞƐ ƐŝƚƵĠĞƐ ĞŶ ďĞƌŐĞƐ ĚĞƐ ĐŽƵƌƐ Ě͛ĞĂƵ͘ ĂŶƐ ĐĞƐ ůŝĞƵdž ƐŽƵǀĞŶƚ ŝŶŽŶĚĂďůĞƐ͕ ŶŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ĚĠǀĞůŽƉƉĠ ϯ ƚLJƉĞƐ Ě͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ ͗ ůĞ ĐŽƵƌƐ Ě͛ĞĂƵ ĂƵƚŽŶĞƩŽLJĂŶƚ͕ ƉĂLJƐĂŐĞ ŇƵǀŝĂů ͖ WƵŝƐ ĂƵ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ǀŝůůĞ ĚĞƐ ƉŽŶƚŽŶƐ ŇĞdžŝďůĞƐ ƐƵƌ ůĞƐƋƵĞůƐ ƉĞƵǀĞŶƚ ġƚƌĞ ŵŝƐ ĞŶ ƉůĂĐĞ ĚĞƐ ĂĐƟǀŝƚĠƐ ƐĞůŽŶ ůĞƐ ƐĂŝƐŽŶƐ ƉŽƵƌ ƌĞƚƌŽƵǀĞƌ ƵŶĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ĂǀĞĐ ůĂ ƌŝǀŝğƌĞ ͖ ƚ ĞŶĮŶ ůĂ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĚĞ ƐŝƚĞƐ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞůƐ ĞdžŝƐƚĂŶƚ ĞŶ njŽŶĞ Ě͛ŚĂďŝƚĂƟŽŶ ĞŶ ƚĞŶĂŶƚ ĐŽŵƉƚĞ ĚĞ ůĂ ŇƵĐƚƵĂƟŽŶ ĚƵ ŶŝǀĞĂƵ ĚĞ ůĂ ƌŝǀŝğƌĞ ĂǀĞĐ ů͛ŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶ Ě͛ƵŶ ďĂƐƐŝŶ ĚĞ ƌĠƚĞŶƟŽŶ ĚĞ ů͛ĞĂƵ͘ EŽƵƐ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽŶƐ ĚĞ ĚĠǀĞůŽƉƉĞƌ ĐĞƐ ƚŚğŵĞƐ ƉŽƵƌ ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵĞƌ ƵŶ ĐĂƚĂůŽŐƵĞ ƉŽƵƌ ůĂ ͨ ǀŝůůĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĂďůĞ ͩ͘

River city sŝůůĞ ŇĞƵǀĞ

19

^ ^d/ :KZE d͕ architect, urban planner, Barcelona (ES)

3

RESILIENCE OF A SEGREGATED ESTATE ã« çÙ Ä Ù ¦ Ä Ù ã®ÊÄ Ê¥ ã« ½ Ã®Ä ®ÝãÙ® ã͕ Ù ½ÊÄ ; ÝͿ dŚĞ ůĂ DŝŶĂ ĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ ŚĂƐ Ă ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ϭϮ ϬϬϬ͕ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ϯϬ ϬϬϬ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ^ĂŶƚ Ěƌŝă͘ >Ă DŝŶĂ ŝƐ ũƵƐƚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ end of the extension of Barcelona’s Cerda plan, on the other ƐŝĚĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞƐŽƐ ZŝǀĞƌ͕ ĐůŽƐĞ ƚŽ ůĂƌŐĞ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ďƵƚ ŶŽƚ connected to them.

>Ă DŝŶĂ ĂŌĞƌ ƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ ďĞĐĂŵĞ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ >Ă DŝŶĂ ĂƉƌğƐ ƌĠŐĠŶĠƌĂƟŽŶ ĞƐƚ ĚĞǀĞŶƵĞ ƵŶ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ ƵƌďĂŝŶ

The area was built to clear the slums and rehouse the people ůŝǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞƌĞ͘ dŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ͕ ƉĂƌƟĂů ϭϵϱϵ ƉůĂŶ ǁĂƐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ĞŵƉƚLJ ƐƉĂĐĞ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŝĚĞĂ ŽĨ Ă ƉŝǀŽƚĂů ƐƉĂĐĞ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ͘ /Ŷ ϭϵϲϳ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŝƟĂů ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ǁĂƐ ĂůƚĞƌĞĚ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂŵĞŶŝƟĞƐ ǁĞƌĞ ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ƐƉĂĐĞ͘ ŶĚ ŝŶ ϭϵϳϭ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ǁĂƐ Ă ƚŚŝƌĚ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ Ăůů ƚLJƉŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŝƐ ůĂĐŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ǁŚŽůĞ ĞƐƚĂƚĞ ŝƐ ĞŶƟƌĞůLJ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ Ă ƐŝŶŐůĞ ďůŽĐŬ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘ tŝƚŚŝŶ Ă ƐƉĂĐĞ ŽĨ ϭϴ ŵŽŶƚŚƐ͕ ϭ ϴϱϬ ŝĚĞŶƟĐĂů ĚǁĞůůŝŶŐƐ ǁĞƌĞ ďƵŝůƚ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ Ϯ LJĞĂƌƐ ĂŌĞƌ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶŝŶŐ͕ ƚŚĞ ŚĞĂĚůŝŶĞƐ ƌĞĂĚ͗ ͞>Ă DŝŶĂ͕ Ă ŶĞǁ ďŽƌŶ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJ ĂůŵŽƐƚ ĂďĂŶĚŽŶĞĚ͘͟ dŚĞŶ ĐĂŵĞ ƚŚĞ ϮϬϬϰ ƵůƚƵƌĞ &ŽƌƵŵ ŝŶ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ǁŝƚŚ ŝƚƐ ŐƌĞĂƚ ůĂLJŽƵƚ ƉůĂŶ ĨŽƌ Ă ϮϱϬ ŚĞĐƚĂƌĞƐ ĂƌĞĂ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĞĚŐĞ ŽĨ ůĂ DŝŶĂ͕ ďƵƚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ǁĞƌĞ ŶŽ ƉůĂŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚŝƐ ĐƌŝƐŝƐͲƌŝĚĚĞŶ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĞƐƚĂƚĞ͘ ^Ž ƚŚĞ ŵĂLJŽƌ ƐĂŝĚ͗ ͞ ŶŽƵŐŚ͕ ŝĨ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ďƵƌŶ ƚŚĞ ĞƐƚĂƚĞ͕ ǁĞ͛ůů ďƵƌŶ ŝƚ͕ ŝĨ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ƌĞĨƵƌďŝƐŚ ŝƚ͕ ǁĞ͛ůů ƌĞĨƵƌďŝƐŚ ŝƚ͘ Ƶƚ ŽŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĨŽƌ Ăůů͕ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ĮŶĚ Ă ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƚŚŝƐ ĂƌĞĂ͘͟ ŶĚ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ĚĞĐŝĚĞĚ ŽŶ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͘ tĞ ďĞŐĂŶ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌŬ ďLJ ĮŶĚŝŶŐ ŽƵƚ ĂƐ ŵƵĐŚ ĂƐ ǁĞ ĐŽƵůĚ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ĂŶƚŚƌŽƉŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ͕ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƟŶŐ Ă technical analysis of all the buildings and urban analysis, a huge ĞīŽƌƚ ĞŶƚĂŝůŝŶŐ ŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ ŝŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĞ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŽ ŵĂƉ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚ͘

Ùãʦ٠֫ù Ê¥ ¥® ®ãÝ Ê¥ çÙ Ä ½®¥

Mapping of social problems and habitability of housing ĂƌƚŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĞ ĚĞƐ ƉƌŽďůğŵĞƐ ƐŽĐŝĂƵdž Ğƚ ĚĞ ů͛ŚĂďŝƚĂďŝůŝƚĠ ĚĞƐ ůŽŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ

ϮϬ

tĞ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ϳ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ƚŽ ƵƐĞ ŝŶ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ǁŽƵůĚ ŐŝǀĞ ƵƐ Ă ĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ǁŽƵůĚ ůĞŐŝƟŵŝƐĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŚŽŝĐĞ ŽĨ Ă ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ͘ Ͳ dŚĞ ϭst ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌ ǁĂƐ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͘ >Ă DŝŶĂ ƚŽĚĂLJ ŝƐ ŶŽ longer on the outskirts. And through our plan, we wanted to ƐŚŽǁ ƚŚĂƚ ůĂ DŝŶĂ ŝƐ Ă ŐŽŽĚ ƉůĂĐĞ ƚŽ ůŝǀĞ͘ Ͳ Ϯnd ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌ͗ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ůĂ DŝŶĂ ĂƌĞĂ͗ ŝůůŝƚĞƌĂĐLJ͕ ĨĂŵŝůLJ ǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ͕ ƵŶĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ͕ ƐĐŚŽŽů ĂďƐĞŶƚĞĞŝƐŵ͕ ĚƌƵŐƐ͘ map shows the places where illegal substances were sold and ĐŽŶƐƵŵĞĚ͗ ŽŶ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ƐƚĂŝƌĐĂƐĞƐ͕ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ůĞǀĞůƐ͕ ƐƚƌĞĞƚƐ͙ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ŚŝŐŚ ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ Ăƚ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘ Ͳ ϯrd ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌ͗ ŚĂďŝƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘ dŚĞ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ƐŚŽǁĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĂƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ ǁĞƌĞ ǁĞůůͲďƵŝůƚ͕ ƐŽůŝĚ͕ ƐƚĂďůĞ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞĂƐŽŶĂďůLJ spacious interiors. There was no reason why they should be demolished. Ͳ ϰth ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌ͗ ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ͘ /ƚ ǁĂƐ ƐĂŝĚ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƚƐ ŚŝŐŚ ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ the social problems of this area. But when we compared la Mina with thirty other areas, we concluded that the problems of la DŝŶĂ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ƐŽ ŵƵĐŚ ďLJ ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ĂƐ ďLJ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘

^ ^d/ :KZE d͕ architecte, urbaniste, Barcelone (ES)

Z ^/>/ E ͛hE 'Z E ENSEMBLE SEGREGUE ½ Ù ¦ Ä Ù ã®ÊÄ çÙ ®Ä ç Øç Ùã® Ù ½ Ã®Ä ͕ Ù ½ÊÄ ; ÝͿ >Ğ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ ĚĞ ůĂ DŝŶĂ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŶĚ ϭϮ ϬϬϬ ŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ ĂůŽƌƐ ƋƵĞ ůĂ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚĠ ĚĞ ^ĂŶƚ Ěƌŝă ĞŶ ĐŽŵƉƚĞ ϯϬ ϬϬϬ͘ >Ğ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ ĚĞ ůĂ DŝŶĂ ƐĞ ƚƌŽƵǀĞ ũƵƐƚĞ ă ůĂ ĮŶ ĚĞ ů͛ĞdžƚĞŶƐŝŽŶ ĚƵ ƉůĂŶ ĞƌĚĂ ĚĞ ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĞ͕ ĚĞ ů͛ĂƵƚƌĞ ĐƀƚĠ ĚĞ ůĂ ƌŝǀŝğƌĞ ĞƐŽƐ͕ ƚŽƵƚ ƉƌğƐ ĚĞƐ grandes infrastructures mais non connecté à elles. Ğ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ Ă ĠƚĠ ƌĠĂůŝƐĠ ƉŽƵƌ ƐƵƉƉƌŝŵĞƌ ůĞƐ ďŝĚŽŶǀŝůůĞƐ Ğƚ ƌĞůŽŐĞƌ ůĞƐ ŐĞŶƐ͘ >Ğ ƉƌĞŵŝĞƌ ƉůĂŶ ƉĂƌƟĞů ĚĞ ϭϵϱϵ͕ Ă ĠƚĠ ƚƌĂǀĂŝůůĠ ă ƉĂƌƟƌ ĚƵ ǀŝĚĞ͕ ĐŽŵŵĞ ƵŶ ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ƉŝǀŽƚ ă ů͛ŝŶƚĠƌŝĞƵƌ ĚƵ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ͘ Ŷ ϭϵϲϳ͕ ůĞ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ŝŶŝƟĂů ĞƐƚ ĂůŽƌƐ ŵŽĚŝĮĠ͕ ů͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ĚĞǀŝĞŶƚ ƵŶĞ ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ Ě͛ĠƋƵŝƉĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ ƚ ĞŶ ϭϵϳϭ ƐƵƌǀŝĞŶƚ un 3ème ĐŚĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚ Žƶ ŝů Ŷ͛LJ Ă ĂƵĐƵŶĞ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĠ ƚLJƉŽůŽŐŝƋƵĞ ƉƵŝƐƋƵĞ ƚŽƵƚ ƌĞƉŽƐĞ ƐƵƌ ůĂ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ Ě͛ƵŶ ƵŶŝƋƵĞ ŵŽĚğůĞ ĚĞ ďĂƌƌĞƐ͘ Ŷ ϭϴ ŵŽŝƐ͕ ŝů Ɛ͛ĞƐƚ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵŝƚ ϭϴϱϬ ůŽŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŝĚĞŶƟƋƵĞƐ DĂŝƐ Ϯ ĂŶŶĠĞƐ ĂƉƌğƐ ů͛ŝŶĂƵŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ ůĂ ƉƌĞƐƐĞ ƟƚƌĞ ͗ ͨ >Ă DŝŶĂ͕ ƵŶ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ ƋƵŝ ǀŝĞŶƚ ĚĞ ŶĂŠƚƌĞ Ğƚ ĚĠũă ƉƌĞƐƋƵĞ ĂďĂŶĚŽŶŶĠ ͩ͘ ŶĮŶ͕ ĞƐƚ ƉƌĠƐĞŶƚĠ ůĞ &ŽƌƵŵ ƵůƚƵƌĞ ϮϬϬϰ ă ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĞ ĂǀĞĐ ƐŽŶ ŐƌĂŶĚ ƉůĂŶ ŵĂƐƐĞ ĚĞ ϮϱϬ ŚĞĐƚĂƌĞƐ ĂƵdž ĂďŽƌĚƐ ĚĞ ůĂ DŝŶĂ ŵĂŝƐ ƌŝĞŶ Ŷ͛ĞƐƚ ƉƌĠǀƵ ƉŽƵƌ ĐĞ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ Ě͛ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ĞŶ ĐƌŝƐĞ͘ ůŽƌƐ ůĞ ŵĂŝƌĞ Ěŝƚ ͨ ƐƐĞnj͕ Ɛŝ ŽŶ ĚŽŝƚ ďƌƸůĞƌ ůĞ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ͕ ŽŶ ůĞ ďƌƸůĞ͕ si on doit le réhabiliter, on le réhabilite. Mais une fois pour ƚŽƵƚĞ͕ ŽŶ ĚŽŝƚ ƚƌŽƵǀĞƌ ƵŶĞ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ƉŽƵƌ ĐĞ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ ͩ͘ ƚ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ĂŝŶƐŝ ƋƵ͛ĞƐƚ ĚĠĐŝĚĠ ƉĂƌ ůĞ ŐŽƵǀĞƌŶĞŵĞŶƚ Ğƚ ůĂ ƌĠŐŝŽŶ ƵŶ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ĚĞ ƉůĂŶŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ƵƌďĂŝŶĞ͘ EŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ĐŽŵŵĞŶĐĠ ă ƚƌĂǀĂŝůůĞƌ ĞŶ ƌĞĐƵĞŝůůĂŶƚ ƵŶ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ ĚĞ ĐŽŶŶĂŝƐƐĂŶĐĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ ƐŽĐŝĂůĞ Ğƚ ĂŶƚŚƌŽƉŽůŽŐŝƋƵĞ͕ ƵŶĞ ĂŶĂůLJƐĞ ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞ ĚĞ ƚŽƵƐ ůĞƐ ďąƟŵĞŶƚƐ Ğƚ ĚĞƐ ĂŶĂůLJƐĞƐ ƵƌďĂŝŶĞƐ͕ ƵŶ ƚƌĂǀĂŝů ĨĂŶƚĂƐƟƋƵĞ ă ƚƌĂǀĞƌƐ ĚĞ ŶŽŵďƌĞƵƐĞƐ ŝŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁƐ ĚĞƐ ŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ͕ ƋƵŝ ŶŽƵƐ Ă ĚŽŶŶĠ ƵŶĞ ĐĂƌƚŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĞ ĚƵ ĐŽŶŇŝƚ ƐŽĐŝĂů͘

