Energy Manager Magazine May 2021

MAY 2021

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TURNKEY COGENERATION SOLUTIONS THAT 14 REDUCE ENERGY COSTS

INSIDE THIS ISSUE:

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26

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Harmonics are costing you money!

What makes a supply chain resilient?

Revenue recovery: are you missing out on thousands?

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FRONT COVER STORY:

Turnkey cogeneration solutions that reduce energy costs See page 14

MAY 2021

PUBLISHER: Ralph Scrivens ralph@ energymanagermagazine.co.uk

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PRODUCTION: Sarah Daviner sarah@ energymanagermagazine.co.uk

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4 Ne ws

33 Finance

10 Opinion

34 Energy from

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13 Training 14 CHP -

Cover Story

16 Monitoring

& Metering

26 Energy

Waste

36 Energy

Storage

38 Boilers & Burners

40 Renewable Energy

Supply

42 Lighting

28 Energy

Management

30 Heat Pumps 32 Heating

44 Training 46 Water

Management

All contents © Energy Manager Magazine 2021 ISSN 2057-5912 (Print) ISSN 2057-5920 (Online)

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

3

NEWS

WPD LEADS CONSORTIUM TO CREATE COMBINED FUTURE ENERGY PLANNING APPROACH FOR LOCAL AUTHORITIES AND UTILITY COMPANIES

W

estern Power Distribution (WPD), the electricity distribution network operator (DNO) for the Midlands, South West and South Wales, has launched a project that works together with local authorities in south west England and other energy network companies to lower carbon/ achieve net zero carbon emissions and protect the environment. Its Energy Planning Integrated with Councils (EPIC) project will explore whether a combined approach to energy planning can provide greater benefits for local authorities and utility companies. The £540,000 Network Innovation Allowance funded project, will see WPD, gas company Wales & West Utilities, local authorities in the South West, Power Systems Consultants (PSC), energy consultants Regen and EA Technology work together to develop a tool to allow the investment plans for energy networks and the local authorities to be jointly analysed to identify potential synergies.

In the current process to create Distribution Future Energy Scenarios (DFES), utility companies consult local authorities who provide input into the process. However, DFES are based on national scenarios and do not wholly adopt or incorporate local authorities’ longer term strategic plans. This can lead to different expectations for future energy requirements between the local

authority and utility companies.

EPIC is seeking to develop a standardised process and tool that can be used with different local authorities to create a more accurate, local energy plan.

The project will look to develop an agreed process for identifying and analysing energy plans in relation to increased uptake in electric vehicles, small scale renewable generation, the decarbonisation of heat.

Three areas in the South West of England will trial the process and supported tool. Experts on regional local authorities are providing expertise to help ensure that the planning process developed during the project can be applied more generally across local authorities. Energy consultants Regen will lead on determining how the different planning processes can be aligned so that local authorities and utilities plans are based on a common view.

Having agreed on a future energy scenario, the impact on utility networks will then be modelled to identify the location and timings of required network investments to support the predicted energy consumption. These investments will be assessed to optimise the potential benefits to all parties and will be further assessed on whether the combined plans will deliver additional benefits versus

the separate processes currently used.

PSC will be providing a new tool for automated high voltage network assessment while EA Technology will be adapting their Network Investment Forecasting Tool to analyse the low voltage networks in the trial areas. While strategic network planning, including stakeholder engagement, is routine for the net-works operating at or over 33kV, it is hoped that modelling the high and low voltage networks will pro-vide results that reflect changes at a local neighbourhood level that are easier for local authorities to relate to their own plans.

The tool is expected to assess the long-term cost to the consumer and support regional strategic development goals, such as decarbonisation and supporting local jobs. The project is expected to last for 20 months. www.westernpower.co.uk

BCIA releases new Technical Guide: Control Sensor Selection and Installation The Building Controls Industry Association (BCIA) has released a new Technical Guide to add to its portfolio of online Guides available to download.

T

he new Guide, entitled “Good Practice Guide – Control Sensor Selection and Installation”, sets out to describe good selection of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) sensors used in Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS).

A BEMS is only as good as the sensor used to measure the controlled variable (temperature, humidity, pressure etc.)

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and transmit it as a measured value to the controller. It is crucial that the sensor should provide an accurate measurement of the controlled variable at the reference point in the control loop. Failure to meet the desired conditions satisfactorily can lead to poor control, energy wastage and occupant complaints.

Terry Sharp, President of the BCIA, said: “Good sensor selection and

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

installation is key to better control.

Often there are conflicts of interest in the location of sensors – architects want them out of sight, control engineers ask they be located central to the controlled space. This document will show best practice and help resolve such issues.”

The BCIA’s Technical Guides are designed to help members and those in the building controls and BEMS industry work more effectively. All Technical Guides can be downloaded from the “Resources” section of the BCIA website: https://bcia.co.uk/resources/

NEWS

Baxi Heating releases white paper on urgent need for UK school heating refurbishment to set buildings on the path to net zero

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aking immediate action to refurbish ageing school heating systems is vital to put ‘hard-to-tackle’ educational buildings on the road to the future of heating, according to a new report by Baxi Heating.

The ‘Refurbishment of School Heating Systems’ white paper caomes on the heels of the UK government’s announcement that it will legislate a new target to reduce emissions by 78% by 2035, as part of a new Sixth Carbon Budget.

The report: • identifies drivers for improvement • encourages holistic systems thinking • outlines the benefits of modern heating technologies and techniques • ims to deliver optimal efficiencies for improved outcomes and progress towards net zero.

The urgent need to reduce emissions from heat in UK buildings is particularly pressing in the education sector. Many of our schools are ageing and their heating and hot water systems have seen better days. The report reveals that around 65% of school buildings were constructed before 1976, 46% were built before 1966 and the rate of new school construction is low. The existing stock will therefore continue to overshadow the sector for many years to come.

The UK government has recognised the issues with a tenyear school rebuilding programme. It has also included schools in the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme to help them install energy efficiency and low carbon heating measures.

But schools embarking on a heating refurbishment programme often face a range of challenges – from poor insulation to overheating – that make use of some alternative technologies very difficult.

The white paper reveals that 57% of England’s schools have faulty boilers or heaters that add an unnecessary financial burden for this sector. The Carbon Trust Whole School Approach to Energy Savings report estimates that UK schools could save £60 million annually through improved energy management, including upgraded heating and hot water systems – often the most significant energy users in school buildings.

The report aims to deliver better outcomes for students and teachers, with reduced operational costs, through a focus on systems thinking from design to installation – and to make important strides towards the UK’s emissions reduction target.

The ‘Refurbishment of School Heating Systems’ white paper is available for free download from: www. baxiheating.co.uk/schools

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5

NEWS

THE NHS STANDARD CONTRACT 2021/22 AND SUSTAINABILITY – WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR YOUR TRUST? Following a recent consultation with Trusts, NHS England has recently confirmed the new Standard Contract for 2021/22 which includes a greater focus on sustainability in order to deliver the ‘Net Zero’ health system goals outlined in October 2020.

Inenco Group, energy management and sustainability consultants, explain what this means for your Trust.

T

he standard contract is used by Clinical Commissioning Groups and NHS England to contract for all healthcare services bar primary care. It’s likely the next 12 months will be another challenging year for the NHS given the continued impact of COVID 19. However, the new contract indicates a willingness to push on regardless with other key NHS priorities.

One of those key priorities is to address the NHS’s carbon footprint. The report published in October, ‘Delivering a Net Zero National Health Service’ outlined the steps Trusts must take to achieve the net zero carbon goals set for 2040 and 2045 but the document had no legal standing to make its recommendations mandatory. Section 18 of the new contract – ‘Green NHS and Sustainability’ includes stronger targets and other changes to the previous years’ contracts.

We have found that the impact of the standard contract can be overlooked when a Trust is considering its sustainability measures. However, section 18 should now be addressed when setting your goals and writing your green plan to ensure compliance.

