The New ARCH Vol1 No2 (2014) by S.ARCH

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture

The New ARCH Peer-reviewed open-access E-journal

ISSN 2198-7688

Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014) December 2014 www.The-New-ARCH.net

Editor-in-Chief Arch. Marina Stosic, GERMANY E: Editor@The-New-ARCH.net

Editorial Board Arch. Prof. Dietmar Eberle – Baumschlager Eberle, AUSTRIA; ETH Zurich, SWITZERLAND Arch. Prof. Kengo Kuma – University of Tokyo, JAPAN; Kengo Kuma &Associates JAPAN, FRANCE Arch. Rafael de La-Hoz – Rafael de La-Hoz Arquitectos, SPAIN Arch. Prof. Branislav Mitrovic – University of Belgrade, SERBIA Arch. Luca Francesco Nicoletti – Studio Nicoletti Associati, ITALY Arch. Prof. Milica Jovanovic Popovic – University of Belgrade, SERBIA Arch. Jose Luis Vallejo – Ecosistema urbano, SPAIN Arch. Bostjan Vuga – Sadar+Vuga, SLOVENIA Arch. Philippe Rahm – Philippe Rahm architects, FRANCE Arch. Dr. Manfredo Manfredini – University of Auckland, NEW ZEALAND Arch. Dr. Paola Leardini – University of Auckland, NEW ZEALAND Arch. Ass.Prof. Wah Sang WONG – University of Hong Kong, CHINA Arch. Nikola Novakovic – Enforma, MONTENEGRO Arch. Dr. Milos Dimcic – Programming Architecture, GERMANY Arch. Ass.Prof. Laila Amer Al Kahtani – Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, SAUDI ARABIA Arch. Dr. Dina Ahmed Ahmed Elmiligy – Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, SAUDI ARABIA Arch. Hassan Estaji – Hakim Sabzevari University, IRAN, University of Applied Arts Vienna, AUSTRIA Arch. Mirjana Uzelac Filipendin – Atelje Krstonosic, Architect & Journalist ArchIntention, Ambijenti, SERBIA Eng. Ass. Prof. Vincenzo CORRADO – Politecnico di Torino, ITALY Arch. Prof. Despina KYPRIANOU SERGHIDES – Cyprus University of Technology, CYPRUS Arch. Prof. Dusan VUKSANOVIC – University of Montenegro, MONTENEGRO

Publisher

Get It Published Verlag e.k. Allee am Röthelheimpark 14 91052 Erlangen GERMANY

T 00 49 (0)9131 917 96 14 E info@get-it-published.de W www.get-it-published.de

Copyright This journal and all published articles, including all illustrations contained in authors’ papers block, are protected by copyright. Upon an article being accepted for publication, all rights of publication, for translation, further reproduction, distribution, transmission, display, broadcast, of storage in any electronic form and producing photocopies are transferred to the publisher. Without the written permission of the publisher, any usage outside the limits of the copyright act is forbidden.

© Copyright by Get It Published Verlag e.K. Notice The publisher does not assume any responsibility for any harm and/or injury to property and persons resulting from any ideas, instructions, methods or products contained in the material published in this journal, as well as a matter of inattention or creation liability, or from any use or operations.

Cover Illustration Studio Philippe Rahm architectes, France: “Jade Meteo Park”

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

A WORD FROM THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Nowadays, when numerous online portals overwhelm us with daily news about architecture from all over the globe, and having an impression that we must not miss anything (or must stay up to date), we are mostly under pressure to quickly flip through pictures of various new projects, without taking time to really deal with them. Well, we have decided to choose another way. In our editorials, we are pursuing to focus on a single particular theme, an architect or a project and to write about rather isolated from news and influences we are facing with day by day. Our intention is to acknowledge the coexistence of diverse both methodologies and ideas on the way to new architectural language creation. Aside from cliché, when we talk about a project or architect, we are trying to not only focus on a built object, but rather on the design and research processes, which architect has been used.

Founding Editor & Editor–In–Chief Architect Marina Stosic

In this issue we are taking you to France. We would like to introduce you two architects from Paris and their very special arts of dealing with sustainability. On two different scale projects, Philippe Rahm shows us his very individual design strategies. The same fundamental method applied to two different cultures and climates. Same method, but different approaches. His colleague Mirco Tardio from DTA architectes talks with us about their studies of Paris suburbs and searching for a right answer on rising density, with a strong emphasis on environmental friendly architecture. Study nature, love nature, stay close to nature. It will never fail you – Frank Lloyd Wright So, take time and enjoy reading …

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Word from the Editor–in–Chief

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Word from the Editor–in–Chief

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Eco–Controlled Urban Density – Interview with Mirco Tardio

Dana Krhlanko, Damir Šeler, Ana Penavić Process of Natural Growth of Architecture

Biljana Pavlović From Path to Strategy

Dina Stober, Branko Cavrić Dynamics and Aesthetics of Urban Change in Post–Socialist Osijek, Croatia

Milica Jovanović Popović , Jasna Kavran Energy Efficiency and Renewal of Residential Buildings Stock

101

Dina Ahmed Ahmed Elmeligy Innovative Sustainable Technologies in Heritage Revival

112

Haris Bradić The Autonomous House, Sarajevo

119

Vesna Lovec, Milica Jovanović Popović Adapting the Traditional House in Vojvodina to Contemporary Needs. The Porch as the Basic Element of Transformation

127

Soolmaz Abdali Hajiabadi, Alireza Jahanara, Aref Arfaei An Investigation of the Energy Saving of Windows in Halil Raif Özmuhtar Apartment, Salamis Yolu, Famagusta, Northern Cyprus

e25

About the Journal

e26

Instructions for Authors

e28

Advertisements

Authors‘ Papers

e18

The Meteorological Architecture of Philippe Rahm

The Journal

Editorial

CONTENT

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Content

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

THE

METEOROLOGICAL ARCHITECTURE OF PHILIPPE RAHM

We may have experienced various concepts that aim to become new practice in this century and bring the modern society closer to what is ultimate goal of sustainability. Some of these ideas are perhaps radical now but their roots are natural and the final outcome always pushes forward architecture in a new direction towards better future. It is not an optimistic approach. It is a research based and design demanding practice that is in favour of sustainable development, heat insulation, climate condition, the use of renewable energies and whole life cycle of materials, etc. Taking into account that nearly 50% of greenhouse gas emissions comes from energy used to heat or cool dwellings, Rahm creates architecture that treats the interior climate of the space as a new architectural language, a language for architecture rethought with meteorology in mind. All known phenomena such as convection, conduction or evaporation for example are new tools for architectural composition. This is the architecture where vapour, heat or light become the new bricks of contemporary construction. “Climate change is forcing us to rethink architecture radically, to shift our focus away from a purely visual and functional approach towards one that is more sensitive, more attentive to the invisible, climate-related aspects of space. Slipping from the solid to the void, from the visible to the invisible, from metric composition to thermal composition, architecture as meteorology opens up additional, more sensual, more variable dimensions in which limits fade away and solids evaporate.”

Philippe Rahm is architect, principal in the office of Philippe Rahm architectes, based in Paris, France. His work, which extends the field of architecture from the physiological to the meteorological, has received an international audience in the context of sustainability. In 2002, he was chosen to represent Switzerland at the 8th Architecture Biennale in Venice, and was one of the 25 Manifesto's Architects of Aaron Betsky's 2008 Architectural Venice Biennale. He was nominee in 2009 for the Ordos Prize in China and in 2008 and 2010 for the International Chernikov Prize in Moscow where he was ranked in the top ten. He has participated in a number of exhibitions worldwide (Archilab, Orleans, France 2000; SFMoMA 2001; CCA Kitakyushu 2004; Centre Pompidou, Paris, 2003-2006 and 2007; Manifesta 7, 2008; Louisiana museum, Denmark, 2009; Guggenheim Museum, New-York 2010). In 2007, he had a personal exhibition at the Canadian Centre for Architecture in Montreal. Rahm was a resident at the Villa Medici in Rome (2000). He was Headmaster at the AA School in London in 2005-2006, Visiting professor at the Mendrisio Academy of Architecture in Switzerland in 2004 and 2005, at the ETH Lausanne in 2006 and 2007, at the School of Architecture of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts of Copenhagen in 2009-2010, in Oslo at the AHO in 2010-2011. From 2010 to 2012, he held the Jean Labatut Professorship in Princeton University, USA. He has lectured widely, including at Harvard School of Design, Cooper Union, UCLA and the ETH Zurich.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Meteorological Architecture of Philippe Rahm”

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

VIEWS ON THE MATTER In your works we can recognize evaporation and other methods used to create the internal climate of the building. What about the external climate, and the building envelope? How do you treat that part of the project? Philippe Rahm: We have to think in a different category. The first question refers to the building envelope, the shape and the form of the building. For example, we made a project where we considered wind, sun and orientation, which is something quite common in green architecture. But also, there is another aspect the question of the colour or the material and I think it is quite interesting, because depending on the colour of the material it could absorb more or less heat. Therefore, in my view the question of the colour of the building, which is more related to the aesthetic choice or some cultural choice, is an interesting challenge today. However, deciding on the colour of the building is more challenging if you consider climatic choice. It could be a new way of perceiving the appearance of the building. Also, we have to consider the public space and roads more like an interior because it is like an envelope – the façade of the building is like the interior of the street. Thus, we made the proposal were the ‘colour’ black is used for the floor of the street because the project was in a cold climate country. Black floor absorbs more heat from the sunlight and then creates warmer microclimate in the street. Meanwhile, the higher parts of the buildings are in lighter colours, so they reflect the sunlight back to the walkways and increase the heat quality and maybe also the noise quality by using some absorbing material (like concrete that acts like a catalyst). Therefore, in my opinion we can challenge the shapes and the materials through the same climate issues.

What is the main reason for choosing these methods in your designing process? Philippe Rahm: The reason why we need the building is to create a pocket of different climate within another, larger one. The main fundamental reason is to shelter us from the rain, cold etc. Therefore, I tried to make a comeback to this very primitive idea of architecture. As it is dealing with climate we have to decide on the interior and the protected space using climatic parameters, and afterwards make a decision and try to imagine depending on the program what would be the most important aspect of the space.

Is this decision your personal one or is it a conclusion of the analysis?

Philippe Rahm: No, it is not my personal decision, it is a product of the analysis and it depends on the program. For example: we just finished a competition in which we made a storage for art work. Of course, it was intended to have different temperatures in different storage facilities as well as different humidity levels. Therefore, it was quite simple to focus on the principles. I think if we focused on one element, it could increase quality of the space. Likewise, in traditional architecture you focus on the columns, the structure of the building or the wall structure or try to define the quality of the space through a structural choice or material choice. However, in this project we tried to give increase quality through some climate figures.

Do you believe that certification is a good way to promote green architecture or do you prefer more individual case studies, analyses and research as a more adequate way? Philippe Rahm: I think that the regulations and rules for buildings were never set / made by architects. In 2005, when we started to deal with these regulations, the general community of the architects was not interested in green buildings at all. It was more like a business or a political approach, which in our view was wrong and therefore, we tried to get more involved in this topic. As the architects were missing, the result was that someone ‘out of profession’ decided what the relevant regulations are. Therefore, it is in a certain way the responsibility of the architect to know that these rules do exist and what they are. This is the reason why architects always have to be more up to date with what is happening and not to allow themselves to be lost in a course of change and to suffer the consequences of not knowing new rules. I do think that we have to be always avantgarde and to do research, in order to avoid receiving a set of rules and just following them. However, rules can sometimes be stimulating as they force you to think differently and also develop your imagination.

What is the response to your methods from the clients, the building officials and colleagues? Philippe Rahm: When I started to talk about this topic I was quite alone but I was sure that it was something interesting. You always have to wait a little bit, maybe a few years, before anything new and interesting takes hold. I think this is one of the most important challenges for the architecture today. Also, I think that the question of energy and ecology will transform deeply the architecture and the future. Therefore, the response to these methods will then become better.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Meteorological Architecture of Philippe Rahm”

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is more challenging for the design process: when you apply your principles in architecture or in urban planning? Philippe Rahm: Both are challenging. I usually start with the architectural scale or the room scale, then apply it to the architecture and afterwards to the urban design. All scales are interesting but maybe the architectural scale was quite new when I started and it was a new

technique as it was linked to workflow and the airflow. The room scale was something more linked to the 70’s, like green buildings from this period or solar buildings. Therefore, I did not find something really new, but after I started to work on an urban scale, like the project we did in Taiwan, it was becoming more evident and new to find solutions for the urban scale. However, I think that the focus in the beginning was more on the interior and on the architectural scale.

Philippe Rahm is working on several private and public projects in France, Taiwan, Italy and Germany. His recent work includes in 2011 the first prize for the 69ha Taichung Gateway Park in Taiwan; An office building of 13000 m2 in La Defense in France for the EPADESA; A convective condominium for the IBA in Hamburg, Germany; The white geology, a stage design for contemporary art in the Grand-Palais on the Champs-Elysees in Paris in 2009 and a studio house for the artist Dominique Gonzalez-Foerster in 2008. Monographic books include Physiological architecture published by Birkhauser in 2002, Distortions, published by HYX in 2005, Environ(ne)ment: Approaches for Tomorrow, published by Skira in 2006 and Architecture meteorologique published by Archibooks in 2009.

THE LYON RESIDENCE – THE THERMAL COEXISTENCE OF SPACE AND USER In the architectural world in the last decade the works of French architect Philippe Rahm are recognized as projects of a new wave that takes the practice and sustainable issues to the next level. This talented architect incorporates basic elements of comfort and atmosphere as his concept and builds his ideas around different perspective of the ambient. When he started putting his ideas to the practice with the turn of the century it was very difficult and yet over the years he earned respect and numerous recognitions for breaking projects that distinguish him from the other contemporary artists. Inclusion of thermal characteristics of the air, moisture and demands for energy, etc. into the method named meteorological architecture became his new building blocks of his architectural creations, weather it is an apartment, building or public park. It is a matter of sense and sensual connection between the space and its’ users. The connection is based on physical and biological aspect of comfort that needs to be achieved in space. Imagine that you do no longer occupy the space horizontally but you live and use your ambient spatially. Imagine using the evaporation,

Insight in the Apartment Source: Philippe Rahm architects

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Meteorological Architecture of Philippe Rahm”

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Insight in the Apartment Source: Philippe Rahm architects

thermal and moisture gradients, airflow or other natural components of comfort to compose the program of space without boundaries. The meteorological architecture has no longer the task to build images and functions but to open up climates and interpretations. At the large scale, meteorological architecture explores the atmospheric and poetic potential of new construction techniques for ventilation, heating, dual-flow air renewal and insulation. At the microscopic level, it plumbs novel domains of perception through skin contact, smell and hormones. One of his latest projects is the Evaporated Rooms – An apartment for a young doctor in Lyon, France. This 70 m2 floor area was completed in January 2012 as a white open space interior with conventional home spaces (bedroom, bathroom, kitchen, living room, etc.) that are fused in a single living unit in a very unconventional way. In every ambient the level of present energy emitted by the users and the equipment within represents the unused amount of kWh/m2 that are usually wasted and released into the outdoor space. Therefore, in this particular case, the author analysed the outdoor conditions and provided a new approach to architectural design. This magical ambient has spatial disposition of functions based on thermal analysis of each unit of the apartment. It is a liquid space where all

necessary utilities are present and connected with each other by the level of temperature in particular point created by the materials, users and activities.

“For this apartment in Lyon, we used the most recent recommendations for domestic internal temperatures to reduce environmental energy consumption in the built environment. This approach caused us to shift from working in plan to composing in section based on atmospheric gradations.” – Philippe Rahm

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Meteorological Architecture of Philippe Rahm”

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Insight in the Apartment Source: Philippe Rahm architects

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Meteorological Architecture of Philippe Rahm”

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Insight in the Apartment Source: Philippe Rahm architects

The interior design indicates the importance of the relationship between the users, space and heat energy in creating comfortable interior conditions. Space is a result of observation of temperature curves and air saturation with water vapour, i.e. its relative humidity. Observation of the temperature curves, i.e. comfortable temperature, and air temperature ranging between 16 and 21°C defined the horizontal and vertical layout of the space functions. allowing architect Philipe Rahm to spatially define apartments’ functions. The cross-section of the space with temperature curves clearly shows the idea of elevating the zones within the space. Based on prescribed temperatures of spaces (kitchen – 18°C; living room – 20°C or bedroom – 16°C), airflow, laws of physics and the level of activity in particular space (generating or demanding certain amount of heat) as well as the dress code, the author made a spatial composition of apartment that follows these standards in order to reduce energy consumption within the space. Deserting the need physically to separate the different rooms, each with its own function, by using walls and closed doors and to prevent air from rooms at different temperatures to mix, Rahm rather used sections and thermal analysis to decide how to organize the contemporary open-space residential unit.

“The free plan and spatial continuity was achieved by working in section on the intrinsic physical behaviour of air when it is elevated and hot or when it is cold and closer to the ground. We can start composing rooms and spaces; or rather begin dividing programs in space, without the use of walls, which delineate the contours of the parts. We can compose using only the spatial distribution of temperatures and luminosities in the air to divide program. The goal is no longer to design the plan but rather to design an atmosphere, with its various weather gradations through which one moves to find a certain temperature or a certain light.” – Philippe Rahm

Another aspect presents the dependence of the functions on the percentage of relative humidity of the indoor air. Analysis of dry and moist zones provided results on the space quality in terms of water vapour concentrations. Space without walls, i.e. physical barriers or partitions becomes a unique atmosphere defined only by different functions within single volume. The architect’s proposition was not to create rooms and spaces, but instead to situate the furniture and the

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Meteorological Architecture of Philippe Rahm”

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

furniture’s usages at particular heights, temperatures and light intensities. This methodology makes an atmosphere of the interior similar to a natural landscape, providing the user with shelter for rain or perhaps the shade from heat. Thus, the sit alone chair is positioned in the highest point in the upper warmer air, same as the shower based on dress code. The sofa, on the other hand, that represents more social and interactive activities, is situated somewhat lower, as its temperature will rise due to the increase of warmth that each individual produce. The kitchen floor would be placed lower still, reducing its temperature, while the bed is in the coldest part of the house, on ground. Referring to the users of the space as a “live matter” and to find answers to the question – what type of the space and how would it look like, led the author to develop specific solution, presented in this project. The Lyon

residence is a unique space that emphasizes the coexistence of users and ambient based on natural laws. This project goes beyond the physical or psychological connection as it re-establishes the components – the occupant, the material and the volume in a single living organism.

“Between the infinitely small of the physiological and the infinitely vast of the meteorological, architecture must build sensual exchanges between body and space and invent there new aesthetical philosophies approaches capable of making long-term changes to the form and the way we will inhabit buildings tomorrow.” – Philippe Rahm

Thermal section of the Apartment Source: Philippe Rahm architects

THE JADE METEO PARK – COLOURFUL SYMPHONY OF SENSES

image of modern cities forever. The public character of these projects intrigues the designer to create the hybrid space that will nurture socialisation, communication, playfulness and reconnection with the nature.

The public urban spaces were always the subject of special treatment in a matter of architectural design and construction. Beside the difference in scale, the reconstruction of public green areas provide creative comfortability for designers who can take their step forward in the field of design, composition and mixture of functions. They are like a raw material that stands in front of the sculptor ready to be turned into a beautiful statue. If we examine the past and remember some of the well-known projects like Parc de la Villette in Paris, or recent the High Line – the liner Park in New York, we will discover that all of these areas become the golden examples of architectural virtuoso that changed the

One of the examples of successful contemporary redesign of urban space is the project for new urban park called Jade Meteo Park. It was designed by Philippe Rahm architects along with Mosbach paysagistes and Ricky Liu & Associates for the city of Taichung in Taiwan. The design team won the First prize on the International competition that was held back in 2011 with their proposal that used meteorological architecture in urban scale. Since then the authors worked on detail projects and other documentation so that the completion of the entire project is expected in July 2015. The city authorities dedicated a budget of 90 million US$ for transformation of airport site into the welcoming exterior spaces where the excesses of the subtropical warm and humid climate of Taichung are lessened.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Meteorological Architecture of Philippe Rahm”

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Jade Eco Park micro – climate Source: Philippe Rahm architects

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Meteorological Architecture of Philippe Rahm”

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Park view Source: Philippe Rahm architects

This is the project, which beautifully demonstrates the methods of architecture that treats climate as a building tool and use advantages of the site so that the new urban park becomes pleasant green area in the middle of a busy and polluted Asian city. The exterior climate of the park is thus modulated so to propose spaces that are: less hot by inserting more cold segments and shade; less humid by lowering humid air, sheltered from the rain and flood; and less polluted by adding filtered air from gases and particle matters pollution. The green oasis is also less noisy and less mosquito presence because of unique design principle that embraces the climate and nature rather than to counteract.

This massive urban park will be a new meeting place for more than 2.6 million inhabitants of the Taichung city. The project included several new features of the park: vegetation and topography, rain maintenance, park furniture and climatic devices, architectural buildings, and facilities buildings. The subject of the project was a new landscape and architectural design for a new park stretching on more than 70 hectares located on the site of the previous airport. The proposal included facilities for leisure, sport, family and tourist activities, a 1500 m² visitor centre, maintenance centre, urban regulation for the construction of a new museum and the Taiwan tower.

Park view Source: Philippe Rahm architects

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Meteorological Architecture of Philippe Rahm”

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DESIGN PRINCIPLES “The ambition of our project is to give back the outdoors to the inhabitants and visitors by proposing to create exterior spaces where the excesses of the subtropical warm and humid climate of Taichung are lessened.” – Philippe Rahm

The “Taichung Jade MeteoPark” project is based on specific design principles that incorporated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation to

achieve necessary climatic variations through the space. The design team mapped several areas of the park that are naturally warmer, more humid and more polluted or areas that are opposite to them as naturally colder, dryer and cleaner. The results have shown the differences of microclimates on the location that demanded change and upgrade in order to create more comfortable spaces for the visitors. Based on the existing climatic conditions of location and dominant direction of cold winds coming from the north; or southeast wind bringing the humidity of the see in the air; and the distance from the roads, all of these inputs were carefully analysed and recognised as the starting points of the design concept.

Influences Source: Philippe Rahm architects

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Meteorological Architecture of Philippe Rahm”

e10

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

This had a consequence of defining three gradation climatic maps that followed the results of three CFD simulations. Each map specifically corresponds to a particular atmospheric parameter and its’ variation of intensity thought out the park. The first map corresponds to variation of the heat on the site, the second one describes the variations in humidity in the air and the third one the intensity of the atmospheric pollution. These maps keep certain areas within the park from reaching out the excessive natural conditions and allow comfortable climate changes between the upgraded segments. Visitors can freely move thought the space and since the three maps intersect and overlap randomly in specific points it provides visitors different sensual experience of internal microclimates of the park. The Climatic Lands represent special places inside the park that are the result of the CFD simulation as places of the coldest, the driest, and the cleanest areas of the park. The most comfortable areas are denominated Coolia, Dryia and Clearia by their specific climatic character. The Climatic Lands contain all the activities and programmes and they are all linked together by the three Climatic Paths. Coolia – This is a colder area of the park that houses most of the cooling devices and trees. There are four

Cooling Lands named Northern Coolia, Western Coolia, Middle Coolia and Southern Coolia. They represent zones where people can enjoy favourable climate and air temperatures. Dryia – It represents a zone for recreation, or more precisely, this is the area where majority of sports facilities is located. Here, relative humidity is reduced, ranging between 60 and 70%. This area is divided into three zones: Northern Dryia, Eastern Dryia and Middle Dryia. Clearia – This area offers conditions for comfortable family rest. The aim was to create the space with insignificant amount of air pollutants. The result was four zones, which the author named Northern Clearia, Eastern Clearia, Middle Clearia and Southern Clearia. The climatic maps vary within a gradation, which ranges from a maximal uncomfortable ambient (maximum value of pollution, maximum rate of humidity, maximum heat) to areas that are more comfortable (optimal values of the heat, the humidity and the pollution). For the materialization of these climatic maps design team invented a catalogue of climatic devices (natural and artificial) that reinforce areas that are already more comfortable by lowering, reducing, inverting, and

Sections Source: Philippe Rahm architects

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Meteorological Architecture of Philippe Rahm”

e11

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

diminishing the heat, humidity and pollution. These devices are classified in three categories: the cooling devices, the drying devices, and the depolluting devices. The natural protective (cooling, drying and depolluting) devices are trees that create heavy shadows, or white flowers and waxy white leaves that reflect the warm sun rays, or trees that produce a strong evaporation that cools the air around; trees with capability to absorb oxides of nitrogen and other aerosols, to make effective sound barriers and reduce the presence of mosquitoes. The other, i.e. the artificial cooling devices are apparatus that uses convection, conduction, evaporation or reflection in order to cool the air or the human body; or drying climatic devices which objectives are to protect the body from the rain and to reduce the excess of humidity in the air that amplify the displeasure by blocking perspiration; or the depolluting climatic devices that reduce the pollution in the air, the excess of the noise etc. All of these artificial devices contribute to the total variety of climate inside the park making special ambient with specific atmosphere which users can choose and enjoy.

Night Light – This device uses radiation and conduction to cool the human body. It was inspired by the phenomenon that during hot nights the excess heat is re-emitted into the atmosphere. It is a curved tube with cold water (from the city water supply system, at temperature of 27°C. The structure provides protection from the solar radiation and offers refreshment at the temperature not higher than 32°C (mean value 27– 37°C). The effects on the human body include less dizziness, less vasodilation, less imbalance of electrolytes, and fewer risks of heat stroke. The two such devices are installed around the location of the park. Long Wave Filter – It is the result of analysis of the solar radiation spectrum that brought up an idea to reflect the sunrays with the highest solar energy concentration (650–750nm) in the spectrum of 450nm–1mm into the atmosphere to reduce the direct solar radiation on the users of the park, i.e. to initiate the process of natural cooling. In this specific case, a glass filter (green, cyan and blue acrylic glass filter) reflects 83% of the heat energy – it releases on the low-energy short waves. Eight such devices found its habitat in colder areas of the park.

