Co-lab Volume 02 | Team 1

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

VOLUME 02 | Team 01

Literature Review Open Source Architecture and Authorship

In today’s environment, the line that delineates our discipline from other professions is constantly being blurred. Informational technology is one that proliferates through our society much like architecture does.

In this presentation, we will explore and discuss the implications of this relationship and how IT’s open source movement corresponds to that of today’s architectural endeavours. From there, we will traverse examples of this notion before discussing the consequences of open source architecture as it relates to authorship.

Digital Indeterminism: The New Digital Commons and the Dissolution of Architectural Authorship Mario Carpo

Novelty and Ownership: Intellectual Property in Architecture and Design Martina Decker

Open Source Software Went Nuclear Cade Metz

The Civic Entrepreneur: Indy Johar 00:/ Rory Hyde

Open Source Architecture Carlo Ratti

Flexible Housing: Opportunities and Limits Tatjana Schneider

Literature Review Summaries The social determinants of digital design and shared authorship -- though slowly accepted in the architectural realm -- creates a more holistic and socially accepted design leading architects and the design profession as a whole to adapt to a new digital Darwinist world where solo authorial ownership of a project gives way to form found through participatory versioning.

Just as in other disciplinary fields, filing patents within architecture can be beneficial as it can secures individual ideas/practices/knowledge created as it applies to the practice, thus attracting potential new clients and providing a firm approach to manufacturers/stakeholders while benefiting the architectural community at large.

Open source software is now the main modus operandi for software developers, entrepreneurs, and inventors in today’s technological field as it is commonly recognized that freely sharing code will accelerate technology as a whole.

Just as in other disciplinary fields, filing patents within architecture can be beneficial as it can secures individual ideas/practices/knowledge created as it applies to the practice, thus attracting potential new clients and providing a firm approach to manufacturers/stakeholders while benefiting the architectural community at large.

Carlo Ratti proposes a different approach to designing space where designers and occupants are constantly looped around in the design process through funding, engagement, standards, design, construction, and occupancy in order to improve the methods in which design is construed.

Schneider and Til argue for the importance of flexibility as it involves choice and free will over one’s domain when the uncertainty of housing demand and user occupation require the ability to quickly react and adapt to desired programmatic uses and spatial configurations.

The Role of the Designer up authorship of their production.

Although this is problematic, it should be noted that through digital design, shared authorship is slowly being more accepted in the architectural profession. Thus, creating a more holistic and socially accepted design ,leading architects and the design profession as a whole to adapt to a new digital darwinist world where solo authorial ownership of a project gives way to form found through participatory versioning.

Now that shared authorship is consisted of the public; the consumer becomes the producer, the user becomes the maker, thus making architects a civic entrepeneur: a person who creates genuine spaces of interaction with a creation of value.

Design is no longer seen as an act that’s only used one person at a time.

It is seen as multiple people of many disciplines and experience working collaboratively to create a design that benefits all users involved.

There is no longer a singular designer, but a community of people with different experiences sharing information and working together.

Right: Design Thinking Innovation Diagram

by IDEO

Digital design has seen a push to become more collaborative, but the delay in the foward movement is to be blamed on technical and social behaviors of the professional discipline. The issue is that architects and designers see themselves in an Albertian humanist light, which relates to spiritual and personal relationships with making, therefore making it difficult for designers to give

Users

Desirability People

Developer

Designer

Functional Innovation

Emotional Innovation

Innovation Experiential Innovation

Feasability Technology

Process Innovation

Contractor

Viability Business

Fabricator

2nd Generation User

Authorship Filing for patents within architecture can be beneficial for designers because it secures the individual’s ideas, practices, and knowledge when it is applied to practice.

This then attracts new clients and provides firms a good approach to manufacturers and stakeholders while benefiting the architectural community.

This means that intelectual property like ideas are

protected by Intelectual Property Law through tradmarks, copyrights, and patents. In recent years, prominent architects have begun to trademark architectural environments such as retail store designs.

Out of trademarks, copyrights, and patent laws: patent laws are the most effective for designers. This is because patents give the inventor the right to exclude others from making, using, or selling creations. In today’s

“Mass produced buildings components or prefabricated housing elements, on the other hand, akin to industrial design products, are more likely to benefit from today’s IP protection since their profit margin can be much higher compared to single building project.”

environment where mass produced elements are becoming more common, it is increasingly important to know that through intelectual property protection, designers can gain a higher profit margin compared to single building projects.

Trademark

Copyrights

Patent Law

Safeguards specific marks such as words, symbols, or any other recognizable design that identifies the author

Relates to literary, dramatic, musical and artistic work, including architecture

Gives the right to exclude others from making, using, or selling the creation.

If given rights to the work, credit must be given to the original author/artist/ inventor.

Open Source source movement. Since then, many individuals had followed suit, sharing Open source software is now the their information while creating new main mode of workflow for software programs for all to use. developers, entrepeneurs, and inventor’s in today’s technological This way of thinking has broken world.1 The timeline below shows their way down through new ways of a brief historical timeline of open thinking and have created programs source. Richard Stallman, an like Linux, Blender, and Firefox, American software freedom activist to name a few. Even big brand and programmer, preached the companies like Apple and Microsoft notion of freely shared software back have accepted open source as a way in the 1980’s, thus starting the open to progress their work in an efficient

and effective way. Google has also taken advantage of open source, by creating Tensor Flow, an open source intelligence software that could be instantly handled by millions of people upon request.

We have reached a time where endless revision and improvements of digital computation is taking full grasp of not just the technological industry, but in all disciplines.

Below: Open Source Timeline.

Linux

kernel started by Linus Torvalds.

PHP

GNU Project by Richard Stallman.

by Rasmus Lerdorf.

Became the standard userland for Linux

1983

1991

1995

Apple open source its Swift programming language and Google open source its TensorFlow

Microsoft

open source its .NET

Blender

open source 3D computer graphics software

Chromium (Chrome)

by Google and Android

by Google

Firefox

2002

2008

2015

Civic Economy Another example that’s given in the terms of practice is the case of 00:/ architecture firm. 00:/ firm created certain practical systems that blur hard divisions within different platforms of learning amongst all disciplines by attracting support for hyper-democratic environments for iterative and transformative making. They enforce the idea of a “civic economy,” which is an

idea about how technology and a deep democratisation process is liberating new ways for people to organize themselves locally, and to actually create institutions which fundamentally focus on a civic purpose.

Pieces were able to be assembled and printed at the same time, allowing for the development of the best, simplest, most sustainable, highperforming building technologies that everyone can use and improve.

One way they were able to apply there ideologies was through the WikiHouse. This home is a collaborative structure that creates a product based on open source.

“The most critical narrative today is the shift from the command-and-control approach of the industrial age to the distributed, shared, intelligent, and networked ecosystems of the information age.”

Right: Design Thinking Innovation Diagram

by IDEO

WikiHouse under construction

Open Source Architecture “open source architecture.” This type of architecture relies on a common In the readking “Open Source ground of digital space within Architecture,” Carlo Ratti proposes the internet where instantaneous a different approach to designing collaboration is established. space where designers and occupants are constantly looped Open architecture not only involves around in the design process the iterative process, but also the through funding, engagement, maintenance and operations of the standards, design, construction, space after construction. This thus and occupancy in order to improve gives the idea that “a building is never the methods in which design is done,” meaning that the building itself construed. Ratti proposed to call this is placed in a constant feedback look

“A building is never complete.”

where information is managed to find ways to improve the building’s use.

With the help of BIM software (like Revit, Dynamo, Grasshopper,etc.), open source architecture is starting to be more widely adopted by the design professions.

Right: Open Architecture Strategy Model by SHoP architects.

Public use of data

Product spin-off

Shareholders: Incremential improvement to building

Real time model provides building managers with data to improve how the building is used

Building Industry: Beat case for R&D

Architects: Data historic precedent

Students: Case Studies

Feedback

BETA 1.5

BETA 1.4

BETA 1.3

BETA 1.2

BETA 1.0

Next generation

BETA 1.1 Knowledge Construction

Flexible Housing temporal looseness; a necessary their desires and situations, giving component that Schneider and Til the user of the space a source of In the reading “Flexible housing: also argued in their reading. autonomy and authorship of the opportunities and limits,” Schneider space they live in. and Til argue for the importance of This method allowed designers to flexibility as it involves choice and call the project “open sourced” in a Twenty-five scenarios show the free will over one’s domain when sense, and receive the benefits of variability in plan can be achieved the uncertainty of housing demand more minds working together on a through the internal rearrangement and user occupation require the design, but at the same time keep of walls. This potential makes it ability to quickly react and adapt some authorship over the project possible for the owner, a cooperative ot desired programmatic uses and and the final product. With the idea society, to react to changing demand spatial configurations. This provoked of flexible housing, people have and needs of new and existing the space to produce a feeling of the ability to adapt according to tenants.

Flexible design “should provoke a feeling of temporal looseness.”

Right: Flexible Housing Diagram by EM2N Architekten

Having explored the intricacies of open source design and its impact on authorship, we can deduce that our discipline is on the edge of its tradition thus placing collaborative design in the center of an emergent reality.

Bibliography Carpo, Mario, “Digital Indeterminism:

The New Digital Commons

and the Dissolution of

Architectural Authorship”

in Architecture In Formation:

On the Nature of Information

in Digital Architecture. Ed.

Pablo Lorenzo-Eiroa

and Aaron Sprecher (New

York: Routledge, Taylor and

Francis, 2013) 47-51.

Martina Decker, “Novelty and

Ownership: Intellectual

Property in Architecture and

Design” in Technology |

Architecture + Design,

Volume 1:1 (2017): 41-47.

Metz, Cade, “Open Source Software

Went Nuclear This Year”

in Wired Magazine,

accessed 18 August 2016, http://www.wired. com/2015/12/2015-the year-that-open source-software-went nuclear/?mbid=social_fb Hyde, Rory. 2013. “The Civic

Entrepreneur: Indy Johar

00:/” in Future practice:

conversations from the edge

of architecture. New York: Routledge.

Ratti, Carlo et al., “Open Source

Architecture (OSArc)”

in Domus, accessed 18

August 2016, http://www. domusweb.it/en/op ed/2011/06/15/open-source architecture-osarc-.html Schneider, Tatjana and Jeremy Till,

“Flexible housing:

opportunities and limits” in

arq. vol 9. no 2. (2005):157 166.

Precedent Analysis Case Study House #8 | Research on Design

Left: Shulman, Julius, photographer. Charles and Ray in Their Living Room. Photograph. 1958. From Library of Congress: The Work of Charles & Ray Eames: A Legacy of Invention. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/eames/images/uc9626.jpeg

The Eames House, at the time, represented “an attempt to state an idea rather than a fixed architectural pattern.�

A Modern Landmark Designed and constructed by husband and wife, Charles and Ray Eames, the Case Study House 8 was commissioned by the Arts & Architecture magazine for an issue dedicated to a competition entitled “Designs for post-war living.”

These experiments intended to reconceptualize American residential architecture in response to the post World War II housing boom1.

This case study house began tackling big issues or ideas at the time, like prefabrication, mass production, and industrialization. With these ideas in mind, the Eames House had a kit of parts which people could grab off-the-shelf and use as a basis for customization. The couple’s interdisciplinary influences are noticable in this case study: from toy and film making to furniture and graphic design. Charles and Ray projected their lifestyle into a modern

space, speculating the extent of a home’s ability to express an identity.

Much of the houses value is expressed in the artistic couple’s curation of furniture and their eclectic collection of objects and artefacts.

Creating a specific atmosphere that fit their desires, the Eames exemplified a new approach for American home owners to compose their own narrative within a prefabricated, customizable framework.

Influences The Case Study House 8 is influenced by Japanese Architecture and early 20th century Modernist Architecture. Le Corbusier’s “machine for living” and Mies Van der Rohe’s frame & infill construction system are integrated in Charles and Ray Eames’ “center for productive activity”2 which serves the free will of the user.

oneness with nature and attention to detail, the Eames house translated the ideals from the Edo period of Tokyo into, and is maintained within, the language of the house’s structure3. Similar to Japanese homes and Mies’s Farnsworth House, the Eames house creates harmony between nature and the interior spaces.

Nature’s connection to the house is a With a focus on purity, humility, spiritual presence visible through the

interaction between light, shadow, air, and the varying degrees of transparency in the facade. Its clear in their film, ‘House After Five Years of Living’, that the Eames selectively framed views and created a sense of rhythm with the arrangement of windows and openings4. The vertical panels, which make up the facade, allow the separation of spaces to be defined and redefined by the users.