A stronger focus in this year’s contract We’re going to highlight some of the key conditions outlined in the new standard contract and discuss their potential impact on your Trust….

18.2 The Provider must maintain and deliver a Green Plan, approved by its Governing Body, in accordance with Green Plan Guidance and must: 18.2.1 provide an annual summary of progress on delivery of that plan to the Coordinating Commissioner; and 18.2.2 nominate a Net Zero Lead and ensure that the Co-ordinating Commissioner is kept informed at all

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times of the person holding this position.

The development of a Green Plan was included in last year’s contract however in a recent survey of NHS Trusts conducted

by Inenco 40% of respondents stated they do not have a Green Plan in place. Each Trust is mandated to have a plan which is approved by the board; with a summary of progress against the targets provided to the Coordinating Commissioner.

New to this year’s contract is the requirement to appoint a Net Zero lead for your Trust and then notify the Commissioner of who that is. Does your Trust currently have a nominated Net Zero Lead?

18.4 As part of its Green Plan the Provider must have in place clear, detailed plans as to how it will contribute towards a ‘Green NHS’ with regard to Delivering a ‘Net Zero’ National Health Service commitments Section 18.4 describes in further detail the actions each Trust needs to take in relation to air pollution, climate change and single-use plastics & waste.

The following updates have been made to section 18.4 in this year’s contract: • Your targets must now be aligned to those set in the ‘Delivering a Net Zero National Health Service’ document.

• Reduce the proportion of desflurane to sevoflurane used in surgery to less than 10% by volume, instead of the 20% target in last years contract.

Nitrous Oxide has also been added to the list of environmentally damaging gasses which must be addressed.

In our recent survey 47% of Trusts who responded stated they did not know what their current carbon footprint is. Data collection and analysis is crucial to not only knowing what your Trusts carbon footprint is but also to set realistic goals and be able to measure against those goals in accordance with the updated contract. Even

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

those who do have a green plan in place will need to review the targets they’ve set and update them to ensure they comply with the standards outlined in section 18.4.

18.5 The Provider must ensure that with effect from the earliest practicable date (having regard to the terms and duration of and any rights to terminate existing supply agreements) all electricity it purchases is from Renewable Sources.

New to this year’s contract is the requirement of Trusts to procure green energy, which is a necessity from April 2021. Is your Trust procuring 100% REGO back renewable energy?

Section 18.6 covers the requirement of Trusts to set broader sustainabilitybased targets that take the local community into consideration, these will also need to be agreed upon with the Coordinating Commissioner. For a full overview of what is required of your Trust moving forward, the standard contract for 2021/22 can be viewed here.

Driving the agenda forwards The message is clear that despite the current challenges facing the NHS, environmental sustainability is increasingly a key priority for NHS England and this is likely to be just the beginning of contractually required processes each Trust must undertake to be fully compliant going forward. Ensuring you have a comprehensive Green Plan in place will help to focus your Trust on the steps required to ensure you meet the targets outlined in the ‘Delivering a Net Zero National Health Service’ document.

For more on how Inenco Group are working with NHS Trusts to develop strategies for a net zero future contact them on 01253 785294 or go to www.inenco.com/nhs.

Multi-occupancy dwellings such as student accommodation use a lot of energy to keep the rooms comfortable.

Accommodation of this type comes in all shapes and sizes but, one thing that is consistent is the endeavour to not use more energy than is needed.

A recent survey across seven accommodation sites ranging from 75 to 1,236 bedrooms, showed average annual savings of £89.74 per room, across 2,534 rooms. That’s £227,401 saved!

Who wouldn’t want savings like that?

Our controls are always striving to minimise the use of heat. The 3-stage profile keeps students comfortable while they are in their rooms but, ensures energy isn’t wasted when rooms are empty – making potential savings of 30-40%*.

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NEWS

UNRELIABLE DATA IS RESPONSIBLE FOR VARIANCES OF UP TO 2000% IN FORECASTING CARBON USAGE

T

he new report by the Net Zero Infrastructure Industry Coalition (NZIIC) has uncovered huge variances in the way that carbon data is measured, managed, and assessed for planning needs across the infrastructure sector.

The result is a lack of understanding, meaning the true impact of infrastructure projects on carbon emissions is not clear.

The coalition believes a common industry-wide approach is essential to the availability, quality and transparency of data, underpinning initiatives to achieve net-zero carbon by 2050. It is also calling for significant change in how new assets are designed at feasibility stage.

The report, entitled ‘is our carbon wallet empty’, states that the infrastructure sector will miss legally binding carbon budgets that place restrictions on the total amount of green-house gases the UK can emit. The report makes four key recommendations: • An agreed carbon zero definition that can be clearly assessed. The industry must create a single, universally recognised, managed and constantly improving source of carbon emission factors, for the full range of construction products and building materials that are used in infrastructure projects.

• Planning framework guidance for carbon assessment in line with the Paris Agreement. We need agreed carbon data measuring if we are to break the cycle of short-term solutions resulting from short timescales, short political cycles, and reactive solutions.

• A shared understanding of the sector share of UK carbon budget. The development of common, long-term sector targets and trajectories, from which individual companies and projects can be measured against.

• A carbon neutral design option for every asset. If we are to achieve carbon neutral infrastructure, we must ensure that every asset solution has a carbon neutral outline design option, prior to planning and tender, by the asset owners.

“We need to create a common carbon currency that works for everyone, from government and planning authorities to customers, contractors and the supply chain,” said Chris Hayes, NZIIC board member and Skanska’s Sustainability Operations Director.

“While there is plenty of political and industry commitment to driving down carbon consumption, we lack consistent methods to achieving it. Put simply, the will is there but the tools are not.”

The NZIIC harnesses the collective expertise of those who commission, deliver and operate infrastructure at scale, to influence the industry and UK Government on how infrastructure can achieve net zero carbon by 2050.

Its latest report is the result of a thorough audit of the existing embodied carbon measurement in the infrastructure pipeline. This project-by-project approach was necessary in order to obtain a true picture, where supply chains are long and complex. The analysis and recommendations carry extra weight because they source data and represent views from across industry and academia.

About the coalition The Net-Zero Infrastructure Industry Coalition was formed in 2019 in response to the UK government’s 2050 net-zero greenhouse gas emissions commitment.

This report was led by Skanksa, with coalition members comprising Mott MacDonald, Pinsent Masons, the Carbon Trust, UKCRIC, Leeds City Council, National Grid, and Transport for London.

Other coalition members include UK Green Building Council, Anglian Water, Engie, KPMG, and Energy Systems Catapult.

Schools: COVID fears will drive deadly surge in toxic car use

A

s schools across the UK return following months of COVID-19enforced disruption, new research reveals that ongoing infection fears are predicted to significantly increase car usage on the daily school run, creating more traffic congestion and toxic air pollution around the school gates.

According to a nationally-representative survey of 250 school leaders, conducted by school transport technology specialist Kura, nearly one in four school leaders (23.2%) believe that infection fears are set to drive increased car usage amongst parents, rising to 35% in independent schools. Research from the Department for Transport (DfT) echoes this assertion, reporting that car usage soared to 70% of normal levels since the reopening of schools – the highest levels seen this year.

Two in five respondents (40%) also highlighted traffic congestion around their school gates as a problem, with a further 22% expressing concern around the level of toxic car fumes around their school.

Calls for schools to do more to drive an

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environmentally-friendly school run have been driven by in-creasing demands from pupils and parents. A separate national survey of 1,000 parents, also commissioned

by Kura, revealed that over half (53%) of parents would like their child’s school to be doing more to prioritise sustainability and green initiatives, with a further 49% reporting that their children feel the same way.

More promisingly, school leaders do predict a greener future for the school run in the years to come. More than a third (36.8%) of schools across the country now believe that the coming decade will see more pupils walking and cycling to school, as pupils look to avoid public transport and the toxic impact of polluting, low-occupancy car journeys.