Built out of the city, la Mina is now inside new development Construit en dehors de la ville, la Mina se trouve maintenant au sein du nouveau développement

Ùãʦ٠֫® Ý ¥® ®ãÝ ½ ò® çÙ ®Ä EŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ĚĠĮŶŝƐ ϳ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƵƌƐ ƐĞƌǀĂŶƚ ă ĂŶĂůLJƐĞƌ ĐĞ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ͘ >Ğ résultat de ces indicateurs nous donnera une ligne de conduite Ğƚ ůĂ ůĠŐŝƟŵĂƟŽŶ ĚƵ ĐŚŽŝdž ĚĞ ƚĞůůĞ ŽƵ ƚĞůůĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĠŐŝĞ ĂĚŽƉƚĠĞ ƉŽƵƌ ůĞ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ͘ Ͳ >Ğ ϭer indicateur est l’emplacement et le contexte. La Mina ĂƵũŽƵƌĚ͛ŚƵŝ Ŷ͛ĞƐƚ ƉůƵƐ ă ůĂ ƉĠƌŝƉŚĠƌŝĞ͘ ƚ ŶŽƵƐ ǀŽƵůŽŶƐ ă ƚƌĂǀĞƌƐ ĐĞ ƉůĂŶ ĂĸƌŵĞƌ ƋƵĞ ůĂ DŝŶĂ ĞƐƚ ƵŶ ďŽŶ ĞŶĚƌŽŝƚ ƉŽƵƌ ǀŝǀƌĞ͘ Ͳ Ϯème ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƵƌ ͗ ůĂ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ ƐŽĐŝĂůĞ͘ ĂŶƐ ůĞ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ ĚĞ ůĂ DŝŶĂ ͗ ĂŶĂůƉŚĂďĠƟƐŵĞ͕ ǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ ĨĂŵŝůŝĂůĞ͕ ĐŚƀŵĂŐĞ͕ ĂďƐĞŶƚĠŝƐŵĞ ƐĐŽůĂŝƌĞ͕ ĚƌŽŐƵĞ͘ hŶĞ ĐĂƌƚĞ ƌĞƉƌĠƐĞŶƚĞ ůĞƐ ůŝĞƵdž Žƶ ƐĞ ǀĞŶĚĞŶƚ Ğƚ ƐĞ ĐŽŶƐŽŵŵĞŶƚ ůĞƐ ƉƌŽĚƵŝƚƐ ŝůůŝĐŝƚĞƐ ͗ ĚĂŶƐ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƐ ĞƐĐĂůŝĞƌƐ͕ ĠƚĂŐĞƐ͕ ƌƵĞƐ͙ ĂǀĞĐ ƵŶĞ ĨŽƌƚĞ ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ ă ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƐ ĞŶĚƌŽŝƚƐ͘ Ͳ ϯème ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƵƌ ͗ ů͛ŚĂďŝƚĂďŝůŝƚĠ͘ >͛ĂŶĂůLJƐĞ ŵŽŶƚƌĞ ƋƵĞ ůĞƐ ůŽŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĠƚĂŝĞŶƚ ďŝĞŶ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵŝƚƐ͕ ƐŽůŝĚĞƐ͕ ƐƚĂďůĞƐ͕ ĂǀĞĐ ƵŶ ďŽŶ ŶŝǀĞĂƵ ĚĞ ƋƵĂůŝƚĠ ĚĞ ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶ ă ů͛ŝŶƚĠƌŝĞƵƌ͘ ZŝĞŶ ŶĞ ũƵƐƟĮĞ ƋƵ͛ŝů faille les démolir. Ͳ ϰème ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƵƌ ͗ ůĂ ĚĞŶƐŝƚĠ͘ KŶ Ěŝƚ ƋƵĞ ůĞƐ ƉƌŽďůğŵĞƐ ƐŽĐŝĂƵdž ĚĞ ĐĞ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ ƐŽŶƚ ůŝĠƐ ă ƐĂ ĨŽƌƚĞ ĚĞŶƐŝƚĠ͘ DĂŝƐ ĞŶ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĂŶƚ

A segregated housing zone hŶĞ njŽŶĞ Ě͛ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ƐĠŐƌĠŐƵĠ

21

^ ^d/ :KZE d͕ architect, urban planner, Barcelona (ES)

Ͳ dŚĞ ϱth ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌ ǁĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƌĞĞƚ ĂŶĚ ŐƌŽƵŶĚ ŇŽŽƌ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ƉĂƌƚ͕ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽƵŶĚ ŇŽŽƌ ǁĂƐ ůŝŬĞ Ă ŵŽůůƵƐĐ͗ ŚĂƌĚ on the outside, with fences, walls, barriers of all kinds, no ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ͘ Ͳ ϲth ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌ͕ ĂŵĞŶŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘ /Ŷ ůĂ DŝŶĂ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ǁĞƌĞ ĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞůLJ ĨŽƌ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞƌĞ ǁĞƌĞ ŶŽ ĂŵĞŶŝƟĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ǁŽƵůĚ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ Žƌ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ surrounding areas. Ͳ dŚĞ ϳth indicator was free spaces. There were open spaces but they were not connected. The aim was to break open the estate ƚŽ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƚĞ ŝƚ ďĞƩĞƌ͕ ƚŽ ŽƉĞŶ ŝƚ ƵƉ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ƐĞǁ ŝƚ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ďĞƩĞƌ͕ ƵůƟŵĂƚĞůLJ ƚŽ ĚŝŐ ƵƉ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ĂƌĞĂ ƚŽ ďƵŝůĚ Ă ŶĞǁ ĨŽĐƵƐ of urban life.

Ù ®ÄãÙÊ ç ã« ÖÊã Äã® ½®ãù Ê¥ çÙ Ä Ù«ùã«ÃÝ DŽĚĞů ĂŶĚ ŵĂƉ ŽĨ ƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ůĂ DŝŶĂ DĂƋƵĞƩĞ Ğƚ ƉůĂŶ ĚĞ ůĂ ƌĠŐĠŶĠƌĂƟŽŶ ĚĞ ůĂ DŝŶĂ

tĞ ƚŚĞŶ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ƉůĂŶ͘ ĞŶƚƌĂůŝƚLJ͗ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŐŝǀĞ ƚŽǁŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ͘ ŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͗ ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ƌŝĐŚŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŬĞͲƵƉ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ ƚLJƉŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘ ŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ͗ ƚŚŝƐ ĂƌĞĂ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ ƚŽ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ wider city through transport, the street fabric but also through ŝƚƐ ĂŵĞŶŝƟĞƐ͘ This led to the proposal to introduce a component to connect ƚŚĞ ĞƐžƐ WĂƌŬ njŽŶĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƌŝŶĂ njŽŶĞ͗ Ă ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ϲϬϬ ŵĞƚĞƌƐ ůŽŶŐ ĂŶĚ ϰϬ ŵĞƚĞƌƐ ǁŝĚĞ͕ Ă ZĂŵďůĂ ƚŚĂƚ ǁŽƵůĚ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ ŶĞǁ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ ŶĞǁ ĂŵĞŶŝƟĞƐ͕ ŶĞǁ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ŶĚ the discussion with the inhabitants resulted in changes from ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞůŝŵŝŶĂƌLJ ƉůĂŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĮŶĂů ƉůĂŶ͕ ĂīĞĐƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐĐŚŽŽů͕ ƚŚĞ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ZĂŵďůĂ͕ ĞƚĐ͙ EĞǁ ůŽĐĂů ĂŵĞŶŝƟĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ been introduced to become landmark structures, structuring ůĂŶĚŵĂƌŬƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͗ Ă ŶĞǁ ƉŽůŝĐĞ ƐƚĂƟŽŶ͕ Ă ŶĞǁ ůŝďƌĂƌLJ͕ Ă ŶĞǁ ŐLJŵŶĂƐŝƵŵ͕ Ă ŶĞǁ ŵĂƌŝŶĂ͙ dŚĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ŝŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ͕ ŝƐ ǀĞƌLJ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĂƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵĞƌ ĂƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ďůŽĐŬƐ͘ tĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ĂŶ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ďŝŐ ƚŽ ƐŵĂůů͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ƚĞƌƌĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŽƌĞ ůƵdžƵƌŝŽƵƐ ƌŽŽŌŽƉ apartment. dŽĚĂLJ͕ ůĂ DŝŶĂ ŚĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ ĂƐ LJŽƵ ĮŶĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ͘ /ƚ ĐĂŶ ŶŽǁ ĂĐĐŽŵŵŽĚĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĚLJŶĂŵŝĐ ƟŵĞƐĐĂůĞƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ůŝĨĞ͗ ƚŽƵƌŝƐƚƐ ŶŽǁ ƉĂƐƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ĨƌŽŵ ŶŽƌƚŚ ƚŽ ƐŽƵƚŚ ŽŶ ůĂ ZĂŵďůĂ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ůĂ DŝŶĂ ƐƟůů ĐƌŝƐƐͲ ĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ĨƌŽŵ ƐŝĚĞ ƚŽ ƐŝĚĞ͘ dŚĞ ŶŝŐŚƚ ŝƐ ŶŽ ůŽŶŐĞƌ Ă ƟŵĞ ŽĨ ĚĂŶŐĞƌ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ĨĞƐƟǀĂůƐ ƚĂŬĞ ƉůĂĐĞ ŚĞƌĞ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚ ƉƌŽďůĞŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͘ People come before stones. Social life comes before urban planning.