Sliding Window GRAVEL COVING GRAVEL STOP 1/2” INSULATION 1-3/4” STEEL DECKING

HINGED WINDOWS 2 WINDOW PANELS ADJUST TO LET AIR FLOW INTO THE HOUSE

20'9"

OWSJ WEBBING 1/2” HEIGHT CONNECTED BY STEEL CONNECTOR

17’ 0”

8' 1"

9’ 2”

3' 6"

0’ 0”

9' 2"

4' 6"

Transverse Section 0

2’

6’

16’

7'

Site same amount of building material that was delivered on-site, but because Located in the Pacific Palisades, of the strength and lightness of steel, a neighborhood of Los Angeles, the new scheme was able to provide California, the Case Study House #8 more space6. sits on 3 acres of land atop a 150 ft cliff, nestled in a hillside, surrounded Charles and Ray planted an by a grove of eucalyptus trees, additional row of eucalyptus trees in and a view of the Pacific ocean5. front of the house to blend the exterior This beautiful Californian setting and interior together by filtering light influenced Charles to redesign into and casting shadows onto the the original plan of the house. The residence. The nature of the site second and final iteration used the and its relation to the house was so

important that, in Autumn, the couple went through the trouble to pick up all of the fallen leaves by hand except ones whose hue matched the red panel and the flowers that decorated the seamless house and hillside7. As a writer once said; it was the only place in LA that you could actually experience the seasons changing8.

Case Study Houses

n

io

at

ul

rc Ci

Views

View s

Eucalyptus Trees

Original Orientation

a qu

au

nt

a Ch

Pa

cifi

c

Co

as

tH

ig

hw

ay

Pa

cifi

c

O

ce

an

N 0 75’ Site Plan

100’

175’

l ne

n

ha

tC

es W

.

vd

Bl

ad

Ro

Program Through the perceived passivity of nature outside, the productive activity of the Eames inside, and in reference to their film ‘Powers of Ten’, the couple managed to reduce the scale of the world down to human proportions. The first impression was important, so the landscaping and gardening served as a buffer zone to welcome guests which balanced the feeling of being enclosed and open.

A courtyard paradoxically separates and connects two rectangular volumes of space, the residence and the working studio, each with a public ground floor and a more private second floor loft.

The Eames created a structure with endless possibilities, but because of their creative uniqueness it is irreplicable. Their diverse collection of objects and furnishings that composed the interior spaces was

a highly personalized expression of their particular style. Hence, the case study was not immediately opensourced like it intended to be.

However, the prefabrication of the project was adaptable and the masscustomization of the livable spaces was clear when Ray refit the second floor storage space in the East studio to be her master bedroom after Charle’s death in 1978.

Suggested vs. Actual Space

Actual Space Suggested Space

GROUND LEVEL

W

O

R

K

AR

EA

Intended nuclear family

GROUND LEVEL

LI

VI N

G

AR

EA

Charles and Ray Eames

Private Space Public Space Open Space

GROUND LEVEL

Ray Eames (after Charle’s Death)

Family Structure

Public vs. Private

143'-

DRESSING ALCOVE

BATHROOM

BATHROOM

BEDROOM

HALL

BEDROOM

Second Floor Plan 0

5’

DRESSING ALCOVE

CIRCULAR STAIRS 30'-0"

N 10’

20’

3.5” STEEL DIAMETER TUBE FABRICATED STEEL BRACKET 1.13” TREAD LINE

UTILITY ROOM

LIVING ROOM

KITCHEN

H- COLUMNS 4” SIZE 7.5’ X 20’ SPATIAL GRID

DINING ROOM

45'-0"

First Floor Plan 0

5’

N 10’

20’

7'-6"

-4 1/4"

CIRCULAR STAIRS 20'-0"

STORAGE DECK

15'-0"

DARK ROOM

STUDIO

COURTYARD

30'-0"

37'-6"

.75” PANEL PANELS ARE MOSTLY WHITE UNLESS THEY ARE COLORED FOR EMPHASIS

STUCCO PANEL

H- BEAM

X-BRACE

GLASS

Material

ng ivi

L

Ki

tch

Dining

en

Open Concept

Prefabrication and Mass Customization The Eames had a love and respect for material & detail because they believed a home is more than a sum of its parts. It should provide needed relaxation and express a deeper meaning of “home” within the surrounding environment. As Charles and Ray put it, the house is a “re-orientor and shock absorber” from an apparently chaotic world.

The original intent for the project was

to be a very flexilbe space, designed with the anticipation that it would be filled with objects. In referring to the living room in a 1945 issue of Arts & Architecutre magazine, Charles said it was a, “large unbroken area for pure enjoyment of space in which objects can be placed and taken away.” It was very important to the Eames that the house be able to evolve with the needs of the occupants.

A successful prefabricated house understands human behavior,

science, economics, and industrial engineering.

“The value of the house that results from such a combination will be measured by the degree to which it serves for the amount of energy it costs. The relation of service to price is so important that nothing can justifiably be added to the house that does not increase its value in service.”

-Ray Eames

ST

EE

L VE RA

PA N

OP ST

G

EL

SY

ST

EM

ON

TI LA

U

INS

FA C

AD

ING

K EC

LD

EE

ST

OW

ND

WI

LD

E

S

EL

N PA

LS

NE

CO

UC

ST

N PA

NS

IO

LL

MU

OR DO LS NG I D AL I SL RW S O I AIR ER ST IECE INT P K EC LD EE T LS UA

PE

ST

EE

IN

TE

D IVI

D

IN

UP

ST GR

OU

TE LA

P EL

E ST

N

TIO

EC

N ON

C

SJ

OW

Exploded Paraline

N

UM

OL

C H-

ND

LD

RI

RU

OR

LE

EC

UR

VE

E

L

VE

WA L

KIN

LS

CT

LE

R

G

L

EC

KIN

G

Above: Construction: The Eames have created a simple but effective process into the contruction of their home. The Eames House only took 8 days to be constructed.

ROOF GRAVEL COVERING GRAVEL STOP 1/2” INSULATION 1-3/4” STEEL DECKING 60'5"

7' 4"

22' 6"

30' 4"

Longitudinal Section 0

2’

6’

16’

Relevance Charles and Ray’s decision in structural material was economically feasible in that steel costs $1 per foot rather than $11.50 per foot of wood for typical balloon framing. Steel construction granted a minimum of 3 people and cranes to assemble and install a prefabricated kit of parts for an unprecedented short day and a half.

The Case Study House #8 is surely an exceptionally innovative example of prefabricated and masscustomizable residential housing, but it failed to apply in the market of that particular era. During the 1950’s, modernism was seen as cold and calculated design, but Charles and Ray showed that an industrially designed house can have a human Today, there is a renewed interest face. in steel as a building material,

especially for its fitness in a chaotic southern Californian environment where there are torrential rains and earthquakes.