School leaders also predict a significant rise in electric vehicles on the daily school run over the coming decade, with nearly half (45.2%) asserting electric vehicles, such as zero-emission school buses, to be the future of school transport. This comes amidst the UK’s wider shift towards making zero-emission transport standard, with sales of new petrol and diesel-fuelled

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

vehicles banned from 2035 onwards.

These zero-emission ambitions are already being matched by action from many forward-thinking schools, with 21.6% of schools reporting having already put in place investment plans in this area, and a further 18% planning to invest in electric vehicles for their transport fleets over the coming years.

But cost and a lack of charging infrastructure remain the main barriers to change.

Only a sixth of respondents (16.4%) reported that they believed that more environmentally-friendly shared transport, such as school-managed coaches and minibuses, would rise in prominence – a concern given that one 49-seater coach equates to 31 cars taken off the roads.

However, schools have also been working towards making shared transport a safer, more attractive option for their pupils, with a fifth of schools (20.8%) having invested in additional contacttracing technology to improve infection control on the daily school run.

For more information: https://ridekura. com/request-transport-guide-2021/

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Optimising energy costs sustainably

OPINION

FIVE WAYS TO MAXIMISE THE IMPACT OF YOUR SMART CITY PROJECT Joanne Horrigan, Head of Renewables and Smart Cities at Enzen, a global knowledge enterprise which specialises in making energy and water more accessible, affordable and sustainable for all.

C

hange is coming. Smart cities are the future. How do we ensure a collective approach to smart cities that does the best by UK citizens and their tax pounds?

Here are five essential steps you must take:

1. UNDERSTAND ’SMART’ Everyone’s definition of a smart city is different. As such, it can’t be quantified.

It’s perhaps more useful to look at is as a progression; a journey to improve urban experiences for citizens through the use of technology, and to limit our carbon footprint by being intelligent about how we use the environment.

It’s therefore more accurate to say a smart city is an ethos. However, this ethos still requires direction if it is to become a reality.

From the start, you need to be specific. Smart is an ambition, but what does that exactly mean in your project’s context? What are the goals you’re working towards? For example, do you wish to: • improve local air quality • ease congestion with smart traffic routing • facilitate the Electric Vehicle (EV) revolution • increase uptake of green heating systems and renewable energy • monitor flood threats?

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These often overlap. For example, EVs can contribute to cleaner air, but so can easing congestion. Being clear on your goals from the outset can prevent enthusiastic project managers jumping in too fast and allow them to align all relevant stakeholders as required.

If you’re looking to solve air quality with EV charging, you’ll need the local power Distribution Network Operator (DNO) on board.

If you’re focusing on cycling, this isn’t so critical.

Any smart project requires a measured, integrated approach to deliver the best outcomes and most sustainable solution. This is especially critical if you’re incorporating renewables to support the generation of clean energy.

2. CREATE AN ACHIEVABLE ROADMAP As with any project, you can achieve greater impact by breaking the task down into smaller work packages. It may seem like a paradox: the whole point of a smart city is to benefit from joined-up thinking and systems using planning that sees the big picture, but to get where you want to be, you need to break down your ambitions.

Instead of smart cities, we advocate planners start by thinking about smart districts. It’s easy for a city-scale project to get bogged down by disparate and diffuse projects dotted around a city, but a district is more manageable. A smart district looks at major developments happening in one place and considers how to take a smart, joined-up approach at that scale.

Once several such districts have been completed, then it’s time to start thinking about aligning them at town or city-scale. The key to this approach is to remain independent, choosing technology and platforms that will enable future integration with open protocols.

There is also a need to think big picture and allow for the future development of core infrastructure. The development of the EV market is a good example for this approach.

Investing in future-proof city solutions is key.

3. IDENTIFY THE GREATEST IMPACT OPPORTUNITY What sort of scenarios are suitable for smart district projects? Transforming half a town or city is too big to be manageable, while smart street lighting on a handful of residential roads is probably too small to yield noteworthy benefits.

Look for spots where major change is already being scoped. Good examples are where a new transport hub is being proposed or in the early stages of planning, such as a new train station or motorway. Other good

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

opportunities are major projects such as stadia, which by virtue of their size, can’t help but effect the surrounding area.

When there are already large-scale works in the pipeline or planned, it’s easier to incorporate smart district ambitions and secure agreement from different stakeholder groups. For example, if a new arena is already set to be built, the added disruption of upgrading the local power grid for EVs may be negligible. The same may apply for upgrading street lighting and adding solar assets.

4. CLEARLY ARTICULATE THE BENEFITS Communication is key. If you can articulate and sell the benefits to affected stakeholders then you can reap multiple rewards. It allows stakeholders, whether they be local decision makers or the general public, to understand the path you’re taking and help them realise benefits of their own.

A good example of this is the postCovid recovery. The pandemic has caused everyone to take a step back and re-examine how we can build a more sustainable, fairer future – one that holistically tackles issues of climate change, transport, local food, circular economy and inequalities of all types.

Smart projects have an integral role to play in this and it’s important to communicate their advantages to local authorities. Make it a priority to engage with those leading the recovery and show them how your contribution can help achieve their ambitions and create a more sustainable future for communities.

5. WHAT TO DO NEXT The four steps above can go a long way to de-risking and getting the best return from a smart district project. But they’re not easy, and the fact remains these projects are complex and difficult by nature.

The fifth and final step is to work with a partner to achieve smart districts success. By collaborating with independent, impartial experts in this space, you’ll develop a customised, end-to-end solution to map your net zero journey.

Ultimately, any successful venture or project needs passion. At Enzen, we’re passionate about the power of collaboration and innovation to improve quality of life for local communities and leave a cleaner planet for future generations. These, more than anything, are the ultimate benchmarks of smart districts success.

If you’d like to know more about how we can help you achieve long-term value, discuss your project today. www.enzen.com/global/contact-UK

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OPINION

DE-CARBONISATION – ARE ‘ENERGY ISLANDS’ A MAJOR PART OF THE ANSWER? Chris Goggin of Rinnai looks at the advent of energy islands which look set to be a major part of the drive to de-carbonisation in both the international arena and the U.K.

D

ecarbonisation of the industrialised world’s fuel supply is acknowledged as being the over-riding priority in tackling climate change. Industry and governments across the globe are currently working on advanced plans to alter the composition of fuel to ensure a carbon free future.

This requires a diversification of fuel production and distribution which does not impinge on fuel supplies that allow the global economy to operate and grow.

On mainland Europe in countries such as Germany, France, and Italy there has been a surge in demand and production

12

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

of renewables. Denmark has heavily invested, both financially and ethically, in the idea of purpose built ‘energy islands’, floating in either international seas or the territorial waters of sovereign countries.

An energy island is easily explained. It is a manufactured “island” designed with the purpose of generating and distributing power through renewable recourses situated and gathered out at sea. The concept of a floating island or, “Ile Flottante” was first recorded and introduced by Commander Philippe Tailliez of the French Navy in the early 1950s.

Early designs were set in

OPINION tropical waters and consisted of a collection of interlinking hexagons.

Dominic Michaelis, an Anglo-French architect and structural engineer was one of the first advocates of Energy Islands. He explained that each hexagon is: “made up of six equilateral triangles of 300-metre-long sides and would have a longest cross distance of 600 metres and the shortest cross distance of 520 metres. Its area would be 234,000m2, or 23.4 hectares. Its size would guarantee its stability in heavy seas.” This structural configuration also offers the possibility to follow a cluster or linear plan.

Energy islands, said Michaelis, will produce and distribute energy that stems from four separate avenues: • Wind Energy which will vary site to site. However, considering wind conditions off land, maximising wind energy should not pose a problem.

6 mills at varying heights spread across a 600-metre platform should be able to generate 18MW at peak.