A Rambla links the district with the surroundings >Ă ZĂŵďůĂ ƌĞůŝĞ ůĞ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ ĂǀĞĐ ů͛ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŶĞŵĞŶƚ ĂůĞŶƚŽƵƌ

22

^ ^d/ :KZE d͕ architecte, urbaniste, Barcelone (ES)

ůĂ DŝŶĂ ă ƚƌĞŶƚĞ ĂƵƚƌĞƐ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌƐ͕ ŶŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ĐŽŶƐƚĂƚĠ ƋƵĞ ůĞƐ ƉƌŽďůğŵĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂ DŝŶĂ ŶĞ ƐŽŶƚ ƉĂƐ ůŝĠƐ ă ůĂ ĚĞŶƐŝƚĠ͕ ŵĂŝƐ ƉůƵƚƀƚ ă ůĂ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĠ͘ Ͳ >Ğ ϱème ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƵƌ ĞƐƚ ůĂ ƌƵĞ Ğƚ ůĞƐ ĂĐƟǀŝƚĠƐ ĂƵ ƌĞnjͲĚĞͲĐŚĂƵƐƐĠĞ͘ ĂŶƐ ůĂ ƉĂƌƟĞ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞ ůĞ ƌĞnjͲĚĞͲĐŚĂƵƐƐĠĞ ĨŽŶĐƟŽŶŶĞ ĐŽŵŵĞ Ɛ͛ŝů ĠƚĂŝƚ ƵŶ ŵŽůůƵƐƋƵĞ ͗ ĚƵƌ ă ů͛ĞdžƚĠƌŝĞƵƌ͕ ĂǀĞĐ ĚĞƐ ŐƌŝůůĞƐ͕ ĚĞƐ ŵƵƌƐ͕ ĚĞƐ ĠůĠŵĞŶƚƐ ĚĞ ĐůƀƚƵƌĞ͕ ŝů Ŷ͛LJ Ă ƉĂƐ Ě͛ĠĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ͘ Ͳ >Ğ ϲème ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƵƌ͕ ůĞƐ ĠƋƵŝƉĞŵĞŶƚƐ Ğƚ ůĞƐ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƉƵďůŝĐƐ͘ ůĂ DŝŶĂ͕ ŝůƐ ƐŽŶƚ ĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞŵĞŶƚ ƉŽƵƌ ƐĞƐ ŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ͘ ƵĐƵŶ ĠƋƵŝƉĞŵĞŶƚ ŶĞ ƉĞƌŵĞƚ ĚĞƐ ĠĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ŽƵ ĚĞƐ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ĂǀĞĐ ůĞƐ ĂƵƚƌĞƐ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌƐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŶĂŶƚƐ͘ Ͳ >Ğ ϳème indicateur, ce sont les espaces libres. Il y a des espaces ŽƵǀĞƌƚƐ ŵĂŝƐ ŶŽŶ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĠƐ͘ /ů Ɛ͛ĂŐŝƚ ĚĞ ĨĂŝƌĞ ĠĐůĂƚĞƌ ůĞ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ ƉŽƵƌ ŵŝĞƵdž ůĞ ƌĞĐƌĠĞƌ͕ ů͛ŽƵǀƌŝƌ ƉŽƵƌ ŵŝĞƵdž ůĞ ƌĞĐŽƵĚƌĞ͕ ĞŶĮŶ ĚĞ ĚĠďůĂLJĞƌ ůĂ njŽŶĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůĞ ƉŽƵƌ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵŝƌĞ ƵŶĞ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝƚĠ͘

EĞǁ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ EŽƵǀĞĂƵdž ĠƋƵŝƉĞŵĞŶƚƐ

Ù ®ÄãÙÊ ç®Ù ½ ÖÊÝÝ® ½®ã Ý Ùùã«Ã Ý çÙ ®ÄÝ EŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ĂůŽƌƐ ĚĠĮŶŝ ĚĞƐ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĞƐ ƉŽƵƌ ůĞ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵ ƉůĂŶ͘ >Ă ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƚĠ ͗ ůĞƐ ůŝĞƵdž ĐĞŶƚƌĂƵdž ĂƉƉŽƌƚĞŶƚ ĂƵdž ǀŝůůĞƐ ůĞƵƌ ŝĚĞŶƟƚĠ͘ >Ă ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĠ Ͳ ƵŶĞ ƉůƵƐ ŐƌĂŶĚĞ ƌŝĐŚĞƐƐĞ ĚĞƐ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ĚĂŶƐ ůĂ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ĚĞ ůĂ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ ĚĞƐ ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ĚĞƐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ ĚĞƐ ƚLJƉŽůŽŐŝĞƐ Ğƚ ĚĞƐ ĂĐƟǀŝƚĠƐ ĠĐŽŶŽŵŝƋƵĞƐ͘ >ĞƐ ĠĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ͗ ĐĞ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ ĚŽŝƚ ĂǀŽŝƌ ĚĞƐ ĠĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ĂǀĞĐ ůĂ ŐƌĂŶĚĞ ǀŝůůĞ ă ƚƌĂǀĞƌƐ ůĞƐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚƐ͕ ůĞ ƟƐƐƵ ĚĞƐ ƌƵĞƐ ŵĂŝƐ ĂƵƐƐŝ ă ƚƌĂǀĞƌƐ ůĞƐ ĠƋƵŝƉĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ Ğ ůă ǀĂ ĚĠĐŽƵůĞƌ ůĂ ƉƌŽƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ĚĞ ůĂ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ Ě͛ƵŶ ĠůĠŵĞŶƚ ƋƵŝ ǀĂ ŵĞƩƌĞ ĞŶ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ůĂ njŽŶĞ ĚƵ ƉĂƌĐ ĚĞů ĞƐžƐ ĂǀĞĐ ůĂ njŽŶĞ ĚƵ ƉŽƌƚ ĚĞ ƉůĂŝƐĂŶĐĞ ͗ ƵŶ ĞƐƉĂĐĞ Ě͛ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶ ϲϬϬ ŵğƚƌĞƐ ĚĞ ůŽŶŐƵĞƵƌ ƐƵƌ ƋƵĂƌĂŶƚĞ ŵğƚƌĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂƌŐĞ͕ ƵŶĞ ZĂŵďůĂ ƋƵŝ ǀĂ ĚŽŶŶĞƌ ůŝĞƵ ĂƵdž ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞƐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ ĂƵdž ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵdž ĠƋƵŝƉĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ĂƵdž ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵdž ĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ƚ ůĂ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ ĂǀĞĐ ůĞƐ ŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ Ă ĞŶƚƌĂŠŶĠ ĚĞƐ ĐŚĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĞŶƚƌĞ ůĞ ƉůĂŶ ƉƌĠĂůĂďůĞ Ğƚ ůĞ ƉůĂŶ ĚĠĮŶŝƟĨ ƋƵŝ ĂīĞĐƚĞŶƚ ů͛ĠĐŽůĞ͕ ůĞƐ ďąƟŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ůĂ ZĂŵďůĂ͕ ĞƚĐ͙ >ĞƐ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵdž ĠƋƵŝƉĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĚĞ ƉƌŽdžŝŵŝƚĠ ŽŶƚ ĠƚĠ ŝŵƉůĂŶƚĠƐ ƉŽƵƌ ĚĞǀĞŶŝƌ ĚĞƐ ĠůĠŵĞŶƚƐ ĚĞ ƌĠĨĠƌĞŶĐĞ͕ ƵŶ ƉƀůĞ Ě͛ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶ ƉŽƵƌ ůĂ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ͗ ƵŶ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵ ĐŽŵŵŝƐƐĂƌŝĂƚ͕ ƵŶĞ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞ ďŝďůŝŽƚŚğƋƵĞ͕ ƵŶ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵ ŐLJŵŶĂƐĞ͕ ƵŶ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵ ƉŽƌƚ ĚĞ ƉůĂŝƐĂŶĐĞ͙ >͛ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ Ğƚ ĞŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůŝĞƌ ĐĞůůĞ ĚĞ ů͛ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵ ĞƐƚ ƚƌğƐ ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚĞ ĚĞ l’architecture des grands blocs anciens. Nous proposons une ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ĚƵ ŐƌĂŶĚ ǀĞƌƐ ůĞ ƉĞƟƚ͕ ƋƵŝ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĞ ĚĞƐ ƚĞƌƌĂƐƐĞƐ͕ des appartements plus luxueux sur les toits. ƵũŽƵƌĚ͛ŚƵŝ ůĂ DŝŶĂ Ă ůĞƐ ŵġŵĞƐ ĚƌŽŝƚƐ Ğƚ ƋƵĂůŝƚĠ Ě͛ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ƋƵĞ ů͛ŽŶ ƉĞƵƚ ƚƌŽƵǀĞƌ ĂƵ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ǀŝůůĞ͘ >ĞƐ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂůŝƚĠƐ ĚLJŶĂŵŝƋƵĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝĞ ƵƌďĂŝŶĞ ƉĞƵǀĞŶƚ Ɛ͛LJ ŝŶƐƚĂůůĞƌ ͗ ůĞƐ ƚŽƵƌŝƐƚĞƐ ƚƌĂǀĞƌƐĞŶƚ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶƚ ůĞ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞ ƐĞŶƐ ŶŽƌĚͬƐƵĚ ĚĞ ůĂ ZĂŵďůĂ͕ ůĞƐ ŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ ůĂ ƚƌĂǀĞƌƐĞŶƚ ĞŶĐŽƌĞ ĚĞ ƉĂƌƚ ĞŶ ƉĂƌƚ͘ >Ă ŶƵŝƚ Ŷ͛ĞƐƚ ƉůƵƐ un moment de dangerosité et les fêtes éphémères s’y installent. >Ğ ƉƌŽďůğŵĞ ĚĞ ĐĞƐ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌƐ ĞƐƚ ůĂ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŶĠĐĞƐƐĂŝƌĞ ĚĞ ůĂ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ ƐŽĐŝĂůĞ͘ >Ă ƉŝĞƌƌĞ ǀŝĞŶƚ ĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŐŶĞƌ ůĂ ƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞ͘ >͛ƵƌďĂŶŝƐŵĞ ǀŝĞŶƚ ĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŐŶĞƌ ůĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů͘

ŶĞǁ ƉĂƩĞƌŶ ǁŝƚŚ ŵŝdžĞĚ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ hŶ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵ ŵŽĚğůĞ ĂǀĞĐ ĚĞƐ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ ŵŝdžƚĞƐ

New housing Nouveaux logements

23

, >Dhd Z ^ ,͕ architect, head of planning, Selb (DE)

4

SHRINKING TO DEVELOP BETTER Ý ½ ͕ ¥ÙÊà ÖÊÙ ½ ®Ä ãÊ ½®Ä ^Ğůď ŝƐ Ă 'ĞƌŵĂŶ ƚŽǁŶ ŝŶ ŶŽƌƚŚͲĞĂƐƚ ĂǀĂƌŝĂ ƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ďŽƌĚĞƌ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵĞƌ ĂƐƚ 'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ͘ &ŽƌŵĞƌůLJ Ă ƐŵĂůů ǁĞĂǀŝŶŐ centre, it grew through the manufacture of porcelain, an industry ƚŚĂƚ ŵĂĚĞ ŝƚ ǁŽƌůĚͲĨĂŵŽƵƐ͘ ƚ ƚŚĞ ĞŶĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϭϵϳϬƐ͕ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶ plan designed by Walter Gropius was introduced. Unfortunately, the town was damaged by the crisis in the porcelain industry in ƚŚĞ ŵŝĚͲϭϵϵϬƐ͘ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ĨĞůů ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶLJ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ŵŽǀĞĚ ŽƵƚ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ĞĂƌůLJ ϵϬƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƚŽǁŶ ŚĂĚ Ă ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ϮϬ ϬϬϬ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂƐ ŶŽǁ ƐŚƌƵŶŬ ƚŽ ŶŽ ŵŽƌĞ ƚŚĂŶ ϭϲ ϬϬϬ͘ ^Ğůď ǁĂƐ Ă ƐŝŶŐůĞͲ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ŵƵĐŚ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ŵŽǀĞĚ ĂǁĂLJ ƚŽ ĮŶĚ ũŽďƐ ŝŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ŚŝŐŚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞŵĂŝŶŝŶŐ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚ ŽĨ ŽůĚĞƌ ƉĞŽƉůĞ Žƌ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ƵŶĂďůĞ ƚŽ ŵŽǀĞ ĨŽƌ one reason or another.

Walter Gropius, master plan, end of 70th tĂůƚĞƌ 'ƌŽƉŝƵƐ͕ ƉůĂŶ ŵĂƐƐĞ͕ ĮŶ ĚĞƐ ĂŶŶĠĞƐ ϳϬ

Ù ò®ã ½®Ý®Ä¦ ã« ãÊóÄ /Ŷ ϮϬϬϯ͕ Ă ŶĞǁ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ǁĂƐ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƚŽǁŶ ŽĨ ^Ğůď ǁĂƐ ĐŚŽƐĞŶ ĂƐ Ă ƚĞƐƚ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ŶĞǁ ƚŽŽůƐ ĂŶĚ ŶĞǁ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͘ ůů ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ʹ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ͕ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ͕ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů͕ ƐŽĐŝĂů ʹ ǁĞƌĞ ƚŽ ďĞ ŵĞƌŐĞĚ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ƉůĂŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞƌLJ ĐŝƟnjĞŶ ǁĂƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ process. People in the town were afraid that another plan would be imposed on them from outside, without taking their wishes ŝŶƚŽ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ͘ dŽ ƌĞŵŽǀĞ ƚŚŝƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ͕ ǁĞ ůĂƵŶĐŚĞĚ Ă ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶ for the inhabitants, in which we asked them to express what they ǁĂŶƚĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ǁƌŝƟŶŐ͕ ƉŝĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ ƐŽƵŶĚ͕ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶLJ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ƚŽŽŬ part. We then applied the ideas and implemented the winning ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ Ă ƉŽƌĐĞůĂŝŶ ĐŚĞƐƐďŽĂƌĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐ ϴ ŵĞƚƌĞƐ ďLJ ϴ ŵĞƚƌĞƐ installed in the middle of an abandoned brewery, which was ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƐƚĞƉ ŝŶ Ă ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŽƵůĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ƌĂƉŝĚůLJ ďƵƚ ŝŶ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ůŽĐĂů ƉĞŽƉůĞ͘ KƵƚ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ĐŽůůĂƉƐĞ of the porcelain industry, something new has emerged, new ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƐĞƚ ƵƉ ƚŚĞƌĞ͕ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ ĞdžƉůŽŝƚĞĚ ŶĞǁ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů͘ What happened for industry has also happened in housing, ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƌĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌŝŶŐ ƉůĂŶ͘ DĂŶLJ ůŽĐĂů ƉĞŽƉůĞ ůŝǀĞĚ ŝŶ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ĞĂƌŵĂƌŬĞĚ ĨŽƌ ĚĞŵŽůŝƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂƐŬĞĚ ǁŚLJ ƚŚĞŝƌ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŝŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ǁŚĞŶ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ ǁĞƌĞ ŝŶ ĞƋƵĂůůLJ ďĂĚ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ͘ ǀĞƌLJŽŶĞ ǁĂƐ ŐŝǀĞŶ Ă ŚŽŵĞ ŝŶ ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŽĨ ŽŶĞ ĂŶĚ Ă ŚĂůĨ LJĞĂƌƐ͕ ǁĞ ŵŽǀĞĚ ϴϬ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͕ Ăůů ĂŵŝĐĂďůLJ͘ tĞ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚ ŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ƐƚŽĐŬ͘ ŶĚ ƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƚŚŝƐ ŽĨ course means there are too many houses, it is because we are ƚƌLJŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƚ Žƌ ƌĞƉůĂĐĞ ƚŚĞ ŽŶĞƐ ŝŶ ďĂĚ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ͘