COOLING DEVICES System-based and targeted cooling of the park is a result of an analysis of the microclimate and meteorological phenomena that have been causing overheating of the park. These phenomena include wind movements, i.e. its frequency in certain zones of the park and solar radiation. Besides, the project also observed reactions of the human body to different outdoor temperatures, which in the end resulted in five different cooling devices. Anticyclone – Based on the analysis of energy movements (radiation, convection and conduction) the author created an innovative device for blowing cool air into the outdoor space, which he named Anticyclone. The purpose of the device is to create a colder zone with a radius of 11m and maximum temperature of 29.4°C in relation to the surrounding zone with the temperature of 34.5°C. The device blows cool air into the atmosphere, and cools the human body by means of conduction and convection. There are four devices of this type and they are located in the coldest parts of the park, which are determined by the analysis of its hot and cold areas. Cumulus Cloud – Was created to provide better microclimate (lower temperature and reflection of excess solar radiation). The author designed a perforated pillar to disperse mist or droplets to cool down the surrounding air temperature by creating an artificial cloud around the device. Water droplets cool the surrounding area and reflect 90% of the solar radiation into the atmosphere. In total, two such devices have been installed in colder areas of the park.

Cooling Devices location plan Source: Philippe Rahm architects

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Meteorological Architecture of Philippe Rahm”

e12

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Cold Light – Similar approach was used in this shelter to provide sun protection. Here, a violet shade of glass coated with infrared blocking film was used to enable the glass to absorb almost all visible and infrared radiation and allow penetration of only the violet light, which is the coldest light (390–450nm) in the visible spectrum of the sunlight.

DRYING DEVICES

with this gel absorb the air from the park, dry it and emit it back into the atmosphere by means of fans. Dry Cloud has positive effects on the human body. It enables more efficient cooling of the body, perspiration, less overheating and dehydration, inflammation of the respiratory system, reduce high blood pressure, etc. Six devices are installed in the driest parts of the park. Crepuscular Rays – This device provides shelter from monsoon rains, and at the same time, its acrylic glass enables the sun to reach the users of the park. The heaviest rain season is from May to August, when relative air humidity is very high. In total, 15 devices are installed in dry areas of the park.

South-west winds bring more humidity into the city, which causes over-saturation of the park with water vapour. Therefore, it was necessary to analyse the park areas to provide specific drying solutions. Dry, i.e. less humid park areas depend directly on the south-west wind that brings humid air from the sea.

DEPOLLUTING DEVICES

Dry Cloud – If the air is oversaturated, it cannot absorb more moisture, and thus it blocks perspiration. This is made possible by the Dry Cloud device, which absorbs water vapour by means of the silicate gel. Bags filled

As in most urban areas, the biggest air pollutants are harmful gasses from traffic and industries. Active and passive depollution systems are installed in the park, in the areas with less polluted air.

Dehumidifying Devices location plan Source: Philippe Rahm architects

Depolluting Devices location plan Source: Philippe Rahm architects

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Meteorological Architecture of Philippe Rahm”

e13

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Devices for cooling, drying and depolluting Source: Philippe Rahm architects

Ozone Eclipse – In total the 15 devices has been installed to absorb aerosols (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ozone (O3) through various catalytic and plasma filters. The air is depolluted in areas far from the traffic zones and other pollutants. Pre–Industrial Draught – This device filters the air using water. As air is lighter than water, a mechanical force pushes it through the water, depolluting it in that way. Heavy pollutants sink to the bottom from where they can be easily removed. The device eliminates PM10 andPM2.5 particles from the air, which may cause breathing difficulties. Beside the specific devices installed and design through the park, it is important to emphasize that energy savings and efficiency was also a matter of the design. So, all of the above devices are powered by electricity generated from photovoltaic systems, built to meet the energy demands of the park and to reduce CO2 emission down to zero.

ARCHITECTURE OF THE JADE ECO PARK “In order to change the external environment, the architecture works on two levels: the first level is the building envelope as filtration of the outdoor climate. The second level is by conditioning the inside air as an artificial increase of the filtration effects. Constructing a building is actually to build a space pocket whose inner climatic characteristics are each more or less different from those outside. The building envelope has a mission to filter more or less intensely natural outdoor meteorological parameters which are then more or less artificially increased or reduced according to the interior comfort sought.” – Philippe Rahm

Beside special constructions and devices located through the park the project included also few new

buildings. The architect has decided to take different path in creating the objects by applying the same principles of the meteorological architecture from the design of the park to every aspect of the buildings that were planned for the same area, and even to the structure of the building envelope. This is an essential example of how do architects learn and work with the environment itself by carefully designing not only the structure or function of the future building but also its envelope – the element that is the first to come in contact with the surroundings. The traditional wall construction (i.e. stone, wood, brick or glass) represents a single element – a single layer that served as a major, straightforward filter for all of the external climatic forces towards the building. This is a solo, closed plane and boundary between an outer uncomfortable exterior and a comfortable interior. This situation is opposite to the modern construction that tends to distinct layers; use multiple materials and thickness to create optimal joined filters for each exterior condition that can be separated by the intermediate spaces. Buildings of the Jade Eco Park replay to dissociation of an individual building envelope into a wall of multitude layers, each with a specific climate priority. These layers join together and separate from each other in order to develop habitable interstices that heats up, cools down or cleans the inner climate in its own way. Taking the principle of climate as a priority Rahm designed his structures by the level of occupancy, exterior climate conditions and demands for certain interior climatic values. There are four types of buildings throughout the park that follows this same principle of unique functions and building envelop. Climatorium – This building assembles several functions each with different set of its envelope depending on the conditions needed inside for the users to operate in the particular space. The maximum level of the envelope layers are four and they are applied in a concentric gradation from the outside to the innermost, from a single one to a group of four. Each layer is different material and it protects in a specific way, has its’ own mission for climatic filtration.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Meteorological Architecture of Philippe Rahm”

e14

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The first layer (grid of white aluminium) creates physical and solar barrier for visitors representing: the first outline of the interiority; the first element of envelope with open and closed fields of material that meets the wind, rain and heat; the space like outdoor terrace for various activities. The second layer is a thin skin (tight polymer) that stands as a filter for moisture, rain and air. It runs together with first one and yet sometime it shrinks inward to open the space allowing the users to stand underneath when it rains. The third layer (insulating layer consisting of sheep wool coated with a cotton textile) is reserved for more comfortable spaces such as corridors, toilets and storage – the places where users do not spend too much of their time to experience interior discomfort. Inside the insulation are the most comfortable spaces: info centre, café and offices, and these spaces have maximum insulation and are conditioned because users spent most of their time here. In the centre of the building are the three artificial climatoriums – three envelope layer, concrete constructed ambient with ideal conditions of cold, dry and clean climate against the typical Taichung climate (hot, humid and polluted). These “oasis” are a kind of shelters, a refuge for the visitors that are designed for sensual experience. They are the structures of atmosphere (built climates) immersed bodily and sensory. The Coolium is one of the climate constructions for a cool atmosphere that uses conduction and convection. It replicates the climate of the Jade Mountain, located in the middle of the Taiwan Island. In the base, this room reproduces in real-time the subtropical highland climate of the village Alishan located at 2190 meters above sea level with temperatures from 6°C in winter and 15°C in summer. At the top of the space, the visitor will experience the climate from 3000 meters altitude, where the visual effect of sunlight is reflecting off the snow by a grid of white fluorescent lights just as it is at the peak of the Jade Mountain covered by snow and shines like a stainless jade. A translucent transparent acrylic covers floor allowing visitors to walk in the light, as on snow. For better reflection of the light the walls and ceiling are white semi-satin as a white day in the mountain. To simulate the mountain condition a light sensors are installed on the mountain and monitored from Coolium’s technical room that control the emission of light from fluorescent tubes in a real-time dimming of the sun. The Dryium is the spatial construction of a less humid climate that represents the day of November 21st in Taichung that is recognized as the day with the best possible climatic conditions during the whole yearlong of a high humidity. This date is taken as the driest day of the year and replicated in the interior of the Dryium as climate condition on every day. The Authors monitored and recorded a variation of the humidity and

temperature during the whole day of the November 21st so that this data can be transmitted by a computer controlled creator of the interior climate. This oasis is completely white and divided in middle by a glass floor line representing the upper (the air above) and lower levels of the Taichung city (the soil below). The fluorescent tubes stretching on walls and ceilings mimic the path of the sun during the same day so the amount of active lights (noon – five lights on the ceiling, midnight – five light on the floor) directly depends on the exact time during the 24-hour sequence.

Dryium Source: Philippe Rahm architects

The Clearium is the final atmospheric construction with unpolluted indoor environment. This room replicates the climate of the Taichung from the year 1832 before the industrialisation and motor vehicles that erects each year tons of toxic gases and particles that jeopardize human health and before the increase of the temperature due to the global warming. The constant clean air is secured by filtering the air by two different filters: molecular filter for nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), and sulphur dioxide (SO2) and another filter that traps harmful particulates. The air is also cooled by 2°C air to reincarnate in total the air before the global warming. The thick layer of circulating mist caps the open roof of the Clearium to reveal the natural sky of the Taichung. The only alteration is done by modifying the level of humidity to create more clouds just like it was before the increase of the temperature with the turn of the 20th century.

Clearium Source: Philippe Rahm architects

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Meteorological Architecture of Philippe Rahm”

e15

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Jade Meteo Park Source: Philippe Rahm architects

The project of Jade Meteo Park represents a result of past analyses of the subject location and a proposal from a new millennium. This design and its final outcome will contribute to the city of Taichung on so many different levels and it will improve the life quality of its inhabitants. The project also re-assesses some of the basic principles of climate and environment in a single location that are treated according to its roots and natural inhabitant. The authors used benefits of the location and tame other less positive aspects of the site. The design principles and the buildings are all done with the applications of the same – climate driven method that recreates the best possible scenarios for group of different ambient inside the 70 hectare area. It allows the visitors of the park to relax and reconnect with the nature and experience it on a very basic, more sensual level that is less present in other parts of the built

environment. This project is a true symphony of senses gathered around the unique wish for quality, smart and green oases in the middle of the busy metropolis.

Jade Meteo Park Source: Philippe Rahm architects

• Name of the project: Jade Meteo Park • Location: Taichung, Taiwan • Authors: Philippe Rahm architectes, Mosbach paysagistes, Ricky Liu & Associates • New urban park • Dates: 2011–2015. First prize of the International competition in 2011 / Preliminary design completed in December 2012 / Detailed design completed in June 2013 / Tender design completed in December 2013 / Construction started in January 2014 / Completion in July 2015 • Size: 70 hectares • Park (vegetation and topography, rain maintenance), park furniture and climatic devices, architectural buildings, facilities buildings • Public client: Taichung City Government • Budget: 90 million US$

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Meteorological Architecture of Philippe Rahm”

e16

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

APPLICATION FOR THE JADE METEO PARK

Specific location

Temperature, humidity level and pollution level measurements in real time Source: Philippe Rahm architects

Climate data of temperature, humidity and pollution for the specific location Source: Philippe Rahm architects

Interview: Mirjana Uzelac Filipendin Text: Mirjana Uzelac Filipendin and Haris Bradić

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Meteorological Architecture of Philippe Rahm”

e17

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

THE ECO–CONTROLLED URBAN DENSITY INTERVIEW WITH MIRCO TARDIO

Mirco Tardio and Caroline Djuric founded the Djuric-Tardio Architectes in 2004, to develop projects and researches at different urban scale, up to single-family house. Eco-sustainable architecture is the favoured theme, with the aim of investigating the modern needs of living in the contemporary dense urban and suburban areas, while optimizing the city’s energy consumption and the sustainability of its districts. These criteria are the basis of the architectural production of the study, with the modularity and the future and unpredictable reconversion of buildings, embracing a wider stance about the "sustainability” of the project. Djuric-Tardio Architectes develop projects on a small scale but always within a broader vision: to develop a "chart" of principles for the development of a socially inclusive and sustainable future in our cities. In 2012, feedbacks from several eco-sustainable family houses projects start to nourish their theory of an innovative urban-suburban development, based on densification and the respect of the historical scale of districts. The quality of life of inhabitants pass before the mainstream threat of the urban sprawl, which the firm partly considers as an excuse for a schizophrenic optimization of the land. Djuric-Tardio Architectes analyse the interaction between the user and its house, thanks to the variety of their clients in terms of social origins, and therefore assert the high role of the architects’ proposals in the management of energy in the city. Indeed, they stand at the crossroads between individual needs and wishes, cities ambitions of sustainability, and the proposals made by energy suppliers and engineering consultants.

In your works we can recognize many important aspects of the sustainable architecture, but one is the most important: the society – the users – the quality of correct population of the buildings and cities. Could you tell us more about this approach? Mirco Tardio: You are right. Our project “Imbrications” for instance, which has been acclaimed here in France, in the architecture and the urban field as well, aims at raising awareness of energy savings among its users, and also of the importance of a renewable energy. The concept of a cluster of houses able to produce its own energy is not only a decentralization stake but also a simple mean to address the neighbourhood a very clear message: people are now able and allowed to buy a renewable energy, in-situ produced by their neighbours, rather than buy energy to the historical supplier. Isn’t it a sustainable way of raising awareness of people, encouraging them to produce their own energy?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Eco–Controlled Urban Density – Interview with Mirco Tardio”

e18

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Antony House Source: DTA / Djuric Tardio Architectes

How is the Eco-density controlled method sustainable? Mirco Tardio: The concept of densifying the suburban cities suffers from an overwhelming pressure of the metropolis. That’s what led us to propose a concept of densification intimately related to the historic, geographic context and moreover to the local identity. Our goal is to question whether the “hyperdensity” is relevant or not to the suburban cities, as long as we have noticed it condemned them to the rubbing out of their historical pattern, their social links and their local scale, usually more “human” than the Hypercity’s. The “Eco– controlled urban Density” is adapted and contextual. It is an alternative to the “accepted” principles of the non– urban sprawl, respecting better the intrinsic identity of historic city.

How do you perceive the users/inhabitants of your creations? Are they inspiration or resource or something else? Mirco Tardio: Our research on the Eco–controlled urban Density results from data we collected during several years of conceiving and building houses in suburban cities. To be in contact with both the inhabitants and the local authorities confronted us with many questions they had in mind, and that preoccupied them. The individual focus of these houses allowed us to look for answers at a small scale, with specific rules. These answers are the starting point of our wider urban study.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Eco–Controlled Urban Density – Interview with Mirco Tardio”

e19

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Antony House Source: DTA / Djuric Tardio Architectes

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Eco–Controlled Urban Density – Interview with Mirco Tardio”

e20

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The space for the city and the citizens is a sort of synergy of people and space. How do you accomplish it? Where do you find the connections and how do you enable links? Mirco Tardio: An atypical operation in a neighbourhood always creates a sort of social link. We have this in mind when we work on multiplying and duplicating our urban model. We believe that “urbanity” is mainly made by citizens. Therefore, the change, or the urban renewal is easier and stronger when based on a consensus. Imbrications, our project of 15 eco–houses on 4 sites, is an urban dynamo, not only stocking and producing energy, but also generating social link, enthusiasm, confidence and thus similar operations. Like an epicentre propagating its shock waves. It is a new form of individual housing in the city, and a new way of producing, consuming and saving energy.

How do you conquer the challenge of creating in a strong context of identity that does not have the emblematic appearance?

Mirco Tardio: Identity already exists, we intend to preserve it, to enlighten it. Imbrications densifies without turning upside down neither the urban pattern nor the scale. The demand for density is strong and legitimate. It can’t be a pretext for erasing the history of a neighbourhood, of a city, of its industrial past and its strong, rooted social life.

What is more important for the future of a building: a method of its creative process or the communication with its users? Mirco Tardio: An interactive, monitored building, has an impact on the sensibilisation of its users towards sustainability. To produce energy locally, to stock it, to consume one’s own and to get real time information upon your consumption, all these involving process lead people to save energy. Furthermore, if the building is “connected”, it contributes to the intelligent management of energy according to the real needs, and to optimize both production and distribution.

DTA Eco–House Principles Source: DTA / Djuric Tardio Architectes

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Eco–Controlled Urban Density – Interview with Mirco Tardio”

e21

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Rue Sainte Marie – Integration in the existing urban shape Source: DTA / Djuric Tardio Architectes

Looking beyond the buildings as objects, how do you use architecture as an innovative tool to make a change in the environment in a physical and psychological way? Mirco Tardio: The use of natural building materials, the visibility of bioclimatic spaces, planted terraces, demonstrate a strong will to build eco–responsible

projects. Speaking about psychological way, we associate an ecological house to natural, local materials. In a process of social and urban “education/ sensibilisation”, this sustainable choice has to be visible from the envelope, for it is not only a matter of aesthetics, but of real impact, long experienced and proved.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Eco–Controlled Urban Density – Interview with Mirco Tardio”

e22

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Rue Sainte Marie Source: DTA / Djuric Tardio Architectes

Starting from family houses and housing, Djuric-Tardio Architectes are imagining a future urban landscape, based on a different approach of the inhabitant. DTA do not aim at building emblematic project, but at finding solutions to change the rules of control and regulation, to create a smart city based on urban planning but also on the relation of the inhabitant towards its city (including its energy management). It is definitively not about selling a catalogue of green technologies to people. Through the “Architecture Bas Carbone EDF” competition (low carbon architecture/launched by the French energy supplier EDF), DTA is now working on such solutions on the Gennevilliers project, 15 houses spread on 4 plots in Paris close suburb. The research is focused on a new concept of house’ autonomy, leading Djuric-Tardio Architectes to conceive a new outline of smart-grids. The firm participated in various international competitions in architecture and design, also collaborating with different architectural offices on different programs. The Helsinki Library is exhibited at the MOMA in New York, and their temporary, modular and urban nursery concept Sticks at the MAXXI museum in Roma. They won the prize for wood constructions “Lauriers Bois 2012” in Grenoble and the “2012 Prize for the Emerging Architects” for Wallpaper London.

Interview: Mirjana Uzelac Filipendin

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Eco–Controlled Urban Density – Interview with Mirco Tardio”

e23

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Authors’ Papers

Dana Krhlanko, Damir Šeler, Ana Penavić

Process of Natural Growth of Architecture 72

Biljana Pavlović

From Path to Strategy 84

Dina Stober, Branko Cavrić

Dynamics and Aesthetics of Urban Change in Post–Socialist Osijek, Croatia 93

Milica Jovanović Popović, Jasna Kavran

Energy Efficiency and Renewal of Residential Buildings Stock 101

Dina Ahmed Ahmed Elmeligy

Innovative Sustainable Technologies in Heritage Revival 112

Haris Bradić

The Autonomous House, Sarajevo 119

Vesna Lovec, Milica Jovanović Popović

Adapting the Traditional House in Vojvodina to Contemporary Needs. The Porch as the Basic Element of Transformation 127

Soolmaz Abdali Hajiabadi, Alireza Jahanara, Aref Arfaei

An Investigation of the Energy Saving of Windows in Halil Raif Özmuhtar Apartment, Salamis Yolu , Famagusta, Northern Cyprus

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DOI: 10.14621/tna.20140201

Process of Natural Growth of Architecture Dana Krhlanko*, Damir Šeler, Ana Penavić Studio Arhimag d.o.o. Zelengaj 17, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, powerofthespace@gmail.com

Abstract

1. Introduction

For the living environment to be alive, supportive and sustainable, the quality of the process of its creation is crucial. The formal result is just the consequence of the process. Process of natural growth of architecture is the methodology, way of working on designing and building that encourage changes in quality of life through conscious relationship with environment. The basic idea is to open up the design process so that everyone involved can connect and feed the project on many levels: mental, emotional, spiritual… Through the synergy, working beyond conscious level, the process gets infused with life, allowing the architecture to emerge naturally. Such a way of working feels right, grounded in laws of natural balance. In this way, sustainability is embedded in the process itself without being imposed as a set of outside rules and demands. Process of natural growth of architecture is configured as to follow the way architecture manifests itself in the outer space. Although the process is fed by the participants, it is driven by the force of life coming from the seed which has the power to break through into the manifestation provided it is healthy and vital. An architect has the role of the leader of the process and the mediator of a group process having the ability to recognize the forms when they are ready to show up. 7 steps of the process of natural growth of architecture: I step = COEXISTENCE = The reality of current life condition coming from the relationship with present environment shows what is the starting point II step= SEED = Recognizing true potentials and authenticity of the people, gaining freedom for new choices, defining the qualities we wish to be included in life with the future environment- condensing the seed III step= PLACE = Listening to what place needs and offers by looking beyond perceivable IV step= CREATION= Merging of people and place - new life, new form arises in virtual space V step= BUILDING= If the process has enough force, the form will break through into physical realm VI step = FIRST BREATH = new life of a building starts- moving in VII step = COEXISTENCE = Establishing new relationship with the environment, one cycle ends, another one begins

Process of natural growth of architecture is the methodology of creating architecture that allows the architectural forms to come to life naturally and in an easy way from the idea to the built form. The process changes the usual architect-clients relationship. The architect is more a mediator of the group work which feeds the life force that enables the form to come into manifestation. As a consequence of the Process, infused with life, the living environment that comes out of it, is supportive, alive and sustainable.

Keywords:

The methodology, Architectural design, Sustainable architecture, Truthfulness, Manifestation, Life, Supportive environment

Article history:

Received: 6 July 2014 Revised: Accepted: 6 October 2014

2. Theory of Space and Form According to Vastu, the ancient science of form and matter from vedic texts, there is the Primal energy called Moolam= Space, out which all the forms emerge through the process of transformation. The Primal space has inner consciousness. Everything we perceive as forms, aural and visual, are transformed Primal space. Manifestation is described as the Space which pulsates or vibrates and then becomes self-consciousness and creates Kalam=Time, out of which units of Seelam=Order is created and then turns into Kolam=Form. Human beings have the ability to influence the Primal Space through their consciousness. The process of manifestation starts with the intention which causes the first pulse.Young people use public spaces in a different way from most other users. More self-determined and sometimes aggressive, they are no longer "sweet" to attract enough affectionate tolerance. A small group of young people is already felt to be disturbing or threatening and nobody knows what to do with theirs demands and desires. That may be the reason that research and open space planning are putting far less attention on their spatial demands than on those of the sweet children [2].

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ D. Krhlanko, D. Šeler, A. Penavić: “Process of Natural Growth of Architecture”, pp. 68–71

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 1. Illustration of the process of manifestation

3. The space is alive Figure 2. Explanation of inner and outer space

As the Primal energy field is alive by its very definition, all the matter, be it natural forms or built forms, are alive as well and under the same laws of creation as everything else in the universe. Respecting the laws, makes the spaces vibrant and supportive for life.

tool to a tool for the inner work and shifts, which then simply manifest in the outer world.

The spaces we inhabit can feed and support us or they can deplete our energies.

5. Energy moves in cycles

Creating spaces with consciousness of the laws that govern all the forms and with heart connection, ensures that these future spaces will be healthy and nourishing.teens_open_space is co-funded by the European Union and takes place in cities in Austria and Slovakia and can take place everywhere. The examples and experiences put together in this paper represent a synopsis of six years of the project.

4. Inner and outer space According to Vastu Science, all our outer circumstances are mirror pictures of our inner space. As a human being we all know the difference between our inner world and outer world. Our inner world with its emotional, mental & spiritual levels crates our inner space. And that space is place where we create our lives. What we perceive as real world is just a mirror image. Changes we try to make in physical reality are easy if we have made the inner shift which allows the new circumstances to emerge naturally.

We can learn a lot from nature by exploring its shapes and forms and understanding the patterns and cyclic nature of life. Organic growth is not linear, but cyclic depending on the rhythms of the dance of the planets. Earth is a part of the larger system which is a part of the larger system which is…… As architecture is part of the same system, it needs to accept the same rules. The Process of natural growth of architecture nurtures the organic approach to the development of design. It encourages flow and gives space for energy to move through a cycle understanding that one cycle follows another in an endless flow of life.

6. The difference between usual design process and process of natural growth of architecture

According to this, the building of architecture makes the current state of our inner space present and visible in the material world.

The intention is always the step which precedes the actual design process. What happens in a classical design scenario is that clients after having the intention to build something, communicate to architects their wishes and then the architects transform them according to their abilities into design which is then built by constructors.

The Process of natural growth of architecture enables the building process to be a tool for the inner change, for a real improvement of the quality of life. It moves the building process from the position of a demonstration

In the process of natural growth of architecture the main focus is that the activities during the process feed the initial force coming from the intention, so that it becomes strong enough to burst into life form.

