Vegetables Production In Israel Students seminar At the University
Lior Avraham Extension Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Israel
Vegetables Production In Israel
2
Lecture Outline • Israel Agriculture - General • Technologies used in vegetables production: – Using nets – Grafting Vegetables
• Time for Questions
Growing vegetables in Israel
Nets for agricultural use • Protection against animals and insects • Screens for filtering and reflecting radiation • Protection against severe weather elements
Nets for agricultural use
Physical
Spectrum
Insects
Plant
animals
(climate)
So, why cover? Examples…
Quality damage Drought and Temperature
Quality damage radiation
Natural disasters hail, winds, frost, sandstorms
Pests + virus transmission
Other reasons: • Reducing the Evapotranspiration (ET) Saving water/fertilizer • Spectral filtering of solar radiation Photoselective effect
Black shade net 35%
No shading
Different type of nets Woven Leno with Monofilament
Woven with Monofilament
Knitted with Rafia
50 mesh or 20/10 ? 10 Holes in 1 cm
20 Holes in 1 cm 1 Inch 50 Holes
1 Inch 25 Holes
Protection against animals and pests • Protection against animals (rabbits, deers, etc.) • Birds • Insects – Direct damage – Viruses
Characteristics and applications • Animals: “fence” • Birds: “trap” • Insects: “physical barrier” or a “vision inhibitor” – Size: “mesh”, “anti-virus”, “insect-proof” • 18-25 Mediterranean fruit fly and moths • 40-50 Thrips, Bemesia, Aphids non-woven floating material “Agril” - bemesia
50 Mesh Insect proof net Net house Greenhouse
Anti-Insect 25 mesh and 17 mesh
Energy reaches the Earth from the Sun and is radiated back to space PAR (photosynthetic absorption range)
Ultra- violet (UV)
IR (Infra-red)
Light spectrum: “vision inhibitor” • UV absorption –“bionet” –“opti-net” –“spider-net”
• Combination of physical and spectrum
BioNet™ BioNet™ 50 mesh clear
BioNet™ 50 mesh White
BioNet™ 50 mesh
BioNet™ 50 mesh
Y. Antignus et al., 1998.
BioNet™ Less Chemicals Better Yield
Applications and limitations • Applications – Net-houses: roof and sides – Greenhouses: roof, sides and doors – Open-fields
• Limitations – Rh% - increased humidity – T - increased temperature
Lack of ventilation Reduction in radiation
Screens for filtering and reflecting radiation • Shading nets Heat and sun radiation reduction, frost protection
• Thermal screens Energy savings, heat and sun radiation reduction • Colored nets Plant and fruit growth
Climate and plant control High and Low Temperature • Thermal screens (prevention of dew) • “Agril” – non-woven floating material • Shadescreens, 30% - 70% shade, black\white – Reducing extreme temperature and direct sun damage (fruit) – Frost Protection
Growing herbs in mid-summer
Dew Point
re-radiation
Absorption
Sun
IR
Plant Growth Colors • Flowering (inducing or preventing) • Fruit yield • Insect protection
Nets Types Colored - photoselective nets Direct
• A shade net • A physical barrier • Chromatic properties: Light diffusing photoselectivity • Effects: ripening time, morphological changes, fertility, post-harvest quality, insect penetration With gratitude to Dr. Yosepha Shahak
Diffuse
Filtering light in different ways: •
•
•
Black nets: provide only shade
Transparent nets (50 mesh like): scatter light without changing light spectrum Colored nets: scatter light and spectrum change •
Red
White
Yellow
Pearl
Blue
Grey With gratitude to Dr. Yosepha Shahak
Can we predict how to filter the light in order to enhance certain reactions?
NO! With gratitude to Dr. Yosepha Shahak
Light filtering by colored nets: Net
Absorption
Blue
UV+R+FR
B
++
Red
UV+B+G
R+FR
++
Yellow
UV+B
G+R+FR
++
White
UV
B+G+R+FR
++
Pearl
UV
Translucent
+++
Grey
all
-
+
Black
all
-
0
Black
Blue
Transmittance
Grey
Red
Scattering
Yellow
0.8 full sun+sky
Transmittance
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3
300
400
500 600 Wavelength, nm
700
800
With gratitude to Dr. Yosepha Shahak
Besor experiment station Yellow Lupine with 50% shade nets
Yellow net
Blue net
(Shamir et al. 2001) With gratitude to Dr. Yosepha Shahak
רשתות צבעוניות
Vegetable cultivation under nets Field experiments
Pepper shading Shade net compare to full sun light • • • •
30% black shade net reduced sun burns Did not affect fertility (fruits per plants) Increases marketable yield and fruit size 50% black shade net reduced fertility and yield
)Rylski and Spigelman, 1986(
Pepper grown under colored nets Besor experimental station 2005-2010 • 35% shading 1. Pearl 2. Yellow 3. Red 4. Black (control)
Pepper production under colored nets
Yield - Red net on top Cumulative yield (#fr/dunam) 2006 Fruit/dunam
60000
50000
'Vergasa'
40000
30000 Red Pearl Yellow Black
20000 10000 0
Harvesting date
ď ś Black <
< Pearl < Red
Shahak et al, (2006)
Pest management (2008) 100% 75%
CMV-
CMV* virus infection %
50%
CMV infected pepper plants (%)
25% 0%
Red
Black
Pearl