Ù ®Ä¥ÊÙ ®Ä¦ ã« ÄãÙ ½ Äç ½ çÝ ŶĚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƟŵĞ ĂƐ ǁĞ ǁĞƌĞ ĂďĂŶĚŽŶŝŶŐ ƐŽŵĞ ƉĂƌƚƐ ŽĨ the town, it was important to reinforce the central nucleus. We ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ŶĞǁ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ ƉĂƐƐŝǀĞ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ŚĞĂƚĞĚ with solar and geothermal energy, with a winter garden for each ĚǁĞůůŝŶŐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ǁĞƌĞ ǁĂŝƟŶŐ ůŝƐƚƐ ƚŽ ŵŽǀĞ ŝŶ ŚĞƌĞ͘ ůŽŶŐƐŝĚĞ ƚŚŝƐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ ŝŶ ƐƉƌŝŶŐ ϮϬϭϮ ǁĞ ǁŝůů ďĞ ƐƚĂƌƟŶŐ Ă ĨĂŵŝůLJ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ

24

, >Dhd Z ^ ,͕ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚĞ͕ ĐŚĞĨ ĚĞ ů͛ƵƌďĂŶŝƐŵĞ͕ ^Ğůď ; Ϳ

RETRECIR POUR MIEUX SE DEVELOPPER Ý ½ ͕ ½ ÖÊÙ ½ ®Ä ç ½®Ä ^Ğůď ĞƐƚ ƵŶĞ ǀŝůůĞ ĂůůĞŵĂŶĚĞ ĂƵ EŽƌĚͲĞƐƚ ĚĞ ůĂ ĂǀŝğƌĞ ƐĞ ƉŽƐĂŶƚ Ě͛ĂďŽƌĚ ĞŶ ŵĂƌŐĞ ĚĞ ů͛ŽƵǀĞƌƚƵƌĞ ĚĞƐ ĨƌŽŶƟğƌĞƐ ă ů͛ĂƌƌŝğƌĞ ĚĞ ů͛Ğdž Z ͘ ŶĐŝĞŶŶĞ ƉĞƟƚĞ ǀŝůůĞ ĚĞ ƟƐƐĞƌĂŶĚƐ͕ ĞůůĞ Ɛ͛ĞƐƚ ĚĠǀĞůŽƉƉĠĞ ă ƉĂƌƟƌ ĚĞ ůĂ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĚĞ ƉŽƌĐĞůĂŝŶĞ ĚĞǀĞŶĂŶƚ ƵŶĞ ǀŝůůĞ ĚĞ ƌĞŶŽŵŵĠĞ ŵŽŶĚŝĂůĞ ƉŽƵƌ ůĂ ƉŽƌĐĞůĂŝŶĞ͘ ůĂ ĮŶ ĚĞƐ ĂŶŶĠĞƐ ϭϵϳϬ ƵŶ ƉůĂŶ ƵƌďĂŝŶ ĚĞ tĂůƚĞƌ 'ƌŽƉŝƵƐ Ă ĠƚĠ ĞŶƚƌĞƉƌŝƐ͘ >Ă ǀŝůůĞ fut malheureusement frappée par la crise de l’industrie de ƉŽƌĐĞůĂŝŶĞ ĂƵ ŵŝůŝĞƵ ĚĞƐ ĂŶŶĠĞƐ ϭϵϵϬ͘ >ĞƐ ĞŵƉůŽŝƐ ĚŝŵŝŶƵğƌĞŶƚ Ğƚ ďĞĂƵĐŽƵƉ ĚĞ ŐĞŶƐ ĚĠŵĠŶĂŐğƌĞŶƚ͘ Ƶ ĚĠďƵƚ ĚĞƐ ĂŶŶĠĞƐ ϵϬ͕ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ĐŽŵƉƚĂŝƚ ϮϬ ϬϬϬ ŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ Ğƚ ĂĐƚƵĞůůĞŵĞŶƚ ĞůůĞ ĂƩĞŝŶƚ ă ƉĞŝŶĞ ůĞƐ ϭϲ ϬϬϬ͘ ^Ğůď ĠƚĂŝƚ ƵŶĞ ŵŽŶŽͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ĚŽŶƚ ůĂ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ƉŽƵƌ ůĂ ƉůƵƉĂƌƚ Ă ĚĠŵĠŶĂŐĠ ƉƵŝƐƋƵĞ ů͛ĞŵƉůŽŝ ƐĞ ƚƌŽƵǀĂŝƚ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞƐ njŽŶĞƐ ă ĨŽƌƚĞ ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ ƵƌďĂŝŶĞ͘ >Ă ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ƌĞƐƚĂŶƚĞ ĞƐƚ composée de personnes âgées ou d’habitants immobiles.

ĞŵŽůŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŽďƐŽůĞƚĞ ĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐ ĠŵŽůŝƟŽŶ ĚĞ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌƐ ŽďƐŽůğƚĞƐ

Ù ÊÄÄ Ù ò® ½ ò®½½ Ŷ ϮϬϬϯ͕ ƵŶ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ Ě͛ĂŵĠŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƵƌďĂŝŶ Ă ĠƚĠ ůĂŶĐĠ Ğƚ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ĚĞ ^Ğůď ĨƵƚ ĐŚŽŝƐŝĞ ĐŽŵŵĞ ǀŝůůĞ ƚĞƐƚ ƉŽƵƌ ƚƌŽƵǀĞƌ ĚĞƐ ŽƵƟůƐ Ğƚ ĠƚĂďůŝƌ ĚĞ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞƐ ƐƚƌĂƚĠŐŝĞƐ͘ dŽƵƐ ůĞƐ ĚŽŵĂŝŶĞƐ ĚĞ ů͛ĠĐŽŶŽŵŝĞ͕ ĚĞ ů͛ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ͕ ĚĞ ů͛ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŶĞŵĞŶƚ Ğƚ ĚƵ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĚĞǀĂŝĞŶƚ ĨƵƐŝŽŶŶĞƌ ĚĂŶƐ ƵŶ ƉůĂŶ Ě͛ŝŶƚĠŐƌĂƟŽŶ͕ Ğƚ ĐŚĂƋƵĞ ĐŝƚŽLJĞŶ ĚĞǀĂŝƚ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĞƌ ă ĐĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐƵƐ͘ >ĞƐ ŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ ĐƌĂŝŐŶĂŝĞŶƚ ƋƵ͛ŽŶ ůĞƵƌ ŝŵƉŽƐĞ ĚĞ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵ ƵŶ ƉůĂŶ ǀĞŶĂŶƚ ĚĞ ů͛ĞdžƚĠƌŝĞƵƌ ƐĂŶƐ ůĞƐ ƉƌĞŶĚƌĞ ĞŶ ĐŽŵƉƚĞ͘ WŽƵƌ ƌĠƐŽƌďĞƌ ĐĞƩĞ ĐƌĂŝŶƚĞ͕ ŶŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ůĂŶĐĠ ƵŶ ĐŽŶĐŽƵƌƐ ƉĂƌŵŝ ůĞƐ ĐŝƚŽLJĞŶƐ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞƋƵĞů ŶŽƵƐ ůĞƵƌ ĂǀŽŶƐ ĚĞŵĂŶĚĠ ĚĞ Ɛ͛ĞdžƉƌŝŵĞƌ ă ƚƌĂǀĞƌƐ ů͛ĠĐƌŝƚ͕ ů͛ŝŵĂŐĞ͕ ůĞ ƐŽŶ͕ ĐŽŵŵĞ ŝůƐ ůĞ ƐŽƵŚĂŝƚĂŝĞŶƚ Ğƚ ďĞĂƵĐŽƵƉ ŽŶƚ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĠ͘ EŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ĞŶƐƵŝƚĞ ĂƉƉůŝƋƵĠ ůĞƐ ŝĚĠĞƐ Ğƚ ƌĠĂůŝƐĠ ůĞ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ƉƌĞŵŝĞƌ Ɖƌŝdž͕ ƵŶ ĠĐŚŝƋƵŝĞƌ en porcelaine de 8 mètres sur 8 mètres implanté au milieu d’une ďƌĂƐƐĞƌŝĞ ĂďĂŶĚŽŶŶĠĞ Ğƚ ƋƵŝ Ă ĠƚĠ ůĞ ƉƌĞŵŝĞƌ ƉĂƐ Ě͛ƵŶ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ĚĞ ĐƌĠĂƟŽŶ Ě͛ĂĐƟǀŝƚĠƐ ƋƵŝ ƉŽƵǀĂŝƚ ġƚƌĞ ĚĠǀĞůŽƉƉĠ ƌĂƉŝĚĞŵĞŶƚ ŵĂŝƐ ĞŶ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂŶƚ ĂǀĞĐ ůĞƐ ĐŝƚŽLJĞŶƐ͘ Ğ ĐĞƚ ĞīŽŶĚƌĞŵĞŶƚ ĚĞ ů͛ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞ ĚĞ ůĂ ƉŽƌĐĞůĂŝŶĞ ƋƵĞůƋƵĞ ĐŚŽƐĞ ĚĞ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵ Ă ĠŵĞƌŐĠ͕ ĚĞ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞƐ ĞŶƚƌĞƉƌŝƐĞƐ Ɛ͛LJ ƐŽŶƚ ŝŶƐƚĂůůĠĞƐ͕ ŶŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ĞdžƉůŽŝƚĠ ĚĞ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞƐ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŝƚĠƐ͘

EĞǁ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƐŚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ of districts centres (red) Nouveau développement urbain avec des zones de décroissance Ğƚ ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ĚĞƐ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ĚĞ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌƐ ;ĞŶ ƌŽƵŐĞͿ

Ğ ƋƵŝ Ă ĞƵ ůŝĞƵ ĂƵ ŶŝǀĞĂƵ ĚĞ ů͛ĂĐƟǀŝƚĠ Ɛ͛ĞƐƚ ĂƵƐƐŝ ƌĠĂůŝƐĠ ĂƵ ŶŝǀĞĂƵ ĚĞ ů͛ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ĂǀĞĐ ƵŶ ƉůĂŶ ĚĞ ƌĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂƟŽŶ͘ ĞĂƵĐŽƵƉ Ě͛ŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ ĠƚĂŝĞŶƚ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĠƐ ƉĂƌ ůĞƐ ŝŵŵĞƵďůĞƐ ĚŽŶƚ ůĂ ĚĠŵŽůŝƟŽŶ ĠƚĂŝƚ ƉƌĠǀƵĞ͕ Ğƚ ĚĞŵĂŶĚĂŝĞŶƚ ƉŽƵƌƋƵŽŝ ůĞƵƌ ŝŵŵĞƵďůĞ ĞŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůŝĞƌ ĂůŽƌƐ ƋƵĞ Ě͛ĂƵƚƌĞƐ ĠƚĂŝĞŶƚ ĞŶ ĂƵƐƐŝ ŵĂƵǀĂŝƐ ĠƚĂƚ͘ ŚĂĐƵŶ Ă ŽďƚĞŶƵ ƵŶ ůŽŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĞŶ ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶ͘ Ŷ ƵŶ ĂŶ Ğƚ ĚĞŵŝ͕ ŶŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ĚĠŵĠŶĂŐĠ ϴϬ ĨĂŵŝůůĞƐ͕ ƚŽƵƐ ă ů͛ĂŵŝĂďůĞ͘ EŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ĂƐƐƵƌĠ ůĂ ŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ ĚĞ ůŽŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĞdžŝƐƚĂŶƚƐ͘ ƚ Ɛŝ naturellement il y a trop de logements, c’est que nous essayons ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞƌ ŽƵ ƌĞŵƉůĂĐĞƌ ůĞƐ ůŽŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĞŶ ŵĂƵǀĂŝƐ ĠƚĂƚ͘

٠ĥÊÙ Ù ½ ÄÊù ç ÄãÙ ½ ƚ ĞŶ ŵġŵĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ ƋƵĞ ŶŽƵƐ ĂďĂŶĚŽŶŶŝŽŶƐ ĚĞƐ ƉĂƌƟĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ͕ ŝů ĠƚĂŝƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĚĞ ƌĞŶĨŽƌĐĞƌ ůĞ ŶŽLJĂƵ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů͘ EŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ

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, >Dhd Z ^ ,͕ architect, head of planning, Selb (DE)

ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ ƐƟůů ŝŶƐŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ ƚŽǁŶ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ DĂĚƌŝĚͲďĂƐĞĚ ƵƌŽƉĂŶ ϵ ǁŝŶŶŝŶŐ ƚĞĂŵ͘ tĞ ĂƌĞ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ Ă ŶĞǁ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ͕ Ă ƉůĂĐĞ ǁŚĞƌĞ ĞǀĞƌLJŽŶĞ ĐĂŶ ŵĞĞƚ͕ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ŵĞĞƟŶŐ ƌŽŽŵ͕ ŐLJŵ ĂŶĚ Ă ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ĨŽƌ Ă ĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ ŚĂůů ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJ ƵŶĚĞƌ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͘ tŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƵƌŽƉĂŶ ϵ ƚĞĂŵ͕ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ ďƵŝůƚ Ă ŚŽƵƐĞ ĨŽƌ ĚĂLJ ŶĂŶŶŝĞƐ͕ ƌĞŵĂƌŬĂďůĞ ĐƌĞĐŚĞ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͕ ĂŶ ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ĞƋƵĂůůLJ ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞ ƚŚĞ ŶĞdžƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͕ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů LJŽƵƚŚ ŚŽƐƚĞů ĂŶĚ Ă ŶĞǁ LJŽƵƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ͘ /Ŷ Ă ƚŽǁŶ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ĚŝŵŝŶŝƐŚŝŶŐ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŵŽƌĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚŽ ƉĂLJ ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͘ tĞ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞ ƚŚŝƐ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ďLJ ŐŽŽĚ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ĂŶĚ͕ ŝŶ ƌĞƚƵƌŶ͕ ƚŽ ŐĞƚ ƚŚĞ ďĞƐƚ ŝĚĞĂƐ ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͕ LJŽƵ ŶĞĞĚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶƐ͘

ãã®Ä¦ ÊÄ ùÊçã« zŽƵƚŚ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͘ ŶĚ ĨŽƌ Ă ƚŽǁŶ ƚŽ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ LJŽƵ need to introduce an understanding of planning into the schools. dŚĂƚ ŝƐ ǁŚLJ ĞǀĞƌLJ LJĞĂƌ / ŐŽ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐĐŚŽŽůƐ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƚŽǁŶ͛Ɛ ŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ LJŽƵŶŐƐƚĞƌƐ͕ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶƐ͕ ŐŝǀĞ ƚŚĞŵ ƚŚĞ ƐĞŶƐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƚŽǁŶ ŽĨ ^Ğůď ŝƐ ĚLJŶĂŵŝĐ ƐŽ ƚŚĂƚ ǁŚĞŶ ŽŶĞ ĚĂLJ ƚŚĞLJ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŽǁŶ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ǁŝůů ŬŶŽǁ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞLJ ĐĂŶ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ŐŽŽĚ ůŝĨĞ ŚĞƌĞ͕ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞLJ ĐĂŶ ĐŽŵĞ ďĂĐŬ Ăƚ ĂŶLJ ƟŵĞ ĂŶĚ ǁŝůů ŚĂǀĞ ŐŽŽĚ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘ dŚĞ Ăŝŵ ŝƐ ƚŽ ĞŵďĞĚ the idea in young people’s minds by going into the schools.

New public space Nouvel espace public

New housing Nouveaux logements

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We are also taking part in Europan 11, because we think that this ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶ ŝƐ Ă ƚĞƌƌŝĮĐ ƉůĂƞŽƌŵ͘ &Žƌ Ă ƚŽǁŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂĚ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƐƟůů ŚĂƐ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ĂŶ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJ ƚŽ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ͕ ƚŽ ďƌĞĂŬ ŽƵƚ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ĚĞƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ ďLJ ŵĞĂŶƐ ŽĨ ŶĞǁ ďƵƚ ƌĞĮŶĞĚ ŝĚĞĂƐ ĨŽƌ ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ͘ ŶĚ ǁŚĞŶ / ƐĂLJ ͞ŐŝǀĞ ŵĞ Ă ƌĞĐŝƉĞ͟ ĂŶĚ ƚŚŝƐ ƌĞĐŝƉĞ ĂĐƚƵĂůůLJ ŵĂŬĞƐ ŝƚ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŽ ƌĞǀĞƌƐĞ ƚŚĞ ĂƚƌŽƉŚLJ ŽĨ Ă ƚŽǁŶ͕ / ŐŝǀĞ ŝƚ Ă ƚƌLJ͘ /Ŷ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ƐƵĐĐĞĞĚ͕ LJŽƵ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŬĞLJ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ͕ ǁŚŽ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŵŵŝƩĞĚ ƚŽ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ Ƶƚ ŽĨ ĐŽƵƌƐĞ LJŽƵ ĂůƐŽ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ĂďůĞ ƚŽ ƌĞůLJ ŽŶ Ăůů ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉůĂLJĞƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ͘ /Ĩ LJŽƵ ǁĂŶƚ ƚŽ ƉƵƚ Ă ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŝŶƚŽ ĂĐƟŽŶ ƋƵŝĐŬůLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ĐĂƌƌLJ Ăůů ƚŚĞ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ LJŽƵ ĞŶƚŚƵƐŝĂƐƟĐĂůůLJ͕ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ũƵƐƚ ĚŽŝŶŐ LJŽƵƌ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƌŽƵŶĚ Ă ƚĂďůĞ͕ ƚŚĞŶ LJŽƵ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ŵĂŬĞ LJŽƵƌ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ǀŝƐŝďůĞ ĂŶĚ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞ Ăůů ƚŚĞ ŝŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘ ^Ž ŝŶ ĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ͞^ŚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ďĞƩĞƌ͍͕͟ / ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ ŽŶĞ ĐĂŶ ƌĞƐƉŽŶĚ ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞůLJ ĂŶĚ / ŝŶǀŝƚĞ LJŽƵ Ăůů ƚŽ ^Ğůď ƚŽ ƐĞĞ ƚŚĞ ƚƌƵƚŚ ŽĨ ŝƚ͘

, >Dhd Z ^ ,͕ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚĞ͕ ĐŚĞĨ ĚĞ ů͛ƵƌďĂŶŝƐŵĞ͕ ^Ğůď ; Ϳ

ĚŽŶĐ ŝŵƉůĂŶƚĠ ĚĞ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵdž ŝŵŵĞƵďůĞƐ͕ ĚĞƐ ŵĂŝƐŽŶƐ ƉĂƐƐŝǀĞƐ͕ ĐŚĂƵīĠƐ ă ů͛ĠŶĞƌŐŝĞ ƐŽůĂŝƌĞ Ğƚ ůĂ ŐĠŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĞ͕ ĂǀĞĐ ƉŽƵƌ ĐŚĂƋƵĞ ůŽŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƵŶ ũĂƌĚŝŶ Ě͛ŚŝǀĞƌ͘ ƚ ŝů LJ Ă ĞƵ ĚĞƐ ůŝƐƚĞƐ Ě͛ĂƩĞŶƚĞ ƉŽƵƌ ŽďƚĞŶŝƌ ĚĞƐ ůŽŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ Ŷ ƉĂƌĂůůğůĞ ĚĞ ĐĞ ƉƌŽũĞƚ͕ ŶŽƵƐ ĚĠďƵƚĞƌŽŶƐ ĂƵ ƉƌŝŶƚĞŵƉƐ ϮϬϭϮ ƵŶ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ĚĞ ůŽŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĨĂŵŝůŝĂƵdž ĞŶĐŽƌĞ ă ů͛ŝŶƚĠƌŝĞƵƌ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ĂǀĞĐ ů͛ĠƋƵŝƉĞ ůĂƵƌĠĂƚĞ Ě͛ ƵƌŽƉĂŶ ϵ ƋƵŝ ƌĠƐŝĚĞ ă DĂĚƌŝĚ͘ EŽƵƐ ĐƌĠŽŶƐ ƵŶ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ĚĞ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ͕ ƵŶ ƉŽŝŶƚ ĚĞ ƌĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĞ ƉŽƵƌ ƚŽƵƐ͕ ĂǀĞĐ ƐĂůůĞ ĚĞ ƌĠƵŶŝŽŶ͕ &ŝƚŶĞƐƐ͕ Ğƚ ƵŶ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ĚĞ ŵĂŝƐŽŶ ĐŽŵŵƵŶĞ ĚĠũă ĞŶ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͘ ǀĞĐ ůĂ ŵġŵĞ ĠƋƵŝƉĞ Ě͛ ƵƌŽƉĂŶ ϵ͕ ŶŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ƉƵ ƌĠĂůŝƐĞƌ ƵŶĞ maison pour assistantes maternelles. C’est un remarquable ĠƋƵŝƉĞŵĞŶƚ ĚĞ ĐƌğĐŚĞ͕ ƵŶ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ŝŶŶŽǀĂŶƚ ĐŽŵŵĞ ůĞ ƉƌŽĐŚĂŝŶ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ĚĞ ĐĞƐ ŵġŵĞƐ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚĞƐ͕ ƵŶĞ ĂƵďĞƌŐĞ ĚĞ ũĞƵŶĞƐƐĞ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĞ Ğƚ ƵŶ ŶŽƵǀĞĂƵ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ƉŽƵƌ ůĂ ũĞƵŶĞƐƐĞ͘ ĂŶƐ ƵŶĞ ǀŝůůĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĠĞ ƉĂƌ ůĂ ĚĠĐƌŽŝƐƐĂŶĐĞ ŝů ĞƐƚ ƉůƵƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĚĞ ƌĞƐƚĞƌ ĂƩĞŶƟĨ ă ůĂ ƋƵĂůŝƚĠ͘ KŶ ĂĐƋƵŝĞƌƚ ĐĞƩĞ ƋƵĂůŝƚĠ ƉĂƌ ĚĞ ďŽŶƐ ƉƌŽĐĠĚĠƐ ĚĞ ƉůĂŶŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Ğƚ ĞŶ ƌĞƚŽƵƌ ƉŽƵƌ ĂǀŽŝƌ ůĞƐ meilleures idées pour réaliser, il faut organiser des concours d’architectes

ZĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĐĞŶƚĞƌ͕ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŽĨ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ;'ƵƟĠƌƌĞnjͲ Ğ La Fuente arch. ES) ZĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂƟŽŶ ĚƵ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ǀŝůůĞ͕ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ĚĞ ůŽŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƐŽĐŝĂƵdž ;'ƵƟĠƌƌĞnjͲ De La Fuente arch. ES)

Ã®Ý Ù ÝçÙ ½ ¹ çÄ ÝÝ >Ă ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ĚĞƐ ũĞƵŶĞƐ ĞƐƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞ͘ ƚ ƉŽƵƌ ĨĂŝƌĞ ĂǀĂŶĐĞƌ ƵŶĞ ǀŝůůĞ ŝů ĨĂƵƚ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵŝƌĞ ůĂ ĐŽŵƉƌĠŚĞŶƐŝŽŶ ĚĞ ůĂ ƉůĂŶŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞƐ ĠĐŽůĞƐ͘ ͛ĞƐƚ ƉŽƵƌƋƵŽŝ͕ ĐŚĂƋƵĞ ĂŶŶĠĞ͕ ũĞ ŵĞ ƌĞŶĚƐ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞƐ ĠĐŽůĞƐ Ğƚ ũ͛Ăŝ ůĂ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚĠ Ě͛ĞdžƉůŝƋƵĞƌ ĂƵdž ũĞƵŶĞƐ ƋƵĞůůĞƐ ƐŽŶƚ ůĞƐ ŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ͕ ĐŽŵŵĞŶƚ ůĂ ƉůĂŶŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ͕ Ě͛ĂŶĐƌĞƌ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞƵƌƐ ĞƐƉƌŝƚƐ ƋƵĞ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ ĚĞ ^Ğůď ĞƐƚ ĚLJŶĂŵŝƋƵĞ͘ ƚ ůŽƌƐƋƵ͛ŝůƐ ĨŽŶĚĞƌŽŶƚ ƵŶĞ ĨĂŵŝůůĞ ƉůƵƐ ƚĂƌĚ͕ ůĞƵƌ ĨĂŝƌĞ ƐĂǀŽŝƌ ƋƵĞ ů͛ŽŶ ǀŝƚ ďŝĞŶ ŝĐŝ͕ ƋƵ͛ŝůƐ ƉĞƵǀĞŶƚ ƌĞǀĞŶŝƌ ă ƚŽƵƚ ŵŽŵĞŶƚ Ğƚ LJ ĂƵƌŽŶƚ de bonnes chances. Cela doit marquer les esprits, c’est pourquoi nous allons dans les écoles.