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

future building is actually already very alive and present in the inner space. In this step we may sit around the fire, draw posters, work with clay, make space cosmos, dance….depending on the project. In the case of corporate clients we introduce group work without a hierarchical structure in the group so that everyone can feel free to express themselves. The outcome is again “Manifest” saying what the future place will say. III step= PLACE

Figure 3. Diagram showing 7 steps of the process of natural growth of architecture

I step = COEXISTENCE For every change we wish to make in our environment, it is important to become aware of the starting point or the reality of the current condition concerning the topic. This is very important as we can only move anywhere if we start from where we are. For example if the design process seeks to create a new family house, the current living conditions are analysed, as they actually give the best information on the inner space of the family. The analysis is done through group work exploring all the levels of the existace of the space, from physical, over temoral, emotional to the spiritual level. Such approch provides very clear insight into the current condition. The outcome of this step is the “Manifest” of what the current place says and how the family relates with that. II step= SEED This step creates the shift toward the new condition. It allows peoples true potential and authenticity to come to surface. It works on gaining freedom for new choices. This is the freedom we often forget we have. Its goal is to define the qualities we wish to be included in life and with the future environment. What is of crucial importance for the SEED step is that it needs to create a consistent emotional model of the future building. The manifestation depends on how strong and consistent the emotional model is. Ideally, we need to loose fears and burdens and create the model out of love and good feelings knowing that the

The energy of the actual place where the architecture is about to happen has a strong influence on the project. The place is already alive and has its own life. It needs to be listened to and respected. The Process of natural growth of architecture uses the method of place analysis developed for a consensus design which allows the group to read the message of the place by going from the physical level of perception, through time and emotional levels, toward the spiritual level. This method allows the voice of the place to be heard without doubt as it is read by the group sharing consensus at every step. IV step= CREATION Till this phase, Process has gained very strong inputs and the condensation of forms happens in an easy way. They emerge as a 3D model in virtual space. In this way everyone involved can connect to the project. The virtual model gives clear information on the forms created. Clients can feed their emotional model through exploring the virtual model. This step can once again be done through group work by making models and working on the plot if the project scale allows it. The design is later transferred into 3D model and drawings. In any case it is important to keep in constant relation to the seed and the spirit of the place during the creation phase and to remain open to the possible influences on the design. The form needs to find its own expression. The space already knows what it wants to be. Architects need to give encouragement for the inner force to come to recognition. V step= BUILDING All the energies that are involved in the building process determine the quality of the future space. Constructors should be chosen not only on the basis of the technical quality of their work and the price they offer, but choosing a company that has high moral values and respect for their workers. Depending on the scale of the project, the participation of the clients in the building process is necessary for the future healthy relationship between them and the space.

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Choosing natural materials, that haven’t gone through heavy industrial processing helps the future space to be vibrant and life supportive. Acquiring building permits and the building itself should flow easily if the first 4 steps of the process were well done. VI step = FIRST BREATH Moving in is the moment when the life of a building starts. This initiation needs to have a conscious moment dedicated to it. It can be a simple ceremony coming from the heart. VII step = COEXISTENCE With the establishing of a new relationship with the environment, one cycle ends, another one begins. Immediately we start to gain new experiences what naturally leads to a new cycle. Supportive spaces give us freedom to be ourselves. This experience happens not only on a physical but also on emotional and spiritual levels. The feeling is as if we have sunk deeper in our own peace.

7. Conclusion Everything we own is the expression of what we are. Process of natural growth of architecture is a tool to help us to become better, to enjoy life and to follow our inner needs instead of fighting our shadows. The intention behind Process of natural growth of architecture is big. It wants to make life better, people more free, happy and closer to themselves. Our experience is that it works. Making the shift is crucial. No matter how big. Just to make one step toward ourselves is what helps us to go on. The relationship we have with our living environment is so constant, so present and forceful that it is a great opportunity to use it as a tool for an improvement in the real quality of life. The current condition of architecture shows the broken relationship between us and the natural forces. Mostly buildings tend to separate life from nature, to create artificial, zones, based on the physical commodity. The Earth suffers. It is used and ignored as the mother and source of life. Sustainability cannot be gained by imposing a set of rules on architecture. Sustainability can only come from inside, from the consciousness of every individual as the need that cannot be ignored. When our being is out of balance we tend to make substitutions by increasing quantities in our physical environment. We build too big houses, we have too

many things. By being closer to our true desires, we need less and what we need comes with ease. Process of natural growth of architecture puts focus on the quality of process. It changes usual object and goal oriented working. The architects need to feel fulfilled by working. Clients and other participants need to feel connected and seen. Sometimes a Process brings out something completely different from what the initial intention pictured. Onetime clients came with an idea for a big house with 3 flats. Then after following the Process we ended up with a simple house with which they felt much more at ease. One Process for a big Retail industry on the interior for their shops, showed that the strategy they had followed over the last few years went in the wrong direction, emphasising the points which didn’t show their real strengths. On individual levels they felt it, but on a corporate level, there was not enough strength to change it. The Process brings up all sorts of ambiguities and forced presumptions that can be surprising. It can be applied without actual plot or money. Applying it helps to move from the current life position to whatever changes might be. It is applicable to small projects like family houses or bigger scale projects where more people are involved. The methods of work depending on the case. Usual office work is expanded into group activities that sometimes might seem like they have nothing to do with the design process. The point is to loosen learned positions and to allow free expression. We believe in the wisdom of life. At our best we let it through us. Each of us, is a completely unique prism, making the rays of life disperse into the biggest possible varieties of life form. By life form we mean all aspects of our physical presence on Earth, our bodies as well as all our formal expressions. Bringing this consciousness into the process of creation and coexistence with our living environment is what we feel is the highest priority. For our own sake, as well as for the sake of everyone with whom we come into cocreation.

References [1]

Christopher Day, Concensus Design, Socially Inclusive Process, Routledge, 2002.

[2]

V. Ganapati Sthapati, Building Architecture of Sthapatya Veda, Dakshinna Pub. House, 2nd Edition, 2004.

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DOI: 10.14621/tna.20140202

From Path to Strategy Biljana Pavlović Urban Centre „Urbanizam“ Novi Sad Bulevar cara Lazara 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia, biljana.pavlovic@nsurbanizam.rs

Abstract City-construction should be performed in a creative manner – by discovering motifs and themes, exploring external influences, going deep into details, always bearing in mind both broad and narrow context. Bureaucratic approach to the task is obligatory; seemingly it frees of responsibility and concern for the common good, yet it moves the urban planner away from the core altruistic aspirations of the architectural profession. ’’The promenade – new edge of a town’’ is a strategy of sustainable development of the western part of Novi Sad which the author promoted 15 years ago. The idea was to recycle the space i.e. to connect the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal with the Danube via the two existing basins of reclamation canals, while ensuring the flow of water purified by ''Wetland'' system. Watercourse would enhance the drainage of the soil threatened by high ground-water. Relocation of the planned route of the boulevard from the area of the canal and embankment would allow promenade to be put in order. Contaminated water gradually draining off would arouse the interest of the population for the cultivation of the landscape. The monotonous areas of single family housing would be given an open public space that would instigate the construction activities in the area – new spatial landmarks in the relaxing line centre. The idea came to life after the tightening of essential conditions. A cultivated promenade surrounded by greenery becomes part of the urban plan. ''Struggle'' for pedestrian and bicycle path initiated a change in strategy for the development of west part of a city. What remains to be done is: to make a connection between the negligible financial cost of the defence against the excessive inland waters and the use of benefits of the environment of small watercourse; make proposals for the relocation of military barrack. The relocation is related both to new location of the goods transportation centre and the defence of National Park Fruska Gora from further exploitation of mineral resources. Transformation of a city towards a sustainable future is led by creative effort which avoids the pitfalls of bureaucratic approach.

Keywords:

Canals, Embankment, Promenade, Commitment, Vision

Article history:

Received: 7 July 2014 Revised: 1 October 2014 Accepted: 6 October 2014

1. Introduction: Specific view of development strategy of Novi Sad As a macro regional centre of Vojvodina (Republic of Serbia), Novi Sad is a city of 280.000 inhabitants, partly arranged on a left plain riverbank of the Danube – larger area, and partly on the right riverbank, with hillsides of mountain Fruska Gora. Embryonic forms of a settlement have been connected with the narrowest riverbed in Vojvodina’s plain, where the Danube suddenly turns around the rock which was foundation of the fortress of great significance. During the XVIII and XIX century, the settlement has been developed on a left riverside; it expanded from the highest, dried beams radially over the plain. From the 1920s the floodable, swampy branches of the river started to be covered with sand and housing construction in a wide side of the bridgehead began. During the sixties, a water defence embankment (left shore) has been finished, which made it possible to cover ahead and build forth on the defended area, as well as to build a quay with promenade and pushing the one of the main roads from the city centre. After The World War II, strategic plans of urban development (Figure 1) brought zoning, transferring railroad network and industrial area to the north, with imposition of a rectangular to radial urban-rural network. The boulevard beside to the riverbank should stretch extend along the edge between the city and the river (6 km), then go around large family residence on a southwest, with a manner of limiting the west side (3 km), until the city entrance from the settlements away from the Danube. However, the concept of one-side serving main road started to crumble. It changed the offered section starting from the main existing embankment to the west entrance of the main road. From the sharp, brutal diagonal cutting through the existing occupied space, it was transformed to the gentle route over the existing local embankment, that was built in the sixties to protect the city against possible upstream water penetration.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Pavlović: “From Path to Strategy”, pp. 72–83

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

north pumping station into canal which is a part of large Hydro-System Danube-Tisa-Danube. For 15 years these canals have been neglected, polluted by wastewater and waste materials. Questions about the maintenance costs and the purpose of their existence in urban space remain open. Finally, there are fifty years of urban planning, building (and losing) bridges and investing in a public utility and space development of the right riverbank, with the intention of widening the city to the both sides. During the seventies started the construction of multi-family residence of Bistrica (i.e. mountain clear river) in the northwest area started, hence the fringe area of Novi Sad extended. They occupied agricultural land, but filled up the ground first. This direct development has occupied the largest capacity of house construction and it redirected investments far away the right riverbank.

Figure 1. Western part of a city and the Structure Plan of Novi Sad to 2021

In the meantime, uncontrolled housing development in adjacent areas produced consequences with reflects in occupation of agricultural land in the surroundings, degradation of natural values, appearance of insanitary settlements with septic tanks and no supra-structure facilities. Intensive uncontrolled construction produced changes of the Structural Plan of Novi Sad to 2005, so that boundary of the city building zone was extremely pushed to the west, including single-family residential zones. It led to the image of uniform, monotonous, too large houses that are hardly finished. The houses are sunk in the mud that originates from rain and high level underground water. The problem of high level underground water which exists in the large area of the former plowed fields, where the growing housing area is today, is being covered-up. The area has no chance of being largely covered, which used to precede the mass construction in the area next to a river. The existing reclamation system is partly kept but is ''renamed'' to the sewerage of the rainwater. It consists of two basins of open canals: the water from south area is collected by the "Telep" basin and flooded by the south pumping station into the Danube branch; the water from north area is collected by the "Sajlovo" basin, mixed with rainwater from the industrial zone on the northeast and flooded by the

Contemporary Bistrica, in the middle of its older part is represented with the open-space, detached or discontinuous row of high-level houses on common plot (public space) with vegetation, but with no parks. There are extreme finalizations of more or less closed urban blocks, with ground floor used for central contents and with the same two or three floor for the apartments. The open space of these blocks is obstructed by the groundfloor civil protection structures. Far away from the Danube and city centre, with no specialized centre in the surrounding, with no other mark than vegetation and peace, Bistrica is characterized by certain comfort as well as monotony.

2. From the Structure Plan of Novi Sad to 2021 The aims "can be realized on sustainable development principles which imply harmonized economic, social and physical development and absence of conflicts between overall growth and quality, i.e. the culture of living… It means that ecological sustainable criteria on local level establish desirable, in other words compulsory relations between the occupied and vacant land; the use of occupied land was defined so that economic and social criteria act as environmental factors and provide adequate proposition of uses which raise the quality of life, although they do not always bring profit." These goals with less lexical variation have been repeated in the city development documents from The World War II. Their application is partially problematic concerning strategic decisions and design of urban periphery in the western part of the city. Several years of pending decisions concerning secondary embankment, route of the main road and future of the ameliorated channels in the metropolitan area illustrate the lack of commitment to interdisciplinary work and coordination

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Pavlović: “From Path to Strategy”, pp. 72–83

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 3. Sumska Street as a local embankment

Figure 2. The promenade - new edge of a city

of detailed and general planning. This path points to the possible improvement of the current situation, in order to solve complex problems caused by uncontrolled construction in the surroundings and the lack of reasonable strategic response.

Figure 4. Traffic design, flood protection and rainwater disposal

3. Suggestions about the West Edge "The promenade – new edge of a city" is a strategy of sustainable development of the western part of Novi Sad which was promoted 15 years ago (Figure 2). The author's idea of urban recycling rose out of her commitment to the improvement of public space, which should be lead to urban transformation, reconstruction and revitalization in surroundings. There was no openminded authority to approve it. Here are 8 suggestions.

3.1. Correction of traffic design transfer the main roads route The idea about the boulevard into the riverbank area as a frequent traffic artery on the edge of a city, could be replaced by "principal of comb": frequent traffic road in the background, low-level branches pulled out to the attractive aims (partly connected in couples). Instead of stretching the boulevard to the existing local

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Pavlović: “From Path to Strategy”, pp. 72–83

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

embankment "pounded" in the main embankment without the logic extension, it is possible to plan it through the area which is partly in developing. It could be a logical connection - the shortest way from highdensity residence of Bistrica, through the centre of family residential zones, towards existent approach to the river island, which is the desirous centre of tourist and recreation space (Figure 2).

Recycling of the embankment to be used as a promenade could be the example of the incremental approach, i.e. "choosing from small number of policy approaches that can only have a small number consequences and are firmly bounded by reality, constantly adjusting the objectives of the planning process and using multiple analyses and evaluations [1].

Correction of traffic design could be the example of the rational planning, "emphasizing the improvement of the built environment based on key spatial factors which include movement of vehicular traffic", but more, it could be the example of the synoptic planning, with its "emphasis on quantitative analysis and predication of the environment" [1]. Many of the case studies use common knowledge "principle of comb" to exclude vehicular traffic from public spaces.

3.3. Connecting two basins of reclamation system, supporting with running water

3.2. Permanently keeping up the local embankment as a promenade Instead of expanding the top of embankment from 3 to 9 m with intention to build the temporary traffic artery (which would be replaced by the boulevard after raising the main embankment with planned improvement for the protection against millenary high water), we suggest following: keeping up the local embankment as reserve flood control preserved; then, transforming it into longitudinal park with promenade on the top (about 3 km long, from 1 to 3 m higher than the surrounding land), also with trails for jogging, cycling, roller-skating etc. A dirt road on the top is called Sumska (i.e. the field road leading to the forest next to the riverbank) (Figure 3). Sumska Street is now intersected by lower roads which lead from east to west. In irrelevantly short relations it serves as an approach to the houses, that has alternative from the background or short tangent line of one-way street. In addition, many different ways of crossing the roads could be attractive and challenge to imagination about the pedestrian bridges. Sumska Street on a top of the local embankment towards Danube and Fruska gora National Parc, could be used as a promenade in future with trails of every kind and cultivated landscape (Figure 4).

Figure 5. Cross section through the canal and the embankment

In order to improve the evacuation of underground water from the family residential zone on the south and extremely jeopardized part of Jugovicevo on the north, it is possible to connect the basins "Telep" and "Sajlovo", in order to deepen and clean the canals [2]. That could make better hydrology conditions on the land and in the existing branches of the main canals. The proposal plan of traffic design, flood protection and rainwater disposal gives suggestion for the strategy of sustainable development of the western part of Novi Sad [Figure 4]. Reaching could be implemented by gravitational getting the fresh water from the canal Danube-Tisa-Danube, by the pouring into the new pipe - from 300 to 500 m long, which could tank the canal S-800 of System "Sajlovo". Water could be caught from the stable level under the lock of canal Danube-Tisa-Danube where controlled regime of water level is on peak elevation 80 m a.s. Longitudinal section describes the suggestion for the connecting two basins of reclamation system, supporting with running water (Figure 5. and Figure 6). Water treatment would be operative due to system "wetland" (natural puddles) developed on 0,3 km2 of the area "Jugovicevo", jeopardized by underground water. ''Wetland'' system means productive and dynamic habitat with the physical, chemical and biological interactions, whose values include reduced damage from flooding, water quality improvement and fish and wildlife habitat enhancement. It contributes to the overall health of the environment. Wetland would induce development of natural resources by case and accumulation of aquatic flora and fauna. Connection of these two basins has to be excavated on the shortest and the best topographic way. The new 660metre-long open canal would extend over the vacant land reserved for protective vegetation next to the boundary of the building zone. It would contact the southwestern end of canal S-800 (6,5 km) and canal T800 on the station 4,5 km of the basin "Telep". Draining out of the water would be provided by the existing pumping station on the south, which transmits it into the branch of Danube (now fisherman's paradise - a future lake). That's the way of providing the running water favourable for the urban conditions.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Pavlović: “From Path to Strategy”, pp. 72–83

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Using the running water for the recovery of land could be the example of recent theories of urban planning "for example by Salingaros see the city as an adaptive system that grows according to process similar to those of plants. They say that urban planning should thus take its cues from such natural processes" [1]. Preliminary design ”Flussbad, urban renewal and swimming-poll precint", Berlin [3], is a strategy that leads to the preservation of channels in the city, their reconstruction and revitalization. As a result of the expected reduction of pollution themselves channels, and therefore adverse impacts to the environment, the revival of flora and fauna, and the return of the tradition of the channel as a place for recreation and meetings.

3.4. Forming of vegetation wedges with integration into a half-circle around the city Taking over the canals and embankments route as a vegetation and water corridor to the width of 40, 60, 100 to 300 m, certainly could provide streaming of the fresh air in a following way: a) From the woodland of the Fruska Gora National Park, across the Danube and river valleys with park-forest and planned rowing and sailing trail, swimming beach and eco-camp; b) Through the large family residential zones on both sides (Figure 7); c) Through the city nursery garden within the area which has been assigned to a bio-garden of a significant scientific and horticultural character, including the green house; d) Through the sports park that have been planned for the multi-family residence of Bistrica, with extension through its large green main roads towards wetland; e) Through the family residential zone on the northwest and its uncontrolled urban growth in adjacent area, and then through the planned protective green belt too (Figure 8); f) Through the planned landscape park “Jugovicevo”, though harmonized with authentic values of “wetland” between the cemetery on the northwest and the planned sports centre with mixed uses on the southeast; g) Between the old tree platanus occidentalis protected as a natural property (one of the six trees in Novi Sad protected by law); Figure 6. Longitudinal section – suggestion for the connecting two basins of reclamation system

h) Through the planning sports park for the peripheral family residence;

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Pavlović: “From Path to Strategy”, pp. 72–83

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 7. Fishermans in amputated segment of the canal

Figure 8. Neglected canal

i) Through the protective vegetation planned between the railway line and the business activity on the entrance direction to the settlement on the north;

The first step - open promotion of the here presented idea by the local government which would induce the financial resources for excavating the 660-metre-long canal [3], building the siphon, laying the supply pipe 300 to 500 m long and opening the existing canals here and there.

j) Across the planning hydro-technical intake area to the existing protective green belt extended along both banks of the canal Danube-Tisa-Danube. Identification of this vacant route between occupied land, although keeping such attention to promote a natural influence on urban life, could discover the first continually planted half-circle of vegetation around Novi Sad [4]. That could vivify the proclamation of the structure plan about integration of vegetation wedges into a system. Contemporary urban design calls for the formation of new urban oasis which are tailored to the needs of its users, so that it is an artful combination of wetlands, creation of the field of plant materials and landscaping.

3.5. Inducing population to arrange a promenade The promotion of this idea to the local government ought to be led by realistic vision of the optimal cooperation of private and public interest [5]. That would give a common basis to our vision. Communicative approach to planning focuses on "using communication to help different interests in the process understanding each other" [1]. Recent theories of urban planning, for example by Salingaros "also advocate participation by inhabitants in the design of the urban environment, as opposed to simply leaving all development to large-scale construction firms" [1], according to Project for Public Spaces (PPS) which "is the central hub of the global Placemaking movement, connecting people to ideas, expertise and partners who share a passion for creating vital places" [6].

The second step - promotion of this idea together with gradual evacuation of polluted water which would induce inhabitants in the neighbourhood to clean canals and embankment from waste materials and cultivate the landscape, planting lined trees along the canals and support vegetation (lawns, shrubs, flower gardens) along the embankment. Finally, they could post some modest assembles of benches, eaves and children's playgrounds on grass. These spontaneous activities are expected from the inhabitants of the single-family residence who, even now, in early evening stroll along the embankment, appear on the alley (traditional, rural custom) to associate with neighbours, whose children feel limited within the boundaries the home gardens and to whom half empty streets and neglected spaces represent a homey space. Arousing joint efforts for the joint interest in their own encirclement would echo with these modest people who have built houses by helping each other. The third step would be to actually finance illumination, paving with tablets or asphalt and covering the trails of any kind (footpath, jogging, trimming, bicycle lane, roller skating etc.) with gravel.

3.6. Stimulus for builders Gradual arrangement of promenade will induce people to differ in house construction activity along the contact of public and private space: new pedestrian entrances

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Pavlović: “From Path to Strategy”, pp. 72–83

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

from the existing gardens, reconstructions of the houses to create new facades to represent the owners, new restaurants with basins and fountains, all kinds of clubs, galleries, music and theatrical stages. Gradually, these spaces will create specific form of pedestrian's line centre [7]. In the meantime, it is expected that the land value would grow and no one would be able to say: 'Adequate planning does not bring profit!

3.7. Realisation by means of concessions for the attractive focal points Growing attractiveness of promenade will produce growing affinity of building the unusual restaurants and entertaining places at this site. From that moment on, sections of the promenade will be conceded by means of concession for the purpose of building the following:

identity and marking the city edge. It's accessible if: an embankment and canal could associate towards the meanings of the Great Wall of China and trench around city fortification [10], the vertical structure next to the bridge across the main road could remind of the entrance to that city, and if the environment full of fountains and park-like arranged entrances to the architectural "foolish-acts" could associate to the castles and summer houses from all historical periods. If that is so, we can believe to raise the quality of life far from necessity, towards the level where the culture of living is characteristic for the world of satisfaction, which lives in surroundings of water, vegetation and nonchalant promenades (Figure 10).

a) Imaginative accents with pedestrian's bridges across the main roads on entrance directions to Novi Sad, in business activity manner supplemented with the wind-pump, or build as a solar structure whose power could push water on; the best place for windpump is on the contact point of the canal and the main embankment; b) Open playgrounds for recreation, with restaurants and entertaining contents for children in both sports parks (already planned); c) Riding school and a small zoo, for instance; ''Wetland'' next to the fisherman-club, skating rink and swimming beach is obligatory. Use of the public space will include obligation of construction and keeping the main footpath and bicycle lane, vegetation care and control of water current. At last, but not least, the physical development of Bistrica could experience the highest level of attractiveness. Unexpected network of decorative canals with waterfalls from fountains would go through the vacant vegetation of interiors and edges of the multifamily residential blocks [8 and 9]. In the future, it could go through the atriums and halls of the public and business structures on Bistrica’s deserted main roads. That will definitively justify its name - clear river. Unexpected network of decorative canals with waterfalls from fountains would go through the vacant vegetation of interiors and edges of the multi-family residential blocks (Figure 9).

Figure 9. Canal in Stockholm

3.8. Identity of urban periphery Meaning of the presented idea about harmonized economic, social and physical development of the urban periphery hides in a reality and possibility of promoting

Figure 10. The quality of life - the world of satisfaction

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Pavlović: “From Path to Strategy”, pp. 72–83

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Reviving the ideas about the West Edge This entry was sent to the 10th IFHP International Student Competition [11] on a theme "Recycling Urban Networks and Architecture" related to the IFHP International Congress in Barcelona, September 2001. The author thanks the courtesy of Ph. D. Atila Salvai (University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Water Management) to the technical authorial induce and overall help. Unfortunately, the competition jury didn't find it to be of interest. Ten years later, the conditions from overall started changing. The conditions of the competent institutions were obtained because of the preparation of the new Master Plan of Novi Sad. The Institute for Nature Protection, pointed to the need to protect wildlife in the marsh canals and reclamation of system "Sajlovo", The Institute for Protection of Cultural Monuments pointed to the newly discovered precious archaeological site in the zone of the former high bank of the Danube (the northern part of Jugovicevo), and Public Water Maintenance Centre required the retention of the local embankment. Terms of the institutions and persistent criticism of obsolete urban solutions that have ignored the existing reclamation canals, resulted in a change of zoning plans along the western boundary of the construction area of Novi Sad: – Archaeological park is proposed in the north of Jugovicevo, at the intersection of the newly constructed boulevard and planned protective green belt; – The route of the planned road is altered - through Jugovicevo to the bend in the direction of the northeast to south-west, following the existing

reclamation canal "Sajlovo" and planned protective green belt and it joins the existing road network; – The elaboration of urban space proposals for the reanalysis of the current barracks Jugovicevo is initiated; – The retention of the local dike is conditioned and after implementation of the new traffic model, the idea of a cultivated green promenade in the area of single-family housing has become part of the new urban plan (Figures 11 and 12). "The battle" for pedestrian and bicycle path initiated the change in city development strategy. However, a battle for convincing the institutions responsible for planning and development remains – they should be persuaded that the desirable defence against excessive internal waters should be connected with the use of environmental benefits of small streams. The costs of construction such small, cautious steps towards the meaningful and worthy aim are negligible. The gradual development would be the best way because it is made in a sustainable way. For the implementation of "from strategy to path" long struggle is ahead.

5. The controversial location of barracks The condition for the realization of the northern part of the green-way and future needs in the area of the present barracks (230 ha) is moving out of the army to а new location, which should be obtained by the city. Space planning of expansion under the conditions of demographic and economic recession demands a sustainable approach, which, in this case, means that the space might be used for: health and rehabilitation

Figure 11. Starting point of the new urban plan of Sumska Street ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Pavlović: “From Path to Strategy”, pp. 72–83

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 12. The first idea of the new urban plan of Sumska Street

centres, scientific and technological parks and green architecture residential district of lower density, combined with the services, recreation and renewable energy solutions. Suggestions for a way of capitalization of land after the eviction of barracks involve the application of knowledge of numerous highly educated persons. That means that they should be spirited to make a creative breakthroughs in the development of science, in addition to provide commercial services and the use of modern living, where principles of sustainable development are applied.

