ᡇΙȃЖ౩ᏰȞpsychologyȟޟཎဎȈᄇএᡝ࣏ЅЖ౩ᐣแޟऋᏰंـȞthe scientific study of behavior and mental processesȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇeѠڙڐघȞclassical cond.ȟȈPavlovȄ ᡀ ໔Ͻ ᡇÈᖒ๖፣ ᡆ ᡇѝ࣏˕࣏кဎȞbehaviorism ᡀ ᡀ ᡅfώڙڎघȞinstrumental cond.*ȈThorndike ඤඤඤඓ ਝ ࡡݎᐇհڙघȞoperant cond.*Ȉ ᡀ ᡀ ᡆ ᡀ ȟ࣏Ι༖ΨȈWatsonȞ1913 SkinnerȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅÉོޥᏰಬȞsocial learningȟȈBanduraȄ ᡀ ADȟ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇe FreudȞ1896 ADȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇ ÈᆠડϷݙȞpsychoanalysisȟ ᡀfؚۡܒ፣Ȟ6 ྑۡΙҡȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ࣏Π༖Ψ ᡀ ᡀgዖཎᜋȞunconsciousnessȟȄ ᡀ ᡀΠȃᏰࣂ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅhҏרȞidȟඑՌרȞegoȟඑ຺רȞsuperegoȟȄ ᡀ ᡆ ўЖ౩ᐣแ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇe BrocaȄ ᡀ ᡀÉҡ౩Ж౩ᏰȞphysiological psychologyȟ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅfသ & ડငفಛȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅÊᇯڥޣөȞcognitive ᡇeีҡޣᜋ፣Ȟgenetic epistemologyȟȈPiagetȄ ᆱᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡆ ᡀ approachȟ ᡆ ᡅfଉ౩౩፣ȞInformation Processing TheoryȇIPTȟඑࡣ೩ᇯޣȞmetacognitionȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅџএᡝ˕Ρҏ፣Ȟhumanistic approachȟ ᡇÈএΡϛЖݽᕛݲȞperson-centered therapyȟȈRogersȄ ፣ᡀ ᡀ ᡆ ࣏έ༖Ψ ᡀ ᡅÉՌרᄂ౪፣Ȟself-actualization theoryȟȈMaslowȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇǀཎဎȈၼҢفಛПݲ౩୰ᚠȂี౪ٱᄂઍࣺȂؑڏন౩নࠌȂႀڗජक़එ၌ភඑႱกඑڙඑቨ໌ҡࣀࠢ፴ޟҬޟȂ ᡀ ᡀ ɂஅȁ ҏ ȁं ȁـɃ ɂᔖȁҢȁंȁـɃ ᡀ ᡀ ٽԃȈఀىЖ౩ᏰȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇʇᄂᡛࡉᄂᡛݲȞlaboratory experiment*Ȉ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇ ᆍ ᡆ ϱӵਝ࡙Ȟinternal validityȟଽȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅʈᄂӴᄂᡛ)ݲfield experiment*!ȈѴӵਝ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ සeᄂᡛݲȞexperimental methodȟ ᡀ ᡆ ࡙Ȟexternal validityȟଽȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ϛϭᡐ ʇᓺᘈȈӰݎᜰ߽ȃ१ፒᡛᜌȄ ᡀ ᡇ ᡀȁՌᡐ)IV* ජඤඤඤඤඤඤඓ ٷᡐ)DV* ᡅ ᡀ ຟቋ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ )intervening V* ᡀ ᡅʈીᘈȈᡐᐇڧי३ڙȃѴӵਝ࡙ϚٗȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇʇ rXY ຝ 0 ғࣺᜰȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ස ᆍ ᡀ ᡅέȃऋᏰं ـᡆ ᡆʈ rXY ພ 0 ॒ࣺᜰȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅʉ rXY ຓ 0 ႭࣺᜰȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡆ ᡀfࣺᜰݲȞcorrelational methodȟ ᡀ ᡀ ස È໔ϽंـȞ ʇᓺᘈȈᇳ݂ڍএᡐᡐଢ଼ޟПөڷแ࡙Ȅ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ຟቋ ᡇ ᡀ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ළ ᡀ ᡅʈીᘈȈฒݲ௰፣ӰݎȄ ᡀ quantiative ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇ ᆍȈසΨʝܒөʝԙ൷ʝΡਿȄ research* Ȟ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡒᒮᄂᜌȇ ᡀgกᡛݲȞtest methodȟ ᡆ ᡇʇᓺᘈȈ࡚ҳலȃᠦտএտ৯Ȅ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅ ຟቋ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ջც३ڙ ᡅʈીᘈȈڧၐޟޱМϽधශȃІᔖЖөЅࢊกცϚܾڙȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ලႇ௰፣ȟ ᡀ ᡇʇ୰ݲڢȞquestionnaire methodȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇ ᆍ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅʈఐፙݲȞinterview methodȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀh፡ࢥݲȞsurvey methodȟ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇʇᓺᘈȈᎌҢܻષܒ୰ᚠȄ ᡀ ᡅǁᆍ ᡆ ᡅ ຟቋ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅʈીᘈȈסޱᇲ৯Ȟvolunteer’s errorȟȃТཷਝݎȞhalo ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ effectȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇʇცȈՌณᢎᄆʝڙᢎᄆȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇ ᆍ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅʈᜰ߽ȈѴᢎᄆʝᢎᄆᇄʝᇄᢎᄆʝׇӒᇄȄ ᡀ ᡀ ළiᢎᄆݲȞobservational methodȟ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇʇᓺᘈȈІᔖ࣏ઍᄂ७ᇼȂΙЙၥਟȄ ᡀ ᡅ ຟቋ ᡆ ᡀ ᡅʈીᘈȈᢎᄆܚு༉౪ຫዐ఼ȂٽԃȈᓓਝᔖȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇe؏ȈᒵᐅᄇຫඑጂۡᝩޑඑཪၥਟඑϷݙЅ ᡀ ᡀ ළÉ፴ϽंـȞqualitative research*ȞՌณ౪ຫкဎȇც३ ڙᡀ ຨᘞনӰඑ౩ЅሄᏲඑଡᙹंـඑᔮଆ໌Ȅ ᡆ ࣏Ѭ ௰፣ȟ˕ٽԃȈএਰंـȞcase studyȟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ਰ ٽᡀfᓺᘈȈএਰᐿ੫ȃፒᚕၥਟȄ ᡀ ᡅgીᘈȈၥਟѶઍϚӒȃᜲо१ፒȄ
ᡇΙȃีޟཎဎȈএᡝҡڼۖڗჰತȂڧᒸ༈ȃԙዣȃᕗცȃᏰಬޟኇȂӵЖසࣀଢ଼ڷ࣏ΰҡ៉ܒᇄᘗܒᡐޟᐣแȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇѝᐗᘞݲȞcross-sectional ᡇÈᓺᘈȈජᛲϚӣԑឭಢޟ੫Ȃࣸਢࣸᓀ ᡄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡆ ᡀ џ៉ݲȞsequential method ᡀΠȃंـП ݲᡆ methodȟ ᡅÉીᘈȈတᡝਝݎȞcohort effectȟ ᡀ Іࢎএտڷᐌᡝ ᡀ ᡀ ණ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ȟȄ ีᗍ༖ ᡀ ᡅў ᖃ ೱ ݲȞ longitudinal ᡇÈᓺᘈȈีԢጣ ᡀ ᡀ ᡆ ᡀ methodȟ ᡀ ᡅÉીᘈȈڧၐࢺޱѶȃາਢາᓀ ᡃ ᡀ eஅ౩፣Ȟschema theoryȟȈѶᒋȞdisequilibriumȟඑᎌᔖȞadaptationȟඑ ᡀ සÈ PiagetȈีҡ ᡇ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ӣϽȞassimilationȟ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ޣᜋ፣Ȟgenetic ᡆȁ ᡇ එಢᙑȞorganizationȟඑҁᒋȞequilibriumȟȄ ᡀ ᡆ ᡀ ѝᇯีޣ፣ ᡇ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅ፡ᎌȞaccommodationȟ ᡀ ᡀ epistemology* ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ Ȟcognitive ᡀ ᡀ ᡅfีࢲȈཐឈଢ଼հȞsensorimotorȟ0ʂ2 ྑʝࠉၼࡦȞpreoperationȟ2ʂ7 ྑʝڎ ᡀ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ developmen- ᡀ ᡝၼࡦȞconcrete operationȟ7ʂ11 ྑʝלԒၼࡦȞformal operationȟ11 ྑоΰȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ tal theoryȟ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇe BrunerȈߒفಛ፣Ȟsystem of representation theoryȟʝଢ଼հߒȞenactiveȟʝלຫߒ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ȞiconicȟʝಒဴߒȞsymbolicȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ළÉཱིҪٳറȞneo ᡀ ᡀ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇ ོޥМϽኇᇯีޣौશȄ ȁ-Piagetianȟ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᇯࡦޣᆰڷᇭِีԤᜰȄ ᡀ f VygotskyȈོޥᐣѬЖ౩Ᏸ ᡅ ᡀ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ငҥᢁ࢜ȞscaffoldingȟႀڗџีୢȞZPDȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅ џีୢȞZPDȟџҥଢ଼ᄘຟ໔กுȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ È FreudȈܒЖ౩ี፣Ȟpsychosexual theory of developmentȟȈοȞoralȟ0ʂ1 ྑʝߞهȞanalȟ1 ᡀ ᡇ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀў ᆠ ડ Ϸ ݙȞ ᡀ ʂ3 ྑʝܒᏢȞphallicȟ3ʂ6 ྑʝዖӅȞlatentȟ7 ྑʂߧࢌʝܒڍȞgenitalȟʝߧࢌоࡣȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ psychoanalysis* ᡀ ᡀ ᡇeЖ౩ีོޥ፣Ȟpsychosocial theory of developmentȟȈ߬ӈ vs Ϛ߬ӈȞtrust vs mistrustȟ0 ᡀ ᡀ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀȁཱིڷᆠડϷ )ݙᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ʂ2 ྑʝࣀዑՌк vs ನཛྷᛄᅸȞautonomy vs shame and doubtȟ2ʂ3 ྑʝՌଢ଼Ռี vs ଝ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ȁneo-psychoanalysis* ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᕻϱޞȞinitiative vs guiltȟ3ʂ6 ྑʝ༕Ꮽ໌ ڥvs