• Sea Current Energy is site dependent but utilizing specifically designed enabling technology can generate between 2 and 10 MW. • Wave Energy is better suited to deeper, rougher seas. The average wave energy profile of the North Sea is 50kW compared to 15kW in tropical waters. Wave energy has the ability to contribute 6MW. • Solar Energy is the last natural source that can feed the energy island. In terms of production, it is also the most active. A wide range of solar collection systems can be considered for use. “Power Tower” operations in tropical latitudes can generate collection efficiencies of 75% and produce a secondary conversion ratio to electricity of 40%.

To put this energy generation into perspective it has been cited that by multiple sources that 1mw could power anywhere between 400 and 700 homes.

A separate system dealing in Hydrogen conversion will also be designed and situated on each energy

island. A hydrolysis plant is required to produce Hydrogen, another source of green fuel which can be produced via electricity generated by wind out at sea.

D. Michaelis further adds: “Although some of this generated power will be used as electricity, a large proportion can be transformed into hydrogen fuel by electrolysis, with an efficiency ranging from 80 to 90%. Hydrogen is a clean fuel, combining with oxygen when “burnt”, to give water or water vapour as its by-product, creating no atmospheric pollution, and therefore considered by many as the Fuel of the Future.” (D. Michaelis).

Denmark has begun planning on installing two artificial energy islands in the North Sea which will triple the country’s current installed wind capacity.

The main energy island under planning will produce and provide 3 Gigawatts of energy rising to 10 over time. An area situated 80 km (50 miles) west off the coast of Jutland has been identified as a prime location for its wind and rough sea.

An additional and smaller energy island is also being planned off Bornholm in the Baltic Sea, to the east of mainland Denmark, which eventually will produce 2 Gigawatts of cleanly sourced power.

This project will prove to be the biggest construction project undertaken by the Danish government with initial estimations amounting to around £24bn.

Its projected size will be the equivalent of 18 football pitches – 120,000sq m. Further plans to expand its size by 300% are being discussed by the relevant parties. This site will provide the floor space to accommodate 200 giant offshore wind turbines which will work with the coastal wind to power 3 million households. Green hydrogen will also be mass produced.

The Danish state will claim 51% of the ownership of the energy island leaving free a sizable percentage which is hoped to attract private financial investment.

The Danish climate minister, Dan Jorgenson, has recently been quoted referring to the idea that Denmark could produce too much energy to use themselves, opening

up the possibility that neighbouring countries could also benefit.

Two smaller UK energy islands are currently being discussed: one in Cornwall, the other in Anglesey. Both are hoping to generate cleaner forms of fuel production for domestic and commercial use, as well as provide a scope of extra vocational options made available through new industry. A case study carried out by researchers at the Major Energy Delivery Programme estimate that over a period of 15 years the North West Wales regional economy could receive up to £2.5 billion with extra employment accounting for 8.6% of Anglesey’s expected GDP (Hall, Gareth).

Man-made energy islands possess the capability of syphoning off natural recourses to transmute into domestic and commercial power through a range of innovative and diversifying practises; the generation of electricity, hydrogen and oxygen is produced in quantities vast enough to power entire countries with fuel that does not cause levels of harm to the planet.

The installation and maintenance of energy islands will create new innovative industries and job opportunities that will aid further expansion of the local economies. If Denmark’s approach proves successful, energy islands will become a primary source of greener fuel production and economic growth. www.rinnaiuk.com

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

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CHP

CHP: MAXIMIZE POWER RELIABILITY, WHILE REDUCING EMISSIONS AND ELECTRICITY COSTS, FOR ANY TYPE OF INDUSTRY

I

ndustrial cogeneration is the ideal choice for the combined production of electrical and thermal energy in many sectors, in particular for “energyintensive” companies that require a significant production of heat on an continual basis, and use a considerable amount of electricity. Industrial cogeneration levers the benefits of the simultaneous production of these two energy carriers, starting from a single source – natural gas, and in an integrated system: the cogeneration plant.

The benefits CHP can provide to businesses are several: significant primary energy savings, up to 30% (and in some cases even more!), which mean cheaper bills, predictable costs, security of supply, a reduced carbon footprint and additional income streams such as Capacity Market payments, Gas Peaking Plants or through DSR. For the adventurous, there are further income streams to be had from frequency response. If the plant qualifies for CHPQA, it’s possible to get a beneficial treatment under the CCL. The natural gas cogeneration plants developed by AB are ideal for many industrial scenarios. In fact they meet the expectations and specific needs of various companies in the manufacturing and commercial sectors, and they can be defined as a “taylor-made CHP plants”. The design and engineering of products take into account specific customer needs, organising the module parts to obtain an ideal plant engineering configuration.

The first step is a free feasibility study, going through the check of available funding support mechanisms, analysis of technical performance of existing equipments and further additional income opportunities, in order to define a certain payback time.

The CHP solution developed by AB is called ECOMAX® and offers the following benefits: it’s compact, versatile and capable of delivering a high performance and the utmost reliability.

It’s an industrial product ready to plug, with a rapid installation and startup, it requires no building permit and it’s also relocatable, flexible and scalable.

The ECOMAX® solutions may even be configured for installations within buildings through integrations with site installations

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or with the implementation of a completely new technological lay-out. AB has the skills and solutions dedicated to tailormade installations inside buildings without the need of the module. The design and realization of these plants makes evident the engineering know-how of AB in determining the optimum configurations and dimension.

Skills to which is add the professionalism in managing the installation phase, even in the most complex conditions.

If the right choice of the most suitable technology is very important, the choice of the right partner is even more crucial.

Since 1981, AB has been at the side of companies seeking to improve their own competitiveness, saving energy and limiting environmental emissions. We build relationships with our customers and partners based on openness and mutual trust: we manufacture, install and manage systems as if they were our own. Over 40 years of work, we have developed a know-how and a production capacity without equal on a world-wide level, which ensure the excellence of the plants, the maximum quality of both the installation and after-sales service.

AB is the only manufacturer, with an industrial process able to internally manage the entire production cycle of the cogeneration plant. AB pursues the highest degree of innovation with determination, gathering knowledge, experience and technologies, in order to respond with advanced solutions to a primary need of mankind: energy. Contributing to the creation of a better future in the direction of an eco-sustainable system.

The principal production and engineering research activities are concentrated in a modern industrial hub with its head offices in Orzinuovi (BS) Italy, spread over about 34,000m3 of connected buildings, where the production facility, engineering offices, service centre and management are located.

To guarantee the plant best performance, AB offers the largest network of specialized technicians

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

around the world: AB Service is in fact completely dedicated to the assistance and maintenance of AB installations.

Over 90% of plants installed have a “Full Service” 24 hour assistance, 365 days a year, which provides remote monitoring of the plant and original replacement parts. The plant may be constantly kept under control with the activation of the diagnostic and remote assistance service, by telephone or web, thanks to the monitoring systems, that allows also to choose the best operating set-up, verify the operating conditions, determine the daily profitability of the plant. Our local technicians, in close contact with customer personnel, intervene in a timely and decisive manner.

The benefits to our customers are: machine stoppages reduced to a minimum, a guaranteed payback time and maximum reliability.

A strategic choice which gives certainty in payback on the investment. www.gruppoab.com

AB ENERGY (UK) LTD

Lower Ground Floor, One George Yard, EC3V 9DF London (UK) Gary Collins - gary.collins@gruppoab.com - +44 7584 354380

MONITORING & METERING

THE NEW U1000-WM (WALL MOUNT) IS A SIGNIFICANT ADDITION TO THE MICRONICS ULTRAFLO RANGE OF CLAMP-ON, HEAT/ENERGY AND FLOW METERS U1000 Heat/Energy and Flow meters are now available in the original pipe-mounted or new wallmounted, display & keyboard format with an extended pipe range!

T

he U1000MKII is a “Best Value” Clamp-on, Ultrasonic heat meter alternative to traditional inline energy meters, for energy management and billing applications in domestic and commercial, district or shared heating or cooling systems, which offers significant installation cost and dry maintenance benefits over traditional in-line products.