(10 km) through residential neighbourhoods. Executive authority in the province of Vojvodina supports this intention of public-private partnerships, as well as development of the economy. Apart from that, authorities announced amendment of the law on the exploitation of mineral resources within national parks. That would allow the expansion of non-metal mines, which is in direct conflict with the efforts which people from the nearby settlement have made for many years. On this occasion, we point out that the reconstruction of the railway would cause the following hazards to city:

However, the proposals for the new location of the barracks are controversial, because the planned location on the left bank of the Danube is in the far eastern part of the construction area of Novi Sad (Figure 13). It is on land which is exposed to the extreme of underwater. The restoration would require too much funding. Therefore, there are several years of unsuccessful negotiations on moving the army. In recent years, half of the site intended for the army has been suggested to the purpose of the location of logistics centre for multimodal transportation (125 ha, hub for road, rail and water transport). At the same time, on the right bank of Danube, on the west of the borders of the construction area of Novi Sad [Figure 13], the army intends to sell and leave the barracks (10,5 ha) with docks, oil stocks and long precious infrastructure which the obsolete doctrine used for the state defence of the country. Nowadays the barracks are partially rented to a private oil company. This company, along with foreign owners of cement plants and quarries nearby Fruska Gora, and along with truck company, have offered to Serbian Railways to revitalize the abandoned railroad. The line passes mostly

Figure 13. Locations of barracks and the Structure Plan of Novi Sad to 2030

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Pavlović: “From Path to Strategy”, pp. 72–83

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

– It would allow the transport of goods through an exclusive metropolitan area which contradicts sustainable development; thus, the relocation of such transport to the periphery should be obligatory; – That would allow the establishment of private logistics centres for intermodal transport in the upstream part of the Danube and outside the territory of the city, which has applied to the city's interest to form a new logistics centre in the downstream part of the river Danube.

6. Some proposals for barracks relocation Instead of this scenario, the proposal is the following: – Large savings in the city budget would be obtained by moving the barracks from Jugovicevo to the existing location of the barracks on the right bank of the Danube, on the west side of the borders of the construction area of Novi Sad; its extension may be in an area of 30 ha; thereby the problem of unreachable costly construction of a new complex (130 ha) at the proposed location on the east where it conflicts with the planned logistic centre could be overcome; – There is no need to revitalize abandoned single-track railway for freight transport; we should transform the track railway into a longitudinal park (10 km), which would include walkways, bicycle paths, jogging, horseback riding, exercising areas; area of family housing on the right bank of the Danube is missing such an attractive public space; such greenways should be linked to recreational trails of Fruska Gora National Park; – Economic development in a national park should be limited to the common interest of environmental protection; the transport of goods, to a greater extent, should be directed to the river and the existing ports and harbours. It is necessary the administration of Novi Sad to indicate the risk of further degradation of Fruska Gora. Preservation of the national park is the largest goal of the citizens of Novi Sad, especially of the residents of high quality family housing areas on gentle hilly right bank of the Danube. The relocation is related both to new location of the transport of goods and logistics centre for multimodal transport and to the defence of national park from further exploitation of mineral resources. Emigration is necessary in order to achieve the presented vision on connecting the canals as well as to build the facilities for evacuation of inhabitants from other ''vulnerable'' yet valuable areas of the city. In addition, it is associated with a significant improvement of tourist potential of

the city and creation of a general vision of economic development: from path to strategy and back, supporting sensible and designed ideas towards realization.

7. Conclusion: The future is in supporting sensible and designed ideas The idea of transformation of the west edge of a city is based on adapting the new system to the existing physical structure of spatial coverage and its environment. Transformations based on respecting the context, the character of the area, and the aspirations of the local community (Sumska Street) to keep the same. The goals are to preserve the local identity through the reconstruction of the secondary embankment and revival channels, and to activate the open space along the axis. By applying the principles of reconstruction and rehabilitation, planning solution aims at enabling revival and restoring identity a neglected part of the periphery. What remains to be done is following: to make a connection between the negligible financial cost of the defence against the excessive inland waters and the use of benefits of the environment of small watercourse; to make proposals for the relocation of military barrack (new mixed uses, science and technical centre). In the future, development of the whole area to the line centre could propose lot of various forms of revitalization, reconstruction, new construction, landscaping and the introduction of energy-efficient and self-sustaining systems. Sustainable architecture as a first-rate set requirement for new construction in urban expansion would bring higher quality to the entire area. It is essential for urban planning, concerning the purpose of adaption to climate change, and if we take into account the negative demographic trends – it is also reasonable; its feedback would be an initiative to reconstruct the existing structures. Insisting on green building implies realistic approach of planners and close monitoring of economic developments. City-construction should be performed in a creative manner – by discovering motifs and themes, exploring external influences, going deep into details, always bearing in mind both broad and narrow context. It is necessary in each specific case to link urban planning with strategic planning in detail. This would harmonize political interests at the local, provincial, and national level. Bureaucratic approach to the task is obligatory; seemingly it frees of responsibility and concern for the common good, yet it moves the urban planner away from the core of the altruistic aspirations of the architectural profession. Transformation of a city

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Pavlović: “From Path to Strategy”, pp. 72–83

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

towards a sustainable future is led by creative effort which avoids the pitfalls of bureaucratic approach.

Acknowledgement The author acknowledge Ph. D. Atila Salvai (University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Water Management). The author acknowledge the support from Urban Centre “Urbanizam” Novi Sad for helpful discussion with colleagues, assistance providing starting material and reference samples, data and services, providing language help and proof reading the article.

Funding source Urban Centre “Urbanizam” Novi Sad provided financial support for the conduct of the research of the manuscript, without any decision to submit the manuscript for publication. It consist theese sources: 1. The Structure Plan of Novi Sad to 2021, http://www.nsurbanizam.rs/?q=gpns (accessed 2nd February 2014); 2. Documents of the Waterpower Engeneering Office “Sajkaska” Novi Sad, Serbia; 3. Other documents of the Public Office – Urban Centre “Urbanizam” - The Office for Urban Planning Novi Sad, Serbia.

Footnotes [1] More about theories of urban planning, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning#The ories_of_planning (accessed 26th September 2014) [2] More about variables by which the effects of alternative planning patterns can be evaluated in hydro-logic terms, Leopold, B. Luna “Hydrology for urban land planning: A guidebook on the hydrologic effects of urban land use” (1968), http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0554/report.pdf (accessed 2nd February 2014) [3] Project ”Flussbad, urban renewal and swimmingpoll precint", as a quality example of urban renewal proposals neglected area in the center of the reactivation of the channel with the use of biological measures in Berlin. The project is guided by sustainable urban development and planning, with the aim to preserve the ecological integrity of the river Spree. Move the channel length of 1.5 km is divided into three segments. The first segment of A with shaped stairway approach channel is designed to relax, sit and relax by the pool for a swim. Purified water comes from a wetland located

in the upper segment. The last segment is transformed into a green oasis, which aims to transform the channel into a natural river habitat while preserving the flora and fauna, http://www.flussbad-berlin.de/ (accessed 11th September 2014) [4] The most beautiful images of vegetation belts along canals that sustainably contribute to the development of a city I have experienced in Boston Emerald Necklace, where the vision of landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted is realized after a long struggle, and it continues to inspire with its modern complex design, http://www.fredericklawolmsted.com/boston.htm l (accessed 2nd February 2014) [5] The most beautiful image of the elevated promenade which is the result of the optimal cooperation of private and public interest - public park built on a historic freight rail line elevated above the streets on Manhattan’s West Side, High Line, New York, http://www.thehighline.org/about/high-linehistory (accessed 2nd February 2014) [6] PPS, http://www.pps.org/ (accessed 28th September 2014) made two community workshops in Novi Sad in 2004. Placemaking I experienced as a member of NGO "Zelena mreza Vojvodine" (Green Network of Vojvodina), http://www.zelenamreza.org/ (accessed 28th September 2014) [7] The realized ''longing'' for a promenade along the artificial watercourse, the promenade which first becomes the mark of the periphery and then of the city, became vivid to me at a gathering place for the young people along the canal that was dug long ago, the Canal Saint Martin in Paris, http://www.paris.fr/english/heritage-andsights/canals/canal-saint-martin (accessed 2nd February 2014), which is a continuation of Basin de la Villette and the famous contemporary park which has the same name. [8] Experiences from a rich-in-ideas project on sustainable development held in Malmo, http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-cities/sustainablecities/all-cases/master-plan/malmo-bo01---anecological-city-of-tomorrow (accessed 2nd February 2014); adequate planning always makes profit. [9] Stroll and introduction to the overall experience in creating and life control in multi-family residential blocks in Stocholm, http://www.futurecommunities.net/casestudies/hammarby-sjostad-stockholm-sweden1995-2015 (accessed 2nd February 2014), assured me that the realization of the ideal of urban

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Pavlović: “From Path to Strategy”, pp. 72–83

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

planners is possible with a clear and effective process organization that involves the whole life cycle of buildings. [10] Everything about hhe edge I dreamt is necessary for my city, I experienced at city-fortification in Lucca, Toscany, Italy, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_walls (accessed 2nd February 2014) [11] At the University of Novi Sad and the University of Belgrade, the late professor Ranko Radovic was a

great honest propagator of the idea that architecture students participate in the International Student Competition which has been organized by The International Federation for Housing and Planning for year. And now, the competition for young planning professionals in Europe is favoured, http://www.ifhp.org/event/international-youngplanning-professionals-award-yppa2014#.U38SadJ_t8E (accessed 5th May 2014)

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Pavlović: “From Path to Strategy”, pp. 72–83

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DOI: 10.14621/tna.20140203

Dynamics and Aesthetics of Urban Change in Post–Socialist Osijek, Croatia Dina Stober1*, Branko Cavrić2 1

*Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Osijek Drinska 16a, 31000 Osijek, Croatia, dstober@gfos.hr 2 Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Botswana

Abstract

1. Introduction

There are significant differences between urban changes affecting large, medium and small size cities in the postsocialist world of Eastern Europe. The regional centre of Eastern Croatia, the city of Osijek, is one of the examples of shrinkage showing declining trend and the most concerning demographic one. This paper introduces the dynamics and processes of change that have affected the urban area of Osijek, defined as functional shrinkage of the Osijek city core since the arrival of the new economic and political system. It combines an overview on the structures of decision making and quantitative indicators of changes in construction industry. It charts intensive reconstruction and new aesthetic of central public places and degradation of the street areas with the intensive housing emanating from the power of free market. The study is based on data obtained from a review of the literature on shrinking city studies as a platform for critical review. Official documents, statistical censuses, maps, authors’ and historical photos have also been utilised in the field work. The paper brings forward some key challenges facing the urban planning profession in post-socialist Osijek: how to ensure balanced and coherent changes in urban fabric among misbalanced interests.

The cities of Eastern Europe are facing the same kind pressures as their Western instances such as environmental pressures, globalization, deindustrialization, privatization, gentrification etc. They are under the same risk to become alike all the other cities in the world, to lose their identity. Inertia of the spatial changes puts them behind political and economic shifts so the turbulences in the first ones are presented as abrupt changes in city space and the city identity. What kind of identity is post-socialist city searching for? What are the values of the post-socialist city that should be emphasized and remained? And what is the period and dynamic within post-socialist city can accomplish goals that are so fuzzy and blurred?

Keywords:

Post–socialist city, Shrinking, Public places, Streets

Article history:

Received: 3 July 2014 Revised: 10 September 2014 Accepted: 17 September 2014

The literature clearly claims that the new structure of economic activities has an impact on a new spatial order; a new urban hierarchy is no longer based on territorial or national boundaries, but based on networks and connectivity. Some authors advocate the theory that material aspect is no longer the core issue of the city and that the digital networks and hyper mobility of markets become more dominant over the physical space [1-3]). Castells [1] ascribes to the city changes shift from ‘a space of places’ to a ‘space of flows’, a concept in which flows of capital, flows of information, and flows of organizational interactions are taking place through electronic circuits, that are connecting between nodes and hubs ‘cities’. Sassen [3] claims that older hierarchies of scale are destabilized and are going through dramatic rescaling. As the national scale loses significance along with the loss of key components of the national state’s formal authority over the national scale, other scales gain strategic importance. The Western “planning culture” [4] accepted new actors and roles in planning so urban development decisions are not solely made by local government any more, but in association with other private organizations, public arena and individuals [5]. Local governments are no longer playing an

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ D. Stober, B. Cavrić: “Dynamics and Aesthetic of Urban Change in Post–Socialist Osijek, Croatia”, pp. 84–92

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

exclusive role as the leading policy-maker; they are merely one of the many actors involved in the multiactor policy-making process [6]. The actors involved in planning the Eastern city are trapped with its endeavours and goals [7] in the gap between frozen image of the developed western city and the western city that already made a shift to globalized and network society. There has always been competition between cities, but today, under the growth-oriented economic demand currently followed by most European countries, competition between cities in Europe has become more intense than ever. The city is accepted as “the frontier zone“ of the world [8] as “engine of the economy, as place of connectivity, creativity and innovation, and as centre of services“ [9] or more dramatically “city is all we have“ [2] so its role in a global sense has much importance so the continuity of rethinking the changes of the post-socialist city is needed (see [7], [10-14]) after the vast literature on socialist city [15-16]. This paper focuses on new appearances in urban fabric of the post-socialist city of Osijek as the representation of different actors and interests through the critical analysis of its identity and discontinuity. It will be concentrated on urban morphology and urban design of two most construction productive socialist period as well as post-socialist period trying to depict the dynamic and aesthetic of the changes of the main city squares and city streets in the peak periods. In the first part of the paper some most influence processes on urban fabric of Osijek will be discussed – functional, morphological and aesthetic changes and actors involved in urban planning.

2. Contemporary realities and trends: What is and what it should be In final texts of the “Cities of tomorrow: Challenges, visions, ways forward” [17] one can find comprehensive vision of the future European city elaborated and explained. The preferred urban territorial development pattern is, among other demands, characterised by a compact settlement structure with limited urban sprawl through a strong control of land supply and speculative development and by improvement of the urban scene, landscape and place where local residents identify themselves with the urban environment. The other discourse is the pressure pulled or pushed by growth or the decline [18]. As contributing factors for the negative dynamics might occurs in economy crises, deindustrialization, strong centralization, natural or human-induced disasters, an ageing or low-fertility rate population, or additionally as in the cities of Eastern Europe war and the dissolution of socialist systems. Among other things, it is about the way of looking at issues - a positive mark of spending the new, and a negative mark of reducing demands, are something that

planners will have to overcome. Reconstruction and reuse will have to be a sufficient challenge to satisfy the appetite that seeks progress. A few authors have called for a shift in paradigm when it comes to planning for shrinking cities [19]. In 2004, the consensus definition of a shrinking city was coined by Shrinking Cities International Research Network (SCIRN) that said it is a densely populated urban area with a minimum population of 10,000 residents that has faced population possess in large parts for more than two years and is undergoing economic transformations with some symptoms of a structural crisis[ 19]. The definition for shrinking cities by Pallagst [19] states as follows: “A ‘shrinking city’ is defined as a densely populated urban area with a minimum population of 2,500 residents that has faced a population loss in large parts of it for more than two years and is undergoing long-term or cyclic economic, societal or cultural transformations causing symptoms of a structural crisis. The qualities of place are often ascribed to physical characteristics as size, scale, and relative proportions of various elements. Understanding the physical complexities of various scales, from individual buildings, plots, street blocks, and the street patterns that make up the structure of towns helps us to understand the ways in which towns have grown and developed. The question is for what purposes? Why do we need to look back or at the present situation if we need and plan new structures in the city? The city structure has always been somewhat dynamic, expanding and shifting, with certain elements disappearing over time making place for the new one, presenting economic and social shifts in physical appearance. The architecture of a city includes not only the visible image of the present built environment, but also traces of its construction over time (Table 1). Aesthetic continuity and strive for better living conditions are permanent characteristics of urbanism, which remind us of the close relationship between the form and history of cities.

3. Dynamics of urban changes in Osijek City of Osijek, the regional centre of Eastern Croatia, with 83,496 inhabitants and area of 169 km2, located longitudinally along the Drava River, is the fourth largest city in Croatia. Demographic trends during 60s and 70s optimistically predicted a large expansion of the city to the other bank of the Drava river, but the current negative balance as well as the qualitative structure of the population do not predict population growth of the city [20] (Figure 1). According to Pallagst [19], Osijek can be defined as shrinking city for the declining demography and structural changes that will be presented here.

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table 1: Overview of the main urban processes, agents and land management and planning tasks following different periods Source: Authors compilation based on Cavrić [7] PERIOD

URBAN PROCESS

KEY AGENTS

LAND MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING TASKS

1963-1976

urban renewal, fast urbanization, illegal individual houses at the urban fringe, rural-urban migration

urban planners at the national level, individual construction, adaptation

deep spatial analysis, master planning, city core planning, district planning, construction permit

1977-1990

urban development, development of public facilities, city districts shopping malls

urban planners at the national and local level, architects

master planning, public building construction permits, not illegal but unrecorded residential building

1991-1995

war devastation, exodus, rural-urban migration, ethnic decomposition

civil engineers, architects

renewal construction permits

1996-2008

urban renewal, decomposition of the city street, scattered residential high building infill, unbalanced demand, deindustrialization

real estate companies, landowners, building companies, regional and local government, architects

all level planning (national, regional, local, urban, detailed), building construction permit

2009-2014

economy crisis, city shrinkage, gentrification

regional and local government, architects, IT experts

public squares renewal, infrastructure investments, building construction permit

the main squares. The development of the urban fabric of the three original nucleuses took place around transport links – Strossmayer Street, Martin Divald Street, Vukovar Street and Vinkovci Street for the newly established urban areas (Figure 2). Authors Pegan and Jukić [21], and Njegač et al. [22], [23], distinguished themselves with the integral scientific researches on changes in the spatial organization of Osijek, among other sector, thematic or historical period specific works on issues concerning Osijek [e.g. 24-26]. Current urban trends in Osijek have been associated predominantly with the following four processes:

Figure 1: Number of Inhabitants in the City of Osijek during the period 1961-2011 Source: compiled from the Croatian Bureau of Statistics Censuses, http://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm

Osijek, as a whole, emerged by linking functionally dependent but physically separated settlements of Fortress, Upper and Lower Town, whose focuses were

(1)

Social and functional shrinkage of the Osijek urban area followed by inter-urban growth of brownfields and retail developments at the fringe;

(2)

Reconstruction and new aesthetic of central public places, squares;

(3)

Decomposition and degradation of the street areas with the intensive housing and mixed land use;

(4)

The status quo of the intra urban green infrastructure conservation as well as existing socialist housing neighbourhoods.

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The aim of this paper is to show the basic morphologic changes in the urban fabric of the city, with special reference to the squares and the main street between the Lower and Upper Town.

The historical unit of Fortress is not included in this paper since it has not experienced significant transformations of tissue during the period of social regime. The contribution of this paper is a comparison of planning approaches during the '60s and '70s and contemporary planning documents as well as the presentation of the medium city. The method of independent field research, photography and mapping, analysis and processing of maps and analysis of statistical data was used. The paper dealt with the spatial framework set of Osijek area of the Master Plan for Osijek in 2006. Reviews on presented urban changes are to be found at the end of the paper in the context of previous introduction.

3.1. Public squares and tangential urban fabric in socialist and post-socialist regime The identity of the whole city is often marked by aesthetics and content of the town squares and their perimeter. The three main squares of Lower and Upper Town in Osijek: Ante Starčević Square and Square of Freedom in the Upper Town, and Josip Jelačić Square in Lower Town were the focus of transformation during the two observed periods. During the socialist regime these areas experienced different levels of transformation.

Figure 2: The growth of the city of Osijek area from medieval to modern city Source: Authors adaptation of Miščević, R.(1965) Osijek historical area analysis

Ante Starčević Square (Figure 3) was defined by a peripheral structure during the 18th and 19th centuries, and the reconstruction of the area in 1976, that was carried out under the authorship of the city's urban planner Radovan Miščević, involved its surface and underground, without interfering in peripheral historically valuable edge. Construction of the bifunctional - shopping and sheltering underground space beneath the square potentiated the pedestrian shopping zone. Another situation occurred on the territory of today's Liberty Square (Figure 4) which underwent a wide reconstruction of the entire area of the centre replacing small structures by new forms of housing and building of business commercial facilities on nationalized land. The area went through an infrastructural reconstruction, traffic regulation was introduced, and a world’s trend of pedestrian zones was implemented in the very centre of Osijek. Lower Town Square Josip Jelačić Square (Figure 5) in Lower Town followed the Upper reconstructions but the reconstruction has not been as consistent as in the first two cases. The square was partially redesigned according to the 1975 plan, while the peripheral structure discontinuously changed. Nevertheless, the square fell behind in significance compared to the Upper squares with its park decoration and late joining of the shopping centre. The peripheral urban structure changed along the eastern part of the southern part

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 3. Ante Starčević Square Source: Up: National Archives in Osijek, Down: Author: Topić, M.

Figure 4. Freedom Square Source: Up: National Archives in Osijek, Down: Authors photo

while the north side has been kept until today. The urban design plan Vladimir Nazor Square from 1965, planned activating the historical part of the city with a small morphological structure of ground-family houses, and to create micro-rayon structures. In the area southwest of the square, a residential area with skyscrapers and ground service peripheral function facilities was built during the '80s, as well as a reconstruction of the northern block and part of the east block, and even wider, was made. The urban-architectural competition for the main square held up during 1997 but it was repeated in 2004. It redesigned the public place and introduced several controversies around financial and symbolic features but did not bring the revitalization of the city core. Today the main city square is the point for occasional city music concerts, trade festivals and daily pedestrian and tram traffic. Present prevailing empty commercial spaces dominate by the main public city space in spite some innovative urban accessories and aesthetics. One of the processes in East European capitals that occurred in the historical core since 1990 has been commercialisation – the increase of commercial functions such as business offices, retail, restaurants, hotels, etc. in the total and use of the area [11]. Sykora [11] defined the most common mechanisms of

Figure 5. Square banus J.Jelačić, Source: Up: National Archives in Osijek, Down: Authors photo

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

commercialisation as (1) the change from residential to commercial use within the existing building stock; (2) demolition of existing structures with residential and commercially less intensive uses and their replacement by new taller and larger buildings and; (3) land use intensification through new commercial developments on vacant land and densification through additions, such as filling in the court yards within blocks of buildings. In 1996, the following urban and architectural competition for the central square in the Lower Town was carried out, and with the following objectives: decorating the surface, proposing contents for the north side of the square, as well as for the north and south street structure surrounding the square. Accidental fire that took part in 2009 in the shopping mall, forced the reconstruction of the building but it’s still remaining empty for the half of its area. The pedestrian zone is vital while upper floors remain underused. In Osijek, post-socialist and post-war time brought the need for a redevelopment or better say, redesign plus renewal of obsolete infrastructure in a manner of reaction to the former periods and events. Furthermore, the public places were the land that still had clear public domain in a new free-market economy and blurred public-private interests and responsibilities During the period of 15 years after the war, the three squares in Osijek went through redesigns and infrastructure renewals invoking modern, viable, inclusive city centres as they sometimes existed, hoping that new look will attract excluded people with their public opinion as well as economy sector with whom communication was not established and control vanished with former regime. The lack of strategic planning and the weak economy of the medium, shrinking city at the periphery of the country were presented in a worse sense when shopping malls grew up at the city fringe and absorbed all of the potential retail infill from the city cores. In developed countries, the decision makers are increasingly becoming aware of the importance of enhancing the resilience of city cores and streets to eliminate this domination, thus relevant retail planning policies are in effect [27].

3.2. Streets The residential identity of the city of Osijek presents two distinctive units: Art Nouveau street built in the early 20th century in the city centre, and a micro-rayon residential settlement Sjenjak built during the '70s and '80s. The first example finds its value not only in architectural assembly, but also in the integrity of the street space and preventability of its gardens in front of the houses, while the socialist settlement Sjenjak profiled its multifunctional structure and contents of public space. Built in the high construction wave, these spaces have their stable, unchanging structures and with their forms they confirm the value of a coherent constructed space (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Postcards from Osijek from 1980s, presenting socialist residential dwellings as spatial values Source: National Archives in Osijek

According to the 2011 census, there were 41,384 apartments in the city of Osijek (www.dsz), 39,159 privately owned, and 2225 owned by some other party. Data from the Central Office for Housing point to about 1896 apartments in some form of state ownership, while 1531 housing facilities are the exclusive property of the Republic of Croatia. The low share of state ownership in housing indicates a small role and control of this important city function. The production of housing that reached its peak in the years after the adoption of the document used exactly this very determinant, while the law of the market marked spatial growth of the city. Apartment buildings have sprung up in altitude and density un-zoned city, in all its parts, not following communal, social and green infrastructure (Figure 7). Criticism of the 1988 General Urban Plan points to lack of clear vision of urban development [21], and the same could be applied for the Master Plan from 2006. Architectural swing that took place before the crisis, on both, national and local level, was not used for the transformation of the city, but the degradation of the urban fabric primarily one of the streets, occurred. The lessons of morphological analysis of the socialist era have been forgotten, and urban design became the

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 7: Transformation of street urban fabric with scattered new residential high buildings Source: Authors photo

architectural design. Parts of the city increased their density by creating a negative identity of discontinuous building. With such morphological characteristics, in terms of the shrinking city, a task scheduler for tissue reconstruction faces a difficult task that requires exceptional creativity and involvement of all stakeholders in the change process. The study of identity-morphological structure of the city represents a key to finding solutions.

