Figure 13: Funding Breakup

9 FO R E G I N C O L L A B A R A T I O N –E X T E R NA L A I D 9

Project Implementation System 1)Borrower: President of India 2) Guarantor: None 3) Executing Agency:Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation Limited: MMRCL 4) Operation and Maintenance System: The maintenance/management after the completion of the project is to be performed directly by the MMRCL

Table 10: JAPAN FUNDING MODEL

9 . 1 . 1 B I L A TE R A L A S S I S TA N C E

Official Development Assistance, ODA, is undertaken by governments or government agencies to promote economic development and welfare in emerging countries. Since 1954, Japan has been providing financial and technical assistance through ODA, and the features of Japanese ODA have been promotion of self-help, sustainable economic growth and human security in emerging countries.

ODA loans support emerging countries providing low-interest, long-term and concessional funds to finance their development efforts. ODA loans are normally used for large-scale infrastructure and other forms of development that require substantial funds. ODA loans, which require repayment, promote efficient use of the borrowed funds and appropriate supervision of the project they finance, thereby underpinning emerging countries’ ownership in the development process (Jica guidelines for Asian countries, n.d.).

9 Official jics guidelines ,

SUBMITTED BY: BHUMIKA RAJ UC5316 42