The thoughtful consideration of structure, context, volumes of space and materials created a beautiful, endless space. Keeping the constructed space simple and open allowed for Charles and Ray to dominate the interior with their individual taste and style.

UPPER LEVEL FLOOR 2” FLOORING 1-3/4” STEEL DECKING 14” OWSJ 37' 10"

17’ 0”

9’ 2”

0’ 0”

7’ 6"

7' 6"

22" 6"

EAMES FURNITURE STORAGE SHELVES HOME FILLED WITH PERSONAL ITEMS

“Just as a good host tries to anticipate the needs of his guest, so a good architect or a designer or a city planner tries to anticipate the needs of those who will live in or use the thing being designed.�

-Christopher Thornberg

Bibliography

1. James Steele, Eames House Charles and Ray Eames (London: Phaidon Press Limited, 1994), 6 – 7

Eames Foundation. “Eames House.”

EamesFoundation.org.

2. James Steele, Eames House Charles and http://eamesfoundation.org/ Ray Eames (London: Phaidon Press Limited, house/eames-house 1994), 12 Ngo, Angelo. “Precedent Study–

Eames House (Case Study

House #8).” MyWeb at

Wentworth. 2008. https://

myweb.wit.edu/ngoa/

architecture/arch245/ precedent.pdf

3. James Steele, Eames House Charles and Ray Eames (London: Phaidon Press Limited, 1994), 23 4. James Steele, Eames House Charles and Ray Eames (London: Phaidon Press Limited, 1994), 10 – 11 5. Edgar Stach, “UT Precedent Analysis – Charles and Ray Eames Case Study House #8,” University of Tennessee, 2009, http:// utzero.utk.edu/docs/Case%20Studies/ Case%20Study_Eames%20No%208.pdf

Stach, Edgar. “UT Precedent

Analysis– Charles and

Ray Eames Case Study 6. Angelo Ngo, “Precedent Study – Eames

House #8.” University of House (Case Study House #8),” MyWeb at

Tennessee. 2009. http:// Wentworth, 2008, https://myweb.wit.edu/

utzero.utk.edu/docs/ ngoa/architecture/arch245/precedent.pdf Case%20Studies/Case%20 7. James Steele, Eames House Charles and Study_Eames%20No%208.

Ray Eames (London: Phaidon Press Limited, pdf 1994),

Steele, James. Eames House:

Charles and Ray Eames.

London: Phaidon Press

Limited, 1994.

8.“Eames House,” Eames Foundation, http:// eamesfoundation.org/house/eames-house 9. Edgar Stach, “UT Precedent Analysis – Charles and Ray Eames Case Study House #8,” University of Tennessee, 2009, http:// utzero.utk.edu/docs/Case%20Studies/ Case%20Study_Eames%20No%208.pdf 10. “Eames House,” Eames Foundation, http://eamesfoundation.org/house/eameshouse 11. James Steele, Eames House Charles and Ray Eames (London: Phaidon Press Limited, 1994), pg.

12. Edgar Stach, “UT Precedent Analysis – Charles and Ray Eames Case Study House #8,” University of Tennessee, 2009, http://utzero.utk.edu/docs/Case%20Studies/ Case%20Study_Eames%20No%208.pdf

13. “Eames House,” Eames Foundation, http://eamesfoundation.org/house/eameshouse

Sampling, Situation, Representing, and Projecting Los Angeles, California | Research for Design

Right: Seib, Al, photographer. Demonstrators with the Build Better L.A. group hold a rally in front of the Medici Apartment complex near downtown Los Angeles. Photograph. September 13, 2016. The Times Editorial Board: Measure JJJ could make L.A.’s housing crisis even worse. Vote no. http://www.trbimg.com/img-57e9be90/turbine/la-edmeasure-jjj-20160923-snap.

“The state (California) continues to offer great employment opportunities for all kinds of workers, but housing affordability and supply represent a significant problem.”

-Christopher Thornberg

“Many experts recommend not spending more than a third of gross income on housing. But in California, ‘We are actually exited to see if people are spending less than 50 percent on housing” -Phillip Reese

Description Our investigation into Los Angeles’s rise of low and middle income residential emigration exposes the need for affordable housing, sustainable living practices, accommodating mass transit systems, and efficient construction methods. Our design research explores opportunities to create a mass-customizable and sustainable housing market, define an open source construction process, and maximize the user’s resourcefulness to develop a greater degree of authorship.

2009

2010

2011

Loss Migration by Yearar

Net Migration (2007-2014) by State

2012

Oregon

+96,200 people Property Value: $252,800

Arizona

+90,300 people Property Value: $194,600

Different County

Nevada

+837,593 people Property Value: $448,800

+95,200 people Property Value: $204,300

Annual Mean Wage by Migrant Occupation Transportation

Texas

$36,440 income

+212,600 people

Production

Annual Mean Wage by Newcomer Occupation

Property Value: $146,100

$34,950 income

Arts/ Entertainment $86,380 income

Construction $39,400 income

Sciences

$76,910 income

60K

Migrant Occupation by Employment

50K

Main Newcomer

Income by Migrant

Education by Migrant

$30,000-$50,000

Age by Migrant

5K

Owner

Income by Newcomer Under 18

Education by Newcomer

18 to 29

41 to 50

Under $30,000 Some College

26 to 40

51 to 65

Renter

Bachelor’s

Graduate

30 to 64

Healthcare Practiconers

10K

Renter vs. Owner

Under 18

High School

15K

Transportation: 46,700

Sales Production: 41,100

Office/ Administration Mgmt.

Education

Construction: 39,400

10K

Cleaning

20K

Food Prep.