4. Discussion The question that emerges is how urban planners will deal with shrinkage of the city as well as with his

deconstructed fabric. Two big tasks are set in front of them. The concept of “shrinking smart” [28] argued two key models for reconfiguring settlement patterns in response to persistent population decline—urban islands versus de-densification. The urban islands model is a more traditional planning framework that requires extensive land use regulations and public intervention to configure the city into a pre-conceived pattern. The authors find difficulties in distinguishing viable from nonviable areas within a city and public policies to direct resources and development to the nodes deemed to be viable. The benefit, however, would be the preservation of development densities and physical characteristics traditionally considered to be ‘urban’. Broadened view of population changes also implies that political goals

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

should not be defined in terms of population size, but rather, in terms of human capital available for providing the best possible quality of life for all citizens[29]. Having that in mind, we should consider revitalization of urban morphology to accomplish the city identity and indirectly the city potential lure. In “Planning shrinking cities” Pallagst [28] states that a healthy city always grows in population and that only unhealthy ones shrink, but it is not only the number of people that counts; it is also the skills, abilities and satisfaction status of the people that are the main actors of the city area. Osijek obviously needs a new generation of analytical planning documentation to take back the control over urban development. The city of Osijek is going through population decline, abandonment of industrial places and faces the problem of empty new residential buildings, and at the same time develops as regional centre of different functions (trade centre, educational centre, sport centre etc.). The new set of functional and morphological analysis should rely on following: • Determine zones of the city based on periods of emergence,

scattered investments. The new post war generation of master plans of the city of Osijek lost a linkage between urban morphology and urban design what resulted in disintegrated structure of the city. New generation of analytical documentation should bring the transformation from the urban planning controlled by real estate market back to urban planners.

References [1]

Castells, Manuel, The Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture, Volume I., Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1996.

[2]

Koohlhaas, Rem et al., S,M,L,XL, OMA, The Monicelli Press, New York, 1995.

[3]

Sassen, Saskia, The city: Its return as a lens for social theory, City, Culture and Society, Vol.1, (2010), pp.3–11 doi:10.1016/j.ccs.2010.04.003.

[4]

Pallagst, Karina, The planning research agenda: shrinking cities – a challenge for planning cultures Town Planning Review, Volume 81, No. 5(2010), pp.1-6, doi10.3828/tpr.2010.22.

[5]

Van Kampen, Ronald, Divided cities in the 21st century: challenging the importance of globalisation, Housing Built Environment, Vol.22, (2007), pp.13-31, doi10.1007/s10901-006-9064-3.

[6]

Healey, Patsy, The Project of Strategic Spatial Planning for Urban Areas, In Urban Complexity and Spatial Strategies Towards a Relational Planning for our Times, Eds.(Cliff Hague, Tim Richardson, Robert Upton) Library Series, Routledge, New York, NY, 2007.

[7]

Cavrić, Branko, Nedović-Budić Zorica, Urban development, legislation, and planning in postsocialist Zagreb, The Post-Socialist City, The GeoJournal Library, Vol. 92, (2007), pp.385-410, doi10.1007/978-1-4020-6053-3_19.

[8]

Sassen, Saskia, When the center no longer holds: Cities as frontier zones, Cities, Vol.34, (2013), pp.67–70 x.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.05.007.

[9]

INTELI, Creative-based Strategies in Small and Medium-sized Cities: Guidelines for Local Authorities, URBACT, 2011, http://urbact.eu/fileadmin/Projects/Creative _Clusters /documents_media/URBACTCreativeClusters_TAP _INTELI_Final.pdf

• Define zones of different residential identities and densities, • Determine the typology and the building height less flexible within the zone, • Define morphological structures that should be consider as a hole for deconstruction or new construction, • Determine the main traffic streets and identity of their public places. As a result, the urban development of the city should result in emphasizing existing spatial values as well as producing the new one not allowing the real estate market control (or better say not control) urban fabric and build city space without identity.

5. Conclusion The evidence presented here indicates that a mid-size city at the Eastern periphery of Croatia has significant differences in urban post-social changes compared to internationally presented transition for post-socialist capitals. The economy based changes of the mid-size Eastern Croatian city put rather weak intensity of new appearances and links that did not create a new identity but deconstructed old ones or just put the new cover on it. The former main actor-public administrative presented their concentrated control and investments in limited areas. Forgotten public interest and responsibility for the city as a whole disintegrate city projects in two scales: large public investments in infrastructure and squares and small real estate

[10] Tsenkova, Sasha, Managing change: the come back of post-socialist cities, Urban Research & Practice,

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

doi:

mechanisms? Borderlands, the Journal of Spatial Planning in Ireland, Vol. 3, (2012), pp.43-53.

[11] Sykora, Ludek, Changes in the internal spatial structure of post-communist Prague, GeoJournal, Vol.49, pp.79–89, 1999, doi10.1023/a:1007076000411.

[20] Andraković, Verica, Jukić, Marijan, Dinamika stanovništva grada Osijeka od 1857. do 2001. godine, Anali Zavoda za znanstveni i umjetnički rad u Osijeku, Vol. 25, (2009), pp 23-46.

[12] Hamilton, F.E.I., Dimitrowska-Andrews, Kaliope, Pichler-Milanović, Nataša, Transformation of cities in central and Eastern Europe: Towards globalization, The United Nations University Press, Tokyo, New York, 2005.

[21] Jukić, Tihomir, Pegan, Srečko, Prostorni i urbanistički razvoj Osijeka, Kritika i prijedlozi, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Arhitektonski fakultet, Zagreb, 2001.

[13] Stanilov, Kiril, Urban development policies in Central and Eastern Europe during the transition period and their impact on urban form, The PostSocialist City, The GeoJournal Library, Vol.92, (2007), pp.347-359, doi10.1007/978-1-4020-60533_17.

[22] Njegač, Dražen, Gašparović, Slaven, Stipešević Zvonimir, The Changes in the Functional and Spatial Structure of Osijek after 1991, Hrvatski geografski glasnik, Vol.72, (2010), pp.101-121.

Vol. 1:3, (2008), pp.291— 10.1080/17535060802476525.

310,

[14] Hirt, Sonia Whatever happened to the (post)socialist city? Cities, Vol.32, (2013), pp.29– 38. [15] Richard Anthony French, F. E. Ian Hamilton The Socialist City: Spatial Structure and Urban Policy, Wiley & Sons, 1979. [16] Sailer-Fliege, Ulrike, Characteristics of postsocialist urban transformation in East Central Europe, GeoJournal, Vol. 49, (1999), pp.7–16, doi: 10.1023/a:1006905405818. [17] CEC, Cities of Tomorrow. Challenges, visions, ways forward, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 2011, http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/ sources/docgener/studies/pdf/ citiesoftomorrow/ citiesoftomorrow_final.pdf [18] Wiechmann, Thorsten, Conversion Strategies under Uncertainty in Post-Socialist Shrinking Cities, In The Future of Shrinking Cities: Problems, Patterns and Strategies of Urban Transformation in a Global Context Eds. (Karina Pallagst; & et al.), 2009, pp. 5-17, http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7zz6s7bm [19] Pallagst, Karina, The planner’s toolkit: can we plan for new tasks using existing processes and

[23] Njegač, Dražen, Gašparović, Slaven, Stipešević Zvonimir, Changes in the Morphological Structure of Osijek after 1991, Acta Geographica Croatica,Vol.38, (2010. – 2011.) 2012, pp.59–74. [24] Živaković Kerže, Zlata, Urbanizacija i promet grada Osijeka na prijelazu stoljeća (1868.-1918.), I.dio Osijek: Društvo za hrvatsku povjesnicu, 1996. [25] Sić, Miroslav, Pan-European Transport Corridors and Development of the Osijek Region, Hrvatski geografski glasnik, Vol.74, (2013), 2, pp.53-67. [26] Šmit, Krunoslav, Garden and Park Architecture in Osijek on Historical Maps, Prostor: znanstveni časopis za arhitekturu i urbanizam, Vol.5, 1(13), (1997), pp.97-120. [27] Ozuduru,B.,Varol,C.,Ercoskun Yalciner, O.(in press) Do shopping centers abate the sustainability of shopping streets? The Dilemma in Ankara, Turkey, Cities, <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0264275112001801>. [28] Hollander, B. Justin, et al., Planning shrinking cities, in Shaken, shrinking, hot, impoverished and informal:Emerging research agendas in planning, Eds. (H.Blanco, M.Alberti) Progress in Planning, Vol.72, (2009), pp.195–250.

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DOI: 10.14621/tna.20140204

Energy Efficiency and Renewal of Residential Buildings Stock Milica Jovanović Popović*, Jasna Kavran Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 173, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, milicajp@arh.bg.ac.rs

Abstract

1. Introduction

The most part of national building stock of Serbia are residential buildings and more than 90% of them are single family houses. As construction and installation systems of these buildings are rather simple, compared to other types of buildings, it can be concluded that, through the process of rehabilitation and renewal of residential buildings, large savings in energy can be achieved. This process mainly consist of improvement of building thermal envelope in the first step and afterwards further energy savings are possible through heating and hot water systems improvement. According to the national building typology, based on the Tabula project methodology, residential building stock in Serbia needs annually, only for heating, about 65 million MWh. About 76% of this consumption pertains to single family houses and 24%, for multifamily houses. Up to 70% of these buildings were built before the first "Regulations on thermal protection of buildings" were introduced in everyday practice, thus having no thermal insulation in the envelope. It is estimated that through a rehabilitation process (insulation of walls, roofs, and ceilings, installation of new windows), it is possible to reduce energy needed for heating by 65-70%. The remainder of energy needed for heating can be obtained from renewable energy sources (such as the biomass), significantly reducing the CO2 emission. In this paper, the possibilities and ranges for reconstruction and renewal of residential building stock of Serbia are presented in order to achieve better energy efficiency in residential building stock as well as to prepare input data for development of road maps for the nZEB strategies.

After three years of research, based on previous R&D projects [1] [2] [3], and Tabula project [4], during which developed methodology for national typologies was approved as official for EU countries [5], research team from Faculty of architecture University of Belgrade published the National typology of residential buildings in Serbia [6]. Within the framework of typology, calculations of energy characteristics, energy needed for heating and CO2 emission were calculated for chosen representative residential buildings giving the basis for development of possible road maps for energy efficiency improvement and national definitions for nearly zero energy houses. Two scenarios for energy efficiency improvement were suggested. Based on these calculations, different strategies for renewal of national residential building stock can be developed and long-term plans created. It is necessary to emphasize the importance of these plans, especially in the moment when Serbia has started the process of negotiations with EU, since they are obligatory part of various EU regulations concerning energy efficiency of buildings and nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) [7].

Keywords:

National typology, Residential buildings, Energy efficiency, Energy renewal, Nearly zero energy buildings

Article history:

Received: 23 July 2014 Revised: Accepted: 19 September 2014

2. National typology For the purposes of national building typology development, field survey was conducted and almost 20 000 residential building were listed and assessed based on the specially prepared questioner and using software developed for these purposes. Basic principles for developing this typology were based on urban and architectural characteristics of residential buildings in Serbia but also on historical and socio-political national development. Those basic principles were: 1. Year class defined according to historical and economic development, type of building construction technique, introduction of thermal protection regulations period,

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ M. Jovanović Popović, J. Kavran: “Energy Efficiency and Renewal of Residential Buildings Stock”, pp. 93–100

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Type of building according to their urban characteristics, position on the lot and position relative to other buildings, defining six typical types: two for family housing (detached and row house) and four types for multy-family housing (detached, row house, row house type „lamella”, high rise), 3. Architectural characteristics, compact or jagged shape, percentage of windows in total facade area, use of attic or cellar, 4. Characteristics of envelope elements.

After cluster analysis was conducted, 40 buildings out of 20,000 were chosen as real representatives of model buildings (Table 1). For each adopted year class/building type the following items were defined: − Typical elements of the thermal envelope and heat transfer coefficients (U values); − Characteristics of the heating and domestic hot water systems; − Frequency and area of the building type in the total national housing stock (Table 2, Table 3), − Energy needed for heating, present state (Table 4).

Table1. National residential buildings typology

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Two levels of refurbishment measures for reduced energy needed for heating: standard (Table 5) and advanced (Table 6) were proposed. Standard level is according to new regulations, when through the process of refurbishment energy class of the building must be raised for one class [8] and is mostly typical of our market in case of refurbishment, while the second level was defined as the maximum energy improvement that the building can reach depending mostly on the shape of building and its volumetric characteristics, requiring a rather large scope of investment.

3. Differences of architectural characteristics and characteristics of heating system In Serbia there is significant difference in the architectural characteristics between family houses and residential buildings. Single family house are usually one to two stories high, with cellar and attic not used for living. They are usually built without building permissions based on everyday practice and knowledge. The construction system is usually with small spans, and

Table 2. National typology, type distribution by number of buildings (items)

Family housing 1

Σ items

< 1919

117 985

17 394

183

345

135 947

6.05

1919-1945

194 546

10 937

1 530

170

1 663

208 846

9.30

1946-1960

286 259

12 034

2 013

1 175

1 344

302 859

13.48

1961-1970

376 057

23 328

5 624

2 113

1 661

242

409 025

18.21

1971-1980

454 893

20 636

8 104

4 337

1 876

415

490 261

21.83

1981-1990

386 958

19 768

7 837

4 176

2 024

163

420 926

18.74

1991-2011

252 884

12 567

6 757

2 971

3 277

278 456

12.40

Σ items

2 069 582 92.13%

116 664 5.19%

32 048 1.43%

14 982 0.67%

12 190 0.54%

2 246 320 100.00%

100

Σ m2

А B C D E F G

Multi family housing

854 0.04%

Table 3. National typology, type distribution by area

Family housing 1

< 1919

8 812 918

1 641 759

181 255

128 836

319 202

11 083 970

3.83

1919-1945

14 060 213

871 044

1 056 060

343 833

1 829 417

18 160 567

6.27

1946-1960

19 797 175

951 208

1 419 450

2 699 971

1 591 895

127 540

26 587 239

9.18

1961-1970

27 080 821

1 858 685

6 464 054

6 207 704

2 226 913

1 031 502

44 869 679

15.49

1971-1980

38 021 616

1 921 639

10 176 303

17 481 251

3 154 044

2 418 507

73 173 360

25.26

1981-1990

34 331 187

2 121 357

10 867 713

15 936 685

3 401 177

815 053

67 473 172

23.29

1991-2011

23 129 363

1 449 853

8 362 188

10 410 747

4 987 582

48 339 733

16.69

165 233 293

10 815 545

38 527 023

53 209 027

17 510 230

4 392 602

3.73%

13.30%

18.37%

6.04%

1.52%

289 687 720 100.00%

100

57.04%

А B C D E F G

Multi family housing

Σ %

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table 4. National typology, type distribution by energy needed for heating

Family housing

А B C D E F G

Multy family housing

< 1919

2 317 797

512 229

38 064

21 129

52 988

2 942 206

1919-1945

3 402 572

284 831

196 427

75 299

272 583

4 231 713

1946-1960

4 969 091

232 095

322 215

491 395

348 625

20 151

6 383 572

1961-1970

6 824 367

667 268

1 111 817

987 025

420 887

121 717

10 133 081

1971-1980

12 433 068

253 656

1 943 674

2 394 931

498 339

324 080

17 847 749

1981-1991

11 638 272

462 456

1 369 332

2 023 959

397 938

101 882

15 993 838

1991-2011

5 551 047

230 527

652 251

884 913

473 820

47 136 215

2 643 062

5 633 780

6 878 652

2 465 179

567 830

65 324 717

72.16%

4.05%

8.62%

10.53%

3.77%

0.87%

100.00%

Σ MWh/a %

Σ MWh/a

7 792 558

and the construction material used is as a rule brick or later brick block with slabs also with clay blocks. The use of thermal insulation in building envelope started approximately twenty years ago, its thickness does not exceed 5cm. lately, old wooden windows, which were used as a rule, are exchanged with plastic windows with insulating glass.

existing heating plants are using gas (60% of the capacity), 20% is using oil fuel and 20% is still using coal. Because of the air pollution, as old heating plants that use coal are in the central part of towns due to its growth, it is planned that, through their modernization, switch from coal to gas.

On the other hand, apartment buildings were built according to present regulations existing at that time they were designed, building techniques used were advanced, with application of concrete and very often prefabrication in the period 1960 to 1990. Average number of stories is 5 (cellar not included and by the law not used as a living space).

4. Energy efficiency improvement measures

The characteristics of heating system used in single family houses also differ from those used in multi family houses. Almost all single family houses have individual heating system, the number of units attached to district heating system is negligible. Single family houses are attached to district heating only in some settlements in suburban area of big towns, built in the period 1960-1970, were the investor was the state and flats were privatized later. In houses built in earlier periods, single stoves are installed using wood or single electrical stoves. In houses built in later periods, central hot water heating system is usually used with boilers on wood, gas or coal. Multi family residential buildings are usually attached on district heating system. At the moment it is about 27% of total number of flats that are connected to district heating with the constant expansion net. In Serbia,

The suggested measures for improving energy efficiency and CO2 emission reduction were given for each building in the typology. Those measures included: − Construction interventions on the building thermal envelope; − Improvement in the heat supply system; and − Improvement in the domestic hot water supply system, Although according to the existing regulations [9] it is obligatory to calculate only energy needed for heating and other types of energy are not included in definition of energy class of the building construction measures. As mentioned before, two types of potential building renewal, in order to improve their energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emission are suggested and defined: standard and advanced. The aim of the first level of improvement was defined in accordance with the current regulations as improving building energy performance for at least one energy efficiency class. Thus, the first level of improvement includes:

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Replacement of the existing windows with new packages, the characteristics of which comply with the current Regulations or are close to the given values. Despite their poorer performance, installation of wooden windows was suggested in order to preserve the visual identity of the buildings.

apply; in this case it is possible to use special market ready systems in which ceramic cladding as the final façade layer has integrated thermal insulation.

Improvement of thermal properties of walls and floor constructions by adding layers of insulation, usually 10cm thick, where applicable. The walls are typically refurbished using a contact façade system since this method of energy rehabilitation is common in our practice as the most economical and least technically demanding. An exception will be the buildings with façade brick cladding, which is technically difficult to re-

It is important to say that, when planning energy improvement; economical aspect was not taken into account. It means that, for high buildings, especially high rise, planned measures for the first level of improvement, sometimes are not economically justified. Scaffolding and the process of construction can be so expensive, that only second level of improvement can justify invested assets.

Floor constructions, also have layers of insulation added either in subsequent interventions or integrated into the existing structure.

Table 5. National typology, savings in energy needed for heating after standard improvement MWh/a Family housing

А B C D E F G

Multy family housing

< 1919

1 427 693

270 890

19 757

11 209

21 067

MWh/a 1750 616

1919-1945

1 841 888

166 369

108 774

49 512

144 524

2 311 067

1946-1960

2 771 605

98 926

197 304

294 297

206 946

11 989

3 581 066

1961-1970

4 468 335

410 769

756 294

509 032

224 918

57 764

6 427 113

1971-1980

9 315296

117 220

1 210 980

1 031394

242861

198 318

12 116 069

1981-1990

7 964 835

305 475

521 650

653 404

91 832

54 609

9 445 432

1991-2011

3723827

71 043

234 141

176 983

99752

Σ MWh/a

31 513479

1 275 471

3 048 900

2 725 830

1 031 901

4 286 898 322679

39 918 260

Table 6. National typology, savings in energy needed for heating after advanced improvement MWh/a Family housing

А B C D E F G

Multi family housing

< 1919

1 683 267

357 903

26 282

14 172

31 920

2 113 545

1919-1945

2 362 116

189 017

129 895

56 389

188 430

2 925 846

1946-1960

3 187 345

142 681

235 629

361 796

262 663

14 540

4 204 653

1961-1970

4 928 709

479 541

872 647

689 055

302 860

90 772

7 363 585

1971-1980

10 075 728

157 574

1 465 388

1 346 056

353 253

251 525

13 649 524

1981-1990

9 097 765

305 475

912 888

1 179 315

163 256

70 910

11 729 609

1991-2011

4 024 509

71 043

367 936

426 841

154 615

Σ MWh/a

35 359 440

1 703 235

4 010 665

4 073 623

1 456 997

MWh/a

5 044 944 427 746

47 031 706

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The second, advanced level of energy improvement includes specific measures to raise the building energy efficiency class to the maximum. Not typically used, these measures include installation of top quality windows available on the market and thick insulation layers in the thermal envelope.

4.1. Improvement in the heat supply system For individual heat supply systems, the first level of improvement involves a change of fuel source (where applicable) or modernization of the heating system; the second level of improvement considers the use of the latest technology available on the market in each particular case, depending on the availability of fuel source. For systems with stoves using wood, coal, or electric power, either as single units or as part of the central (alternatively, independent per floor) radiator heating system, the improvement includes the shift to central heating with a wood gasification boiler with a buffer tank, a low temperature gas boiler, or a biomass boiler for pellets or logs. The advanced level of improvement uses central heating with condensing gas boiler (alternatively biomass boiler for pellets or logs), or central heating with air/water heat pump. In multi-family buildings with individual furnaces and radiator heating (regardless of fuel source), it is recommended to connect to district heating wherever possible, or otherwise switch to a more environmentally friendly fuel source. In fossil fuel district heating systems, the first refurbishment measure involves improving control and efficiency of the existing system by installing thermostatic valves on radiators and upgrading the substation for heat supply control based on external air temperature. In accordance with the current legislation on energy efficiency, it is necessary to install equipment for heat supply metering in order to adopt consumptionbased billing.

4.2. Improvement in the domestic hot water supply system The survey found that most domestic hot water systems include individual electrical, storage and, occasionally, non-storage water heaters. The first level of improvement measures involve central combined domestic hot water and heat supply connected either by the boiler itself or by the heat exchanger in the substation storage tank in case of district heating systems.

In addition, the second level of improvement also includes the use of an auxiliary solar hot water system.

5. Nearly zero energy buildings During 2013, Ministry of energy, development and environmental protection of Republic of Serbia prepared the Action plan, Strategy for development of energy of republic of Serbia by 2015 with projections by 2030 [10]. It is stated that, among other obligations, Serbia is accepting all the obligations from Energy community treaty and Directive 2009/28/EU as its basis. In this document national energy sector was analysed in details and requirements and goals concerning energy are defined including energy efficiency of buildings. As one of the principles and goals for the development of Serbia, further harmonization with EU regulations was established. When renewable energy sources are in question, it is planned, according to the scenario that takes into account the measures of energy efficiency, that by 2018 in housing, public and commercial sector, transportation and industry could save up to 9% final energy. It is estimated that the participation of renewable energy sources in gross final energy consumption can reach 27% by 2020 and that, by full applications of energy efficiency measures in new buildings and in major rehabilitation of building stock, up to 16% of final energy consumption can be saved. Although in National typology, the use of renewable energy in buildings was not calculated, it gives sufficient data as the basis for nZeB scenarios.

5.1. National definitions of nZEB As there is no unique definition for highly energy efficient buildings, generally it is considered that the term indicates the buildings with higher performances than standard buildings built according to national codes and regulations. In order to make the national definition of nZEB and prepare sustainable road map for Serbia, it is necessary to identify several parameters that can be classified in following groups: location, calculation methodology, building stock characteristics, technical possibilities and economy. Parameters deriving from the location itself are climate and renewable energy sources. Introducing the Regulations on energy efficient buildings, the old standard JUS.U.J5.600 which defined climatic zones, is not any more in effect. According to new Regulations, all calculations are taking into account the exact values for the location of the building for: HDD, insolation, external temperatures. For nZEB definition only one set of climatic data should be calculated representing the whole country. For RES, based on the present investigations, the estimation or mean values for whole

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

country should be prepared taking into account solar, wind, geothermal and biomass energy.

for heating and up to 50% by renewal of single family houses stock

Calculation methodology in Regulations on energy efficient buildings is already based on EU standards and EPBD Directive (2002). As our present regulations give the method for calculating final and primary energy and CO2 emission, it is necessary to upgrade those standards to EPBD recast (2010) and include calculations for other types of energy spent in the buildings as obligatory. Further tightening of benchmarks and allowed levels of needed energy as well as allowed levels of CO2 emissions are necessary in a very short period of time.

− Through standard level of improvement is possible to reach more than 72% savings of energy needed for heating and up to 57% by renewal of single family houses stock.

The quantity and quality of building stock has been evaluated to some extent through the National Census, but more information is available in National building typology elaborated in accordance with principles of TABULA project. Technical possibilities depend on existing state of knowledge and systems applied in everyday practice. While the first is absolutely up to date and is possible to develop and implement all the new products available on the world market, the second is mostly developed in the past century and rehabilitated to a small extent. According to the EBBD (recast) every EU member state has to make its own definition of nZEB, according to the local economy status and to make calculations that prove that initiatives are sustainable, and that industry is possible to produce new materials and elements that could lead to energy efficiency and nearly zero CO2 emission in buildings. For Serbia, the moment for introducing those standards is very difficult because of the economy crises, and it can influence the position of the benchmarks to lower standards.

Although the calculated values are theoretical and do not include the fact that energy consumption is different from calculated energy needed due to different behaviour and habits of residents, it gives enough space and potential to reach defined national strategies of 16% saving in building sector. Especially if RES are included in energy efficiency improvement. It can be concluded that the first rational step in residential building stock energy rehabilitation planning is to start the process with single family houses. The process should include: − Formulation of strategy − Preparing architectural designs and descriptions as well as bill of quantities and estimation of the rehabilitation costs − User friendly software, publicly available and free, based on typical buildings from national typology that will enable the owners to calculate energy potential savings and costs for their own buildings and find the best and feasible solution − Prepare financial support and lawns, including state support and commercial banks, − Promote the use of RES especially for preparing domestic hot water and use of heat pumps for heating and cooling process.