And the new U1000 Wall Mount version offers the alternative of Clamp-on pipemounted flow and temperature sensors but with a wall or control panel, display and keyboard plus an extended range to cover larger pipe size applications.

Micronics has built on its success with the ULTRAFLO U1000 heat/energy & flow meter range to develop a WM (Wall Mount) version, which extends the pipe size to cover applications from 25mm – 225mm (8”) OD pipe and the temperature range to 135°C. And whilst the U1000MKII-WM can still be used as a stand-alone product, in the all important area of

16

connectivity the new product supports optional Mbus or Modbus RTU slave and RS485 serial communications for aM&T or BEMs systems.

Still simple to install: connect power and enter the pipe inside diameter, adjust the sensors and clamp-on the pipe with no specialist skills or tools required but now with the added flexibility of an alternative wall or panel mounted keyboard and display and a wider range of application the U1000 MKII heat/

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

energy and flow meters continue to offer a “Best Value” clamp-on non-invasive alternative to traditional in-line meter installation, with no drain-down required plus dry servicing, providing minimum downtime and maximum availability.

For further information on this product or the Micronics range call Micronics on +44(0)1628 810456, visit www.micronicsflowmeters.com or take a look on YouTube.

PEL 103

Power & Energy Logger

Bridge the energy gap between today and tomorrow.

Increase energy efficiency and reduce your costs.

Our future energy needs are changing and businesses need to improve their energy efficiency. You can reduce required power generation, save money and increase productivity.

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The key to a reduced carbon footprint & improved energy efficiency.

Measure and monitor power usage.

Identify inefficiencies and out of hours use.

Discover power factor, phase balance and harmonic issues.

Contact us to learn more

|

|

CHAUVIN ARNOUX UK Ltd 125 YEARS IN BUSINESS 30 YEARS IN THE UK 1 Flagship Square | Shaw Cross Business Park | Dewsbury WF12 7TH | T: 01924 460494 | E: info@chauvin-arnoux.co.uk

& METERING TheMONITORING easy way to meter, measure and control your energy supplies.

Get paid upfront for your energy with our prepayment smart meters Ask us if you qualify for our unique ‘Fit for FREE’ solution ● Prepayment of energy = instant boost to your cashflow! ● Integrates with the PayPoint retailer network ● Your customers can top-up their meter online or with our FREE App ● Online access to your meter readings for accurate energy monitoring ● As installed by British Gas and many other Energy supply companies

sales@energycontrols.co.uk or visit: www.econtrols.co.uk email:

0845 230 4535 sales@energycontrols.co.uk

www.econtrols.co.uk 18

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

ENERGY CONTROLS

Metering, Measuring and Managing Resources

Energy Controls is an award-winning supplier of electricity SMART meters and prepayment metering systems.

With over 25 years’ experience behind us we know everything there is to know about providing the best metering solution tailored specifically for our customers’ needs.

Our SMART meters are ideal for all types of sub-metering applications ranging from Landlord properties to Holiday Parks and Housing Associations.

Prepayment services

E470 GSM SMART meter Our GSM SMART meters offer the most flexible metering solution to give you complete control of your energy supplies.

Prepayment is our speciality!

Key features

Energy Controls is the UK’s No.1 operator of prepayment metering services to the Landlord sector. We have invested heavily in our IT infrastructure to ensure that we have the most reliable and robust online payment solution.

We have joined forces with PayPoint so that Landlords and Park Operators can offer their customers a convenient ‘Pay-As-You-Go’ service for making energy payments.

● Approved to new MID standards ● Prepayment of your energy supplies ● Exclusive access to PayPoint retailers ● Top-up online or via our FREE App ● Friendly disconnection override ● Remote disconnect/reconnect of supply ● ‘Fit for FREE’ solution!

SMART Software

Smartphone App

We have a fully hosted web based software solution that is considered to be the best on the market. Instant access to energy usage data is available to both Landlord and Tenant.

Users of our SMART Pre-Pay system can now make quick, safe and secure energy payments from their tablet or smartphone.

Download the App FREE from the App Store or Google Play.

❝ The way that we manage our electricity supplies is vitally important to our business and to the customer service that we provide, but it can involve significant investment. With Energy Controls the entire process has been completely cost-neutral, from the supply and installation of the meters to the infrastructure and training. It’s all covered by a small daily service charge, that we can pass on to our customers through the meter. ❞

Prepayment

SMART metering

Finance Director, Billing Aquadrome

Energy Controls Group Ltd. PO Box 1141, Stratford Upon Avon, CV37 1XN Tel: 0345 230 4535 email: sales@energycontrol.co.uk www.econtrols.co.uk

ENERGY CONTROLS

Metering, Measuring and Managing Resources

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

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MONITORING & METERING SMA RT M- B US & W E B

CASE STORY - HEAT NETWORK (89-UNIT) Greenside Views, Mitcham, London

ACCURATE & COST EFFECTIVE HEAT METERING AND BILLING PLATFORM CP1 requires a metering strategy and selection of heat metering, prepayment and billing systems that are accurate and cost effective.

Traditional in-home display infrastructures add significant capital costs, incur replacement expenditure (REPEX) and typically require upgrading every 10 years. Such infrastructures also tend to be proprietary to the billing host.

18-22 °C 18-19 °C

16-18 °C

Bedrooms

Children’s Rooms

Hallways, Corridors, Kitchens & Storage Rooms

19-20 °C

Living Rooms

22-24 °C

Bathrooms

To avoid these issues, the KURVE Smart M-Bus & Web energy metering and billing platform was selected for Lotus Trident’s prestige development in Mitcham.

The KURVE platform uses the building’s hardwired M-Bus network for two-way communication with the resident’s HIU energy meters, and communicates energy data and payment functionality to residents across the web.

For credit control purposes, KURVE can send a signal via the M-Bus network to close off the HIU heating supply valve, minimising energy debt. KURVE’s low hosting costs, and open protocol M-bus network also ensures residents are not locked into KURVE.

By showing near real-time energy consumption, KURVE helps residents understand and better manage their in-home temperature controls.

A HEAT NETWORK FOR LONDON’S CLIMATE ACTION PLAN The expansion of Greater London has had a profound effect on the small towns and villages surrounding the city.

Mitcham is one of those towns that has joined this ever-expanding London collective. In recent years Mitcham has become a popular commuter town due to its proximity to London.

To meet the increasing demand for new residential housing, developer Lotus Trident created Greenside Views, an 89-unit development of one, two and three-bedroom homes, served by a heat network and specifically designed to meet the needs of young professionals and families.

KURVE IS A JOINT VENTURE BETWEEN INSITE AND SAV 20

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

Greenside Views, Mitcham, London

MONITORING & METERING CASE STORY - HEAT NETWORK (89-UNIT)

CREDIT CONTROL OPTIONS KURVE’s credit control heat disconnect facility is either automatic Pay As You Go, or at the discretion of the heat supplier, Credit As You Go.

HOME

Lotus Trident chose the PAYG option which gave all residents the ability to access their consumption history and make payments quickly wherever they are 24/7/365. Industry experience indicates that installing a PAYG solution over credit billing can cut energy consumption by 10% in the first year, and 20% in the second year.

If a resident does not have a mobile device available, alternative vulnerable customer support can be provided. In any case there is little investment needed for metering hardware.

EB

CURRENT BALANCE

HOME

Last Reading 13:20 • 13/09/19 • 355kWh

£3.50

£3.50

Today you have used

Today you have used

Please top up soon

£ 1.20

kWh 12

EB

CURRENT BALANCE

Last Reading 13:20 • 13/09/19 • 355kWh

Please top up soon

£ 1.20

kWh 12

TOP UP

TOP UP

OPTION 1 Pay As You Go

OPTION 2 Credit As You Go

GREENSIDE VIEWS, 89-UNIT - KURVE’S CAPITAL COST SAVING Looking at the cost of hardware and installation for each metering solution presented to Lotus Trident, KURVE achieved an average saving of 60% or £33,000 across the site.