30K

Computer/ Mathematics

20K

40K

Age by Newcomer $100,000 to $149,000

$50,000 to $100,000

Rate of Chang

5% 0% -5% -10%

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2013

2014

2015

-80K

Net Migration:

Soft

-89, 578 people

-90K

-100K

-110K

Overall Occupation by Wage Type High Wage

We’ve identified two user situations that both have a desire for more affordable housing. The people leaving Los Angeles range in age from 18 to 40 years, make less than $50,000 a year, have some college education, and typically rent a home. The people migrating to Los Angeles range from 18 to 64, have Graduate degree educations, and earn above $50,000.1

Middle Wage

r Occupation Employment Low Wage

Unemployment Rate:

Socio-Economics Engineering

Science: 11,700

Arts/ Entertainment: 15,200

5.5% as of 2016

Legal 2015

2016 California’s Unemployment Rate

Annual Rent +$3,294 increase

Property Value

ge

$542,100

% Change

25%

in Rent

20%

Annual Renter Income -$3,276 decrease

2010

2011

% Change in Income 2012

Average Income 2013

2014

2015

$55,730

15% 10%

The burden of unaffordable housing costs is a clear reason that surfaced from our finding out why California’s low to middle income residents are migrating to different states. In Los Angeles specifically, the average cost of rent is greater than the average income generated by renters. Even though the unemployment rate is low, the current job market is saturated with more technically advanced occupations which increase the average wage causing housing costs to rise.2

Areas with at least 50% of adults with less than a high school education

Areas with average income equal to or less than $53,000

High traffic roads, Bus and Metro lines

Gentrified & vulnerable areas

Average income of Typical user

<$53,000/yr

Food

Transportation costs 12.8%

Leisure

9.7%

Health and other insurance costs

9.5% 14.5%

53.5%

All housing costs

50% high school or less Lowest 20% of Earners

Second 20% of Earners

Third 20% of Earners

Fourth 20% of Earners

Highest 20% of Earners

Rent Gasoline & Oil

Owned

Basic Maintenence

Purchase Cost

Total

0K

2K

4K

6K

8K

10K

12K

14K

16K

Work at home

B

Public transportation Motorcycle

Drove Alo

Tracts with the average household paying at least 50% of monthly income on rent

Transportation Los Angeles is a city oriented around the car as a major means for transit.

72% of residents tend to drive alone and, on average, spend more than 30 minutes commuting. In fact, more residents own an average of 3 cars than those who do not own a single car.

Ironically, Los Angeles has the largest capital investment in transportation infrastructure, but only 10% of the population use mass transportation to get to work.3

Social 43 % of adults have full time jobs.

More people rent than own housing.

An average of 2.8 people occupy each household in the Greater Los Angeles Area, where there is a law allowing a maximum of 15 people to live in a 1 bedroom dwelling. An average work week is 47 hours with salaried employees working more hours than hourly employees.4

Bicycle Carpooled

<10 min.

10 - 14 min.

15 - 19 min.

90+ min.

35 - 39 min.

30 - 34 min.

one

20 - 24 min.

25 - 29 min.

Number of vehicles owned

Los Angeles, CA

0.5M

5+

4

1.0M

3

1.5M

2

2.0M

1

2.5M

0

Californiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Housing Supply Gap

Aerospace & Agriculture Advance Transportation Food Manufacturing Trade & Logistics

Comparison of Housing Units per Capita

Total Housing Backlog by 2025:3.5 M New Units at Current Construction Rates: 1 M Gap to Fill by 2025: 2.5 M

Demand Addition by 2025: 1.5 M

Santa Clarita Valley Current Demand: 16 M

Aerospace & Defense Biosciences Entertainment & Digital Media Creative Design Industries

0.6M

San Gabriel Valley

0.4M

Biosciences Creative Design Industries Hospitality & Tourism

0.2M

Current Stock: 14 M

San Fernando Valley

Aerospcace & Defense Education & Knowledge Creation Entertainment & Digital Media Creative Design Industries Trade & Logistics

Utah

California: 49th State

Texas

New Jersey

New York

US Average

Share of Households Burdened % 67%

Massachusetts

Washington

Nevada

Oregon

Arizona

Florida

Wisconsin

Density: Units Per Acre 5

0.0M

Maine

Los Angeles Housing Opportunity

Current Housing Backlog: 2 M

Single-Family Area as % of Total Residential Area 94%

Potential Units on Vacant Parcelsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 75,000

Manufacturers Comparison of Supply & Customization Top Competitive Manufacturing Industries CA

Supply

20

Customization

Westside Ci

Entertainment & Di Creative Design Ind Hospitality & Touris Advanced Transpo

Cen

15

US

Entert Creati Educa Advan

10

10 5

5

Wood

Plastic

Metal

Concrete

Recyclable Material

Plastics and Rubber Products

Paper

Electrical Equipment/Appliances

Fabricated Metal Products

Primary Metal Products

Furniture

Transportation Equipment

Textile Product Mills

Leather Products

10

Textile Mills

15

Apparel

Land Use Percentage

Vacant Lots (75,000

Education/Makerspace

0

0

Edu

Con

Average Percent Projected Jobs Created Output of Money Compared by Materials

5

Construction of Buildings 2.7% Increase

0

Other Land Uses

Open Space and Recreation

Industrial

Agriculture

Commercial

Residential

Specialty Trade Contractors 4.3% Increase

Manufacturing Fabricated Metal

Wood Plastic

M

Metal

Heavy/Civil Engineering Construction

W

Concrete

P

Recyclable

Construction & Economics California has a diverse industrial landscape. The 4 main construction material industries (concrete, metal, wood, & plastics) are valued at a net amount of $2 billion.5 Looking closer into the Los Angeles, the Economic Development Corporation divides the county into 8 regions, each with a unique cluster of industry types of which there are 9. 3 of the 8 regions (San Fernando Valley, Westside, & Central Los Angeles) include both Manufacturing & Creative Design industries within their unique clusters.6 There are vacant lots, already zoned as multifamily residential, located near fabrication shops and information hubs which suggests a potential network to facilitate a supply for a rising affordable housing demand.7 A study on the economics of Californiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s housing market, done by the McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) Think Tank, exposes the fact that Californiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s current rate of construction will only provide 1 million units out of the projected 3.5 million units.8 This information calls for faster, more efficient construction practices so the rate of supply can keep pace with demand. One suggestion, made by the MGI Think Tank, was to utilize modular construction strategies.

ities

igital Media dustries sm ortation & Cleantech

ntral Los Angeles

tainment & Digital Media ive Design Industries ation & Knowledge Creation nced Transportation & Cleantech

0 Multifamily Units)

ucation/Makerspaces

ncrete Manufacturers

Wood Manufacturers

Metal Manufacturers

Gateway Cities

Creative Design Industries Food Manufacturing Trade & Logistics

Plastic Manufacturers

e Materials Industries

South Bay

Aerospace & Defense Advance Transportation Trade & Logistics

December

ge

Hig

hT em p.

November

October

September

24,376 people

Commuters Daily

August

July

June

May

April

March

February

January

Non-Resident Students

75

M

Av era

471,000 people

Total Visitors

uthe So

471,000 Tourists

fornia experie rn Cali nce

On

Fo

rea.