6. Discussion of the results and conclusion

For this conclusion the argumentation can be found in following reasons:

From the tables presenting characteristics of residential building stock and total energy demand for heating it can be concluded that:

− Single family houses are rather small, with small number of floors what gives the advantages in simple construction process and use of scaffolding,

− The net area of apartments in single family houses is 61% from total net area of Serbian residential building stock while the rest of 39% is in multi family houses, − 97% of number of residential buildings are single family houses, − From total number of apartments in Serbia, approximately 73% is in single family houses, − More than 76% of energy demand for heating of residential building stock is needed for singly family houses heating. − Through standard level of improvement is possible to reach more than 60% savings of energy needed

− Legally, the process is also simple: there is no need for agreement of assembly of tenants or long and tiresome procedures for getting of building permit, the owner decides by himself when and what to do and usually they can do that by themselves. It must be stressed that financial support through the banking system must be solved on national level.

References [1]

Jovanović Popović Milica et all, Energy building optimisation in the context of sustainable architecture - part 1: Analysis of building stock

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

structure, ed Jovanović Popović Milica ( in Serbian: Енергетска оптимизација зграда у контексту одрживе архитектуре -део 1: Анализа структуре грађевинског фонда, ур. Милица Јовановић Поповић (Београд: Архитектонски факултет Универзитета у Београду, 2003). [2] Milica Jovanović Popović, Ana Radivojević, Dušan Ignjatović and Martin Elezović, “ Attic extension and thermal renovation of the residential building -case study“, Spatium No 13-14 (2006): 41-6. [3] Milica Jovanović Popović, Dušan Ignjatović, Nataša Ćuković and Ana Radivojević, “Rehabilitation project of an appartment building in Belgrade, Serbia”, Spatium No 15-16, (2008): 60-6. [4] www.building-typology.eu [5] European Commission, “Notices from European union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies. Guidelines accompanying Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 January 2012 supplementing Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the energy performance of building by establishing a comparative methodology framework for calculating cost-optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements for buildings and

building elements”, Official Journal of the European Union, C 115 (2012): 1-28. [6] Jovanović Popović Milica, Ignjatović Dušan et all, National typology of residential buildings in Serbia, Belgrade, Faculty of architecture, University of Belgrade, GIZ- Deutche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit, Belgrade, 2013. [7] Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of building (recast), Official Journal of the European Union, L 153/13, 13-35. [8] Republika Srbija, Ministarstvo životne sredine, rudarstva i prostornog planiranja, „Pravilnik o energetskoj efikasnosti zgrada“(Regulations on energy efficiency of buildings), Službeni glasnik Rešpublike Srbije br. 61, 2011. [9] Republika Srbija, Ministarstvo životne sredine, rudarstva i prostornog planiranja „Pravilnik o uslovima, sadržini i načinima izdavanja sertifikata o energetskim svojstvima zgrade“ Službeni glasnik Republike Srbije br. 61, 2011. [10] Ministry of energy, development and environmental protection of Republic of Serbia, Strategy of energy development of Serbia by 2015 with projection by 2030, Draft version.

100

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DOI: 10.14621/tna.20140205

Innovative Sustainable Technologies in Heritage Revival Dina Ahmed Ahmed Elmeligy Architecture Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Tanta University 31515 Tanta, Egypt, dinaelmelegy@yahoo.com

Abstract

1. Introduction

In different parts of the world, natives and today’s communities are protecting and trying to save their Identities, sometimes reviving and rescuing old traditions by reproducing ancient architectural methods, using their original elements of design. Although in many conditions it is a very expensive process, which makes producers trying to avoid working with this issue. Therefore it is clear that no-one should underestimate the challenges involved in reviving many of our heritage concepts, and applying them in different types of buildings. But at the same time, to save those cultural heritages, rigorous instructions must be identified leading communities towards valuable movements. With the absent of cultural heritage from the sustainable development debate, despite its crucial importance to societies and its wide acknowledgment at national level, it has been done many studies through the last decades dealing with that issue, but without revealing on its own identity from the humanizations perspective. For that reason innovative Sustainable design will significantly add unique value to the heritage employment. This paper provides an up-to-date overview of the relationship between protection of the cultural heritage and innovative sustainable technologies, which will describe strategies which can lead to cultural sustainable development as a key factor. Comparing between different sustainable values appeared in new trends, such as figuring out the impact and benefits of newly introduced techniques in the architectural applications, thus will point out how architectural development cooperation can play a crucial role in this process. As a final statement the research will demonstrate what can be achieved with an innovative technology approach that makes the most of the local historic environment, even against the backdrop of the economic aspects.

The word “heritage‟ caught worldwide attention particularly in the mid-1980s in association with the UNESCO World Heritage Convention [5]. In developing countries, heritage includes not only the built heritage but also the oral and the living traditions, so that relationships between heritage and local communities include much more than merely built structures and matters of employment and income [20]. Due to their worth. It is necessary concern of heritage revival with different trends. But economic factor has brought social challenges: countries are advancing at different speeds, and people within countries are living with vastly different quality of life. In many countries the gap between the rich and the poor is increasing rather than shrinking with economic growth. Therefore it must be reduce this gap and the innovative sustainable technologies are the best techniques to achieve this. Therefore, when it comes to “sustainability”, heritage conservation or revival has been ignored. Despite it has a great potential to improve the quality of life, improve our understanding of the past and contribute to any culture. [7], as well as cultural heritage specifically can have the value to the well-being and quality of life to communities and can help prevent cultural globalization sustain cultural diversity and positively affect economic development. Therefore, Heritage revival can play an important role of sustainable development strategies. Also, it can be included in strategies set for using renewable resources and savings of energy [8].

2. The importance of heritage revival Keywords:

Innovative studies, Cultural heritage, Heritage revival, Sustainable technologies and historical architectural features

Article history:

Received: 1 July 2014 Revised: 27 July 2014 Accepted: 9 September 2014

Heritage is almost always related to the concept of territory as both a geographical and cultural entity. It is also related to social and community organizations, which are often formalized today as territorial administrative units. In many traditions, nature, or some of its components, are perceived as having a soul, and this fact must always be taken into consideration. Heritage can be divided into two main categories see Table.1 [6].

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ D. A. A. Elmeligy: “Innovative Sustainable Technologies in Heritage Revival”, pp. 101–111

101

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table 1. Different Categories of Heritage [Source: UNESCO and ICCROM. 2003] Cultural Heritage Tangible Heritage Architectural works Monuments Archaeological sites Historic centres Groups of buildings Cultural landscapes

Museum collections Libraries Archives Etc.

Historical parks & gardens

Natural Heritage Intangible Heritage

Tangible & Immoveable

Music, Dance, Literature, theatre, local, traditions.

Natural and maritime parks of ecological interest

Know how: Crafts Religious ceremonies Etc.

Botanical gardens Industrial archaeology Etc.

Geological & physical formations Landscapes of outstanding natural beauty Etc.

3. Innovative sustainable technologies Modern buildings hence became self-contained units isolated from the immediate environment [13]. Therefore, the trend has been to use sustainability in the application of technology, because it is a process that binds the well-being of people and the ecosystem into a mutually supportive whole [2], [4]. Sustainability is comprised of three dimensions that if achieved, will result in human well-being (see Figure 1). Because the balancing of economic, environmental and social objectives is the need to balance the needs of current and future generations [18], [22]. Figure 1. A diagram illustrates the main components of sustainability http://www.arch.hku.hk/research/BEER/sustain.htm#1.3

by Sam C M Hui. 2002

The study of heritage makes it possible to better understand today’s world and to better prepare for the future. However, for various reasons, the value of this heritage has not always been recognized. For a long time, this heritage was deprecated, and its owners and holders were sometimes even encouraged to forsake it. Moreover Built heritage faces two risks today emanating from one source—climate change and our efforts to cope with and mitigate its effects [9]. Therefore, the reviving of heritage value not only because of their historical worth but because they offer the important design inspirations and tangible promise for a holistic approach to the crises of built environment, in addition to generate and nourish a sense of community and common social bonds.

3.1. The concept of sustainability in the heritage revival The heritage sites and buildings for centuries survived and developed a sense of symbiotic relationship with their surrounding ecology. Their sense of sustainability emerged from having found resonance with nature, its pace, and cyclical progression [3]. As well as in the words of S. Bianca, “the new patterns of development should be based on an integrated vision of society shared by the community as a whole, and produce creatively a sustained interactive and participatory environment” [3]. Accordingly depending on physical, social and economic contexts, the exact meaning of sustainability of a World Heritage site may vary from one site to another. Where that the sustainability in the context of cultural heritage sites generally means adequate and long-term protection of cultural values of a site by using minimum resources [23]. So it is important to know the key factors

102

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

that can enhance sustainability In order to revive the heritage [19].

3.2. The funding necessary for sustainability

One of the ways that used for protecting world heritage site/ building which are already existing in heritage regions, but the other way which depends largely on the support of taking the past and extending it into the future, “Old ideas can use new buildings. New ideas must come from old buildings” [10]. Therefor this paper offers the methodology of reviving heritage buildings using innovative sustainable technologies that depends on two strategies as the following (see Figure 2): First – through reviving the heritage buildings which already exist in heritage region/area. Second – through the addition of newly sustainable techniques of the architectural applications that reflect the heritage of the country and the character of the society.

Environment

Society

Unspecified Saving different types of energy which differs from one region to

Specified

Taking into account environmental factors and their impact depending on

Preservation of the existing vocabulary of the heritage and rerenovated

+ Reviving the heritage buildings which already exist in heritage

Unspecified Unspecified Specified Taking into account Saving different Choosing the environmental types of energy proper vocabulary factors and their according to the use of heritage to impact depending on of vocabulary as a confirm the Affect the environment on tool to achieve identity of the the choice of the proper sustainability society vocabulary, which in turn affects how to save energy

Use the heritage vocabulary as a tool to achieve sustainability to revived the heritage

Reviving the heritage buildings which already exist in heritage

Economy

Preservation of what is already exist with saving the energy

The main components of sustainability

The entity of the heritage product From : [ the location and the society ]

Cultural Heritage : Tangible Heritage (Architectural works )

As indicated in this quote “Governments face the complex challenge of finding the right balance between the competing demands on natural and social resources, without sacrificing economic progress” [18]. Furthermore public funding for cultural heritage sites is very limited. For that reason the sustainability is a more realistic approach to view heritage through inexpensive economic vision [9]. After all, the strategies described below are introduced to facilitate a move toward sustainability in the sense of increasing the benefits and decreasing the costs of heritage revival.

4. Achieving innovative sustainability technologies in heritage revival

Figure 2. Illustrated diagram of the methodology which used in this research

4.1. First strategy The Reviving of heritage buildings which are already existing in heritage regions can depend on reformulating due to the new energy efficiency requirements put forward. Energy efficiency measures are considered key actions within sustainability work.

For example: “Dick Hellofs & Karli Gillespie’s houses“. In 1984 this building and others in the Union Street were included on the heritage resource inventory as a part of the larger awareness of the importance of Vancouver’s heritage that arose during that era. By 2010 the Union Street Eco-Heritage project proposes to maintain these character defining features and the project will reflect

103

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Existing

Dwellings Density Value Energy use/ inhabitant

Proposed

Character houses High performance Houses

Figure 3. The preliminary concept of the project proposed [Vancouverheritagefoundation.org], 2010

today’s aesthetic and social priorities and in turn transmit them to future generations of Strathcona residents [24]. As proposed from the owners, this project serves as a demonstration of how to achieve density, affordability and high performance while still respecting the value of our built heritage.

property and keeping the absolute density as before [24] (see Figure 4). Balancing between high performance &character: Table 2 shows the methods has been used passive design techniques as an innovative sustainable technologies to get the certificates of The Union Street ECOheritage project (see Figure 5).

4.1.1. The project proposed The Concept: Both the architects, shape architecture, and the owners of this project understand that the built heritage needs to be preserved, but it also need to be creative and realistic. Smart preservation is about preventing razing and rebuilding by evolving buildings rather than demanding the creation of museum pieces. In addition to need to mark the present and preserve the past while still building towards the future (see Figure3). Adapting Heritage: Shape architecture proposed a micro-topography of outdoor spaces unique to each unit with porches, decks and patios. Each unit has a private outdoor space, yet these spaces are connected to the streetscape in the same way as the porches of the existing buildings. This will allow the inhabitants to interact with their community, while still feeling like they have their own outdoor space. This outdoor space will be based around a central courtyard, allowing inhabitants to casually interact with each other. New units are added, while respecting the existing pattern, by removing the garage and additions to existing structure and lifting/excavating underneath. Units are inserted underneath, and a new laneway house is built. The new configuration reflects the original pattern, while allowing new, more affordable units on the

Union st. Exist configuration

Proposed configuration

Figure 4. Proposed configuration

104

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table 2. A time line illustrates historical sequences for the Strathcona neighbourhood

Using Passive design techniques in the Union Street ECOheritage project* Energuide rating

Built green: builtgreencanada

For homes shows a standard measure of its energy performance. It shows the owner (and future buyers) exactly how energy efficient your home is. The rating is calculated based on standard operation assumptions so the energy performance is compared of one house against another.

It benefits the homebuyer, the community and the environment and is an opportunity for everyone to choose a "green" future.

passive design meets privacy requirements The large, south-facing windows of the new units behind the heritage structures will look at the north side of the laneway housing, where passive design dictates few windows. Similarly, the south-facing windows on the laneway house will be looking on to the laneway and impressive southern views of the city, rather than into their neighbour’s windows.

Vegetable patch to fork

Access to Union street bike route

Unit heating Laneway

View

Union Street

Solar hot water panels

Bike lockers

Proposed street front elevations

Rooftop rainwater capture Rainwater cisterns

Interior+ exterior quick charge for electric car

Figure 5. Using passive design techniques as an innovative sustainable technologies [Vancouver,2012]

The Project Cost: The total amount of energy consumed in a year will not exceed the amount of energy produced by the project , these technologies and design strategies can come with an ‘innovators’ premium; in terms of initial construction premiums, the projected costs are not more than 10-12% above ‘normal’ costs for a similar type of project. However, higher capital costs will mean that the project’s operational costs -- the annual cost to live in the project -- will be much reduced. Additionally, the owners have identified a potential demand in the market for energy efficient housing.

Another example: “Stephanie Maingot & John Flipse’s house“. Like many homes in 1636 Charles street Vancouver, it started out as an upper-class residence, then in 1951 this home was converted into a duplex, a common trend in many large single –family dwelling of the time; often a necessary adaptation to the increased demand for housing and higher cost of living in Vancouver postworld war II [24] (see Figure 6).

105

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Average size of North American Suburban single family dwelling

1636 Charles St. is constructed as a single family dwelling

Single family dwelling is converted to duplex

Inside renovation to upper apartment

Basement renovated and occupied student/guestroom added to main floor

Figure 6. Heritage flexibility for “Stephanie Maingot & John Flipse’s house“, [24] Installing hydronic systems

Hydronic , New batt insulation Existing forced air system is radiant heating and ceiling in system installed removed.

Choosing radiant heat

Basement Main Under the floor boards

Forced air raises the ambient air temperature to make you feel warm.

Radiant heat is experienced directly on the skin

Figure 7. Efficient energy systems in “Stephanie Maingot & John Flipse’s house“ [24]

As shown in Figure 7, zoning allows heating and cooling loads to be customized using individualized digital thermostats for each room or areas. Because water carries heat much more efficiently than air, smaller zones are made possible than with an air-based system.

When combined with a digital thermostat, heat can be directed exactly where it is needed, saving on heating costs and energy use. As well as the owners replaced two inefficient hot water tanks and two old furnaces with one high grade boiler system. The introduction of

106

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

this efficient energy system has halved their heating bill making the mostly uninsulated home cosy even in the coldest months of the winter [24].

4.2. Second strategy Heritage can be revived through re-using the Heritage elements of architecture in new buildings according to new technological applications, especially there are several architectural heritage elements that are reflecting different images of sustainability, [16]. In that way the technical image forefronts measurable environmental facts of resource consumption along with economics, operating costs, efficiency in material use and systems Through design’s elements [20]. Therefore the most important vocabularies / elements of architectural heritage [17] which propose for building designs through civilizations and reflect different innovative technical images of sustainability appear commonly in Arab world such as the courtyard, he wind towers, roofs (domes and vaults), Mashrabia and Taktaboush. Now the focus will be on the one type of these vocabularies to highlight their distinctive characteristics in addition to how to use them in new buildings with new trends which depends on the innovative sustainable technologies. So the case studies were chosen to be inspirational and demonstrate how practical and approachable sustainable development can be. 4.2.1. The court yard History: the courtyard commonly used in old Egyptian, Greek-Roman-Coptic and Islamic Architecture, which served for several purposes. Although there were socio-

cultural differences in each region, the design of different buildings retained a common architectural language that responded to both the common hot arid zones climate and the common religious needs such as providing privacy repressing social and cultural images [16] (see Figure 8). New technological applications of sustaining heritage in new buildings: For example the New Parliamentary Building, 2000 (London, England), features a ventilation system that is historically referential and provides an environmentally sensitive form of air-conditioning. A series of towers, which recall the site's Gothic architecture, draw air from ventilation ducts - pulling cooler air through vents on lower floors and releasing hotter air at the top [28] (see Figure 9). Another example in “Bamboo Lakou project” for John Naylor, who won Foster + Partners prize 2013. This project merges a sustainable bamboo-growing infrastructure with the development of the vernacular "Lakou" communal courtyard typology. Initially the 'Lakou' courtyard house forms the fundamental urban block and this itself is broken into four stages: Occupational Strategy, Material Strategy, Structural Strategy and Construction and Assembly Strategy. therefor The courtyard offers air, light, and seclusion.as well as It provides the desired privacy and peace, making the environment an oasis of tranquillity, at the same time as if creates a strong sense of territory. It is also a place for contemplation .Humans are not only rational beings, they are also contemplative [25] (See Figure 10). The concept and realization of the new courtyard is powerful and successful. It not only achieves high density, but also has the capacity for communal facility provision and good privacy and security control. The courtyard creates a comfortable outdoor environment, which is essential for the 21st century modern living [25].

Courtyard

Street

Fez (Morocco), sectional axonometric of house Lahlou (Bianca, 1991)

Main entrance

Al-Suhaymi house, Cairo, 1648 (www.cdf.gov.eg/art2.htm)

Figure 8.: The courtyards in the Arab world ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ D. A. A. Elmeligy: “Innovative Sustainable Technologies in Heritage Revival”, pp. 101–111

107

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 9. The New Parliamentary Building, 2000 (London, Engand) [28]

Figure 10. “Bamboo Lakou project” for John Naylor [Dezeen, 2013]

4.2.2. The wind towers History: A wind catcher is an architectural device used for many centuries to create natural ventilation in buildings. The function of this tower is to catch cooler breeze that prevail at a higher level above the ground and to direct it into the interior of the buildings. Without the construction of such tall towers there would be no possibility to take advantage of the prevailing winds and breezes either from the shamal or from the on- and offshore breezes associated with developments located by the sea. the wind towers in many countries around the Arabian Gulf, were constructed on a square plan and contained a cruciform device on the internal diagonals which allowed air to funnel down into a space at the bottom of the tower. This took place both through the direct impact of breezes striking the exposed face of the diagonals, as well as through the principle of convection on the other three faces when the structure was warmed by the sun and ambient air. The internal partition allows the low pressure on the lee side of the

tower to suck air from inside the building [26 ], Figure 11. New technological applications of sustaining heritage in new buildings: For example :Iranian wind towers in Yazd ,which have been recognized in varied forms and plans where the wind tower is used to convey the wind current to interior spaces of building in order to provide living comfort for occupiers .In Iranian Architecture a wind tower is a combination of inlet& outlet openings (see Figure 12) [12]. Second example is ”Princess Nora Bint Abdulrahman University”in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia” the design of this university is rigorously arranged to form a series of courtyards at multiple scales. The courtyards are intended as usable outdoor space, even in a climate as fierce as Riyadh. At the largest scale, Each of the 4 quadrants which shape a grand public gathering space contains a large courtyard, serving as the primary shared space between two schools. This courtyard is cooled with large passive wind towers that catch the breeze and

108

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Wind – catcher in Cairo

Iranian wind towers http://maeresearch.ucsd.edu/lind en/AFD/archfd.html

Plan& section of the Qã'a of Muhib Ad-Din Ash-Shãf'i AI-Muwaqqi, Cairo (https://www.google.com.sa/search?q=Al Fust%C3%A3t+house,+a+courtyard+house,+Cairo) Figure 11. Different old types of wind towers in the Arab world

Function of wind tower with high wind speed

Function of wind tower with low wind speed

Figure 12. Shots of Iranian wind towers in Yazd [12]

Figure 13. Shots of wind towers in Princess Nora University” Riyadh, Saudi Arabia” [by the researcher]

bring flowing air down to the level where people will evaporation provided by plants and fountains increase the amount of time the courtyard is comfortable by 30% during the spring and fall. The arid conditions and intense heat of the region promoted innovative

sustainable concepts including wind towers that naturally cool outdoor courtyards. The campus is remarkable not only for its size and speed of design, but is exemplary in that all major buildings are pursuing LEED certification [1], Figure 13.

109

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 14. Shots of wind towers in Masdar City” Abu Dhabi, UAE” [14]

Third example is Masdar city that is envisioned as the world’s first carbon-neutral city development .which is engineered to be a cold island in the middle of the surrounding desert climate focuses on the science and engineering of advanced alternative energy, environmental ,technologies and sustainability through a variety of innovative sustainable technologies like using well-positioned wind towers [14], Figure14.

5. Concluding remarks The revival of heritage buildings has a contribution to make to achievement of environmental balance in human affairs . There are many ovelapes between heritage conservation and sustainable developement where sustainability can serve as a tool to achieve heritage conservation and at the same time heritage conservation can serve as a tool to achieve sustainability. Therefor the overall conclusions drawn from the following:

1. Emphesize that there is a risk of losing historic and architectural values due to energy measures being carried out; 2. Aknowledge that the heritage trail is one tactic that has the ability to relate different developmental aspects within a comprehensive understanding;

3. Agree that a new strategic agenda is needed for sustainable development of the heritage sector with renewed focus on proactive work.

4. Highlight on the proposed methodology in this paper where it can be picked as one of the introduced strategies (the Reviving of heritage buildings which are already existing in heritage regions or Heritage Can be revived through re-using the Heritage elements of architecture in new buildings ) to lead to use innovative sustainable technologies to revive heritage where it will not always be easy to implement, and progress will not always be dramatic, but at the same time it will be a successful way to connect the past with the present and the future in the framework respecting the environmentally sustainable.

6. Recommendations For sustaining heritage environments and to achieve the goal of creating a balance between heritage revival ,innovative sustainable technologies and efficiency of economy it must be do the following:

1. The need to identify the appropriate methodology for each community or region to revive the heritage depending on the type of heritage , how to revive it and what are the available sustainable technologies to take into account the least possible cost;

2. Need to focus on using innovative sustainable technologies to revive heritage. Otherwise, historical and heritage sites will either disappear because of the uncoordinated efforts and the contradictory approaches to conservation, or will turn into an open air museum, perhaps physically pleasant, but socially lifeless;

3. The need to develop a future plan that is intended to revive the heritage through using innovative sustainable technologies;

4. The conviction that every community is different from the others in the way of reviving the heritage Using what suits from the techniques of innovative sustainable technologies.

References [1] Allison G. Williams FAIA, Princess Nora Bint Abdulrahman University ,Health Sciences and Research Campus, Perkins+Will, 2012. [2] Aref Y., The Conservation of Heritage as a Means for Sustainability, The Case of the Ottoman Town, Alexandria, Egypt, Conference On Technology & Sustainability in the Built Environment ,King Saud university - College of Architecture and Planning. [3] Bashir A. Kazimee,Heritage and sustainability in the Islamic Built Environment, Washington State University, USA, 2012.

110

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

[4]

Burntland, G.(ed.), Our Common Future, World Commission on Environmental and Development. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1987.

[5]

Cheung, S. ,The meanings of a heritage Trail in Hong Kong, Annals of Tourism Research, (1999) , 26 (3), 570-588.

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

Christian Barillet & others , Cultural heritage & local development, Published by Craterre-ENSAG / Convention France-UNESCO], 2006. Coleman Victoria, Conservation and Sustainability,NSW Heritage office, National Trust of Australia, 2004 , p. 3, www.heritage.nsw.gov.au. Girard, Luigi Fusco , innovative strategies for urban heritage conservation, sustainable development& renewable energy,Global Urban Development, 2006,Volume 2 Issue 1. Heidi Norrström, Sustainable and Balanced Energy Efficiency and Preservation in Our Built Heritage , Department of Architecture, Chalmers University of Technology, Sven Hultins gata 6, Göteborg, 2013, www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability.

[10] Jane Jacobs,The Death and Life of Great American Cities,Vintage Books ,1993, Issue 3. [11] Luis José ,Garcia-Pulido ,Architecture, History & Culture, Bioclimatic Devices of Nasrid Domestic Buildings , by The Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 2011-2012. [12] Mahnaz Mahmoudi Zarandi , Analysis on Iranian wind catcher and its effect on natural ventilation as a solution towards sustainable architecture ( Case Study : Yazd ) , World acadmy of science , engineering and technology,2009. [13] McDonough, W. Preface, Big and Green: Toward Sustainable Architecture in the 21st Century, Gissen, New York ,2002 , D (Ed.), Princeton Architectural Press. p. 9. [14] Phaidon , Vitamin Green, Phaidon Presss limited , NewYork, USA,2012. [15] Reynolds, John S, Courtyards. Aesthetic, Social, and Thermal Delight, John Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York, 2002.