ՌຶՌڠȞindustry vs inferiorityȟ6 ྑʂ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅÉ Erikson ᡆ ߧࢌʝՌרಛӫ vs ُՓȞego identity vs role confusionȟߧԑʝᒑڷღ๖ vs ۞ҳ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ႤᚔȞintimacy vs isolationȟԙԑʝᆠΨш ؘvs ᓟኀᒶᅗȞgenerativity vs stagnationȟ ᡀ ᡀ ีᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ϛԑʝׇछฒᏺ vs ඍᢎ๘ఖȞintegrity vs despairȟՂԑȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅfߧࢌޟЖ౩ีོޥȈՌרಛӫᄇُՓȞego identity vs role confusionȟȃਢᢎᘈ ᡀ ᡆ Ж ᡀ ᄇਢȞtemporal perspective vs time diffusionȟȃՌרጂۡᄇՌרཎᜋȞself certainty ᡀ ౩ ᡀέȃี౩፣ ᡆ ᡀ vs self-consciousnessȟȃُՓკၐᄇُՓھȞrole experimentations vs role fixatonȟȃώ ᡀ ᡀ Ᏸᡀ ᡀ հَಬᄇώհቊϽȞapprenticeship vs work paralysisȟȃܒտϷϽᄇܒڍȞsexual ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ polarization vs bisexual diffusionȟȃкϷሬᄇ᠌ࡄȞleadership and followership vs ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ authority diffusionȟȃཎᜋᄘܛޟᒛᄇቋȞideological commitment vs diffusion of ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ valuesȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇÈ PiagetȈΠ፣ȈтࡡȞheternomousȟ5ʂ8 ྑʝՌࡡȞautonomousȟ8ʂ9 ྑȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇeࠉ߹ٽቹԩȞpreconventional levelȟ9 ྑоήȈᗗᆴ݈Ȟpunishment-obedienceȟඑࣺ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀÉ KohlbergȈέ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᄇђցȞinstrumental-relativistȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ϲࢲ፣ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀf߹ٽቹԩȞconventional levelȟ9ʂ20 ྑȈ൶ؑᇯџȞgood-boy-nice-girlȟඑ᠌ࡄȞ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᜲڍცกᡛȞ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡆ law and orderȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ џၾኈี ᡆ dilemmas testsȟ ᡀgࡣ߹ٽቹԩȞpostconventional levelȟ20 ྑоΰȈݽݲᢎ܈Ȟsocial contract legalisticȟ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ එලႇগ౩Ȟuniversal ethical principleȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅh߬Ӊ۠ܖఀȞfaith or religiousȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇeএΡҡԆޟၾኈȞmorality as individual surviveȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ Ê GilliganȈτܒၾኈี ᡆfՌרែࣘޟၾኈȞmorality as self-sacrificeȟȄ ᡀ ᡅ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅg้֯ޟၾኈȞmorality as equalityȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀǃ BronfenbrennerȈҡᄘفಛ፣Ȟecological systems theoryȟȈ ωفಛȇ ϛفಛȇ Ѵӵفಛȇ σفಛȇ ਢفಛȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅDŽ Kübler-RossȈࠗ༌ϤࢲȞthe five stages of griefȟȈ ֏ᇯȇ ኚࡥȇ ڞដȇ ݸൊȇ ڧȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇѝॶࡡȈॶഋඑഋȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀўϛЖࡡȈᙼཆඑѲȄ ᡀѲȃଢ଼հี ᡆ ᡀ ᡀџᐌᡝඑ੫Ȉ᠖ಛ˕ϷϽ˕ಛᐌȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅѠϷϽনࠌȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇѝԊӒߣٷȞsecure attachmentȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀϤȃAinsworthȈ५ҡცȞstrange situationȟ ᡀ ᡇÈଠᗗȞavoidantȟȄ ᡀ ᡆўฐኌߣٷȞanxiety attachmentȟ ᡆ ᄂᡛߣٷޟȞattachmentȟᄘ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅÉፐएȞambivalentȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅџฒಢᙑ˕ฒҬߣٷȞdisorganized-disoriented attachmentȟȄ ᡀ ǀடڙЮҔȞauthoritarian parentȟȄ ᡀ ᡇ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀǁࡄ߬ЮҔȞauthoritative parentȟȄ ᡅϲȃBaumrindȈЮҔᆓఀ ᡆ ᡀǂቶৠЮҔȞpermissive parentȟȄ ᡀ ᡅǃᚔЮҔȞuninvolved parentȟȄ