A les

e ng sA

r we

xp e ee

rience

d in the G r

ea ter Lo

Average Temperatures per Month

.

Venues

Average Rainfall per Month

Tourist Attractions

60

6in

United States: 2.70in

Av e

ra g

e

Lo

w

Te m

p.

55

Los Angeles: 3.12in

ar.

bove

a ye

or a

kes

65

ve

Fault Line

3.0

tued of 5 or a bo

Los Angeles River

m ag n i

l damages.

Fault Line

a qu rth

ed

a tot

ith

in

w es ak

70

ea

itu

a

0

sa bo ut 10 e earthquake f thos ,0 s o are 0 0 5 am ,2 e ag ears, only y ag 0 0 r 9e n t1 s ve a a l rth he qu rt an $20 Bil li o e th or n M

3in

Ma

jor

Ro

Natural

ad

s

California has a diverse natural landscape, where residents experience a wide variety of climates. Rainfall is not frequent in Southern California, but the seismic activity along San Andreas fault line quakes about 10,000 times annually. The majority of the earthquakes are undetectable, but there is still a risk for earthquakes with magnitudes of 3 or more to cause mass destruction. The LA River runs North to South and separates Downtown from East LA. Located on the East side of the river, a major intersection of LAs freeway system contributes to the mega-cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s smog.8

Jusisdictional

Lo

sA

Targeted Neighborhood Initiative Districts Skid Row

Historic Core

Civic Center

Art District

South Park

Toy District

General Industrial Section

Chinatown

Warehouse

Produce District

Fashion District

ng

ele

sR

ive

r

Our focus narrowed down to Central Los Angeles, where the close proximity of multifamily housing to public resources, expressed previously, can situate our project within nearby neighborhoods in need of support and attention. Downtown LA is an aggregate of particular disctricts (i.e. fashion, art, historic, etc.). Across the LA River to the East is Eastern LA, but more directly is the Boyle Heights Neighorhood where there is a high concentration of residents whom a design solution may impact.

Questions How can we outline a cradle-to-cradle design approach, an idea established by William McDonough, that encourages the residents to adopt more sustainable living practices?

Because Los Angelesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s affordability crisis coaxes low and middle income families to relocate outside of the metropolitan area, how can we situate these workforce neighborhoods at mass transit nodes to relieve living expenses?

How can we empower the user to collaborate with industries of fabrication, manufacturing, and generative design in order to offer varying degrees of customization and authorship for affordable housing?

For Los Angelesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s workforce housing communities, how can we make low cost, mass-customizable designs more available in efforts to retain a diverse socio-economy?

Methods Use UNL databases to research, critique and refine existing projects in Los Angeles that focus on sustainability in the contemporary built environment.

By doing this it will allow us to develop a design approach that will educate the manufacturers and users on sustainable practices.

Use grasshopper generative components to mass produce permutations of housing typologies at nodes where mass transportation routes intersect and connect to each other.

Find new and more efficient ways to organize a variety of community configurations through iterative journey maps.

Explore the evolution of spaces and arrangements that adapt to fluctuations of user occupancy by physically prototyping customizable modules using current construction practices to better understand how these structures might be used and hacked by a diverse swath of users.

Use PowerBI to analyze housing related opportunity costs and expenses to better understand a more focused financial climate.

Local Precedence Research on the Los Angeles affordable housing problem exists in speculative and practical projects from which we can extend our knowledge and possibly discover useful information for otherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s future projects. We contacted a former UNL Architecture undergraduate, now graduate student at USC, who is currently enrolled in an LA Urban Housing course. She directed our attention to current and existing projects and competetions such as the Star Apartments by Michael Maltzan and the Dingbat 2.0 competition. The typology of a dingbat is common in LAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban neighborhoods because of its minimal building footprint and unfinished ground floor for parking and/or storage.

From here, our project pivots to research by design, through speculative prototyping.

Dingbat 2.0 Competition

Star Apartments by Michael Maltzan

Significance As the need for inhabitant conforming housing grows and the trend of multi family structures rise, a case study which provides basic amenities, molds to current standards of living, and explores typical user situation will continue to develop our disciplineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s understanding of residential architecture by joining and influencing the greater conversation.

Bibliography Bureau, U. S. Census. “American

FactFinder - Los Angeles.”

Accessed November 29,

2017. https://factfinder. census.gov/faces/ nav/jsf/pages/searchresults. xhtml?refresh=t.

“California - Economy | History Geography - State, United

States.” Encyclopedia

Britannica, October 1, 2017. https://www.britannica.com/ place/California-state/ Economy.

Cooper, Ph.D., Christine, Shannon

M. Sedgwick, Somjita

Mitra, Ph.D. “California’s

Manufacturing Industries:

Employment and

Competitiveness in

the 21st century.” Los

Angeles County Economic

Development Corporation,

June 2014.

Cortright, Joseph. “Making Sense of

Clusters: Regional

Competitiveness and

Economic Development.”

Brookings (blog), November

30, 2001. https://www. brookings.edu/research/ making-sense-of-clusters regional-competitiveness and-economic development/.

“Fabrication - Knowhow Shop.”

Accessed October 2, 2017. http://www.knowhowshopla. com/pages/fabrication.

“Los Angeles County, CA.” Data

USA, October 1, 2017.

https://datausa.io/profile/ geo/los-angeles-county ca/#intro.

Woetzel, Jonathan. “A Tool Kit to

Close California’s Housing

Gap: 3.5 Million Homes by

2025.” McKinsey &

Company Global Institute.

October 2016. https://www. mckinsey.com/~/media/ McKinsey/Global%20 Themes/Urbanization/ Closing%20Californias%20 housing%20gap/Closing Californias-housing-gap Full-report.ashx

1. U. S. Census Bureau, “American FactFinder – Los Angeles,” accessed November 29, 2017, https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/ jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t.

2. U. S. Census Bureau, “American FactFinder – Los Angeles,” accessed November 29, 2017, https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/ jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t.

3. “Los Angeles County, CA,” Data USA, October 1, 2017, https://datausa.io/profile/geo/ los-angeles-county-ca/#intro.

4. “Los Angeles County, CA,” Data USA, October 1, 2017, https://datausa.io/profile/geo/ los-angeles-county-ca/#intro.

5. Christine Cooper, Ph.D., et al. “California’s sManufacturing Industries: Employment and Competitiveness in the 21st century.” June 2014.