“The savings are genuinely impressive. The real value to residents lies in the fact they can easily access their energy usage data and manage their account anywhere, from any internet device.”

- Arjun Shah of Lotus Trident

KURVE IN ACTION Analysis of data collected from Greenside Views showed that the most viewed page on the KURVE App is the consumption page, accounting for over 47% of all visits.

For further information about KURVE please call us on 020 3696 4977 or visit www.kurve-tech.com

KURVE IS A JOINT VENTURE BETWEEN INSITE AND SAV Monument House, Monument Way West, Woking, Surrey GU21 5EN Telephone: +44 (0) 20 3696 4977 • www.kurve-tech.com • enquiries@kurve-tech.com REV 1 2021

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

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MONITORING & METERING

HARMONICS ARE COSTING YOU MONEY! If you operate a business that uses electricity – and which business doesn’t – then it’s a fact that harmonics are costing you money, says Julian Grant of Chauvin Arnoux. To find out how and what you can do about it, read on!

I

f you’re thinking that I’ve already written about harmonics in this series, you’re right, but I make no apologies for revisiting this important topic. Why? Because these days harmonics are present in every power system and they’re a major cause of unnecessary expenditure.

Furthermore, the overall impact of harmonics is often poorly understood.

Let’s start with a very brief reminder of what harmonics are and where they come from. In simple terms, harmonics are currents (or voltages) at frequencies that are integer multiples of the power

22

frequency. For 50 Hz supplies, this means 100 Hz, 150 Hz, 200 Hz, 250 Hz and so on. The source of harmonics is non-linear loads – that is, loads where the current isn’t proportional to the applied voltage throughout the whole of each voltage cycle. In the modern world, non-linear loads are everywhere.

LED lighting systems, variable speed drives, computers, office machines and televisions are just a few examples.

But why do harmonics matter, and why do they cost money? One answer is that they generate unwanted heat. In a balanced three-phase power system

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

with no harmonics the current in the neutral conductor will be zero. Introduce harmonics, however, and things are very different because the so-called triplen harmonics – those that are multiples of three times the power frequency (150 Hz, 300 Hz, 450 Hz, etc.) – don’t sum to zero in the neutral conductor even in a perfectly balanced installation.

In fact, the harmonic currents add, so in such cases the neutral will potentially be carrying a substantial current.

Unless the neutral conductor has been sized to take this into account, it may well overheat and fail. And even if it is properly sized – which means a larger and more costly conductor – that unwanted heat represents wasted energy and whoever pays the electricity bill pays for that energy.

Of course, heating in neutral conductors is not the only problem caused by harmonics. Because they can produce a magnetic field that rotates in the ‘wrong’ direction in a motor, opposing the field produced by

MONITORING & METERING

the power frequency current, they can reduce the torque the motor produces and increase vibration. As a result, it may be necessary to use a bigger motor, and because of the vibration, the life of the motor and the equipment it’s driving may be reduced. Once again, this translates to increased costs.

Harmonics are also a major cause of excess heating in power transformers, which means that if significant levels of harmonics are present in the supply system, larger and more expensive transformers will be needed. It may be easy to assume that this is a problem for the supply company rather than the consumer, but bear in mind that anything that increases costs for the power company will ultimately result in higher energy prices. And, if harmonic levels in an installation are too high, the power company may well refuse to provide a supply!

Moving on from unwanted heating, another and much less well-known problem associated with harmonics is their effect on power factor. The usual assumptions are that power factor issues are related purely to inductive loads and they can be corrected by adding capacitors to the power system.

Unfortunately, this is only true in power systems where no harmonics are present.

The real situation is that power factor has two components. The first is the displacement power factor and this corresponds to the usual view of power

factor as described in the last paragraph. The second component is the distortion factor (DF), which relates directly to harmonics.

Distortion factor is often neglected or ignored but, because of the prevalence of harmonics in today’s supply systems, it is no longer reasonable to do this.

The overall true power factor for a machine or installation is given by displacement power factor multiplied by distortion factor and, since in practice distortion factor is always less than 1, the true power factor is always worse than the displacement power factor considered alone. And it’s the true power factor that determines how much nonproductive energy – which has to be paid for – is taken from the supply system.

Clearly there’s an incentive to improve both the displacement power factor and distortion factor but there’s a complication: distortion factor cannot be corrected by adding capacitors.

In fact, the addition of capacitors can actually make the situation worse, because resonances may occur at one of the harmonic frequencies. Achieving an effective solution will depend on the application but will typically involve the use of both capacitors and chokes.

By now it should be readily apparent that harmonics in the supply system are undesirable and also a potent source of increased costs. What’s to

be done? Fortunately, there are many practical and effective ways of mitigating harmonics. The first steps, however, are always the same – assess and investigate the problem. The best way to do this is to use a modern portable energy logger (PEL), such as the PEL104 or PEL106 from Chauvin Arnoux.

These compact and affordable instruments can be readily connected at various points in an electrical installation to measure and record the level of harmonics present, along with many other parameters such as voltage, current and power factor. The data provided by an exercise like this will give a good insight into the level and types of harmonic present, together with an indication of their source. This will allow suitable mitigation measures to be devised, and once they have been implemented, further tests with the PEL will confirm their effectiveness.

In today’s highly competitive business world, you can’t afford and shouldn’t be paying for harmonics in your supply system. So make sure you don’t – invest in a PEL and set out on the path to savings today! www.chauvin-arnoux.co.uk

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

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MONITORING & METERING

ALL ON-SCREEN, DIGITISING ENERGY METERING DATA COLLECTION

I

t is no secret that heating in the UK is going through a seismic change, especially for large apartment and multi-dwelling buildings. Climate change is leading us to decarbonise our energy infrastructure whilst fuel poverty is requiring us to reduce energy cost for homeowners. These two issues have led to calls to adopt heat networks for these structures. The lower carbon emissions and more energy efficient operation features of heat networks are well documented. The single energy centre allows for all domestic hot water (DHW) and heating (HTG) to be generated and distributed from a single location. However, what is less talked about is the ability of the networks to utilise digitised metering solutions. Heat networks can provide easier access to energy use and performance data.

Digitalised data from the plant room through to the individual HIUs is key to reaping the benefits of heat networks.

Kamstrup, a leader in energy metering solutions has suggested a plethora of savings that can be made from the digitisation of data collection.

The company have found a 2.5% reduction in heating production losses as well as a 12% reduction from pipeline heating losses, resulting in big savings.

These savings from digitising data collection is not just reserved for clients and facilities managers, reduced losses in the heating system results in lower tariffs for residents. The digitisation of energy metering data collection will change how we see, understand, and use energy data.

Traditionally energy data has been collected either manually (from a walk around visual reading) or automatically from each energy meter through a device called a datalogger. Once a month the datalogger is connected either remotely or on-site to the meter and the daily energy meter readings can be extracted for the month period. This data is either imported into a separate computer program or exported as an excel file.

While a trusted collection method, the traditionally individual datalogger desktop program is out of date, both technically and in displaying energy data.

The datalogger relies on a small internal memory that can only store data up to a certain amount (depending on the size of the network and frequency of readings).

24

As such frequent downloads are required, or data can be lost. When energy data is exported into excel, it can be difficult to extract the data needed. There can be up to 29 lines of performance metric data for each reading. This makes manually working through the excel file to extract performance data an arduous process.

The key for successful digitalisation of meter readings falls to a few basic points; automatic readings, centralised data, simple interface. Ensuring that all your meter readings are automatically collected and stored in a centralised database helps alleviate the manual arduous process of collecting data each month. Your system should be able to then forward this data through various means (SFTP, FTPS, APIs) for stakeholders e.g., metering and billing. Finally keeping it simple, not every person looking at the data will be a fully trained heat network engineer with the time to dig through lines of data. Having simple methods or dashboards for understanding the performance is crucial. For instance, a report that will rank the volumeweighted average return temperatures (VWARTs) of each energy meter can quickly highlight the worst performers in the network and show where to send engineers to improve the system.

