THE ENCYCLOPEDIA of wrong believes
student: mikhaylover valeriya
curator: kuznetsova alexandra
2015
ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВО РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ АВТОНОМНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ВЫСШАЯ ШКОЛА ЭКОНОМИКИ»
ШКОЛА ДИЗАЙНА факультет коммуникаций, медиа и дизайна НИУ ВШЭ Михайловер Валерия Всеволодовна Выпускная квалификационная работа на тему: Создание принципиального макета журнала о путешествиях Визуальное исследование на тему: ЭНЦИКЛОПЕДИЯ ЗАБЛУЖДЕНИЙ Выпускная квалификационная работа по направлению «Дизайн» студента группы № 23 ДБ (образовательная программа «Дизайн»)
рецензент:
М ихайловер В алерия В севолодовна научный руководитель:
К узнецова А лександра В ладимировна консультант:
К узнецова А лександра В ладимировна Москва 2015 1
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THE HUMA N m a n l i k e m i c r o c o s m .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
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THE WORLD cosmology.............................................................. 22 cartography......................................................... 38 animals.................................................................... 54 C r o c o d i l e s . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . 5 6 S n a k e s .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 6 4 Lizards,
s a l a m a n d e r s . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
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W h a l e s .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . 7 4 Fishes,
s e a a n i m a l s .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
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E l e p h a n t s .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 8 6 H i p p o p o t a m u s .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 9 4 S t o r k s .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 9 6 P a r r o t s .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 9 8
Contents
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вступление
Мое визуальное исследование так или иначе перекликается с темой путешествий. Оно включает в себя собранные изображения предметов деятельности человека до 20 века. Несомненно, что еще пару веков назад человек довольно мало знал о самом себе, окружающем его мире, природных явлениях. Развитие медицины, астрономии, физики, географии и прочих наук, а также появление улучшенных кораблей и иных средств передвижения, позволявших путешествовать и изучать нашу планету, постепенно сформировало современное представление человека о мире. Как известно, человек – существо познающее. Те пугающие своей загадочностью явления, события из истории, слухи о других материках, странах, народах, животных, которые он не мог объяснить научно и порой даже не видел собственными глазами, он представлял с помощью своей фантазии или существующей актуальной теории о жизни, мире, вселенной. 4
При анализе различных ресурсов на выбранную мной тематику я прошла несколько этапов. Сначала я просматривала большие объемы информации и изображений, пытаясь четче понять и утвердить будущую структуру исследования. Разобравшись с доступными источниками, я логически разделила найденную информацию, разделив ее тематически. Отсюда вышло содержание визуального исследования, скорректированное с учетом всех найденных данных. В ходе исследования, я убедилась, что человек как несколько сотен лет назад, так и сегодня склонен объяснять и структурировать даже те предметы, которые не может открыть ему наука, представить то, что никогда не видел, поверить в другие миры, существование которых никто не может подтвердить. Все это происходит по причине того, что мы, люди, не можем и не желаем жить в неведении и скорее поверим во что-нибудь, чем не будем верить ни во что.
introduction
My visual research is commonly based on the topic of travelling. It consists of the selected data and images of the pictures, which present the objects, illustrations, sculptures, etc. made by human beings not earlier than XX century. Undoubtedly, a couple of centuries ago humans did not know a lot about themselves, the world around, the phenomenon of nature. The development of medicine, astronomy, physics, geography and other sciences, also the appearance of more modernized ships and different means of transport that gave people a chance to travel and explore our planet, gradually generated the humans modern way of thinking and its conception of the world. It is a common knowledge, that a human being is a pursuer of knowledge. Those frightening facts about unknown phenomenon, the historic events, myths about other continents, countries, nations, animals, that the one could not explain scientifically or even did not see by itself, it fancied with the help
of its imagination or the actual existing and popular theory of life, world, universe. While analysind different sourses I have made a few main steps. In the beginning I looked through the data trying to understand the future structure of the research. I logically divided all the info. As a result I created a content of the research. While I was doing my research I understood that a modern human like an ancient human is always trying to make things more concrete and structured, even if the scientists can not explain the phenomena or the one have never seen the subject by itself. The humanity can believe in everything like another worlds. It is happening because all the human beings desire to believe in something in spite of believing in nothing.