[16] Sheerer, Sulian, Vernacular architecture principles, and examples with references to hot air climates, Hassan Fathy, university of Chicago,USA, 1986, press Lon. [17] Steele, Sustainable architecture, principles, paradigms, and case studies, McGraw-hill, USA, 1997. [18] Tracey Strange & Anne Bayley, Sustainable development Linking economy, society, environment,(OECD )insights “Organization for economic cooperation and development “, 2008. [19] UNESCO & ICCROM, Introducing Young People to Heritage Site Management &Protection, UNESCO and ICCROM, Amman, 2003, p.8. [20] Williamson, Radford& Bennett, Understanding sustainable architecture, New York , 2003, pressLondon & New York. [21] Yunis, E. , The role of cultural tourism in social and economic development in the local communities, the international conference on cultural tourism&local communities, UNWTO, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 2006.

Websites [22] www. arch.hku.hk/research/ BEER/sustain, Hong Kong University, by Sam C M Hui.2002. [23] http://whc.unesco.org/documents/publi_brochur e_en.pdf.&http://whc.unesco.org/en/home/2005, Understanding UNESCO World Heritage Sites, by Heritage Centre: World Heritage Centre. [24] Vancouverheritagefoundation.org [25] http://www.dezeen.com/2013/06/28/bamboolakou-by-john-naylor-wins-foster-partners-prize2013/ [26] http://www.solaripedia.com/13/205/2096/wind_ tower_qatar.html [27] https://www.google.com.sa/search?q=iranian+wi nd+towers+in+Yazd&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa= X&ei=Q[28] http://www.dainst.org/en/project/hama?ft=10

111

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DOI: 10.14621/tna.20140206

The Autonomous House, Sarajevo Haris Bradić Department for Architectural Construction and Building Technology, Faculty of Architecture, University of Sarajevo Patriotske Lige 30, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, harisb@af.unsa.ba, haris_bradic@yahoo.com

Abstract

1. Introduction

This Paper is a presentation of an “energy autonomous” residential villa near Sarajevo. The house is located in Nišići, a plateau ca. 30km from Sarajevo. The parcel lies on an altitude of 951m, with longitude of 18˚30'38.14'' and latitude of 44˚04'23.17''. It is a 30-dunum southwest oriented plot, located within natural environment dominated by beautiful scenery with coniferous and deciduous trees and wild pastures. In spring, a natural lake is formed here thanks to accumulation of rainfall. The house is a residential unit that provides comfortable living, resting and recreation. The total area of the house is 420m2, which is functionally laid out into public and private zones across three floors: partially buried basement, ground floor and first floor. This forms playful architecture, materialized with nearby wood, stone and white plaster. Use of nearby autochthonous recyclable materials in construction of both the exterior and the interior is very important. All visible wooden elements are made of fir/spruce wood and coated with biological oils to preserve the wood structure. The same wood is used in the interior (for floors and walls). Besides the visual and technical characteristics of this house, special attention was also given to the relationship between the house and its microlocation, that is, its potential in terms of exploitation of renewable energy sources. The idea was to develop a concept of “energy autonomous structure” that will completely rely on renewable energy sources. The concept of adjusting a house to fit the location requires proper orientation of its transparent parts towards the south to allow the house to absorb the solar energy during winter periods. The north side is completely closed, with the U-value below 0,10W/m2. The external envelope has been designed to exploit the renewable energy potential of the site. Micro-climate analysis was carried out based on the on-site measurements and the data from the Hydrometeorological Institute of FBiH. All of the above resulted in a unique energy concept that uses several energy sources, including the sun, wind and ground, to meet the energy needs of the house. The total simulated energy need of the house is 14kWh/m2/year. A network of mutually related energy sources was established, complementing each other throughout the year and constantly providing energy to the entire house. Electricity surplus (especially the one generated from the sun) is to be sent to the grid for local purposes.

This Paper elaborates the Author's idea of designing energy autonomous residential villas. The idea emerged from the already known achievements in the field of energy efficient architecture, the already known concepts of use of renewable energy sources, energy potential of the environment and the energy savings generated by a building itself. The design defines the usable area of the interior and the volume. Local environment offers a great variety of renewable energy sources, especially wind, solar and ground energy. The concept presented hereto shows how and in what way different energy sources complement each other, satisfying the energy needs of the building, while sending the surplus energy to the grid.

Keywords:

Architecture, Autonomy, Environment, Man, Renewable energy sources

Article history:

Received: 8 October 2014 Revised: Accepted: 21 October 2014

The shape, the envelope structure and the orientation of the house were the key factors that conditioned the outcome of the project. The entire envelope was designed in line with the passive architecture standards and the entire house has been interpolated within the environment in the best possible way.i

2. Theory of space and form The house is located in the Nišići plateau (at the altitude of 951 m, latitude 44°04′24.38'', and longitude 18°30′37.35'', Figure 1), ca 35km away from Sarajevo (towards Tuzla). The plot is ca 1km away from the main road. It is accessed via a macadam road. Electricity is the only energy generating product on the site. The natural environment surrounding the plot is dominated by coniferous trees (fir trees, spruce trees and pine trees) and green pastures (Figure 2) for growing and production of organic vegetables and fruits. The sloped part of the plot is west-oriented, while its flat part enabled orientation of the major part of the house towards the south (Figure 3). In winter, the location is under the influence of the continental climate, and in summer, for a short period of time, the location is subject to the Mediterranean

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H. Bradić: “The Autonomous House, Sarajevo”, pp. 112–118

112

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 2. (a) view towards north (b) view towards west

Figure 1. Google Earth snapshot of the plot

Figure 3. Panorama view from the east

Figure 4. Form and shape analysis of the of the urban villa in Nišići

climate. However, details about microclimateii indicate that this area (apart from certain zone on the Igman mountain) is the coldest zone in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where winter temperatures can drop to as low as -30°C. In summer, temperature rises: weather

data show that in August morning temperatures can be 0°C, and then rise in the afternoon up to 33°C. The Nišići plateau is a territory exposed to high amounts of solar radiation. This is corroborated by the number of sunny days vs. the number of rainy/foggy days.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H. Bradić: “The Autonomous House, Sarajevo”, pp. 112–118

113

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Architectural design Inspiration for this particular architectural design comes from an analysis of forms of the nearby local greenery (Figure 4). A new organic form was creatediii, which follows the contours of the terrain and whose shape does not disturb the natural ambience, but becomes a part of it by adjusting to the existing terrain morphology (Figure 5). The form comprises five circles, cut horizontally with cubes that separate the functional zones within the house. Most of the house is southoriented with large glazed surfaces (Figure 6).

4. Functional concept of the residential villa The interior has a net usable area of 327.9m2 and volume of 1,168.9m3. The house has a ground floor,

basement and the first floor. The interior is divided into three functional zones: public zone includes the entrance hall, study room and a unique circular space housing the living room, the dining room and the kitchen. Other two zones are accessed from the entrance hall. The second zone is a private zone, with bedrooms spreading over two floors. The master bedroom is located in the loft with all the necessary amenities. The third zone is the basement, housing recreation and service rooms. The occupants can use all three zones and their amenities independently. Dimensions of the house are 27.50m x 25.00m, located at the farthest part of the plot, ca 90m away from the access road. The highest point of the house is 7m against the terrain. Figures 7–10 display the playfulness of the interior (horizontal and vertical), overall functional zoning and mutual indirect relationship between the different functions.

Figure 5. Southern facade of the autonomous residential villa

Figure 6. Northern facade of the autonomous residential villa ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H. Bradić: “The Autonomous House, Sarajevo”, pp. 112–118

114

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 7. Ground floor of the autonomous villa

Figure 8. First floor of the autonomous villa

Figure 9. Secction A-A

Figure 10. Secction B-B

5. Envelope structure The aim of this project was to design and build an energy autonomous house, whose envelope would satisfy all the requirements of the Building Physics.iv All nontransparent parts of the house have the U-value below 0.15W/m2K, and transparent below 0.8W/m2K [13]. Table 1 shows the transparent vs. non-transparent ratio.

We clearly see that transparent parts are southoriented, whereas the rest of the envelope is nontransparent. Total area of the facade and walls in ground is 474.8m2, of which 24% are external openings. Heat gains in summer depend on the glass structure and position of the openingsv. The shape factor of the house is 1.18. Large envelope compared to volume increased this factor, and further complicated the energy observations of this house.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H. Bradić: “The Autonomous House, Sarajevo”, pp. 112–118

115

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table 1. Geometric properties of the envelope FAÇADE STRUCTURE (TRANSPARENT AND NON-TRANSPARENT SURFACES) FLOOR Ground floor Basement First floor TOTAL Ground floor First floor TOTAL Ground floor First floor TOTAL Ground floor First floor TOTAL TOTAL ENVELOPE

SOUTH ORIENTATION Transparent 35.7 m2 23.2 m2 20.7 m2 79.6 m2 (49.8%) 159.9 m2 EAST ORIENTATION 5.6 m2 1.6 m2 7.2 m2(7.1%) 101.2 m2 NORTH ORIENTATION 8.5 m2 0.0 m2 8.5 m2(8,2%) 104.5 m2 WEST ORIENTATION 18.4 m2 0.0 m2 18.4 m2(16,8%) 109.3 m2 2 113.7 m (24,0%) 474.8 m2

Chart 1. Ratio between transparent and non-transparent parts

6. Energy needs and use of renewable energy sources Total energy need simulations stand at 25kWh/m2/yearvi, which include heating, cooling, ventilation, artificial lighting and other electrical appliances. Total annual energy needs are 8,197.5 kWh. This is a result of solar energy use (appropriate physical orientation of the house) and adequate facade structure, i.e. its high level thermal insulation on all positions. Renewable sources of energy include three

Non-transparent 44.2 m2 0.0 m2 36.1 m2 80.3 m2(50.2%)

56.0 m2 38.0 m2 94 m2(92.9%)

61.0 m2 35.0 m2 96 m2(91.8%)

73.9 m2 17.0 m2 90.9 m2(83.2%) 361.2 m2(76.0%)

Chart 2. Envelope structure in percentages

types of energy generators: wind, sun and ground, Figure 8.

1. Kinetic energy of the wind [5] is converted into electrical through a 2.5 - 3.0kW wind turbine. Depending on the wind amountvii, these turbines can generate between 2000-2500 kWh of electricity.

2. Solar energy [11], [5] is collected through a small solar energy plant, whose maximum capacity under certain weather conditions can reach

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H. Bradić: “The Autonomous House, Sarajevo”, pp. 112–118

116

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Wind energy

Solar energy

Ground energy

Own energy

Energy sustainability ENERGY AUTONOMOUS ARCHITECTURE Figure 11. Concept of energy autonomous architecture

38.42kWh/m2/year (area: 100-150m2), depending on the number of photovoltaic cells installed. Furthermore, the design also forecasts installation of solar collectors on the roof for production of energy for hot water preparation.

3. Ground energy [10], [12] is exploited by means of a surface loop. Given that the landscape in no way prevents insolation, its potential would stand between 15 and 40 W/m2 if installed at the depth of 1.5-2.0mviii.The system also enables passive cooling of the interior (the need for cooling may rise in July and Augustix).

7. Conclusion This Paper presented a model of energy autonomous architecture on a specific example, i.e. a residential villa located on a pre-assessed location. Its final goal is to set grounds for future relations between the man and the nature through design and architecture. The presented design highlights two important segments of this process: 1. “Smart” and highly insulated envelope, 2. Maximum energy potentials of the environment. Modern and energy treated envelopes are the first step in creating energy efficient architecture. Therefore, the role of architects – designers is crucial in this process. Besides the envelope, overall design must be carefully studied to define the proper ratio between transparent and non-transparent parts of the envelope and their materialization in terms of energy transfers. This means that architects need to estimate the future energy needs and offer solutions in form of concepts that incorporate the use of renewable energy sources. The above results will help future creators of architectural works understand that relation between a building and its environment (in terms of energy) is a challenge observed from several aspects: architectural design, materialization, functionality, etc., but also that every architectural form (complex in terms of the shape factor) can be treated and converted into an energy

efficient, passive or energy autonomous architecture. This Paper presented the design of a residential villa, which is currently being analyzed from the aspect of cost-effectiveness, which results will help develop the main project and prepare the documentation for construction and realization. It is assumed that the initial investment will be high and that implementation of the project will greatly depend on the amount of the initial investment and the payback period, which will be extensively analyzed.

References [1] Daniels, K., Tehnologija ekološkog građenja, Osnove i mere, Primeri i ideje, NK Jasen, Belgrade, Serbia, (2009.), ISBN: 978-85337-66-6. [2] Duran, S., C., Architecture & Energy Efficiency, LOFT Publications, Barcelona, Spain, (2011.), ISBN: 978-84-9936-206-9. [3] Hadrović, A., Arhitektonska fizika - drugo izdanje, Faculty of Architecture, Sarajevo, BiH, (2010.), ISBN: 978-9958-691-20-1. [4] Hadrović, A., Bioklimatska arhitektura, traženje puta za Raj, Faculty of Architecture in Sarajevo, Sarajevo, (2008.), ISBN: 978-9958-691-05-8. [5] Hegger, M., Fuchs, M., Stark, T., Zeumer, M., Energy Manual, sustainable architecture, Institut fur internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co KG, Munich, Germany, (2008.), ISBN: 978-3-7643-8830-0. [6] Henning, H.M., Solar-Assisted Air-Conditioning in Buildings, Springer-Verlag/Wien, Vienna, Austria, (2005.), ISBN: 978-3-211-73095-9. [7] Hootman, T., Net Zero Energy Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, (2013.), ISBN: 978-1-118-01854-5. [8] Jodido, P., Green Architecture now, Taschen GmbH, Cologne, Germany, (2009.), ISBN: 978-38365-0372-3.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H. Bradić: “The Autonomous House, Sarajevo”, pp. 112–118

117

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

[9] Mušović, F., Vjetroelektrane u Bosni i Hercegovini, TKD Šahinpašić, Sarajevo, BiH, (2005.), ISBN: 995841-115-6. [10] Radaković, M., Geotermlna energija, AGM Knjiga, Belgrade, Serbia, 2011., ISBN: 978-86-86363-30-5. [11] Radosavljević, J., M., Pavlović, T., M., Lambić, M., R., Solarna energetika i održivi razvoj, Građevinska knjiga, Belgrade, Serbia, (2004.), ISBN: 86-3950405-9.

[14] Wines, J., Green Architecture, Benedikt Taschen Verlag GmbH, Koeln, Germany, (2000.), ISBN: 38228-6303-3. Web pages: www.passiv.de www.fhmzbih.gov.ba

[12] Šamšalović, S., Toplotna pumpa, tehnologija održive proizvodnje energije, Savez mašinskih i elektrotehničkih inženjera Srbije (SMEITS), Belgrade, Serbia, (2009), ISBN: 978-86-81505-49-6

www.avinc.com/engineering/architecturalwind1

[13] Uffelen V.C., Passive Houses, energy efficient homes, Braun Publishing AG, Salenstein, Switzerland, (2012.), ISBN: 978-3-03768-106-0.

www.energis.ba

www.wind-works.org www.elektroprivreda.ba

www.schueco.comwww.koenigsolar.at

Bearing in mind the theories on architecture compliant with the "green design" principles [8], [14], the Author tried to create a unique and personal vision of architecture interpolated within its environment.

Measurements were taken by Mr. H. Hadžić from his measurement station located on the neighboring plot, at altitude of 951 m, latitude 44°04′24.38'' and longitude 18°30′37.35''.

iii

Organic architecture is a result of observations of natural forms and shapes to define new visual identities. The first one who used this term was Frank Lloyd Wright.

The observed parameters are: heat movements within the envelope, water vapor movements and thermal stability to the summer regime. All parameters need to be satisfied so that the envelope could be positively assessed [3], [4].

Import data on the energy inflow, non-transparent 5-35W/m2, transparent up to 250W/m2 [5].

Calculated using ENSI EAB 8.1 vBiH.

vii

Data about the wind amount and its quality (speed and frequency) were taken from the Meteorological Institute of FBiH, Source: www.fhmzbih.gov.ba

viii

The energy potential of the heat pumps with underground surface collectors range between 15 and 40 W/m2 [1]. The potential depends solely on the soil composition, thermal conductivity, density and specific thermal separation of heat.

See Location for climate conditions.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ H. Bradić: “The Autonomous House, Sarajevo”, pp. 112–118

118

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DOI: 10.14621/tna.20140207

Adapting the Traditional House in Vojvodina to Contemporary Needs. The Porch as the Basic Element of Transformation Vesna Lovec*, Milica Jovanović Popović Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, sunjkicvesna@gmail.com

Abstract

1. Introduction

Traditional single-family houses account for a considerable part of the total building stock in Vojvodina. The importance of their transformation in the contemporary context is twofold. Primarily, the structure of the house should be transformed to fulfill functional requirements of modern life. At the same time, the transformation should improve the energy performances of the house, as one of the vital concerns. The study topic was the traditional single-family house in Vojvodina. It is considered a unique architectural phenomenon that developed until the early XX century across the entire province, accounting for nearly 40% of the total building stock of Vojvodina today. In the first part of the study, the traditional house in Vojvodina was analyzed to establish its main characteristics and the basic house types. The second step of the study considered possibilities for structural transformation in the context of energy efficiency. The theoretical study shows that the house is flexible and that it could be adapted to meet contemporary needs and requirements. The process of transformation follows the elements of passive design that the house already has, emerging from the interaction between the house and its environment. The basic transformation element is the porch, in the aspect of both functionality and energy efficiency.

Traditional single-family houses account for a considerable part of the total building stock in Vojvodina. The issue of their transformation is very important in the contemporary context. Traditional Vojvodina houses were built throughout the period between the second half of the eighteenth and the first half of the twentieth century; today, they constitute about 40% of the building stock in the northern Serbian province [1].

Keywords:

Article history:

Transformation, Traditional singlefamily, Porch, Vojvodina, Contemporary needs Received: 6 July 2014 Revised: 4 August 2014 Accepted: 19 September 2014

The large building stock comprising the traditional Vojvodina houses across the province, with all their types and subtypes, is in relatively poor condition. Although most of the houses are occupied, many of them are not properly maintained so they deteriorate. The inhabitants are motivated neither to save the architectural and cultural heritage nor to live in the countryside at all. The homeowners often resort to demolition, and build new homes without being aware of the quality of the traditional house and the opportunities it offers in terms of extending the living space as well as improving its energy performances. The research topic discusses the potential for remodeling the houses to meet the modern requirements for functionality and the ensuing improvements in energy performance. As the building stock is large, the issue of rehabilitation and renovation of the houses has a significant potential at the national level. Besides, considering life cycle assessment of materials and buildings, it should be emphasized that the only right decision is to reconstruct the buildings.

2. The paper's objective, research methods and research questions The paper's objective is to analyze possibilities of the traditional Vojvodina house transformation which

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ V. Lovec, M. Jovanović Popović: “Adapting the Traditional House in Vojvodina to Contemporary Needs …”, pp. 119–126

119

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

would improve functional as well as energy performances of the houses, and manage to maintain the authentic architectural appearance of the house street facade. This would be the contribution to the traditional house integration in contemporary flows. In the most general sense the research tends to strive in promoting the architectural heritage in Vojvodina as a cultural resource in the process of planning sustainable regional development. The research objective is also to give the answer to the general research question: what are the possibilities of traditional Vojvodina house transformations which would adjust the house to the contemporary needs?! The paper preceded the theoretical research of traditional Vojvodina houses, numerous historical analyses were conducted, also analyses of the archive documentation available in numerous institutions as well as in site analyses and collecting of photo documentation.i The existing building stock has been examined and typological classifications of houses has been made. Numerous case studies were conducted to analyze the house characteristics, functional structure and building materials. Technical performances were analyzed as well. Afterwards the potentials for remodeling the houses to meet the modern requirements for functionality were discussed. Along with the functional transformation the improvements in house energy performance were analyzed.

3. The traditional Vojvodina house The architecture of Vojvodina, with its numerous variants, is one of the most commonly encountered forms within the Pannonian geographic and cultural zone. The large territory, the long period of development, and the complex historical and political factors all led to a relative lack of uniformity in terms of the structure of the house and the building materials used. As a result, the numerous types and subtypes

Figure 1. Street facade. Three-part house, also recognized as the house along the furrow . View from the street, Kovilj

increased the diversity in the entire building stock of traditional architecture. The present study discusses the basic type of the three-part house, its features, its development and the historical circumstances in which it was created.

3.1. Vojvodina architecture in view of historical circumstances Throughout the period from the eighteenth to the midtwentieth centuries, Vojvodina was the territory that staged intense historical and political events, which left an important mark on every aspect of life, including architecture, and also have defined its primary characteristics [2]. In the eighteenth century, the Pannonian Plain came under the administration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, an organized system with clearly defined rules governing all spheres of life; they regulated the development of the settlements and of the houses themselves. The Empire carried out an intensive planned settlement policy in the second half of the eighteenth century, resulting in the development of entire settlements. A great number of Vojvodina villages date back to this period. Urban rules were strictly defined: extremely wide street profiles (up to 40meters), the strict geometric street pattern and buildings set along the street line in a strict rhythm. Such complex historical and political circumstances influenced the development of the house as well. As with urban rules in terms of house construction rules were also clearly defined and all the houses were built in accordance with them.

3.2. The traditional Vojvodina house: its origin and development The question of the origin of the traditional Vojvodina house, which developed in this region for centuries, is

Figure 2. Тhe porch. Three-part house with a porch positioned longitudinally along the side of the house. View from the yard, Kovilj

120

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

very complex and theoretically incongruous. Some authors believe that it appeared as a unique combination of German and local architectural traditions [3]. Historical data confirms that the local population lived in rammed earth single-space houses long before the arrival of the Germans in this area [4]. With the arrival of the Turkish administration the whole area was devastated and became sparsely populated during the sixteen and seventeen century. Redevelopment of the area began with the arrival of Austro-Hungarian administration at the beginning of the eighteen centyry with colonization of the German population [5]. In the beginning, the colonist house developed parallelly with the indigenous architecture; however, due to the intensive admixture of influences, the later stages of the evolution are observed as a unified process that resulted in the development of the unique architecture of the region as the architecture of the concrete place, greatly influencing and being influenced by its surroundings [6]. The development of the house went on chronologically from the simple structure to the highly complex forms of the early XX century. It can be concluded that the structure and the size of the house as well as the ultimate selection of building materials were primarily dependent on the financial status of the farmer, that is, the colonist.

3.3. The traditional Vojvodina house: its basic features, spatial organisation, and building materials The traditional Vojvodina house designed for occupancy is usually located in villages although it can be found in towns as well. This house belonged to a family whose primary economic activity was agriculture. In the complex process of its evolution, the house underwent transformations in terms of structure and building materials, resulting in the development of numerous types and subtypes. The development of the three-part house is identified as the basic type in the diverse rural architecture of Vojvodina [7]. A unique blend of colonist and local building traditions [3], this house type prevails across the region and is recognized as the house along the furrow. It is characterized by a regular geometric shape and its three-part structure: the kitchen with the fireplace positioned between two adjacent rooms; the average width of the house is 5-6 m, and its length is 1518 m (Figure 1).

Considering the form, it clearly demonstrates the characteristic standard elements: a steep pitched roof with the gable wall along the frontage line, two windows in the room, and the longitudinal porch to the yard façade. The house nearly always had a porch, positioned longitudinally along the side of the house, it was a place for daily activities from April to October [8]. It is always a single-storey house, even in its most complex forms, so that communication between the indoor spaces, porch and back yard was the most efficience for the agricultural daily activities. Such architecture creates a unique, highly distinctive ambience of the settlement: the vast plains, villages stretching along the long straight main street, the strict geometric street pattern, and buildings set along the street line in a strict rhythm. Many settlements in Vojvodina, or some of its parts, are protected as a unique ambience entity and street facades must remain authentic, which makes an additional request in terms of the reconstruction of the houses. At a later stage, the development of the basic house type gains complexity, at the same time conforming to the established order and geometric characteristics of the base type. The complexity of the structure is invariably achieved by simply adding another room, and the house always develops perpendicularly, so that the floor plan forms the letter L, or in the most complicated forms, the Cyrillic letter П—the house athwart. The houses with more complex structures first appeared in Vojvodina in the second half of the eighteen century, built by both the local population and the colonists. The house structure developed gradually and sporadically, under the influence of a number of factors and in accordance with the actual needs and economic situation of the family that occupied it. The building materials used in the loadbearing wall were invariably based on earth or its products. The evolution in the application of building materials was continuous, with the use of rammed earth at the beginning, through unbaked brick to baked brick in the final phases. For rammed earth walls, earth from the site was used as a building material, wall thickness was reaching up to 70cm. Along with the industry and railway development and also with strengthening the financial status of population bricks has started to use massively at the beginning of the twentieth century. Most of the houses from this period with the more complex structure were made of bricks. Brick walls were reaching a thickness of 40 to 50cm. [9] As for roofing, the cheapest and most accessible materials used in the earliest stages were reed and thatch, succeeded by shingle. With the advent

121

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

of baked clay brick, ceramic tile came into use as the roofing material [10].

3.4. The porch in the traditional Vojvodina house The porch in the traditional Vojvodina house was open and roofed, positioned longitudinally along the side of the house perpendicular to the street line. Traditionally, it served as the contact zone between the open space of the yard and the enclosed space of the house, functioning as the entrance zone and potential communication between the rooms (Figures 1 and 2). The porch had wooden or brick columns; usually, it was fully open or, very rarely, enclosed with a low parapet wall. The floor was covered with rammed earth or paved in brick. This was the space where the occupants used to spend the summer months [10]. The form of the porch and its relation to the enclosed part of the house have changed over the centuries and evolved as a distinctive element of the traditional Vojvodina house. At the same time, the structure of the house has evolved, keeping up with the needs of the family who lives in it. Regardless of the complexity of the house structure and the period of building, the porch has developed as a typical element of the studied architecture. As a result, most houses today have this functional and decorative element, which the present study treated as the main element of integrating the traditional Vojvodina house into the contemporary trends of functionality and energy efficiency.