At this moment, there are a number of software options to digitise heating data. One software that is already able to collect and simplify data is the

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

Kamstrup READy software. The software is already working with over 5 million endpoints and can collect your meter data with easy-to-read graphs, reports and displays. Online metering solutions have also been developed for the homeowner to view their energy usage.

KURVE, a PAYG metering solution is one such online portal. Optimised to work with heat networks the software provides homeowners access to their energy data, even being able to pay their energy bills. KURVE can be accessed from a mobile app and desktop web page, with easy access to energy histories and payments. This allows residents to make informed decisions on how to use their energy, leading to eventual money and carbon savings.

Like much of our modern world, the future of heating data collection and analysis will be digitised and be available to view online. For the facilities manger and engineer, the obvious benefit of digitisation in the time saved finding and presenting crucial data. For the resident of a heat network building the ability to easily access and understand their energy data provides a new sense of control over their energy use. As the expansion of heat network in the UK continues, its worth keeping in mind the possibilities that digitising energy metering data collection can have. https://www.sav-systems.com/

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ENERGY SUPPLY

WHAT MAKES A SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENT?

T

he last twelve months has been a hugely challenging period for the utilities industry. Following the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, the sector has dealt with unpredictable demand and pressures that would have been unimaginable a mere eighteen months ago, underlining the importance of a resilient supply chain. Resilience in times of uncertainty is key, and an effective supplier assurance scheme is a valuable asset in maintaining resilient, compliant and ethical supply chains.

Kate Ferrier, Senior Vice President of Customer Engagement and Quality Assurance at Achilles, shares her expertise on what makes a supply chain resilient and how a supplier assurance scheme like Achilles can help: The Achilles UVDB network currently comprises 60 buyers and 6,500 suppliers, with a recognised utilities qualification system under UK legislation. It supports businesses within the utilities and public sector industries to achieve the highest level of supply chain assurance, helping to save money and improve operating effectiveness.

Companies that are part of the UVDB network are assured that their supply chain has been thoroughly audited to industry standards and meets all the required benchmarks.

All these factors help to improve business performance, but what makes a truly resilient supply chain?

ENSURE YOU HAVE A RECESSION STRATEGY IN PLACE When a period of recession is anticipated, it’s important to clearly define both your short and long-term goals. Business critical processes should be prioritised as part of your Business Continuity Management plans. Get rid of any discretionary costs that the business does not need and watch the market and supply chains intently. Cash flow will be the primary concern and businesses should take full advantage of government support while continuing to target longer term strategy and growth opportunities.

Investing in technology should also remain a key priority - automation and workflow tools can enable a business to thrive, even in a recession, increasing productivity and improving consistency while reducing cycle times. Keep an eye on new technology - don’t be left behind.

DRAW ON THE TOOLS AT YOUR DISPOSAL Building stronger, more secure and more sustainable supply chains is essential to being able to adapt to a changing world.

Procurement teams have an important role to play in making sure that their organisation is prepared to tackle any evolving risks and challenges. To do this effectively, they are going to need a full suite of tailored supply

26

chain risk management tools at their disposal, such as those provided by Achilles.

UTILISE SUPPLIER INSIGHTS TO UNDERSTAND RISK It’s important to take the time to build relationships with your suppliers. Tools like the Achilles Insights dashboard will provide a comprehensive view of the financial health of your supply chain - along with visibility on any hidden risks. Businesses that can quickly identify any potential pitfalls in their supply chain can make informed, intelligent decisions to mitigate any issues before they impact their business.

Having a risk model that is in line with legal standards and meets the needs of the sector will help to minimise threats and any associated effects.

GUARD AGAINST RISK FROM THE OUTSET While it’s important to be able to identify risks within the supply chain quickly and efficiently, businesses should be doing everything they can to guard against risk from the outset when appointing new partners.

Part of Achilles’ supplier pre-qualification process involves collecting and verifying data relating to financial risk, providing buyers with a more complete and accurate view of the risk profiles of potential suppliers.

Audits are also an important tool to ensure suppliers are as prepared as you are - Achilles conducts a range of audits to help businesses and their suppliers to understand where they may be exposed to risks.

VISIBILITY IS KEY Visibility and transparency is crucial businesses cannot manage the unknown.

However complex a supply chain may be, understanding potential problems and weaknesses allows a business to prepare adequate contingency plans - an exercise that may mean the difference between success and failure.

Once any sources of supply chain risk have been identified and analysed, appropriate policies should be created, putting a plan in place for a range of issues such as shortages or other supply chain disruptions.

TAKE THE GUESSWORK OUT OF FINANCIAL RISK Effective financial risk management is impossible without clear supply chain visibility.

Achilles gives buyers the visibility they need to spot potential issues and prevent any costly disruption, damage to supply chain relationships and any subsequent reputational impact.

The data Achilles collects and verifies provides businesses with a full picture. We gather financial data from suppliers, which is

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

verified by an expert team. It simplifies financial risk management and helps businesses to build stronger, more effective and resilient supply chains.

BE PROACTIVE IN COMMUNICATING WITH SUPPLIERS In the event of any risk hot spots being identified, it’s important to be proactive in communicating with the supply chain. At Achilles, we advocate working together with your supply chain to weather a crisis - a strategy that has been particularly important during the Covid-19 crisis. Working closely with suppliers will help to keep cash moving through supply chains and maintain business continuity.

By reaching out to suppliers who may be at medium term risk, businesses can take steps to support them through any issues, limiting any serious or long-term impact on the rest of the supply chain. Adapting to new situations together is the most effective means for the entire supply chain to limit any ill-effects.

HAVE “PLAN B” CONTINGENCY PLANS IN PLACE Depending on the crisis at hand, supply may be affected - it’s important to identify additional sources of supply that can be leveraged quickly from a larger base of compliant supplier should your existing supply base be unable to deliver.

Proactively qualifying suppliers is a positive early step businesses can take to mitigate against any disruption.

With rapid advancements in science and vaccine programmes continuing to progress successfully across the globe, it’s likely that the immediate risk to disruption seen in the early stages of the Covid-19 crisis will continue to dissipate.

However, the pandemic shone a spotlight on the importance of having a resilient, wellprepared supply chain equipped with the tools and insight to counter threats - whether short-term disruption to individual suppliers or crises like Covid-19 which had wide-ranging effects on entire global supply chains.

The value of working with a partner like Achilles, with more than 30 years of experience in supply chain risk and performance management, cannot be underestimated.

Data and insight is key in building and maintaining a resilient supply chain that is able to weather whatever challenges the future may bring. www.achillies.com

Because insight beats hindsight

Sustainable Procurement is no longer a fringe idea but a critical factor in decision making at every level of society.

Businesses with strong sustainability performance benefit from lower capital costs, higher valuations, higher profitability, and lower exposure to risk.

Stop ticking boxes and start using sustainability as a growth solution.

Use your camera to scan the QR code and download our Sustainable Procurement eBook. www.achilles.com

ENERGY MANAGEMENT

ENERGY MANAGEMENT Head of Data and Analytics Chris Henderson at CNG Energy

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OVID-19 has triggered a sharp rise in businesses looking to better manage their energy supply; as such, businesses are seeking to reduce costs where possible, without compromising on output or service.

UNDERSTANDING YOUR ENERGY USE Having a plan for your energy management can mean reduced bills and money saved, but beyond this, a real focus on your energy will highlight your outgoings, broaden your understanding of any potential drains and challenges, and therefore identify any operational decisions you could make to tackle these.

There are many ways for businesses to be able to manage their energy, through both Smart Meters, their suppliers and Metering agents.