6. Joseph Cortright, “Making Sense of Clusters: Regional Competitiveness and Economic Development,” Brookings (blog), November 30, 2001, https://www.brookings. edu/research/making-sense-of-clusters-regional-competitiveness-and-economic-development/.

7. “Fabrication - Knowhow Shop,” accessed October 2, 2017, http://www.knowhowshopla. com/pages/fabrication.

8. Jonathan Woetzel. “A Tool Kit to Close California’s Housing Gap: 3.5 Million Homes by 2025.” October 2016. https://www.mckinsey. com/~/media/McKinsey/Global%20Themes/ Urbanization/Closing%20Californias%20 housing%20gap/Closing-Californias-housing-gap-Full-report.ashx 9. “California - Economy | History - Geography - State, United States,” Encyclopedia Britannica, October 1, 2017, https://www.britannica.com/place/California-state/Economy.

Mass-Customized Dwelling Open House | 110 Boyle Ave | Research by Design

Utilizing frame and infill design strategies, the case studyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mass customiza ble d welling units demonstrate the designâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability to adapt to various user lifestyles.

Econom

Rent 76%

Ho

us

7+

Per

son

5

People 2,754

Renter vs. Owner

Pers

Food and Service

Management

1

3, 795 People

2%

4%

2

People

Education

6%

$20,000 or Less $40,000 to $60,000

41%

15%

4

4,4

68

p Peo

le

8%

%

10

$20,000 to $40,000 32%

e

d by O

Production

96%

% of P eople E mploye Sales

Less than High School

3

3, 671People

on p

3, 849

To increase the availability of affordable housing and to accommodate the desires of the community, the Open House project finds opportunities through collaboration to redevelop underperforming vacant lots1.

1,62 7 Pe ople

Transforming Inner-City Lost Lots (TILL) is an organization that aims to empower residents to transform vacant lots within their community. Multiple community forums were held, however Boyle Heights recorded the fewest number of participants. Community ideas for redevelopment include a museum honoring the mariachis, a grocery store, space for street vendors, a skate park, and affordable housing.

Owner 24%

This strate economica support the the space.

in H ous eho ld 1,57 3 Pe ople

Site Infill Concept

ons

6

Per s

Income %

12

mical/ Community Factor

egy creates a system that relies on al and community programs that can e community and the users who occupy

se

ho

ld

$

Siz ea

nd

Fa m

$

ily

Fa

mi

Hou

seh

n pe

r Ow

ner

lies

old

s

Uni

t $

er Re

nter

Unit

Occup

Administrative

Arts and Recreation

ation

Flexibility Users can either grow or shrink in their mass customized dwelling within the designated sites or repopulate in others if they may so choose.

Permanence By accomodating to the communities needs, these programs can help create a sustainalbe and lasting system for the user.

Infill Strategy This strategy tries to deploy the idea of infilling sites for the purpose of creating densified affordable housing that accomodates to the communities needs.

$

Community Forum

Construction of Skeleton (Phenotype of Genotype)

sig

ne

r

Re s

De

iden t

Negotiation of Occupied Space

Developer r

ultan Cons

Co

to ac nt r

Wk. 1

t

Construction Documents Finalized

Consultation on Front Door

Wk. 12

Assembly and Construction Gant Chart

User Interface/ User Experience

Community Forum

After choosing a site the developer works with the designer to organize a community forum in the neighborhood that the site is located in. The attendees are encouraged to ask questions about the upcoming project as well as give suggestions or possible feedback on what the building should have and what is important to the area.

To empower residents to transform vacant lots within their communities.

Construction of Skeleton (Phenotype of Genotype)

Once the developer and the designer have the information from the community, they meet with a local contractor to discuss the best outcome of a phenotype that follows the rules of the genotype as well as accommodating the residents and providing a well-designed project.

The construction process of the site is expected to last 6 weeks start to finish.

To setup framework for dwelling units to infill over time.

Negotiation of Occupied Space While the phenotype development is underway the developer will also be in contact with residents who are renting units in the building. They will discuss the layout and the eventual arrangement of their unit while situating themselves in available housing bays within the structural grid of the skeleton. Although discussion for one residential unit may not take long this stage is given 6 weeks parallel to the construction so that the developer can meet with many different clients.

To organize servicing units, dwelling units, and open space inside the housing unit.

Construction Documents Finalized The developer will be working with the contractor to create construction documents for each individual dwelling unit that will be on site. This includes the location of interior program as well as the customization of the exterior wall fenestrations.

To prefabricate wall frameworks, exterior and interior finishes.

Consultation on Front Door After selecting a unit, the resident will be directed to local fabricators that will be able to help them design, customize, and create a front door to their unit over a two-week period.

This gives the residents an identity and a sense of place, enabling them to stand out from other units. They will be given default parameters to follow making the design and construction process easier.

To collaborate with local fabricators a personalized entryway.

Assembly and and design Construction

The final step is assembling and installing the wall, and floor/roof panels. The developer will oversee the install while the contractor works to make sure that the right panels are going to the correct places.

Once final install is complete the residents will be able to move into their new homes. This stage will reoccur over time as residents move in and out of structural bays, creating an everchanging building that adapts to its users wants and needs.

To reduce construction time by investing in on-site equipment.

Program Configuration While the phenotype development is underway the developer will also be in contact with residents who are renting units in the building. They will discuss the layout and the eventual arrangement of their unit while situating themselves in available housing bays within the structural grid of the skeleton. Although discussion for one residential unit may not take long this stage is given 6 weeks parallel to the construction so that the developer can meet with many different clients.

To fit maximum occupancy, different user occupancy loads are limited to the number of housing units. To occupy a unit, it must have a face that connects to the utility wall. The units follow a pattern as to retain a minimum openness for ventilation through the interiors.

2 UNITS

3 UNITS

4 UNITS

5 UNITS

Program Configuration

L A IC TR EC EL

Partition Walls

SERVICING UNITS

Separation of private spaces within the dwelling is optional

Organization of Kitchen and Bath units is limited to the inner bay for connection to utilities

Fenestrations 80 combinations for operable window arrangements within wall panels

CUSTOMIZABLE FRONT DOOR

10

PL

’

Collaboration with local fabrication consultant is suggested for the resident to express their identity

M

U

’

B

30

G

IN

20 ’

’

20

Negotiations of Space and Utilities

Mass Customization After selecting a unit, the resident will be directed to local fabricators that will be able to help them design, customize, and create a front door to their unit over a two-week period.

This gives the residents an identity and a sense of place, enabling them to stand out from other units. They will be given default parameters to follow making the design and construction process easier.