EŽƵƐ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉŽŶƐ ĂƵƐƐŝ ă ƵƌŽƉĂŶ ϭϭ ĐĂƌ ŶŽƵƐ ƉĞŶƐŽŶƐ ƋƵĞ ĐĞ ĐŽŶĐŽƵƌƐ ĞƐƚ ƵŶĞ ĨŽƌŵŝĚĂďůĞ ƉůĂƚĞĨŽƌŵĞ͘ WŽƵƌ ƵŶĞ ǀŝůůĞ ƋƵŝ ĂǀĂŝƚ ĚĞƐ ƉƌŽďůğŵĞƐ͕ Ğƚ ĞŶ Ă ĞŶĐŽƌĞ͕ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ƵŶĞ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚĠ Ě͛ĂǀĂŶĐĞƌ͕ ĚĞ ƐŽƌƟƌ ĚĞ ĐĞƩĞ ĚĠƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ ŐƌąĐĞ ă ĚĞƐ ŝĚĠĞƐ Ě͛ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ ƚŽƵƚ ĞŶ ĮŶĞƐƐĞ͘ ƚ ůŽƌƐƋƵĞ ũĞ ĚĞŵĂŶĚĞ ͨ ĚŽŶŶĞnj ŵŽŝ ƵŶĞ ƌĞĐĞƩĞ ͩ Ğƚ ƋƵ͛ŝů ĞƐƚ ĞŶ ĞīĞƚ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ŐƌąĐĞ ă ĐĞƩĞ ƌĞĐĞƩĞ ĚĞ ĐŽŶƚƌĞƌ ů͛ĂƚƌŽƉŚŝĞ Ě͛ƵŶĞ ǀŝůůĞ͕ ũĞ ů͛ĞdžƉĠƌŝŵĞŶƚĞ͘ WŽƵƌ ƌĠƵƐƐŝƌ ŝů ĨĂƵƚ ůĂ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ĚĞ ƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞƐ ĐůĠƐ͕ ĞŶŐĂŐĠĞƐ ĚĂŶƐ ů͛ŝŶƚĠŐƌĂƟŽŶ ĚƵ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ĚĞ ĚĠǀĞůŽƉƉĞŵĞŶƚ ƵƌďĂŝŶ͘ DĂŝƐ ŝů ĨĂƵƚ ĂƵƐƐŝ ŶĂƚƵƌĞůůĞŵĞŶƚ ƉŽƵǀŽŝƌ ĐŽŵƉƚĞƌ ƐƵƌ ůĞƐ ĂĐƚĞƵƌƐ ĚƵ ƐĞĐƚĞƵƌ ƉƌŝǀĠ Ğƚ ƉƵďůŝĐ͘ WŽƵƌ ůĂ ƌĂƉŝĚĞ ƌĠĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ Ě͛ƵŶ ƉƌŽũĞƚ͕ ƉŽƵƌ ĞŵƉŽƌƚĞƌ ƚŽƵƐ ůĞƐ ĐŝƚŽLJĞŶƐ ĚĂŶƐ ƵŶ ĠůĂŶ Ě͛ĞŶƚŚŽƵƐŝĂƐŵĞ Ğƚ ŶĞ ƉĂƐ ũƵƐƚĞ ĨĂŝƌĞ ĚĞ ůĂ ƉůĂŶŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ĂƵƚŽƵƌ Ě͛ƵŶĞ ƚĂďůĞ͕ ŝů ĨĂƵƚ ƉůƵƚƀƚ ƌĞŶĚƌĞ ǀŝƐŝďůĞƐ ĐĞƐ ƉƌŽũĞƚƐ Ğƚ impliquer tous les citoyens dans le processus. En conclusion à ůĂ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ͨ ZĠƚƌĠĐŝƌ ƉŽƵƌ ŵŝĞƵdž ƐĞ ƌĞĚĠǀĞůŽƉƉĞƌ ͍ ͕ͩ ŽŶ ƉĞƵƚ ƌĠƉŽŶĚƌĞ ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŵĞŶƚ ũĞ ƉĞŶƐĞ Ğƚ ũĞ ǀŽƵƐ ŝŶǀŝƚĞ ƚŽƵƐ ă ǀĞŶŝƌ ă ^Ğůď ƉŽƵƌ ǀŽƵƐ ĐŽŶǀĂŝŶĐƌĞ͘

New house for day nannies (up) New youth hostel (down) ƵƌŽƉĂŶ ϵ ;'ƵƟĠƌƌĞnjͲ Ğ >Ă &ƵĞŶƚĞͬdĂůůĞƌ ĞϮ ĂƌĐŚ͘ ^Ϳ Nouveau centre pour assistantes maternelles (en haut) Nouvelle auberge de jeunesse (en bas) ƵƌŽƉĂŶ ϵ ;'ƵƟĠƌƌĞnjͲ Ğ >Ă &ƵĞŶƚĞͬdĂůůĞƌ ĞϮ ĂƌĐŚ͘ ^Ϳ

Ϯϳ

D/ , > ^/<KZ^</͕ architect, XDGA Brussels (BE)

5

TEMPORALITIES OF URBAN PROJECT Ä ó ½çÝã Ù ®Ä Ý ½ ù ;¥ÙͿ dŚĞ ůƵƐƚĞƌ Ăƚ ^ĂĐůĂLJ ŝƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ĂŶ ĂŵďŝƟŽƵƐ ƉůĂŶ ƚŽ ďƵŝůĚ Ă ŶĞǁ metro line around Paris linking the important focal points of ƚŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ͘ dŚĞ Ăŝŵ ŝƐ ĐůĞĂƌ͗ ƚŽ ďƵŝůĚ ĂŶ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ ͞&ƌĞŶĐŚ ^ŝůŝĐŽŶ sĂůůĞLJ͟ ƐŽƵƚŚͲǁĞƐƚ ŽĨ WĂƌŝƐ͕ ĨŽƌŵŝŶŐ Ă ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ͕ ZΘ ĂŶĚ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ͕ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘

óÊÊ Ö½ ®Ä ÖÊÖç½ ã ó®ã« çÄ®ò ÙÝ®ã® Ý Ä ¥ Ùý Ä

Saclay, an agricultural land at the door of Paris Saclay, un territoire agricole aux portes de Paris

This area is currently empty, which is why it is easier to build ŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĂŶ ŝŶ WĂƌŝƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ĞŵƉƚLJ ĂƌĞĂ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ Ă ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ϭϬ ƉŽǁĞƌĨƵů ĂŶĚ ŚŝŐŚůLJ ŵŽƟǀĂƚĞĚ ĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ͘ ŶĚ ϭϬй ŽĨ &ƌĞŶĐŚ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŝƐ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ŚĞƌĞ͘ &ŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ Ă ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ DŝĐŚĞů ĞƐǀŝŐŶĞ ǁĂƐ ĐŚŽƐĞŶ ƚŽ ŚĞĂĚ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ ŝŶ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ Ϯ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞƌƐ͗ yĂǀĞĞƌ Ğ 'ĞLJƚĞƌ ;y ' Ϳ ĂŶĚ &ůŽƌŝƐ ůŬĞŵĂĚĞ ;& Ϳ͘ DŝĐŚĞů ĞƐǀŝŐŶĞ ǁŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ďĂƐŝƐ ŽĨ Ă ƉŽǁĞƌĨƵů ŝĚĞĂ͗ ƚŽ ďƵŝůĚ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŝŶ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ǁŽŽĚĞĚ ĞĚŐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ^ĂĐůĂLJ ƉůĂƚĞĂƵ͘ dŚĞ WůĂƚĞĂƵ ŝƐ Ă ǁĞůůͲĚĞĮŶĞĚ ĞŶƟƚLJ͕ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ƌŝǀĞƌďĞĚ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ǁŽŽĚůĂŶĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĞĚŐĞƐ ďƵƚ ŶŽ ǁŽŽĚůĂŶĚ Ăƚ Ăůů within the interior of the Plateau, which is made up of farmland near Paris. The Plateau has no strategic access infrastructures ĂŶĚ͕ ŝŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ͕ Ăƚ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ͕ ŶŽ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ Ăƚ Ăůů͘ dŚĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ǁŚŽůĞ ůĂƌŐĞ ĂƌĞĂ ŝƐ ŶŽ ŵŽƌĞ ƚŚĂŶ ϲϬϱϬ͘

½ Ä Ý Ö Ä çÙ Ä ÝãÙ ã ¦ù ƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĐĂůĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůĂŶĚ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŝƐ the parks in Washington DC, public spaces that form a necklace, ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ŽŶ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ƟŵĞƐĐĂůĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƟŵĞĨƌĂŵĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ǁĞ ĂƌĞ ůŽŽŬŝŶŐ Ăƚ ŚĞƌĞ͘ dŚĞ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ ǁĂƐ ƚŽ ƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ďLJ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ĂůŽŶŐƐŝĚĞ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ďLJ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƟŵĞ͘ dŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ŶŽ ƉŽŝŶƚ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ĂďŽƵƚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ŵŝůůŝŽŶ ƐƋƵĂƌĞ ŵĞƚƌĞƐ ŝŶ ŽŶĞ ŐŽ͘ ŶĚ ƚŚŝƐ ŚĂĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ĚŽŶĞ ǁŚŝůĞ ƌĞƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ Ϯϯ͕ϬϬϬ ŚĂ ŽĨ ĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚ͘

The project preserves the natural elements and is backed to the forest on the edges >Ğ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ƉƌĠƐĞƌǀĞ ůĞƐ ĠůĠŵĞŶƚƐ ŶĂƚƵƌĞůƐ Ğƚ ůĂ ĨŽƌġƚ ƋƵŝ ĐĞŝŶƚƵƌĞ ůĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽŝƌĞ

28

KŶ ƚŚĞ ŵĞĚŝƵŵ ƐĐĂůĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐĂŵƉƵƐ͕ ƚŚŝƐ ŝƐ Ă ǀĞƌLJ ĚŝƐƟŶĐƟǀĞ area, where the buildings resemble spaceships, turned inwards. &Žƌ ŽƵƌ ƉĂƌƚ͕ ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ǁĞ ƐĂǁ ƚŚŝƐ ĐĂŵƉƵƐ ĂƐ Ă ƚŚĞŵĞ ƉĂƌŬ͕ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ůŽƚ ŽĨ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͗ Ϯ ŶƵĐůĞĂƌ ƌĞĂĐƚŽƌƐ͕ Ă ůĂŬĞ ŶĞdžƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŶƵĐůĞĂƌ ƉŽǁĞƌ ƐƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ^LJŶĐŚƌŽƚƌŽŶ͕ Ă ŐŝŐĂŶƟĐ ůĂƐĞƌ͕ ĂŶ ĂĞƌŽƉůĂŶĞ ƚĞƐƚ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ĂŶĚ ŐĞŶĞƟĐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ůĂď͙ tĞ ĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ǁĞ ǁĞƌĞ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ǁĞƌĞ ĐŽŵŝŶŐ͕ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ϭ͕ϮϬϬ͕ϬϬϬ ŵϸ ŽǀĞƌ Ă ϯϬ LJĞĂƌƐ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ͘ dŚĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ǁĞ ƚŽŽŬ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĐůŝĞŶƚ ǁĂƐ ĂƐ ĨŽůůŽǁƐ͗ ǁŚĂƚ ǁĞ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ǁĂŶƚ ŝƐ Ă ƐĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐ͛ ŐŚĞƩŽ͕ ǁĞ ǁĂŶƚ Ă ƚŽǁŶ͕ ƐŽ ŚŽǁ ĐĂŶ ǁĞ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ƐƵĐŚ Ă ŵŝdž͍ ŶĚ ǁĞ ĐĂŵĞ ƵƉ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽ ŽĨ ŵŝdžĞĚ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŽƵůĚ ƌĞĂůůLJ ďĞĐŽŵĞ Ă ƚŽǁŶ ŽǀĞƌ ƟŵĞ͕ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĂƐƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ǁŽƵůĚ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ linked to the cluster, and the other programmes would generate ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ǁŽƵůĚ ďĞ Ă ǁŚŽůĞ ĐŚĂŝŶ ŽĨ ƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ͘ tĞ

D/ , > ^/<KZ^</͕ architecte, XDGA Bruxelles ; Ϳ

TEMPORALITES DU PROJET URBAIN çÄ ÄÊçò ç ½çÝã Ù Ý ½ ù ;¥ÙͿ >Ğ ůƵƐƚĞƌ ă ^ĂĐůĂLJ Ɛ͛ŝŶƐĐƌŝƚ ĚĂŶƐ ůĂ ŐƌĂŶĚĞ ĂŵďŝƟŽŶ ĚĞ ĨĂŝƌĞ ƵŶĞ ŶŽƵǀĞůůĞ ůŝŐŶĞ ĚĞ ŵĠƚƌŽ ĂƵƚŽƵƌ ĚĞ WĂƌŝƐ ƋƵŝ ƌĞůŝĞƌĂ ůĞƐ ƉŽůĂƌŝƚĠƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ŵĠƚƌŽƉŽůĞ ƉĂƌŝƐŝĞŶŶĞ͘ >͛ŽďũĞĐƟĨ ĞƐƚ ĐůĂŝƌ ͗ ĨĂŝƌĞ ƵŶĞ ͨ &ƌĞŶĐŚ ^ŝůŝĐŽŶ sĂůůĞLJ ͩ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞ ƐƵĚͲŽƵĞƐƚ ĚĞ WĂƌŝƐ ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂŶƚ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĠƐ͕ ZΘ Ğƚ ĞŶƚƌĞƉƌŝƐĞƐ͕ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ Ğƚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘

çÄ Ö½ ®Ä Ê®Ý Ö çÖ½ ͛çÄ®ò ÙÝ®ã Ý ã ã ÙÙ ®ÄÝ ¦Ù® ʽ Ý ĞƩĞ njŽŶĞ Ğƚ ĂƵũŽƵƌĚ͛ŚƵŝ ƵŶ ǀŝĚĞ͕ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ƉŽƵƌƋƵŽŝ ŝů ĞƐƚ ƉůƵƐ ĨĂĐŝůĞ ĚĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵŝƌĞ ŝĐŝ ƋƵ͛ă WĂƌŝƐ͘ Ğ ǀŝĚĞ ĞƐƚ ƉĞƵƉůĠ ĚĞ ϭϬ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚĞƵƌƐ͕ ƚƌğƐ ƉƵŝƐƐĂŶƚƐ Ğƚ ƚƌğƐ ŵŽƟǀĠƐ͘ ƚ ŽŶ ƚƌŽƵǀĞ ĚĠũă ŝĐŝ ϭϬй ĚĞ ůĂ ƌĞĐŚĞƌĐŚĞ ĨƌĂŶĕĂŝƐĞ͘ ^ƵŝƚĞ ă ƵŶ ĐŽŶĐŽƵƌƐ͕ DŝĐŚĞů ĞƐǀŝŐŶĞ͕ ƉĂLJƐĂŐŝƐƚĞ͕ Ă ĠƚĠ ĐŚŽŝƐŝ ĐŽŵŵĞ ŵĂŶĚĂƚĂŝƌĞ ƉŽƵƌ ůĞ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ƵƌďĂŝŶ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĠ ă ĚĞƵdž ƵƌďĂŶŝƐƚĞƐ ͗ yĂǀĞĞƌ Ğ 'ĞLJƚĞƌ ;y ' Ϳ Ğƚ &ůŽƌŝƐ ůŬĞŵĂĚĞ ;& Ϳ͘ DŝĐŚĞů ĞƐǀŝŐŶĞ Ă ƌĞŵƉŽƌƚĠ ůĞ ĐŽŶĐŽƵƌƐ ƐƵƌ ůĂ ďĂƐĞ Ě͛ƵŶĞ ŝĚĠĞ ĨŽƌƚĞ ͗ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵŝƌĞ ůĞ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ƵƌďĂŝŶ ĞŶ Ɛ͛ĂƉƉƵLJĂŶƚ ƐƵƌ ůĂ ůŝƐŝğƌĞ ďŽŝƐĠĞ ĚƵ ƉůĂƚĞĂƵ ĚĞ ^ĂĐůĂLJ͘ >Ğ WůĂƚĞĂƵ ĞƐƚ ƵŶĞ ĞŶƟƚĠ ƚƌğƐ ůŝƐŝďůĞ͕ ƋƵŝ ĞƐƚ ĚĠĮŶŝĞ ƉĂƌ ůĞ ůŝƚ ĚĞ ůĂ ƌŝǀŝğƌĞ Ğƚ ƵŶĞ ĐĞŝŶƚƵƌĞ ĚĞ ĨŽƌġƚƐ͘ >͛ŝŶƚĠƌŝĞƵƌ ĚĞ ĐĞůƵŝͲĐŝ ĞƐƚ ĐŽŵƉůğƚĞŵĞŶƚ ĚĠƉŽƵƌǀƵ ĚĞ ĨŽƌġƚƐ Ğƚ ĞƐƚ ĐŽŵƉŽƐĠ de terrains agricoles et ce, très près de Paris. Le Plateau n’a aucun ƌĠƐĞĂƵ ƐƚƌĂƚĠŐŝƋƵĞ Ě͛ĂĐĐğƐ Ğƚ ŝů LJ Ă ĞŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůŝĞƌ ĂƵũŽƵƌĚ͛ŚƵŝ ƵŶĞ ĂďƐĞŶĐĞ ƚŽƚĂůĞ ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚƐ ĞŶ ĐŽŵŵƵŶ͘ >Ă ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚ ĐĞ ŐƌĂŶĚ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽŝƌĞ Ŷ͛ĞƐƚ ƋƵĞ ĚĞ ϲϬϱϬ ŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ͘

The land is occupied by 10 rich famers and 10% of the French research Le territoire est occupé par 10 riches fermiers et 10% de la recherche française

çÄ ÝãÙ ã ¦® Ö ùÝ ¦ Ù ã çÙ ®Ä A l’échelle du grand territoire, le point de départ pour l’étude est la référence des parcs à Washington, des espaces publics en forme de collier, créés sur plusieurs échelles de temps, qui ƐŽŶƚ ůĞƐ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂůŝƚĠƐ ĚƵ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ƵƌďĂŝŶ ĚŽŶƚ ŽŶ ƉĂƌůĞ ŝĐŝ͘ >͛ĞŶũĞƵ ĠƚĂŝƚ ĚĞ ƌĞŶĨŽƌĐĞƌ ůĂ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚĠ ĚĞ ů͛ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ĞdžŝƐƚĂŶƚĞ͕ ĞŶ ĚĞŶƐŝĮĂŶƚ ĂƵƚŽƵƌ ĚĞƐ ďąƟŵĞŶƚƐ ĞdžŝƐƚĂŶƚƐ͕ ĂǀĞĐ ƵŶĞ ƌĠŇĞdžŝŽŶ sur le temps. Il ne faut pas penser construire quelques millions ĚĞ ŵğƚƌĞƐ ĐĂƌƌĠƐ ĞŶ ƵŶ ƐĞƵů ĐŽƵƉ͘ ƚ ĐĞĐŝ ĚĞǀĂŝƚ ƐĞ ĨĂŝƌĞ ĞŶ ƉƌĠƐĞƌǀĂŶƚ Ϯϯ ϬϬϬ ŚĂ ĚĞ ƚĞƌƌĂŝŶƐ ĂŐƌŝĐŽůĞƐ͘ A l’échelle moyenne, celle du campus, c’est un territoire très ƉĂƌƟĐƵůŝĞƌ͕ Žƶ ůĞƐ ďąƟŵĞŶƚƐ ƌĞƐƐĞŵďůĞŶƚ ă ĚĞƐ ǀĂŝƐƐĞĂƵdž ƐƉĂƟĂƵdž͕ ŝŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƟƐ͘ DĂŝƐ ŶŽƵƐ ů͛ĂǀŽŶƐ ĐĞƉĞŶĚĂŶƚ ƌĞŐĂƌĚĠ ĐŽŵŵĞ ƵŶ ƉĂƌĐ ă ƚŚğŵĞƐ͕ ĂǀĞĐ ďĞĂƵĐŽƵƉ Ě͛ĠůĠŵĞŶƚƐ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂƵdž ͗ ĚĞƵdž ƌĠĂĐƚĞƵƌƐ ĂƚŽŵŝƋƵĞƐ͕ ƵŶ ůĂĐ ă ĐƀƚĠ ĚƵ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ĂƚŽŵŝƋƵĞ͕ le Synchrotron, un immense laser, un centre d’essais pour les ĂǀŝŽŶƐ Ğƚ ůĞƐ ŐğŶĞƐ͘ EŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ƉƌŝƐ ĞŶ ĐŽŵƉƚĞ ůĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĂŝƌĞ Ğƚ ůĞƐ ĐŚŽƐĞƐ ĚŽŶƚ ŽŶ ĠƚĂŝƚ ƐƸƌ ƋƵ͛ĞůůĞƐ ĂůůĂŝĞŶƚ ƐĞ ƌĠĂůŝƐĞƌ͕ ƐŽŝƚ ƋƵĞůƋƵĞƐ ϭ ϮϬϬ ϬϬϬ ŵϮ ƐƵƌ ƵŶĞ ƉĠƌŝŽĚĞ ĚĞ ϯϬ ĂŶƐ͘ >͛ŚLJƉŽƚŚğƐĞ ƋƵ͛ŽŶ Ă ĨĂŝƚĞ ĂǀĞĐ ůĞ ĐůŝĞŶƚ ĠƚĂŝƚ ůĂ ƐƵŝǀĂŶƚĞ ͗ ĐĞ ƋƵĞ ŶŽƵƐ ŶĞ ƐŽƵŚĂŝƚŽŶƐ ƉĂƐ Đ͛ĞƐƚ ƵŶ ŐŚĞƩŽ ĚĞ ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮƋƵĞƐ ͖ ŶŽƵƐ ǀŽƵůŽŶƐ ƵŶĞ ǀŝůůĞ͕ ĚŽŶĐ ĐŽŵŵĞŶƚ ĨĂŝƌĞ ĐĞƩĞ ŵŝdžŝƚĠ ͍ ƚ ŶŽƵƐ ƐŽŵŵĞƐ ĂƌƌŝǀĠƐ ă ĐĞ ƐĐĠŶĂƌŝŽ ĚĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ ŵŝdžƚĞƐ ƋƵŝ ƉŽƵƌƌĂŝƚ ǀƌĂŝŵĞŶƚ ġƚƌĞ ƵŶĞ ǀŝůůĞ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ͘ >Ğ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĂŝƌĞ ƐĞƌĂ ůĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ŵŽƚĞƵƌ ƋƵŝ ǀĂ ŐĠŶĠƌĞƌ

The proposal as a set of islands with intense centres around metro ƐƚĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚ ďLJ Ă ůŝŶĞĂƌ ďŽƵůĞǀĂƌĚ >Ğ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞ ƵŶ ĞŶƐĞŵďůĞ Ě͛ŠůĞƐ ĂǀĞĐ ĚĞƐ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ŝŶƚĞŶƐĞƐ ĂƵƚŽƵƌ Ě͛ƵŶĞ ƐƚĂƟŽŶ ĚĞ ŵĠƚƌŽ͕ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĠĞƐ ƉĂƌ ƵŶ ďŽƵůĞǀĂƌĚ ůŝŶĠĂŝƌĞ 29

D/ , > ^/<KZ^</͕ architect, XDGA Brussels (BE)

The cluster is divided in 3 parts composed with mixed programmes >Ğ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌ ĞƐƚ ĚŝǀŝƐĠ ĞŶ ƚƌŽŝƐ ƉĂƌƟĞƐ ĐŽŵƉŽƐĠĞƐ ĚĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ ŵŝdžƚĞƐ

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ůŝŶŬĂŐĞ ƉŽŝŶƚ ŽĨ Ăůů the networks, with the metro, with distances accessible on foot. ŶĚ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ Ă ƐŝŶŐůĞ ŚƵď͕ ŽƵƌ ĂƌĐŚŝƉĞůĂŐŽ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ŚĂǀĞ ϯ ŝƐůĂŶĚƐ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ϯ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞƐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͗ ƚŚĞ ƐĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ŽŶ ŶƵĐůĞĂƌ ƉŽǁĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ůĞƐƐ ŵŽŶĞLJ ďƵƚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁŽƵůĚ ďƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĮĞůĚ ŵŽĚĞůƐ ĂŶĚ Ăůů ƚŚĞ EŽďĞů ƉƌŝnjĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽůĞ WŽůLJƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞ ƚŽ ƚƌĂŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƚŽƉ ƉŽůŝƟĐŝĂŶƐ͘ ŶĚ ŝŶƐƚĞĂĚ ŽĨ Ă ƐŝŶŐůĞ ŵĞƚƌŽ ƐƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ǁĞ ŵĂŶĂŐĞĚ ƚŽ ŐĞƚ ϯ͕ ŽŶĞ at the centre of each of these islands. From this structure, we linked the central elements of the neighbourhood. As regards the boundaries of these islands, our aim from the start was to ĂǀŽŝĚ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ƐŽ ǁĞ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ ƌĞĚ ůŝŶĞƐ at certain places, which would not be crossed.

ç٠ĮݮĦ Êò Ù ã®Ã ãÊ ÖÙÊ ç «ù Ù® ®Ä« ®ã Äò®ÙÊÄà Äã ZĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ĐŽŵŝŶŐ ƵƉ ǁŝƚŚ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĞŶƟƌĞ ϴ km area, we produced a book to guide future designers and ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŝĚĞĂ ŽĨ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ ŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐ ƐŽ ƚŚĂƚ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ ĐŽƵůĚ ĨŽůůŽǁ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ Ă ĐŽŚĞƌĞŶƚ whole. We therefore composed the whole design around a grid, based on the grid layout of the nuclear research centre, designed ďLJ ƵŐƵƐƚĞ WĞƌƌĞƚ͘ dŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ďĞŐŝŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ ĚĞŶƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ at a point where it already existed, and once the metro comes ŝŶ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŝƚƐ ϯ ƐƚĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ǁĞ ǁŝůů ŚĂǀĞ Ă ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ŵŽŵĞŶƚƵŵ towards density. In our book, we include strategies on how to ďƵŝůĚ ƵƉ ƚŚŝƐ ŐƌŝĚ ŽǀĞƌ ƟŵĞ͘ zŽƵ ďĞŐŝŶ ďLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ Ă ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ŝŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ǁŝƚŚ ƉƌĞͲĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ǀĞƌLJ ĞĂƌůLJ ƚŽ ƐŚŽǁ ƚŚĂƚ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ ŝƐ ŐŽŝŶŐ ŽŶ͕ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ŝƐ ĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ͕ ƚŚĞŶ LJŽƵ ŝŶƐƚĂůů ƉƵďůŝĐ ĂŵĞŶŝƟĞƐ͘ ŶĚ ƚŚĞ Ăŝŵ ŝƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚŝƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĚŽŶĞ ŽǀĞƌ ƟŵĞ͕ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ŽŶ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ĂŶĚ ǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ƚŽ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞ ĂŶ ŝŶŚĂďŝƚĞĚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ Ă ŚLJďƌŝĚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨĂďƌŝĐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌǁĞĂǀŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͘

ŶĞǁ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ďŽƵůĞǀĂƌĚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚƐ ƚŚĞ ϯ ŝƐůĂŶĚƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞƐ Ă ƐƉŝŶĞ of public spaces >Ğ ƉƌŽũĞƚ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞ ƵŶ ĞŶƐĞŵďůĞ Ě͛ŠůĞƐ ĂǀĞĐ ĚĞƐ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ŝŶƚĞŶƐĞƐ ĂƵƚŽƵƌ Ě͛ƵŶĞ ƐƚĂƟŽŶ ĚĞ ŵĠƚƌŽ͕ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĠĞƐ ƉĂƌ ƵŶ ďŽƵůĞǀĂƌĚ ůŝŶĠĂŝƌĞ

ƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƟŵĞ͕ ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ǁĞ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚ ůŝŶŬŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ neighbourhoods through a large, linear public space, inspired ďLJ ƚŚĞ ǀĞŶƵĞ ĚĞ dĞƌǀƵƌĞŶ ŝŶ ƌƵƐƐĞůƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƐƚĂƌƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĞŶĚƐ ŝŶ Ă ƉĂƌŬ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞƐ ǀĞƌLJ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ǀĞƌLJ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƚLJƉŽůŽŐŝĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ ŽǀĞƌ ƟŵĞ͕ ŝŶ ƐƚĂŐĞƐ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĞǁ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵƌƐĞ ŽĨ ƟŵĞ͘ dŚŝƐ ǁŝůů ĨŽƌŵ Ă ĐŚĂŝŶ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ^Ž ŽƵƌ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŝƐ structured around the grid, which makes it possible to establish ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚƐ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞůLJ͕ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƉƵďůŝĐ transport and a chain of public spaces. tĞ ǀĞƌLJ ƋƵŝĐŬůLJ ďĞŐĂŶ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ďƵƐ ƌŽƵƚĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ŐƌĂĚƵĂůůLJ ƚĂŬŝŶŐ ƉůĂĐĞ ďŽƚŚ ŝŶ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ǁŝĚĞƌ ĂƌĞĂ ĂŶĚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ƐĐĂůĞ͘ dŚĞ ƵůƟŵĂƚĞ Ăŝŵ ŝƐ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ Ă ŐĞŶƵŝŶĞ ƐĐŝĞŶĐĞ ƚŽǁŶ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŐŽŽĚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŶŽƚ ƐŝŵƉůLJ Ă ƌĞƐĞƌǀŽŝƌ ŽĨ ƐĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐ ŝƐŽůĂƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ͘