4. The transformation of the traditional Vojvodina house The environment dominated by traditional architecture is not static; it is subject to change and adaptation to modern trends. As the question of the transformation of the house is very important in the modern context, the present study concentrated on its two key aspects. Firstly, it is necessary to transform the structure of the house to meet the functional requirements of modern life. In addition, the transformation should provide the improvement of the energy performance of the house, as one of the key aspects of modern development.

4.1. The transformation of the house and the aspect of functionality For a successful transformation of traditional architecture, it is essential to understand the nature of the house, its functions, and its relationship with the environment. The fact that the traditional Vojvodina house was designed for the life of a family whose primary economic activity was agriculture resulted in

the development of the house and its curtilage, which in functional terms were adjusted to agricultural activities. The house regularly developed as a single-storey structure to facilitate the functionality of the relationship between the house and its surroundings, and to improve the efficiency of agricultural work. Nowadays, the occupants of such houses also are usually engaged in agriculture to a greater or lesser extent. The spacious lot is still well suited for agricultural activities. However, the problem of adaptation to the needs of modern life focuses on the house, with two distinct issues regarding the functional aspect of the traditional house in the modern context: • lack of space; and, • functional deficiencies: the residential zone (usually the kitchen) is accessed directly from the outside. The analysis of potential adaptation of the houses in the region suggests the porch as a functional element suitable for the transformation and development of the functional organization of the house and its adaptation to the changing life conditions and lifestyles. Enclosing the porch would enable better integration of functional units and further extensions to the living space to cater for the family’s needs. It would also remedy the key functional deficiency, as the residential zone would no longer be entered directly from outside. Enclosing the porch provides a unique common area that could serve as a communication area and also as area for daily activities. First diagram discussed the volumetric scheme of the house transformation which indicates the possibility of the house extension (Figure 3). Lack of spaces is a very distinct problem in the process of adapting the house to the needs of modern life. Within the process of transformation it would be possible to keep the existing spatial organization of the house and upgrade its function. Additional rooms are added linearly in the yard part of the house, following the existing constructive logic and the logic of building materials (Figure 3).The day zone could be extended to integrate with the porch area (Figure 4). The rooms would remain spacious (sizing up to 6 meters). If the need arose, new windows could be opened to the yard or to the neighbor, with a high parapet. The interventions would not disturb the street appearance of the building. Along with volumetric, the functional transformation of the house is analyzed as well. The diagram shows the functional organization of the floor plan and the options for its transformation (Figure 4). The presented options are proposed for the transformation of a three-part house but developed functional organization schemes also can be applied to multi-part structures, all of which have a porch. The following options were considered on the ground floor plan diagram (Figure 4):

122

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 3. Perspective view of the house transformation 0 – The traditional Vojvodina house (the three-part house with the porch) I – Glazing the porch of the three-part house II – Adding a room and a work/living area + glazing the porch of the three-part house III – Adding a room in the yard section of the house and a work/living area + glazing the porch of the three-part house

Figure 4. Floor plans I. / II. / III. Review of functional transformation of the house: closing the porch of the existing house and possibilities of further extension • intervention: glazing the porch of the three-part house; • intervention: adding a room and a work/living area + glazing the porch of the three-part house; and • intervention: adding a room in the yard section of the house and a work/living area + glazing the porch of the three-part house.

As presented the traditional three-part Vojvodina house with the porch gives numerous possibilities functional transformations. Basics principles are discussed, and those could be applied also on other house types. Further on, the opportunity for energy performance improvements would be analyzed.

123

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.2. The transformation of the house and the aspect of energy The above options for a functional transformation of the traditional Vojvodina house would also provide the opportunity for significant improvements in its energy performance. It was demonstrated that enclosing the porch could provide such functional organization that would meet the needs of modern life. If this intervention involved the use of appropriate materials, the transformation would also have an important effect on energy efficiency. As the porch is always positioned along the entire length of the house, its glazing would turn it into a greenhouse, thus enabling the effect of passive solar heating (Figure 5). In addition to significant energy gains, the common enclosed space formed in this way would become very comfortable for living. Maximum energy gains would be achieved only with an advantageous orientation of the house. It would be necessary that the longitudinal side of the house was along the east-west axis, so that the longitudinal side faced south or southeast [11]. In the traditional Vojvodina house, there would be several possible orientations. Due to the configuration of the porch, and the fact that there would be glazing surfaces on three sides, most houses would have, at least partially, southern orientation of the glazed section of the porch. The proposed model of the transformation would not have a significant effect only in case the longitudinal side of the porch faced north; however, even then the greenhouse would function as an insulated buffer

zone. Therefore, if the house was positioned so that the porch faced south (up to 45° dip to the west or east), glazing the porch would achieve the effect of passive solar heating of the house. During the winter, when the sun shines at a low angle of incidence, sunrays penetrate directly through the glass and heat the interior space. The effect is greater if the thermal mass of the wall or floor further absorbs the heat during the day, as is the case with the traditional Vojvodina house. The massive walls are built of rammed earth or brick (Figure 6) whille the porch floor is almost invariably paved in brick (Figure 7). At night, when the air temperature falls, the heated surface emits heat and thus contributes to the comfort of the interior space by maintaining its temperature. This effect could be enhanced by the methods commonly used in modern greenhouses, such as applying the elements of the Trombe wall, or improving heat accumulation with phase change materials. In the summer, the sun is high in the sky for most of the day so the south side is not directly exposed to sunrays (Figure 5). The pitched roof of the house overhangs the porch by 30 to 50 cm, preventing direct penetration of sunlight in summer, when the sun is high. It would be advisable to ensure adequate protection on the glazed surfaces of the porch to protect the areas exposed to high summer sun from overheating. So far, several recent studies have shown that the traditional builders sought to implement measures that would improve the energy performance of the house;

Figure 5. Cross-section А-А The transformation of the house and the impact on energy efficiency: closing the porch with the existing brick pavement, providing additional solar gains with wall or pavement thermal mass ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ V. Lovec, M. Jovanović Popović: “Adapting the Traditional House in Vojvodina to Contemporary Needs …”, pp. 119–126

124

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

these were not mere technical applications but they were derived from the interaction between the house, its environment and the lifestyle of its prospective inhabitants. The massive earthen or brick walls (with thickness up to 60 cm), the ventilated reed roofing, and the double frame windows are just some of the elements that have always characterized the house in farmers’ experiences as preserving freshness in the summer and heat in the winter [12]. In this regard, it should be noted that the house has great potential and that the proposed transformation method is an energy efficiency upgrade. Additionally, further modern methods could be used to enhance building energy performance, such as improving the heating system, heating domestic hot water, or replacing inadequate windows and doors; however, these are not the subject of this study.

5. Conclusion The theoretical study shows that the house is flexible and that it could be adapted to meet contemporary needs and requirements. The basic transformation element is the porch, in the aspect of both functionality and energy efficiency. The suggestions for the potential functional transformation of the traditional Vojvodina house were mostly concerned with extending the living space, which could be done by adding rooms to the existing building, and their functional integration with the porch area. At the same time, the functional transformation would be accompanied by the improvement in energy performance that could be achieved with adequate enclosing of the porch, and the resulting passive solar gains.

Figure 6. The thermal mass of the wall Section of rammed earth wall between the indoor spaces and the porch. Abandoned and devastated house in Ivanovo

The research results could be elaborated in the next step of the further researches in order to make a book of references-guide which would cover all the transformation possibilities, and provide general directions for the house functional and energy upgrade, all with the objective to stimulate preservation of the existing building stock. Considering the possibilities that would transform the traditional Vojvodina house to satisfy the needs of modern life and that would contribute to its improved energy efficiency, the architectural heritage of traditional architecture in Vojvodina becomes an important resource. Thus, the houses transformed to adjust to the development of agriculture, ecological agriculture and rural tourism can become an important impetus to the process of planning for sustainable regional development.

Figure 7. The thermal mass of the brick pavement in the porch. House in Pancevo

125

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

References

and Architectural Expression], Doktorska disertacija, Arhitektonski Fakultet, Beograd, Srbija, 1989.

[1] Jovanovic-Popovic, Мilica; Ignjatovic, Dusan; R., А.; A., R.; L. D.; N., C.-I., M., N., Atlas of Familu Housing in Serbia, Faculty of architecture University of Belgrade and GIZ-Deutche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit, Belgrade, Serbia, 2012.

[7] Kојић, Бранислав, Сеоска архитектура и руризам, теорија и елементи [Rural architecture and ruralism: Theory and Elements], Грађевинска Књига, Београд, Србија, 1973.

[2] Вулетић, Нада, Народно градитељство у Војводини [Traditional Architecture in Vojvodina], ГРАЂА за проучавање споменика културе Војводине (1978-1979), VIII-IX, стр. 351- 357.

[8] Дероко, Александар, Народно неимарство I, Стара сеоска кућа [Folklore Architecture I, The Old Rural House], Српска академија наука и уметности, Београд, Србија, 1968.

[3] Јањетовић, Зoран, Непролазна свакодневица: Немачки допринос народној култури Војводине [The timeless every day life: The German Contribution to Popular Culture in Vojvodina], Токови историје, Институт за новију историју Србије (2008), 34, стр.214-224. [4] Grizelini, Francesco, Pokušaj proučavanja političke i istorijske prirode temišvarskog Banata u pismima upućenim nekim viđenijim osobama i naučnicima [Atempt of studying the political and historical nature of Temisvar Banat in letters intent to some respected people and scientists], Istorijski arhiv, Pančevo, Srbija, 2008. [5] Ерлер, Јохан Јакоб, Банат [Banat], Istorijski arhiv, Pančevo, Србија, 2003. [6] Radović, Darko, Arhitektura i podneblje: Uloga klime u formiranju regionalnosti urbanog i arhitektonskog izraza [Architecture and Climate: The Role of Climate in Creation of Regional Urban

[9] Вишекруна, Данка, Oдржавање и чување војвођанске куће [Preservation and Maintenance of Vojvodina House]. Гласник друштва конзерватора Србије (2010), 34, стр. 254–257. [10] Ђекић, Мирјана, Народно градитељство Војводине, Кућа као споменик културе [Traditional Architecture in Vojvodina: House as a Monument of Culture], Покрајински завод за заштиту споменика културе, Нови Сад, Србија, 1994. [11] Pucar, Mila; Pajevic, Milan; J-P., М, Bioklimatsko planiranje i projektovanje, urbanisticki parametri [Bioclimatic Planning and Design, Urbanistic Parameters], IP ZAVET, Beograd, Srbija, 1994. [12] Јанкулов, Брислав, Преглед колонизације Војводине у XVIII и XIX веку [Review of Colonisations in Vojvodina], Историјски архив, Панчево, Србија, 2005.

The paper is an extract from a research with the title: Energy Performances of The Traditional House in Vojvodina. Research is in progress with the in site measurements and the final result would be the PhD thesis.

126

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DOI: 10.14621/tna.20140208

An Investigation of the Energy Saving of Windows in Halil Raif Özmuhtar Apartment, Salamis Yolui, Famagusta, Northern Cyprus Soolmaz Abdali Hajiabadi*, Alireza Jahanara, Aref Arfaei Architecture Faculty, Eastern Mediterranean University Via Mersin 10, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Turkey, soolmazabdali_ha@yahoo.com

Abstract

1. Introduction

These days, buildings use energies a lot so they have the most influence on climate changes or global warming. This paper is an investigation of windows energy saving capability as a result of energy loss through windows in Halil Raif Özmuhtar Apartment so a survey is done on different kinds of solutions in order to reduce energy wasting such as window’s material, new types, and kinds of window insulation. First of all, there was some information window which leads us not only to understand rules of windows design in hot-humid climate, but also discover the importance of windows in building for reducing usage of energy in it.

These days, energy is an important subject all around the world. The price of energy is high globally, so there has been a forcing to decline the using fossil fuels and afterward energy consumption [1]. Moreover, using the fossil fuels cause many problems including; climate change and global warming which have a considerable impact on the designing and details of buildings.

The method used in this paper is problem solving, and data analysing of observations, and interview with residents are basis of data collection method to realize the general problem of windows in this apartment. There are many problems about windows in this building such as; size, proportion, orientation, insulation, sealing, and single glaze. Finally, recommended strategies such as renovation windows with double glaze, it helps to reduce energy consumption and makes more suitable conditions for people. Moreover, it can help in energy saving and reducing costs, as well as helping the environment.

Keywords:

Energy saving, Window insulation, Window material, Thermal comfort

Article history:

Received: 8 July 2014 Revised: 26 September 2014 Accepted: 30 September 2014

Not only some of the scientists and researchers try to find new solutions for saving energy, but also it is the important topic in Architecture. One of them is; adjusting materials depend on Cyprus climate. Scientists examine materials which has the important role in energy saving. “The subject of Material is clearly the foundation of architecture, said William Morris in 1982, and now over a century later, with a far wider range of materials at the designer’s disposal and more awareness of the environmental impact of materials, the statement has added significance” [2]. Material should have all of these characteristics like: cost of production, insulation, usage, climate, technology, beauty, and structure. Also, the materials in window should have these features for being beneficial. Other ways are to consider insulation, sealing, size, and direction of the windows. This article includes two parts such as (1st) how window can help to improve energy saving which is about window characteristics, and importance of insulation including insulation definition, and glazing; (2nd) second one explain importance of materials has some part such as characteristics, and strategies. There are numerous new techniques for improving energy saving through windows like Smart windows, Electrochromic, new intelligent materials by scientist researches are preferred.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ S. Abdali Hajiabadi, A. Jahanara, A. Arfaei “An Investigation of the Energy Saving of Windows in Halil Raif Özmuhtar …”, pp. 127–133

127

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Windows characteristics Windows are one of the major parts of the building for controlling indoor environment, thermal comfort, and energy use [3]. Energy flows that occur through windows are classified into three major types: 1. “Non-solar heat losses and gains as conduction, convection, and radiation; 2. Solar heating gains in the form of radiation; 3. Air flow, both intentional (ventilation) and unintentional (infiltration)” [4] (Figure 1). After increasing the energy consumption, the amount of studies on the lessening of energy usage to make building warm and cool has increased Major of them examine influence of every part such as; window type, frame type, orientation, climate, and so on. Further to these studies, scientist understood that; the most amount of energy wasting is through windows [5]. As the envelope building is well connected and technology of coated double-glazing windows has installed, the heat losses are drop [6] which have increased energy benefits and comfort for people. Therefore, architects, owners, and designers notice to select variable windows depend on the climate issues, type of building and so on [4].

Figure 1. Three main kinds of energy movements through windows [4]

3. Importance of insulation in windows Insulation levels have been used from the past and it is principal for saving energy. There are many aspects that must be considered for choosing the suitable kind of insulation; environmental consideration, durability and build ability [2]. It is obvious that; “The durability of materials specially their optical properties, through losing of their surface quality and colour changes” [7]. 4. Glazing “Glazing depends on high-energy materials but provides the priceless possibility of views and the more easily priced potential for passive solar gain and day lighting” [2]. Designers use sealing and insulation windows which have high - efficiency glazing system to reduce the cost of energy consumption [2] (Figure 2). It is obvious that building should be constructing and apply with new windows technologies to decline the infiltration’s impact on cooling load [8]. Double-glazing window result in reduce the energy consumption [9]. Triple glaze is the other types of glazing that has better result than double glaze with gas between sheets of glass.

Figure 2. Performance comparison of energy and economy beside a payback period of the investigated double-glazed units [5] 5. Importance of windows and frame

materials and installation “The subject of Material is clearly the foundation of Architecture”, said William Morris in 1892 [2]. Glass has a significant role in modern buildings [1]. Material should have all the characteristics like; appropriate with its usage purpose, cost, mechanical resistance, stability, safety, impact on health, and environment. Besides, designer not only should use the kind of materials in their buildings that are not harmful for nature but also they should be recyclable. An example of harmful materials is; the ODP of the CFC known as refrigerant that can affect the Ozone layer. It also contributes greenhouse effect, or global warming. Therefore, “Generally designers should consider how their buildings will be constructed and deconstructed. They should allow for upgrading of the building during its lifetime” [2].

128

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Furthermore, different types of windows frame are Aluminium, Composite, Fiberglass, Vinyl, Wood, PVC, and so on. For the proper selection of the frame, material durability and features of the project climate should be considered. In addition, the other important issue is installation of the windows and its components that have influence on decreasing the heat loss and heat gain through the building windows. 6. Strategies

Figure 3. Surface with a periodic pattern of slots [10]

There are new strategies for making indoor warm such as:

- Glass with two different surfaces, glass plus shadow surface with some holes, control of wave transmission in this window is high. It can be single/double [10] (Figure 3).

- Smart window which has two parts (1) high performance high reflective glass, (2) coated with low emissivity (low-e) covering. The advantage of this type of window is that can make enough day lighting, and makes low energy efficiency [1].

Figure 4. Schematic Structure of Electrochromic window [11]

- Electrochromic window: “an original device was made using complementary materials. The active working electrode was tungsten trioxide, deposited by r.f. sputtering onto ‘k-glass’. The storage counter electrode was nickel oxide lithium doped, electrochemically deposited. The solid ion conductor was (PEGMA)ii, containing appropriate dissolved salts” [11]. This type of window has memory for controlling daylight, loading, and thermal (Figure 4).

7. Case Study (HALIL RAIF ÖZMUHTAR APT., SALAMIS YOLU, FAMAGUSTA, NORTHERN CYPRUS – Figure 5) 7.1. Observations

Figure 5. Site plan [12]

This building has four levels with six units; including a single flat in basement and in first floor as well, plus the second and third levels with two units (Figure 6 and 7). Every unit in this apartment has five windows. Except the sitting room where two windows are placed in southeast and southwest of it, the other room (south), W.C. (south), and kitchen (void) have just one window. Depending on the observations, there are problems like:

- Simple windows without any insulation - Unsuitable size and orientation - Humidity

Figure 6. View of apartment outside (Photo by Authors)

129

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 7. Halil Raif Özmuhtar Apartment plans (Drawn by Authors)

Figure 8. Mildew (Photo by Authors)

Figure 10. Satisfaction of windows (Source: Authors)

- Hard life - Thermal comfort - Mildew (Figure 8) The Figure 9, is an analyse level of energy saving in windows part [10].

7.2. Interview This report provides an evaluation and a conclusion for current situation of Halil Raif Özmuhtar Apt. This information is from analyzing the data which resulted from interviews of people who are living in Halil Raif Özmuhtar Apartment which the level of their satisfaction in every units and flats is considered.

Figure 9. As a symbol of loss of energy in windows [10]

Most of the people who are living in this apartment they are students of the Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU) including Males and Females. In every unit, 2-3

130

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

persons are living but underground floor because of some problems such as moisture, mildew, and bad condition is empty. Authors interviewed 12 people during 15-20 minutes. The line Chart (Figure 10) revealed that people how much are satisfied with their windows function. Most of the people who are living in West flats have problem with their windows like; construction, insulation, and sealed but they are satisfied with their windows function in summer because of the suitable ventilation. These column charts illustrate that every level and situation of flats have important influence on the weather of every flats. For example, the weather of western flats is better than eastern flats in every floor in cold days. Eastern flats have problem with the cold weather during cold seasons but in summer seasons, they have different idea about the weather of their flats. One of the people told that they rent this flat because of the good condition in the summer (Figure 11 and 12). Size of windows percentage shows that they are agree with the size of the windows and most of them more than 50%. Depend on the hot-humid climate size of windows choose with big size in terms of thermal comfort and ventilation which helps to save energy. Direction of the windows in one room with two windows is suitable but in whole of flats is not suitable. Proportion of windows to area is not enough (Figure 13). In pie chart clarify that percentage of using air conditioner in Halil Raif Özmuhtar Apartment is high. Therefore, usage of electricity is very high and depends on electricity is expensive in Famagusta, it makes problem for the tenant and owner should respect to these strategies for their building (Figure 14).

Figure 11. Suitable weather in Cold season (Source: Authors)

7.3. Discussion (Charts and Observations) Finally, the differences between eastern and western units of our examined building, cause many differences in energy saving methods as well as thermal comfort of them. For example, eastern units are colder than western ones in regard with their position. However, it is a good profit on the hot weather of summer, in cold seasons, it causes many problems for making these units warm and energy consumption is very high, consequently. The other important factor for temperature of the unit; is level of its floor. On this basis, upper floors are hotter than the lower ones. Therefore, designer should use some strategies for saving energy in upper levels. The first noticeable problem of this building is lacking of windows insulation and its relevant sealing. Secondly, in spite of this fact that residences of this building were agreed with measure of windows, it is not enough for Cyprus climate. Thus, proportion of windows is not suitable. Thirdly, materials of windows need to be improved since they could not help to save energy in this building.

8. Conclusion At the end, windows have the main role in saving energy in a construction, but designers and owners do not respect to this part of building as they think it is an ordinary part of building. Depends on the researches through articles and books; windows are the blind spot in terms of energy saving issues. There are many strategies, which not only help to save energy but also improve thermal comfort in apartments. Designer should respect to materials and appropriate selection of windows material, insulation, size of windows, onsite

Figure 12. Suitable weather in hot season (Source: Authors)

131

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

direction or side of façade and designers should revise dimension of windows, on base of this investigation.

Figure 13. Windows satisfaction in terms of direction, size, and proportion to every part (Source: Authors)

The other matter is about the material of windows. Window has some components which its two special elements are; material of frame and glass. As the first element; Aluminium is the appropriate material for frame for wet climate according its characteristics of stability and anti-corrosion (ferrous oxide), or combination of aluminium and wood but from now by inventing new materials and importance of energy saving in building, it is not suitable for hot-humid environment. Therefore, it should be adjusted it with new material that can optimize the usage of energy in apartment. The other principal matter of windows is glass that has a significant role for daylight, view and so on. Designer can use double and triple glaze windows with argon gas between the panes. Furthermore, some of the designers and architects agree to use double glaze windows in Famagusta, North Cyprus due to double glaze may is cheaper than triple glaze and they may believe that there is not very much difference between performance of double and triple glaze windows. The proper type of glass should be used because it has the most efficiency on reduction of building energy usage. In addition, the importance of technology is explicit in modern buildings these days. Many scientists are searching for new ideas through energy saving of windows and they try to invent new materials or tactics. For example, they supposed that some strategies are used like: Electrochromic, and smart windows. These approaches boost improvement of condition in units. Finally, the most important way for energy saving through windows is size, orientation, natural ventilation, insulation, sealing, onsite installation of windows, proper selection of frame and glazing. All of them have a positive influence of energy consumption in buildings.

Figure 14. Ventilation devices in hot months (Source: Authors)

installation of windows, and direction of building according to the noticeable effect of them on the energy saving of apartment buildings. Authors found that there are many problems in selection of windows material in Halil Raif Özmuhtar Apartment and they are not suitable for saving energy in apartment building. The other essential issue that may have influence on the increasing energy consumption is heat loss and heat gain of the windows. Furthermore, windows of traditional houses in the past were larger than windows in new constructions. Moreover, they had a vertical shape and their length was longer than the width, which is more appropriate regarding the Cyprus climate. The other issue is the size of windows on every

Acknowledgement This article provided by corporation of people who are living in Halil Raif Özmuhtar Apt. We are thankful from guidance and supports of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yonca Hürol and Dr. Nicholas Wilkinson in Faculty of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University.

References [1] Sekhar, S. C. & Lim Cher Toon. (1998). On the study of energy performance and life cycle cost of smart window, Elsevier. 28. pp. 307-316. [2] Thomas, Randall, Environmental Design: an introduction for architects and engineers, London and New York, (1996).

132

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

[3] Rijal, H. B. and Tuohy, P. and Humphreys, M. A. and Nicol, J. F. and Samuel, A. and Clarke, J., Using results from field surveys to predict the effect of open windows on thermal comfort and energy use in buildings, Energy and Buildings, Vol. 39, (2007), pp. 823 – 836. [4] U.S. Department of Energy, (2004). What is new in building energy efficiency: selecting windows for energy efficiency. Available from: http://windows.lbl.gov/pub/selectingwindows/wi ndow.pdf [Accessed 7 April 2013].

Famagusta, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, (2007). [8] Hamza, Neveen, Double versus single skin facades in hot arid areas, Energy and Buildings, Vol. 40, (2008), pp. 240 – 248. [9] Milne, Geoffrey, and Boardman, Brenda, Making cold homes warmer: the effect of energy efficiency in improvements in low-income homes, Energy Policy, Vol. 28, (2000), Issues 6–7, pp. 411–424.

[5] Yaşar, Yalçın, and Maçka Kalfa, Sibel, The effects of window alternatives on energy efficiency and building economy in high-rise residential building in moderate humid climates, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 64, (2012), pp. 170 – 181.

[10] Widenberg, Björn, and Rodriguez, José Víctor Rodríguez., Design of Energy Saving Windows with High Transmission at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz, Department of Electroscience and Electromagnetic Theory, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund, Sweden, (2002), pp. 1–14.

[6] Persson, Mari-Louise and Roos, Arne and Wall, Maria, Influence of window size on the energy balance of low energy houses, Energy and Buildings, Vol. 38, (2006), pp. 181 – 188.

[11] Pennesi, A. and Simone, F. and Barletta, G. and Di Marco, G. and Lanza, M., Preliminary test of a large electrochromic window, Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 44, (1999), pp. 3237 – 3243.

[7] Sadeh, Mohammad Hossein, Selected of glazing materials for transparent building envelope, Thesis (M.S.), Eastern Mediterranean University,

[12] Google Maps, (2013), [Salamis Yolu, Gazimağusa] [map]. Available from: http://maps.google.com/ [Accessed 08/05/2013].

Road

Poly Ethylene Glycol Methacrylate

133

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Journal

e25

About the Journal

e26

Instructions for Authors

e28