Site Organization rail station and is less than 400 feet away from the 101 Freeway.

At 14,600 square feet, 110 So. Boyle Ave. is a prime lot surveyed by located in the Boyle Heights community. The site is of the case study is located in the northwest neighborhood of Boyle Heights, next to the Boyle Avenue and 1st Street Intersection.Mariachi Plaza stands directly north of the site, giving opportunities to continue public space into the vacant lot, giving open space back to the community. The lot is across the street from a Metro light

The historically and culturally rich neighborhood is subject to current redevelopment discussions. However, the close proximity to the 101 freeway will require implementation of environmental strategies to help mitigate air and noise pollution2.

Central L.A. The central Los Angeles district is located within a seven minute driving distance.

Mariachi Plaza The plaza is an important and historical landmark for the Los Angeles and Boyle Heights Neighborhood.

First Street Mariachi Plaza

Circulation

Bike Path

101 Fre

eway

Boyle Avenue

First St.

101 Freeway Major highway that circulates through the greater Los Angeles area.

SITE PLAN 0’ 25’

75’

175’

Connects the neighborhood to Central Los Angeles and is a commercial street for vendors.

Utilities All utilities like plumbing and electricity is centrally located in this room.

Stairs

Utilities

Community The site is opened on two sides to create an opened community space for people of the community to use for their various needs.

Plaza

Economy Builder Based on the community’s needs, the building can create spaces that can help the neighborhood and its inhabitants a source of economy.

Parking

Stairs

Ground Floor Plan 0’

10’

20’

40’

Leasable Space

Balcony Open space for users to populate their furniture for the purpose of creating additional program

1 Person Unit

Service Units All servicing units have to connect to the utility wall.

They always span parallel to the wall.

2 Person Unit

Circulation This circulation is no longer thought of as a way of getting from place to place, rather it is thought of as a destination for users to get together.

Nook Circulation

4 Person Unit

Outer Bays These bays always sit on the outer faces of dwelling units. They are required to face the outside and have operable windows for ventilation.

Typical Floor Plan 0’

10’

20’

40’

Perforated Panels The perforation fo the panels allow for natural ventilation and diffused light into the circulation space.

Visual Changes within the pattern of the facade create visual cues as people pass by.

West Elevation 0’

10’

Equipment 20’

40’

Fenestration Users are able to customize their windows to allow them to orient their views. All windows are operable.

Fiber Cement Panels Using fiber cement panels for the exterior faces of the building allow for reuse after the end of the dwelling’s use.

East Elevation 0’

10’

20’

40’

The building is equipped with operable chain hoists to allow for on-site construction without bring equipment

Openings Openings within the facade Create framed visual connections to the exterior.

ROOF 40' - 0"

THIRD FLOOR 30' - 0"

SECOND FLOOR 20' - 0"

FIRST FLOOR 10' - 0"

t

d o n

ROOF 40' - 0"

THIRD FLOOR 30' - 0"

SECOND FLOOR 20' - 0"

FIRST FLOOR 10' - 0"

CITROÃ&#x2039;N

Operable Panels Allows users to open or close views if they may so choose, creating secluded or public spaces. The operability allow of the panels allow to reflect life and vibrance out to the community

Longitudinal Section 0’

10’

20’

40’

ROOF 40' - 0"

Open Bays

Unused Bay

Unused bays will be replaced with floors housed with carbon sequestering plants to help mitigate air pollution in the area.

THIRD FLOOR 30' - 0"

Bed Circulation

Kitchen

SECOND FLOOR 20' - 0"

Nook

Dining Room

Bed

FIRST FLOOR 10' - 0"

Leasable Space

Interior Finish Wood plywood is used for all interior finishes because it is a soft maluable material that can be manipulated by the user.

ROOF 40' - 0"

THIRD FLOOR 30' - 0"

SECOND FLOOR 20' - 0"

FIRST FLOOR 10' - 0"

Transverse Section 0’

10’

20’

40’

Utility Wall

Allows for dwelling units to attach and connect to services available.

l

s o

DOUBLE HOOK CHAIN HOIST

INTERIOR PARTITION WALLS

COMBINATORIAL FENESTRATION LAYERS

Materials Once the developer and the designer have the information from the community, they meet with a local contractor to discuss the best outcome of a phenotype that follows the rules of the genotype as well as accommodating the residents and providing a well-designed project.

The construction process of the site is expected to last 6 weeks start to finish.

FIBRE CEMENT PANELS WITH CLIPS

CLIPPING CHANNELS

FIBRE CEMENT WALL MOUNT

EXTERIOR PLYWOOD BASE BOARD

LIGHT GAUGE STEEL FRAMEWORK

INTERIOR PLYWOOD FINISH

STEEL BEAMS

DOUBLE LAYERED PERFORATTED FACADE OPERABLE POLYCARBONATE PANELS

STEEL WINDOW NOOK FACADE SPACE FRAME

BUILT-UP ROOFING STEEL COLUMNS

STEEL DECKING

STEEL DECKING

CANTILEVERED HALLWAY

UTILITY WALL

RESIDENTIAL DWELLING

Install The final step is assembling and installing the wall, and floor/roof panels. The developer will oversee the install while the contractor works to make sure that the right panels

are going to the correct places. Once its users wants and needs. final install is complete the residents will be able to move into their new homes. This stage will reoccur over time as residents move in and out of structural bays, creating an everchanging building that adapts to

User Flexibility Each dwelling accommodates to the particular resident of the unit by allowing for variations of appearance and layout. Default options will be available for residents to accept or

manipulate when customizing their customized infill is an encouraged own dwelling. The plywood that opportunity for each and every finishes the interior of each and every resident. dwelling can be cut into, painted over, etc. because it is a recyclable material. Default utility fixtures will also be made available even though

OPEN HOUSE

Bibliography Cruz, Israel, Mark Glassock,

Elsa Mei Tung. “Vacant Lots

and Park Equity in Los

Angeles: The Problem is

the Opportunity. A Report

and Urban Greening Plan

of the Transforming Inner City Lost Lots (TILL)

Project”. Los Angeles

Neighborhood Land Trust.

February 2016.

1. Israel Cruz, et al, Vacant Lots and Park Equity in Los Angeles: The Problem is the Opportunity, Los Angeles Neighborhood Land Trust, February 2016, 8-9, 13.

2. Israel Cruz, et al, Vacant Lots and Park Equity in Los Angeles: The Problem is the Opportunity, Los Angeles Neighborhood Land Trust, February 2016, 33.

V02