ϯϬ

D/ , > ^/<KZ^</͕ architecte, XDGA Bruxelles ; Ϳ

d’autres programmes liés au cluster, et les autres programmes ǀŽŶƚ ŐĠŶĠƌĞƌ ĚĞƐ ůŽŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ Ğƚ ŝů LJ ĂƵƌĂ ƚŽƵƚĞ ƵŶĞ ĐŚĂŠŶĞ ĚĞ ƌĠĂĐƟŽŶƐ͘ EŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĠ ĚĞ ĚĞŶƐŝĮĞƌ ĂƵƚĂŶƚ ƋƵĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ͕ ĂƵ ƉŽŝŶƚ ƋƵŝ ůŝĞ ƚŽƵƐ ůĞƐ ƌĠƐĞĂƵdž͕ Žƶ ǀŽƵƐ ĂǀĞnj ă ůĂ ĨŽŝƐ ůĞ ŵĠƚƌŽ Ğƚ ĚĞƐ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌƐ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞƐ ă ƉŝĞĚ͘ ƚ ŶŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ƉĞŶƐĞƌ ƚƌŽŝƐ ŠůĞƐ ĚĂŶƐ ŶŽƚƌĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƉĞů͕ ĂǀĞĐ ƚƌŽŝƐ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐ ƌĞƉƌĠƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞƐ ĚĞ ĐŚĞƌĐŚĞƵƌƐ ͗ ůĞƐ ĐŚĞƌĐŚĞƵƌƐ ůŝĠƐ ĂƵ ŶƵĐůĠĂŝƌĞ͕ ůĞƐ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĠƐ ĂǀĞĐ moins de fonds mais qui apportaient les modèles de champs et tous les prix Nobel, et l’école polytechnique pour faire les ŚŽŵŵĞƐ Ě͛ĠƚĂƚ͘ ƚ ŶŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ŽďƚĞŶƵ ƋƵ͛ĂƵ ůŝĞƵ Ě͛ƵŶĞ ƐƚĂƟŽŶ ĚĞ ŵĠƚƌŽ ŶŽƵƐ ƉƵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐ ĞŶ ĂǀŽŝƌ ƚƌŽŝƐ͕ ƵŶĞ ĂƵ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ĚĞ ĐŚĂƋƵĞ ŠůĞ͘ ƉĂƌƟƌ ĚĞ ĐĞƩĞ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ŶŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ůŝĠ ůĞƐ ĠůĠŵĞŶƚƐ ĐĞŶƚƌĂƵdž ĚƵ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ͘ Ŷ ĐĞ ƋƵŝ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞ ůĞƐ ůŝŵŝƚĞƐ Ě͛ĞdžƚĞŶƐŝŽŶ ĚĞ ĐĞƐ ŠůĞƐ͕ ĚğƐ ůĞ ĚĠƉĂƌƚ͕ ŶŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ƐŽƵŚĂŝƚĠ ĠǀŝƚĞƌ ƵŶĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ Ğƚ ŽŶ Ă ĚŽŶĐ ĠƚĂďůŝ ĚĞƐ ůŝŐŶĞƐ ƌŽƵŐĞƐ ă ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƐ ĞŶĚƌŽŝƚƐ que l’on ne franchit pas.

çÙ Ä®Ý Ù ÄÝ ½ ã ÃÖÝ ÖÊçÙ ÖÙÊ ç®Ù çÄ Ã®½® ç « ®ã «ù Ù® WůƵƚƀƚ ƋƵĞ ĚĞ ĚĞƐƐŝŶĞƌ ůĂ njŽŶĞ ĞŶƟğƌĞ ƐƵƌ ϴ ŬŝůŽŵğƚƌĞƐ͕ ŶŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ƉƌŽĚƵŝƚ ƵŶ ůŝǀƌĞ ƉŽƵƌ ŐƵŝĚĞƌ ůĞƐ ĨƵƚƵƌĞƐ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐƚĞƐ Ğƚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚĞƐ͕ ĚĞ ĨĂĕŽŶ ă ĐĞ ƋƵĞ ŶŽƵƐ ĨĂƐƐŝŽŶƐ ƵŶ ƉƌĞŵŝĞƌ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌ et eux feraient les autres dans une cohérence d’ensemble. On Ă ĚŽŶĐ ĐŽŵƉŽƐĠ ůĞ ƚŽƵƚ ă ƉĂƌƟƌ Ě͛ƵŶĞ ŐƌŝůůĞ ĞŶ ƉĂƌƚĂŶƚ ĚĞ ĐĞůůĞ du centre de recherche nucléaire, dessiné par Auguste Perret. >͛ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ĚĞŶƐĞ ĐŽŵŵĞŶĐĞ ůă Žƶ ĞůůĞ ĞdžŝƐƚĂŝƚ ĚĠũă Ğƚ ƵŶĞ ĨŽŝƐ ĂƌƌŝǀĠ ůĞ ŵĠƚƌŽ͕ ŶŽƵƐ ĂƵƌŽŶƐ ƵŶ ĐŽƵƌĂŶƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ Ě͛ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚĠ͘ ĂŶƐ ŶŽƚƌĞ ůŝǀƌĞ͕ ŶŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ĚĠĮŶŝ ĚĞƐ ƐƚƌĂƚĠŐŝĞƐ ƐƵƌ ůĂ ĨĂĕŽŶ Ě͛ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĞƌ ĐĞƩĞ ŐƌŝůůĞ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ͘ KŶ ĐŽŵŵĞŶĐĞ ă ƌĠĂůŝƐĞƌ ă ƋƵĞůƋƵĞƐ ĞŶĚƌŽŝƚƐ ƐƚƌĂƚĠŐŝƋƵĞƐ͕ ĞŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůŝĞƌ ĚĞƐ ƉĂƌĐƐ ĚĞ ƉƌĠĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ƉŽƵƌ ŵŽŶƚƌĞƌ ƋƵ͛ŝů ƐĞ ƉĂƐƐĞ ƋƵĞůƋƵĞ ĐŚŽƐĞ͕ ƋƵĞ ůĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽŝƌĞ ĠǀŽůƵĞ͕ ƉƵŝƐ ŽŶ ŝŶƐƚĂůůĞ ĚĞƐ ĠƋƵŝƉĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƉƵďůŝĐƐ͘ ƚ ů͛ŽďũĞĐƟĨ ĞƐƚ ƋƵĞ ĐĞůĂ ƐĞ ƌĠĂůŝƐĞ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ ĞŶ ƚƌĂǀĂŝůůĂŶƚ ůĞ ďąƟ Ğƚ ůĞ ǀĠŐĠƚĂů ƉŽƵƌ ŽďƚĞŶŝƌ ƵŶ ŵŝůŝĞƵ ŚĂďŝƚĠ͕ ƵŶ ƟƐƐƵ ƵƌďĂŝŶ ŚLJďƌŝĚĞ Žƶ ǀŝůůĞ ĚĞŶƐĞ Ğƚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ Ɛ͛ĞŶƚƌĞůĂĐĞŶƚ͘ DĂŝƐ ƉĂƌĂůůğůĞŵĞŶƚ ŶŽƵƐ ĂǀŽŶƐ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĠ Ě͛ĂƌƟĐƵůĞƌ ůĞƐ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌƐ ĂƵƚŽƵƌ Ě͛ƵŶ ŐƌĂŶĚ ĞƐƉĂĐĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ůŝŶĠĂŝƌĞ͕ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĠ ĚĞ ů͛ ǀĞŶƵĞ ĚĞ dĞƌǀƵƌĞŶ ă ƌƵdžĞůůĞƐ ƋƵŝ ĐŽŵŵĞŶĐĞ ĚĂŶƐ ůĂ ǀŝůůĞ Ğƚ ĮŶŝƚ ĚĂŶƐ ƵŶ ƉĂƌĐ͕ Ğƚ ĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĞ ĚĞƐ ĠůĠŵĞŶƚƐ ƚƌğƐ ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚƐ͕ ĚĞƐ ƚLJƉŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ƚƌğƐ ĚŝīĠƌĞŶƚĞƐ ƋƵŝ ƐĞ ƐŽŶƚ ŝŶƐƚĂůůĠĞƐ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ͕ ƉĂƌ ĠƚĂƉĞƐ͕ ĂǀĞĐ ů͛ĂũŽƵƚ ĚĞ ŵŽƌĐĞĂƵdž ĂƵ ĨƵƌ Ğƚ ă ŵĞƐƵƌĞ͘ ^ĂĐůĂLJ ĐĞ ďŽƵůĞǀĂƌĚ ǀĂ ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵĞƌ ƵŶĞ ĐŚĂŠŶĞ ĚĞ ůŝĞƵdž ƉƵďůŝĐƐ͘ EŽƚƌĞ ƉƌŽũĞƚ Ɛ͛ĂƌƟĐƵůĞ ĂƵƚŽƵƌ ĚĞ ůĂ ŐƌŝůůĞ ƋƵŝ ƉĞƌŵĞƚ ĚĞ ƌĠĂůŝƐĞƌ ůĞƐ ƋƵĂƌƟĞƌƐ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞŵĞŶƚ ƚŽƵƚ ĞŶ ĠƚĂŶƚ ƌĞůŝĠƐ ĂǀĞĐ ůĞƐ transports en commun et les lieux publics mis en chaînon. Nous ĂǀŽŶƐ ĐŽŵŵĞŶĐĠ ƚƌğƐ ǀŝƚĞ ůĞƐ ƉƌĞŵŝğƌĞƐ ƌĠĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ă ŝŶƐƚĂůůĞƌ ůĞƐ ƉĂƌĐƐ ĚĞ ƉƌĠĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂǀĞĐ ůĞƐ ƉƌĞŵŝğƌĞƐ ůŝŐŶĞƐ ĚĞ ďƵƐ Ğƚ ů͛ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ ŵĂŝƐ ůŝŵŝƚĠĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞŵĞŶƚ ĞŶ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ au territoire d’une part et à l’échelle de proximité. Pour créer à ƚĞƌŵĞ ƵŶĞ ǀƌĂŝĞ ǀŝůůĞ ƐĐŝĞŶĐĞ ďŝĞŶ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĠ ă ůĂ ŵĠƚƌŽƉŽůĞ Ğƚ ŶŽŶ ƉůƵƐ ƐŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚ ƵŶ ƌĠƐĞƌǀŽŝƌ ĚĞ ĐŚĞƌĐŚĞƵƌƐ ŝƐŽůĠ ĚƵ ŵŽŶĚĞ͘

dŚĞ ƉĂƩĞƌŶ ŝƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ŝŶ ƟŵĞ ŝŶƚĞƌǁĞĂǀŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ĐŽŵƉŽƐĞ progressively a hybrid milieu >Ğ ŵŽĚğůĞ ĞƐƚ ĚĠǀĞůŽƉƉĠ ĚĂŶƐ ůĞ ƚĞŵƉƐ ĞŶƚƌĞŵġůĂŶƚ ůĂ ǀĠŐĠƚĂƟŽŶ ƉŽƵƌ composer progressivement un milieu hybride

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THEME EUROPAN 12 ADAPTABLE CITY LA VILLE ADAPTABLE This book is published in the context of the conference ƵƌŽƉĂŶ ϭϭ ŝŶ ŽƐůŽ͕ ƚŚĞ ϰͲϱth ŽĨ EŽǀĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϭ ĞƩĞ ĠĚŝƟŽŶ ĞƐƚ ƉƵďůŝĠĞ ƐƵŝƚĞ ĂƵdž ĐŽŶĨĠƌĞŶĐĞƐ ƵƌŽƉĂŶ ϭϭ ă KƐůŽ͕ ůĞƐ ϰ Ğƚ ϱ EŽǀĞŵďƌĞ ϮϬϭϭ ,ĞĂĚ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ ŝƌĞĐƚĞƵƌ ĚĞ ůĂ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ DIDIER REBOIS Secretary general Secrétaire général EUROPAN Editorial secretary ^ĞĐƌĠƚĂŝƌĞ ĚĞ ƌĠĚĂĐƟŽŶ FRANÇOISE BONNAT /Ŷ ĐŚĂƌŐĞ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ hZKW E ŚĂƌŐĠĞ ĚĞƐ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ hZKW E JULIE MANIERE /Ŷ ĐŚĂƌŐĞ ŽĨ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ hZKW E ŚĂƌŐĠĞ ĚĞ ůĂ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ hZKW E dƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶ dƌĂĚƵĐƟŽŶ JOHN CRISP Graphic design ŽŶĐĞƉƟŽŶ ŐƌĂƉŚŝƋƵĞ D h E Z h ͬ ǁǁǁ͘ĂLJƵƚŽ͘Ĩƌ Edited by Edité par EUROPAN La Grande Arche, Pilier Sud ϵϮϬϱϱ WĂƌŝƐ >Ă ĠĨĞŶƐĞ ĞĚĞdž France ǁǁǁ͘ĞƵƌŽƉĂŶͲĞƵƌŽƉĞ͘ĐŽŵ 32

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