ᡇΙȃᏰಬȞlearningȟޟཎဎȈငҥငᡛܖጛಬȂٺএᡝӵ࣏ܖ࣏ዖ༖Ȟbehavioral potentialȟҡၶ࣏ࡻδᡐޟᐣแȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇeᄂᡛȈPavlov ޔϷݪశȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀf CS ڷUCS ਢוȈ۽Ȟdelayedȟຝ౷ၬȞtraceȟຝӣਢȞsimultaneousȟຝࡣөȞ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ backwardȟȄ ᡀ ÈѠڙڐघȞclassical ᡀ ᡇ ᡀ ᡀ ᡆgږᐭސᆍȈӫభږᐭȞappetitive stimulusȟvs ༼ඌږᐭȞaversive stimulusȟȄ ᡀ conditioningȟȈS-S ᡀ ᡀ hଽቹԩ ڙघȈন ڙघȞ first-orderȟ එԩ ڙघȞsecond-orderȟ එଽ ቹ ԩ ڙघ Ȟ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ higher-orderȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇᜰᖒܒȄ ᡀ ᡅiѠڙڐघޟᇯޣᢎᘈ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅᡙȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᄂᡛȈThorndike ଜ᠖ȞpuzzleȟᄂᡛȄ ᡇ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇ ᡀ eၐᇲᏰಬȞtrial-andᡀ ᡇѝᖒ๖፣ ᡆ ᡇʇጛಬࡡȞlaw ᡇʹਢߖࡡȞlaw of recencyȟȄ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ error learningȟ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ of exerciseȟᡅʺᡗӰࡡȞlaw of vividnessȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ Ᏸಬέۡࡡ ᡆ ᡅ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀʈྥരࡡȞlaw of readinessȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅʉਝࡡݎȞlaw of effectȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᄂᡛȈѬߜઽȞSkinner’s boxȟᔆజᄂᡛȄ ᡇ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ʇ੫ܒȈনቨސȞprimary reinforcerȟvs ԩቨ ᡇ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ސȞsecondary reinforcerȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅÉώڙڎघ)instrumental ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀʈਢȈҳ։ vs ۽Ȅ ᡀ ᡆ ᡀ conditioningȟ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀʉПԒȈ៉ vs ഋϷȞFIȃVIȃFRȃVRȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ቨ ᡆʊ ғ ቨ Ȟ positive reinforcement ȟ vs ॒ ቨ Ȟ negative ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ reinforcementȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ
ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ސȞsecondary reinforcerȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ Éώڙڎघ)instrumental ᡀ ᡀ ᡅ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀʈਢȈҳ։ vs ۽Ȅ ᡀ ᡆ ᡀ conditioningȟ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀʉПԒȈ៉ vs ഋϷȞFIȃVIȃFRȃVRȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ቨ ᡆʊ ғ ቨ Ȟ positive reinforcement ȟ vs ॒ ቨ Ȟ negative ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ reinforcementȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇʹࢊϠԒȈܾҡಬுޟฒօ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ཐȞlearned helplessnessȟ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ 1998 AD ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅʋᛃᆴȞpunishmentȟ ᡆȁȁȁȁ ғөЖ౩ᏰȞpositive ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅfᐇ հ ڙघ )operant ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ psychologyȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡆ conditioning ȟ Ȉ ᡀ ᡅʺথჴԒȄ ᡀ ᡀ Ᏸᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ S-R ᡀ ʇ࣏༭അȞshaping of behaviorȟvs ࣏ᚇᜦȞ ᡇ ᡀ ಬᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ chain of behaviorsȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ Жᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ʈфᄌڙȞtoken of economy*Ȅ ᡀ ཱི࣏࡚ҳ ᡀ ᡀ ౩ ᡀ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀʉල٨պনࠌȞPremack’s principleȟȄ ᡀ Ᏸᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀʊଠಳȞescapeȟڷଟᗗȞavoidanceȟᏰಬȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀΠȃ࣏Ᏸࣂ ᡆ ᡅʋᏰಬȈFitts ඪюᇯޣȞcognitive phaseȟ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ එ ۡ ՝ Ȟ fixation phase ȟ එ Ռ ଢ଼ Ȟ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ autonomous phaseȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇʇቨࣺᝯ࣏Ȅ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀʈੑ৵ȞextinctionȟȄ ᡀ ᡅ ੑଶϚي ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡆʉᡘٗ౪ຫȄ ᡀ ᡀ ࣏ޟПݲ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀʊᡐږᐭცȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅʋᛃᆴȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ÈᄂᡛȈBandura ኸΨႫຜंـȄ ᡇ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇeޢȞdirectȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀfᆣӫȞsynthesizedȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀÉҽȞmodelingȟ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀgຫȞsymbolicȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅhܪຫȞabstractȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀÊᢎᄆᏰಬȞobservational learningȟѲএࢲȈݧཎȞattentional phraseȟඑ߳ࡻȞretentional phrase ᡀ ᡀ ᡀўོޥᏰಬ፣Ȟsocial ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡆ ȟඑӔҡȞreproductive phraseȟඑଢ଼ᐠȞmotivational phraseȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ learning theoryȟ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇeޢငᡛȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀfငᡛȄ ᡀ ᡀËՌרਝȞself-efficiencyȟ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀgਪҏޣᜋܖтΡငᡛȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅhՌϏ٘ЖޑᄘޟຟեȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀÌՌࡡ࣏ȈՌרᢎᄆඑՌרຟቋඑՌרϽȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅÍҺϣؚۡ፣Ȟreciprocal determinism theoryȟȈএΡȃᕗცȃ࣏ޟҺϣհҢȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅџശཱིีȈᆍఊ੫Ԥ࣏ȇڨឈ༼ඌᏰಬȇᇯޣӰશȞߢᘞȃΠనӇϽᏰಬڷཐឈӑࠉనӇϽȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ÈᄂᡛȈKöhler ผผజᄂᡛȄ ᡀ සѝႳਂᏰಬȞinsight learningȟ ᡇ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ÉএᡝࢾᄆცϛӨనӇޟᜰ߽Ȃҡ୭ࠤငᡛȞA-ha experienceȟȄ ᡅ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅέȃᇯޣ፣ ᡆ ÈᄂᡛȈTolman ՂჃٖଜࢻȄ ᡇ ᡀ ᡀўಒဴᏰಬȞsign learningȟ ᡀ ᡆÉዖӵᏰಬȞlatent learningȟȄ ළ ᡀ ᡅÊᇯޣყȞcognitive mapȟȄ
ᡇΙȃཐឈȞsensationȟޟཎဎȈཐឈᏢۢڧѴӵސ౩໔ȂϞᙽϽ࣏σသҪ፴ิᓃଉޟડငࣀଢ଼ᐣแȄ ᡀ ᡇÈຜឈڧᏢȈజޑಠफȞrodsȟڷᓅᡝಠफȞconesȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇe྆ሀΠЪՓឈ፣ȞYoung-Helmholtz theoryȟȈҥሀۓᓓ૭ȞHelmholtzȟඪюऔȃᆦȃᙢέՓȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇǀຜឈ ᡆÉՓឈ౩፣ ᡆfࣺᄇᐣแ፣Ȟopponent-process theoryȟȈሀݓȞHeringȟඪюऔȃᆦȃ༁ȃᙢޟѲՓȄ ᡅ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇe߫ᎌᔖȞlight adaptationȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅÊຜឈᎌᔖȞvisual adaptationȟ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅfུᎌᔖȞdark adaptationȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇÈ᠙ឈڧᏢȈࢠအЪᏢȞorgan of CortiȟϱޟЩᏁಠफȞhair cellsȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀǁ᠙ឈ ᡀ ᡆ ᡇeഋ՝፣Ȟplace theoryȟȈϚӣᓜݼஅۻጰΰ੫ۡഋ՝ҡശσࣀଢ଼ȂϚӣॱ፡ҥശσࣀଢ଼ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ཐᡀ ᡅÉ᠙ឈ౩፣ ᡆ ีҡޟӴПิᓃȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡆΠȃཐឈޟᆍ ᡆ ᡅfᓜ፣Ȟfrequence theoryȟȈᖐॱޟᓜؚۡડငಠफᐭีޟഀȂડငಠफᐭีޟഀџհ ᡀ ᡀ ឈᡀ ᡀ ࣏ॱ፡ଽճޟឍጆȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ǂڨឈȈ౯ӵՏԌȂሖឧӵՏڍȂवӵՏਲ਼Ȅ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀǃ༦ឈȈ༦ឈಠफџޟܒྙ્ڧථีސܒ፴Ȅ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀDŽጳឈȈញȃᔆȃվȃዥȃฮȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀDžଢ଼ឈȈငҥଢ଼ឈӱ㕞џឈ٘ޣᡝӨഋϷࣺᄇ՝ညޟᡐଢ଼Ȅ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅѣฮឈȈҥ Melzack ڷWall ඪюႢߞ፣Ȟgate-control theoryȟȂ࢘ϛԤડငႢߞȂ॒ฮឈΰ༈ڗσသȂҡઃฮཐȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇǀ๘ᄇ⿉ȞAbsolute ThresholdȇATȟȈΙএೝีឈᐠོ࣏ 50%ޟཐឈଉဴ࡙Ȅ ᡀ ᡅέȃЖ౩ސ౩Ᏸ ᡀ ᡆ ᡇÈཎဎȈڧၐޱԤ 50%ޟᐠȂᄆឈڗΠএږᐭԤ৯Ԇӵސޟ౩ږᐭᡐȄ ᡀ ᡅǁ৯⿉ȞDifference ᡀ ͂I ᡆ ᡇe९ղۡࡡȞWeber’s lawȟȈྥږᐭڷᒱ৯Ȃ߳ࡻۡШᜰ߽Ȅ ຓk ᡀ I ThresholdȇDTȟ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅ Éۡࡡ ᡆfາהઽۡࡡȞFechner’s lawȟȈཐឈငᡛᇄږᐭ࡙ޟᡐϽ֕ᄇኵᜰ߽Ȅ ؆ຓ klog ᡀ ᡀ ᡅgѬࡔМҡۡࡡȞSteven’s lawȟȈཐឈငᡛᇄږᐭ࡙Ϟ֕ॸᏖᜰ߽Ȅ ؆ຓ kb
ᡇΙȃޣឈȞperceptionȟޟཎဎȈཐឈၥਟϠоϷݙ၌ភޟЖ౩ᐣแȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇǀޣឈࣺޟᄇܒȈלຫڷधශȞfigure and backgroundȟȃޣឈᄇШȞperceptual contrastȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀǁޣឈޟᒵᐅܒȈږᐭސҏ٘ސޟ౩੫ܒȃᏰಬᇄငᡛЖ౩ӰશȃސȃݧཎȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀǂޣឈޟᐌᡝܒȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇÈ࡙߫லܒȞbrightness constancyȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀÉσωலܒȞsize constancyȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀÊޑלலܒȞshape constancyȟȄ ᡀ ǃޣឈޟல ܒᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀΠȃޣឈޟЖ౩੫ ᡆ ᡀËՓலܒȞcolor constancyȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀÌ՝ညலܒȞlocation constancyȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅÍП՝லܒȞorientation constancyȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇÈߖࡡȞlaw of proximityȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀÉࣺխࡡȞlaw of similarityȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀÊࡌഖࡡȞlaw of closureȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀË៉ࡡȞlaw of continuityȟȄ DŽޣឈޟಢᙑܒȞޣלׇឈಢᙑন౩ȟ ᡀ ᡆ ᡅ ᡀ ᡀÌӓӣڼၼࡡȞlaw of common fateȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀÍᄇᆎࡡȞlaw of symmetryȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀÎყׇלᐌܒȞfigural goodnessȇlaw of proagnanzȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅÏശσџܒনࠌȞthe maximum likelihood principleȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇeಁጣષȈѓࢂޢጣആຜȞlinear perspectiveȟȃၯఘ࡙Ȟtexture gradientȟȃུ݂ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇ Ȟbright and shadowȟȃ፡ᎌȞaccommodationȟȃ१᠒Ȟsuperpositionȟȃಋଢ଼Ȟ ᡀ ᡀÈຜުޣឈȈάᆎ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ movementȟȃҁ७ଽ࡙Ȅ ᡀ ᡀ ࡙ ޣឈ Ȟ depth ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇ ᒭᒰհҢȞconvergenceȟȈಁ౨ڞޟ፡ᙽଢ଼ҡҡ౩ӱ㕞հҢȂҥಁ࿘ ᡀ perceptionȟ ޣᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇǀުޣឈ ᡆ ᡀ ᡅfᚖಁጣષ ᡆ ՊՈ༈ڗσသȂѫԤ 10 ϞϱϗԤਝȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅ ᚖಁ৯Ȟbinocular disparityȟȈငҥᚖಁᒊӫȞbinocular fusionȟלԙҳ ᡀ ᡀ ឈᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡝޣឈȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅ É᠙ުޣឈȈՆڷᚖՆጣષȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇÈઍᄂၼଢ଼ᇄࣺᄇၼଢ଼Ȅ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇeՌଢ଼౪ຫȞautokinetic effectȟȈӵུࡉϛݧຜΙᓗХ۞ҳϞӎᘈȂ ᡀǁၼଢ଼ޣឈȞmotion ᡀ ᡀ ᡀέȃޣឈᐣแ ᡆ ᡀ ᡆ perceptionȟ ᡀ ᡀ ኵऌϞࡣོี౪ӎᘈپӱಋଢ଼Ȅ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀfରଢ଼౪ຫȞstroboscopic motionȟȈάᆎॴ౪ຫȞphi phenomenonȟ ᡀ ᡀ Éխଢ଼౪ຫȞapparent motionȟ ᡅ ᡀ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ Ȃ៉ࣺю౪ޟᓗХყלȂৢӵᆩጰޟӣΙഋ՝Ȃೝຜ࣏ސ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡝӵၼଢ଼Ȅ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅgᇶଢ଼౪ຫȞinduced motionȟȈᓗХںڧސ൜ၶσږᐭޟኇȂഅ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ԙಋଢ଼ސᓗХȂᓗХސಋଢ଼ޟ౪ຫȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅǂᒿឈȞillusionȟȈږᐭސѶઍׯܖԢٱᄂޣޟឈငᡛȂѓࢂᕽᅭЪᒿឈȞMüller-Lyer illusionȟȃТ߫ᒿឈȞmoon illusion ᡀ ᡀ ȟڷᘱҀᒿឈȞwaterfall illusionȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇǀҥήՄΰޟᐣแȞbottom-up processingȟȈѓࢂӟШᄇ፣Ȟtemplate-matching theoryȟȃ੫፴Ϸݙ፣Ȟfeature ᡀ ᡀ ᡀѲȃኇޣឈޟӰશ ᡆ analysis theoryȟڷন፣Ȟprototype theoryȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅǁҥΰՄήޟᐣแȞtop-down processingȟȈѓࢂݧཎȃᏰಬᇄငᡛȃცȃఖڷଢ଼ᐠȃቋᢎ܈ȃΡਿ੫፴ ᡀ ȃོུޥҰȃޣឈᢎᘈ৯ȃޣឈ٩ፏȃސȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇѝږᐭݲȞsingle-stimulus methodȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀўຜސԁݲȞpreferential looking methodȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀϤȃᔉޣڋឈंـП ݲᡆџಬᄛݲȞhabituation methodȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀѠ໔ᐭีݲȞevoked potential methodȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅѡଽ໔֜֝ݲȞhigh-amplitude sucking methodȟȄ ᡀ ᡅϲȃ຺ཐޣឈȞextrasensory perceptionȇESPȟȈ຺ཐޣឈȞѓࢂЖႫཐᔖȃ຺ཐຜឈȃႱޣȟЅЖ౩मଢ଼ȞpsychokinesisȇPKȟȄ
ᡇǀཎᜋȞconsciousȟޟཎဎȈএΡၼҢཐឈȃޣឈȃࡦՃȃᏹ้Ж౩ࣀଢ଼ȂᄇՌϏ٘ޟЖޑᄘᇄᕗცϛΡސٱ ᡀ ᡀ ᡐϽᇄᆣӫឈᄆڷᇯᜋȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇÈฐᘈཎᜋȞfocal consciousȟȄ ᡇΙȃཎᜋȞconsciousȟ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀÉཎᜋȞmarginal consciousȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀÊήཎᜋȞsubconsciousȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅǁཎᜋޟቹ७ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀËฒཎᜋȞnonconsciousȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀÌዖཎᜋȞunconsciousȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅÍࠉཎᜋȞpreconsciousȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ǀᆃޟஅҏ੫Ȉලႇ҆ڷܒौܒȄ ᡇ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ǁᆃـंޟȈ௴ҢသݰყȞEEGȟᆃϷ࣏ϤএࢲȂࠉѲএࢲᆎ࣏ߨפഀಁଢ଼ᆃȞnonrapid eye movement ᡀΠȃᆃȞsleepȟ ᡀ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ sleepȇNREM sleepȟȂϤএࢲᆎ࣏פഀಁଢ଼ᆃȞrapid eye movement sleepȇREM sleepȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅǂᆃѶலȞsleep disorderȟȈѶȞinsomniaȟȃएีܒᆃȞnarcolepsyȟȃಌܒѶȞsleep apneaȟȃჲၽȞ ᡀ ᡀ sleepwalkingȟڷჲၗȞsleeptalkingȟȃۇᡙȞnight terrorȟڷჲȞnightmareȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ѝཎဎȈᆃਢޟՌีܒЖࣀଢ଼ᐣแȂџҥသႫݰᓜޟᡐפڷഀಁଢ଼ᆃกுȂԪЖࣀଢ଼ϛএᡝ٘ЖᡐϽᐣแ ᡇ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ Ȃᆎ࣏հჲȞdreamingȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀέȃჲȞdreamȟ ᡆ eᡗܒჲცȞmanifest contentȟȄ ཎᡀ ᡀ ᡇÈᆠડϷݙȈჲޟ၌ݙȞdream analysisȟ ᡇ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅfዖܒჲცȞlatent contentȟȄ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅўࣺᜰं ـᡆÉჲࣺޟІᏰಬ౩፣Ȟreverse-learning theory of dreamsȟȈσသ఼ଶҩЈএᡝϚሯौޟଉȄ ᡀ ᜋᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅÊᐭี˕ᐌӫᇳȞactivation-synthesis hypothesisȟȈσသಢӫҩЈܚԤડငᐭีଉȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇǀ་ȞhypnosisȟޟཎဎȈএᡝུڧҰᇶᏲȂϛཎᜋܻ࢚ᘈȂҥϞ໌Σ݄ᆃޟᆠડޑᄘȂԪ࣏ΙᆍխᆃȂՄߨᆃޟ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ཎᜋޑᄘȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇÈݧཎቹ७બϽȂкଢ଼ІᔖܒճȂڧၐޱϚӔՌϏॏॎหȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀÉޣឈׯԢڷВឈȂ౪ᄂཐ६ճȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀѲȃ་ ᡆ ÊᙟᏹᗙনȄ ᡀ ᡀǁЖ౩੫ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀËུҰܒڧቨଽȃџ໌ُՓᅋȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅÌ་ϛོငᡛѶᏹȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇÈཱི၌ᚔ౩፣Ȟneodissociation theoryȟȄ ᡀ ᡅǂ་౩፣ ᡆ ᡀ ᡅÉُོޥՓ፣Ȟsocial role theoryȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇǀડငࣀଢ଼ܒސЅڏኇȈડငࣀଢ଼ܒސȞᏉаᇄᏉаސȃϛኾડငفಛڙᏘȃϛኾડငفಛᑹᏭᏘ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ȃଜВȟོႆՖသ࢞Ȟblood-brain barrierȟȂᡐသഋޟડင༈ᏲفಛȂՄᡐএᡝޣޟឈȃᏹȃᆱȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅϤȃސᄇཎᜋޟኇ ᡆǁᕀҢސȈЮҔኇȃӣᏔኇȃএΡӰશȞીмԙዣՌفרಛȂོ݈ޥܒၶճȟȄ ᡀ ᡇÈХ೯୵ȃఀᏲٺҢࡣݎȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇ ІڙސȄ ᡅǂᕀҢޟސႱ٩ᇄݽᕛ ᡀ ᡆ ᡇeҡސԒᕛ ݲᡆ ᡀ ᡅ ࣄӰ ᡇʇӣਝᏘȞagonistsȟȈछؓ⢯ȞmathadoneȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡆ ק᠓ ᡅʈࡼתᏘȞantagonistsȟȈ٥Ԣ⢯ȞnaltrexonȟȄ ᡅÉݽᕛ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇ ౩࣏ݽᕛȞREBTȟȈEllisȄ ᡅfЖ౩ݽᕛ ᡆ ᡅ ฐᘈ၌ؚݽᕛȞSFBTȟȈBerg & ShazerȄ ᡇΙȃᏹޟཎဎȈӰငᡛܚᏰுޟ߳ٮ࣏ȂӵሯौਢϚ҆ӔёጛಬȂ։џ१౪ޟЖ౩ᐣแȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇǀጡጆȞencodingȟȈѴӵږᐭސޟ౩੫ᙽԙܪຫלԒϞЖ౩ߒȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀΠȃᏹޟᐣแ ᡆǁອԆȞstorageȟȈጡጆࡣޟଉ߳ӵᏹϛȂоരሯौਢඪٺڥҢȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅǂඪڥȞretrievalȟȈອԆӵᏹϛޟଉڥюᔖҢޟЖ౩ᐣแȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇÈ੫ȈоҁޟПԒᒯΣȂᆰࡻনږپᐭלԒȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀÉጡጆȈആႆݧཎȞattentionȟלڷϞᒱᜋȞpattern recognitionȟלԙ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᎷȞiconȟڷᎷॱȞechoȟȄ ᡇǀཐۢᏹȞVery Short-Term MemoryȇVSTMȟ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀÊອԆȈџᆰࡻኵऌȂৠ໔ฒ३Ȅ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀËඪڥȈҳ։ඪڥȂ߳ࡻনږᐭלԒȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅÌᒸןȈਢ૾ޟଝȞdecayȟࡣڷөᎍጶȞbackward maskingȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇÈ੫ȈငݧཎՄ߳ڗΠΪऌϱޟᏹȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀÉጡጆȈᖐጆȞacoustic codeȟ࣏кȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀÊອԆȈԽȞG. Millerȟඪюᏹኄ࡙Ȟmemory spanȟȂघ 7 ษ 2 এཎϯ ᡀǁᏹȞShort-Term MemoryȇSTMȟ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ȞchunkȟܖཎϯಢȞchunkingȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀËඪڥȈוӖᆑᅾԒ௭ජȞserial exhaustive scanningȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡅÌ ᒸ ןȈ ϓ ᘙ ፣ Ȟ interference theory ȟ ȃ ી м ፒ ᇫ ȃ ਢ ૾ ଝ ȃ ф Ȟ έȃᏹޟտ ᡆ ᡀ ᡀ displacementȟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ ᡇÈ੫Ȉৠ໔ڷਢฒ३ޟȄ ᡀ ᡀ ᡀ