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the human man like microcosm
Microcosmic man, bounded by the spheres of the four elements and planets early 15th century
Part of the Medieval worldview was the idea that man was a microcosm ("a little world") which reflected the macrocosm of the Ptolemaic universe. As the Earth was divided into regions influenced by the planets, similarly the body of man was divided into "regions" governed by signs of the Zodiac. Astrological signs were thought to influence the body and its health, and sketches of the "Zodiac Man" are common in medical treatises of the Middle Ages. These diagrams instructed doctors and barber-surgeons whether it was safe to bleed a patient or to perform surgery; if the moon was in the sign of the bodypart in question, it was not recommended.1 The position of the moon could be determined with a volvelle — a rotating calendar. 7
Aries — Head Taurus — Neck Gemini — Arms & shoulders Cancer — Breast Leo — Shoulderblades & Sides Virgo — Stomach & intestines Libra — Hips & buttocks Scorpio — Genitals Sagittarius — Thighs Capricorn — Knees Aquarius — Ankles Pisces — Feet
Zodiacal Man Les Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry 1413
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German medieval manuscript 15th century
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The Barber Surgeons 1486
Bloodletting Zodiac Man with bloodletting pan and spindle Miscellany with astronomical, medical, and philosophical texts 15th century T HE HU M A N  | M a n
like a microcosm
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Zodiac Man after 1387
Zodiac Man after 1406
Zodiac Man 14th century
Zodiac Man late 14th century
left:
Zodiac Man 1400-50 T HE HU M A N  | M a n
like a microcosm
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Anatomical Illustration 13th Ń entury
right:
The vessels anatomy chart from the collection of Sami Ibrahim Haddad
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Biology, Arabic medicine 17th century
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Medieval medicine of Western Europe 15th century
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The Female Body, Diagram is meant to help medieval physicians with the care of pregnant women
T HE HU M A N  | M a n
like a microcosm
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bottom:
right:
Chirurgia Henri de Mondeville, surgeon to King Philip the Fair of France 1320
Anatomy of the Eye An Arabic manuscript by al-Mutadibih 1200
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Wound-man with injuries, legend in German Ink and Watercolour Apocalypsis S. Johannis cum glossis et Vita S. Johannis London Libary 1420-30 T HE HU M A N  | M a n
like a microcosm
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Long before the panic that arose after the 1938 broadcast of War of the Worlds by Orson Wells, there was another alien hoax that gripped the world. Purported to be the findings of British astronomer Sir John Herschel, perhaps the best known astronomer of the time, the New York Sun, in a blatant use of yellow journalism, started publishing six stories in 1836 reporting the “discovery of life on the moon.” Most likely authored by Richard E. Locke in an ultimately successful attempt to boost the newspapers readership, the extravagant stories where full of alien flora and fauna, including bat winged men, nude moon maidens with luna-moth wings, unicorn moon bison and bipedal tailless beavers. In the articles it was proposed that an expedition be made to the moon using hydrogen filled balloons lifting ship like gondolas beneath, 20
which later returned to earth under large umbrellas. The fantastic story, though too wild to be true, garnered a healthy following for the magazine, and even Sir John Herschel found it amusing… until he later had to answer questions from readers who thought the story was serious. The articles where published under the name Dr. Andrew Grant, who described himself as the traveling companion and laborer of Sir John Herschel, but Dr Grant was fictitious. The story was not discovered to be a hoax until several weeks after it’s publication, and even then the newspaper did not issue a retraction. Eventually it was announced that the huge telescope used for the observations had caught a glimpse of the sun, magnified the beams and caught fire to the observatory, terminating any further views of the fantastic landscapes on the moon.
all the images:
building of the new life on the Moon illustrations frow the Sun magazine 1835 T HE HU M A N  | M a n
like a microcosm
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the world cosmology
Medieval cosmology was centered around the concept of the Ptolemaic universe, named after Greek astronomer Ptolemy. In this geocentric (earth-centered) model, the earth was the motionless center of the universe, with the rest of the universe revolving around it in spheres. Ptolemy’s work was based on Aristotle’s (384-322 BCE) idea of an ordered universe, divided into the sublunary, or earthly, region which was changeable and corruptible, and the heavenly region, which was immutable and perfect. Aristotle posited that the heavens contained 55 spheres, with the Primum Mobile, Prime Mover or First Moveable, giving motion to all the spheres within it.