Yellow
*Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)
Shahak et al, (2008)
Colored nets possible effect on pests UV+Blue reflectionAvoidence
Atraction Landing-stoping
Yellow
No effect
Red
Black
Shahak, (2008)
Limiting Factor - Pest management • Increase resistance of pests to pesticides • New races of viruses - TSWV case • We want to reduce chemical spraying
So… Insect-proof 50 mesh
The unwanted outcome: High Temp. Black
Air Temp. (C)
50 msh
42
â&#x20AC;˘ Preference to shade nets compare to 50 mesh net
37 32 27 22 17 0:00
6:00
Avraham et al, (2011)
12:00
18:00
Radiation effect on Yield 2015
2014 1,2
Relativ yield (Y/Ymax)
1,2
Relativ yield (Y/Ymax)
Tomato = 0.69x + 0.3066 1,0 R² = 0.9413 0,8 0,6 0,4
Eggplant = 0.8596x + 0.1474 R² = 0.9091
0,2
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8 0,6 0,4
Tomato = 0.8828x + 0.2018 R² = 0.9112 Pepper = 0.9299x + 0.0678 R² = 0.9855
0,0 0,8
1,0
Pepper (spanish)
1,2
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
Relative radiation (I/Imax)
Relative radiation (I/Imax) Eggplant
1,0
0,2
Pepper= 0.958x + 0.0031 R² = 0.918
0,0
Eggplant= 0.7108x + 0.3108 R² = 0.9213
Tomato
eggplant
pepper
tomato
1,2
0.44
0.58
0.71
0.2
0.31
0.37
Protection against severe weather elements â&#x20AC;˘ Hail protection â&#x20AC;˘ Wind protection
Anti-Hail Crystal 10%
Saving water up to 30%
2,400 hectares of bananas in Israel, of which 1,800 hectares under shade nets
Anti-Hail Crystal 10%
4,400 hectares of Citrus in Israel from the variety Or
Anti-Hail Crystal Pearl 18%
2,700 hectares of Table Grape in Israel, of which 800 hectares under shade nets
Anti-Hail Crystal Pearl 22% We can sew a zipper
4,200 hectares of Apple orchards in Israel
Ways of application • • • • •
Fences (animals) and barriers (wind) Canopy coverings (birds) Side and roof windows (insects) Net houses (shade / insects / hail) Greenhouses (shade / energy / insects)
Wind Barriers
Nethouses - Options • Crop ? • Season ? • Reason ?
Type of net ?
– Pest protection – Climate control – Frost, hail or wind damage Possible problems: plant diseases or fruit disorders
Nets itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a question of needs and management cost and quality experimentation and adaptation
Grafting - History • • • •
322-382 - Aristototoles describes the method 1000 - known method in China 1700 - known method in England 1914 - Prevention of Fusarium in watermelons (Japan) • 1947 - Grafting Cucurbits in Holland • 1960 - Grafting Solanacea
Grafted plants
Cabbage/Radish Chinese cabbage/Radish
Eggplant / Potato
Tomato / Potato
רוכב scion מיקום Grafting ההרכבה place
Rootstock כנה
Tomatoes, grafted onto tomato rootstock (left) or on potato (right)
1+1
Cucurbits (watermelons, melons, cucumbers, squashes, etc.)
Various grafting methods in vegetables with or without rootstock root systems
Solanaceous crops (tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, paprika, etc.)
Various grafting clips and aids
Grafting operation in Canada
Grafting Vegetables in Israel • • • • • •
Tomatoes Watermelons Melons Cucumber Eggplant Pepper - in Research
MB -
MB +
MNSV
Fusarium
Macrofomina
Fusarium Crown Rot
Corky root
Nematodes
GRAFTING OF TOMATO PLANTS IS APPLICABLE AND USED AS A COMERCIAL METHOD IN ORDER TO:
• INCREASE PRODUCTION. • IMPROVE QUALITY OF THE FRUITS. • IMPROVE AND INCREASE VEGETATION • Resistance for soil Patogens ESPEACIALLY IN DIFFICALT AND STRESSED CONDITION.
ROOTSTOCK BEAUFOR MAXIFOR HE-MAN ENERGY AX-105 6151 5775
RESISTANCES V,F1,F2,Fr,N,K,Tm V,F1,F2,Fr,N,K,Tm V,F1,F2,Fr,N,K,Tm V,F1,F2,Fr,N,K,Tm V,F1,F2,Fr,N,K,Tm,By V,F1,F2,Fr,N,K,Tm,C5 V,F1,F2,Fr,N,K,Tm,C5
SORCE DERUITER DERUITER S&G VILMORIN A.T. RIJKZWAAN ASGROW
WIDE RANGE OF RESISTANCES / TOLERANCE AGAINST SOIL BORN DESEASES
ROOTS OF NON
ROOTS OF
GRAFTING PLANT
GRAFTING PLANT
The disadvantage of grafting is high price
Normal
Grafted
Grafted and Split In the nursery
Kg/D
40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0
ACCUMULAT YIELD OF 870 ON DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS
Control
870 12
1
2
3
4
MONTH
870 870/6153 1 B 870/ BOUFOR 2 B
870/5775 1 B 870/6153 2B 870/HIMAN 1 B
870/5775 2 B 870/BOUFOR 1 B 870/HIMAN 2 B
5
Grafting Test 35
A
30
B
B C
C
25 Kg/m^2
A
D
20 15
10 5
0
E
E
C
index
Nematodes Index 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 870
5775
6152
boufor
Different Rootstocks
himan
Depth of planting
Grafted tomatoes open field Control
Grafted
Fusarium crown rot
Grafted
Fusarium
Control
Control
Nematodes
Grafted
5
0
Strong rootstock
Non grafted
Rootstock influence on shoot
Strong rootstock
Week rootstock
Cherry tomato 4 branches
Not everything is perfectâ&#x20AC;¦
Bad compatibility
Good compatibility
Root Stock 1
Root Stock 2
Strong rootstock + strong shoot
Too vegetative
Strong rootstock
Non complete clusters
Medium rootstock
Uniform clusters
Thank you for your attention and please feel free to ask questions