Гравюра Камиль Фламмарион 1888 T HE WO R LD | C o s m o l o g y
Centermost in this cosmology was the Earth. The sublunary sphere was comprised of the four elements (earth, water, fire, and air). Next followed the spheres of the 7 planets (which included the sun and the moon). After these came the Circle of the Fixed Stars (including the signs of the Zodiac). Outermost in this scheme was the Primum Mobile, sometimes divided into three spheres of the Crystalline Heaven, the First Moveable, and the Empyrean, or highest heaven. 23
Earthly Paradise Nicolas de Lyre Postilles sur l’Ancien et le Nouveau Testament
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Evrart de Conty Les Echecs amoureux, France 1496-1498
T HE WO R LD | C o s m o l o g y
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Zodiac and Planets Circling Earth The Pierpont Morgan Library 15th century
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Cosmographical Diagram Gossuin de Metz 13th-c
Earth at the center of the Spheres Copy of Gossuin de Metz 13th-c
Cosmographical Diagram Gossuin de Metz 13th-c
Cosmographical diagram Earth surround by the The Catalan 14th century
Creation of the World Nuremberg Chronicles 1492
Creation of the World, 4th Day Nuremberg Chronicles 1492
Spheres Between Heaven and Hell Neville of Hornby Hours c1440(?)
Планисфера Птоломея Андреас Целлариус 1661
the next spread.:
Portuguese diagram of the planets Bartolomeu Velho 1568 T HE WO R LD | C o s m o l o g y
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Armillary Sphere Cellarius, Harmonia Macrocosmica Ptolemaic 1661 right:
William Randolph Cunningham Coelifer Atlas 1559 T HE WO R LD  | C o s m o l o g y
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Livre du ciel et du monde Nicole Oresme 1377
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From Les Echecs amoureux, MS for Louise of Savoy 15th century
Pages from Annotazione on Sacrobosco's Tractatus de Sphaera, showing the Ptolemaic system 1550
T HE WO R LD | C o s m o l o g y
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Earth structure Athanasius Kircher XVII century
Kircher wrote his 1664 opus some three decades after he undertook an expedition inside Mt. Vesuvius — around the time it had experienced its first major eruption in centuries. The interior of the volcano, he wrote, was, “all up and down everywhere, cragged and broken, while its chamber was “made hollow directly and straight.” The bottom of the crater 34
was”boiling with an everlasting gushing forth, and streamings of smoke and flames, and employed in decocting Sulphur, Bitumen and the melting and burning of other kinds of Minerals.”
Earth structure by Woodword XVII century
At the beginning of the XVIII century the views of scientists about the Earth structure were changing. However reservoirs were still related with the central core of the globe. The scientists concluded that not fire but the water was situated in the Earth center and created the crust. This idea was warmly defended by the “Neptunists” to issue a consolidatT HE WO R LD | C o s m o l o g y
ed the theory of the formation of rocks on the rocks of volcanic origin which are now quite certain.
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Map of the Square and Stationary Earth by Orlando Ferguson 1893
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the world cartography
Antique map of Leo Belgicus by Visscher C.J. - Gerritsz 1630
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Secunda etas mundi (World Map Before Discovery of America) by Hartmann Schedel 1493 T HE WO R LD | C a r t o g r a p h y
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The world map our time
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Das Erst General inhaltend die beschreibung by Sebastian Munster Basel 1550
the next spread:
World by Antonio Salamanca Rome 1564 T HE WO R LD | C a r t o g r a p h y
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overleaf:
from the map exhibition Royal British Columbia Museum by Abraham Ortelius 1570 Christian medieval map where Jerusalem is at the center of the world by Heinrich Bunting 1581 T HE WO R LD  | C a r t o g r a p h y
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Den Aardkloot nade Zondvloed, in Haar Gebroken Stand, met Bergen en Dalen, Groote Zee-Boesem, en der Selver Eilanden en Ondiepten Vertoond Willelm & Jan Goeree Amsterdam 1690
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A part of the left side illustration presenting Europe, Asia and Africa
The modern map our time T HE WO R LD  | C a r t o g r a p h y
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bottom images:
Actual world map top images:
World At The Restoration of the Stuarts by Edward Quin, London 1846
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the world animals
Bartholomaeus Anglicus, Liber de proprietatibus rerum (Livre des proprietes des choses – French translation of Jean Corbechon) Bruges 1482
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crocodiles
C rocodylus the suborder Crocodylinae large aquatic reptiles
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The text is taken partly from the story by Isidore and also makes use of the knowledge provided by Pliny and Solinus. It is a green bird with a red collar which lives in India only. It imitates human speech and while it is young it can be taught to pronounce words. But when it grows old, the bird becomes absent-minded and slow-witted. The parrot’s hard beak saves the parrot when it happens to fall headlong on a rock. They story of the parrot uttering “Ave, Ceasar”, comes from Martial. Pseudo-Hugh, Pierre of Beauvais, Albert the Great
and Brunetto Latini added new facts to the story. The miniature illuminating the text about the parrot shows an anonymous bird with a beak and tail clearly outlined. It is rather frequently met in Romanesque sculpture as well. The parrot is often given a life-like representation in late medieval art, when the parrot, together with other exotic animals, became a usual attraction in court menageries for instance, the representation of a green parrot in Jan van Eyck’s “Virgin of the canon Van der Pale”.
Parrot /psittacus, psitacus/ 10.2X4.4 cm
T HE WO R LD | A n i m a l s | parrots
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the list of sources
p. 17 PREGNANT WOMAN 13 of march 2015 http://memolition.com/2014/11/24/drawings-that-showhow-little-people-knew-about-science-in-the-middle-ages/
p. 14–16 ISLAMIC MEDICINE 13 of march 2015 http://ancientbotanicals.com/what-is-medieval-islamic-medicine/
p. 38–53 CARTOGRAPHY 13 of march 2015 http://www.raremaps.com/
p. 18–19 MEDIEVEL MEDICINE, EUROPE 13 of march 2015 http://www.medievalists.net/2014/12/14/sights-soreeyes-vision-health-medieval-england/
p. 6–13, 22–27, 32 ZODIACAL MAN, COSMOLOGY 9 of february 2015 http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/
p. 20–21 THE GREAT MOON HOAX 18 of march 2015 http://www.visualnews.com/2011/12/the-great-moonhoax-of-1836/
p. 78–79, 95 (bottom image) ANIMALS 18 of march 2015 https://www.flickr.com/photos/bibliodyssey/ sets/?&page=2
p. 34–35 KIRHER, BOODWORD EARTH STRUCTURES 1 of march 2015 the book “Science and life”, Moscow, publishing by the house of Cultural and educational literature, 1949
p. 58–60, 64–76, 81–89, 95 (top image) ANIMALS 14 of february 2015 http://dreamworlds.ru/
p. 42 ACTUAL MAP 17 of march 2015 http://www.onprintable.com/2014/world-map-printable/
p. 90–93, 97–99 ANIMALS 10 of march 2015 http://discardingimages.tumblr.com/
p. 98 (bottom image) PARROT 15 of march 2015 http://wallpapers111.com/green-parrots-wallpapers/
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p. 96 (bottom image) STARK 15 of march 2015 http://viwallpaper.com/images/hd-wallpapers-japanpalace-tokyo-bridge-tokyo-imperial-palace-world-2560x-2048-1419-kb-jpeg.html p. 94 (bottom image) HIPPO 15 of march 2015 http://genius.com/Ts-eliot-the-hippopotamus-annotated
p. 86 (bottom image) ELEPHANT 15 of march 2015 http://hdwyn.com/elephant_white_background_large_ hd-wallpaper-75870/
p. 80 (bottom image) FISH 15 of march 2015 http://hdwyn.com/fish_underwater_swimming_beautiful_hd-wallpaper-62569/
p. 80 (bottom image) WHALE 15 of march 2015 http://factologia.net/animals/19-largest-mammal-planet-blue-whale.html p. 72 (bottom images) LIAZARD, SALAMANDER 15 of march 2015 https://vrty.org/
p. 64 (bottom images) SNAKE 15 of march 2015 http://susanirenefox.com/tag/compassion/
p. 56 (bottom images) CROCODILE 15 of march 2015 http://hq-wallpapers.ru/wallpapers/animals/pic42190_ raz1920x1200
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HSE ART AND DES IGN SCH OOL