SMART METERS In 2008, the UK Government began making preparations to roll-out smart meters to help with better energy management. Having energy smart data is a great step forward in giving businesses control and becoming more usage aware. Smart meters measure energy use, sending readings directly to your supplier through a wireless connection; monthly, daily or halfhourly. Smart meters not only mean no more estimated bills, they do a lot of the legwork of identifying those energy challenges we mentioned earlier.

DATA MANAGEMENT There is one thing that is clear when it comes to energy management, and that’s the importance of data analytics.

Having a clear view of your usage data may help you decrease your spend, but also contribute toward the 2050 Net Zero target. There are a few ways you can manage your energy usage data; some suppliers can offer analytics, via a platform, to help you better monitor and manage your energy.

For customers who want complete control, there are also third parties who can offer much more in-depth data analytics, such as metering agents.

METERING AGENTS Your gas meter is managed and owned by a metering agent. They are

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responsible for the design, installation, commissioning, maintenance, removal and disposal of meters.

Suppliers rent the meter from the agent, and pay for ongoing maintenance.

With electricity, the person who owns the meter (Meter Asset Provider) and the person who operates the meter (Meter Operator) can be different.

As well as providing in-depth data, they also ensure the safety of your meter, will come out to fix it if it stops registering or turns off gas supply and much more.

Electricity customers can appoint who they would like to manage their meter, and this can change without removing it. However with gas, this is pre appointed for you by your energy supplier; it is possible to change this to a metering agent who can better manage your data, but there are a few things to be aware of before you do so.

THINGS TO LOOK OUT FOR We know you want to save money, so it may be very tempting to move to an agent who can provide your business with the data analytics you need to cut costs. However, as with everything, there are some important things to think about first: Ensure you speak to your energy supplier, they may be able to explore options available for you or work on your behalf to negotiate costs with the alternative metering agent If you choose to move, it is important to find out whether your supplier will absorb the costs that may be in place - you don’t want to be hit with a surprise large bill.

It’s good to measure and weigh up each of the benefits to ensure whether they are comparable to your current metering agent, if not better. If your supply is cut off, check how soon your metering agent is able to respond.

Response times differ with domestic and non-domestic supply, with domestic supply they are under stricter measures whereas non-domestic are not seen

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as a priority, therefore it’s important to know whether you are able to survive that period without supply.

Data comes from your meter, and in order for a metering agent to look at data and consumption, they need to be able to access the information from your meter. In an ideal world, the new metering agent for your gas meter will come to a commercial arrangement to procure the meters that are in situ from the incumbent agent, this means that no meter exchange needs to occur and no termination fees are triggered. However, more and more frequently, suppliers’ meters are having to be taken out and replaced with a new one – which actually could be an older meter than you currently have. This can lead to problems, as if the new agent removes the meter without notice, the old agent can charge a termination fee to the supplier, which is liable to the customer and can be passed down.

Depending on the age of the meter, in some cases customers have been hit with bills in the hundreds of thousands - AMR meter costs can be higher still.

ENERGY MANAGEMENT TOO MUCH TO MANAGE? Managing your data and being energy savvy is crucial for both energy efficiency, cost cutting and helping to reach Net Zero. Finding a solution that’s right for you has many benefits, and is not something you should be put off from doing - it’s just important to be informed when making any decisions. www.cngltd.co.uk

ENERGY MANAGEMENT

REVENUE RECOVERY: ARE YOU MISSING OUT ON THOUSANDS?

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s we slowly emerge from lockdown, many organisations are feeling the strain of the past year.

Businesses are coping with an unprecedented economic downturn, while public sector organisations are working harder with fewer resources.

Yet many organisations are missing out on the chance to recoup sums of money that could make a real difference.

Most UK businesses have been billed wrongly for utilities at some point. If it has never happened to your organisation, you’re definitely in the minority. The larger and more complex your operations are, the more likely it is that you have lost significant revenue through the mistakes of others. Obviously that isn’t fair, so the law in England and Wales allows you up to six years to identify billing errors and recover the wrongly paid money. But most organisations don’t have the time or expertise to comb through years’ worth of bills in the hope of spotting an error. That’s where revenue recovery specialists come in.

At BiU, we carry out this service for dozens of clients every year, and some of the sums involved can be huge. At a time when UK universities were looking into cutting staff pensions because of funding worries, we saved one university £1.7 million that had been wrongly charged over the years. These mistakes don’t get picked up at the time because utility billing is so confusing for the non-specialist. For example, over 30 different sources of data go into one organisation’s electricity bill. Most universities have more important things to do than to pour resources into trying to decode everything on their bill, so it makes sense to bring in the experts.

“ HEALTH CHECK” COULD DELIVER LONGTERM SAVINGS Not everyone will recoup millions, but the vast majority of UK organisations would benefit from a revenue recovery “health check”. The chances are that the process will uncover some historical overcharging and net your organisation a refund. We challenge suppliers on your behalf, so you don’t need to do the

work of contacting them and chasing the money.

But the benefits of the revenue recovery process go beyond this.

A forensic audit of your billing over a period of years will give the experts a very good idea of what you’re currently paying for and using. So as well as recouping the money you’ve wrongly paid out in the past, they can help you find better utility contracts for the future. This means ongoing savings.

After the core revenue recovery process is over, some companies choose to keep us on, so we can keep an eye on their utility spending and ensure they don’t pay over the odds. But this isn’t an essential part of the service and many organisations are just glad to recover historical overpayments.

COVID AND CHANGING WORK PATTERNS The pandemic has made it even more important for businesses to regularly assess their utility spending, as so many have changed the way they work: a shift to home working, more online sales, closing premises either temporarily or permanently. Any big changes mean that the utility contracts you originally had in place are unlikely to be delivering the best value. Change also creates more opportunities for billing mistakes to creep in.

RECOUPING WATER CHARGES As well as electricity and gas, BiU’s revenue recovery team also look at water use, which is an area with serious potential for overcharging. UK companies use complex charging mechanisms for supplying businesses with water and disposing of wastewater, and it is common to be on the wrong tariff or to pay for water lost through a leak that isn’t your responsibility. BiU recently

saved one NHS trust £115,000 on their water bills alone. That money could buy essential equipment or pay the wages of five new nurses for a year, yet the hospital trust weren’t even aware they had been overcharged. It was money down the drain – literally.

STOP WASTING RESOURCES We recently saved another NHS Trust £1.4 million - again, money they didn’t even know they were missing.

Many organisations are trying to cut costs after a difficult year, and this means some tough decisions. It makes no sense to consider drastic options like redundancies or pay cuts when the option of revenue recovery remains unexplored. If your organisation isn’t actively cost-cutting at the moment, the money recouped by revenue recovery can go on business development or even used to further your decarbonisation strategy.

OJEU FRAMEWORK Whatever your utility challenges, we’re able to help. We’re currently working with many public sector bodies through the NHS Shared Business Services OJEU framework, ensuring compliance with the Public Contract Regulations 2015.

BiU operates on a “finder’s fee” model, so hiring us to audit your bills incurs zero upfront costs. You won’t pay a penny unless we find that you are due a refund on your billing.

If your organisation is ready for a utility spending health check, get in touch at hello@biu.com

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

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HEAT PUMPS

HEAT PUMPS: LOWERING CARBON AND COSTS

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he UK has reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 43% compared to 1990, thanks to the rigorous and impactful Climate Change Act. Currently celebrating its tenth birthday, the Climate Change Act was launched in a bid to set a binding emissions target for the UK by 2050. Ensuring that the UK continues to build on the strong foundations set in previous years and remains on track to meeting the third carbon budget will require a concerted effort across all industries. However, certain sectors will require significant attention.

BUILDING EMISSIONS AND THE DECARBONISATION OF HEAT Energy use in the built environment is one of the most important aspects that must be addressed in the UK and

Figure 1: Heat pumps work by absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to a warmer one

abroad in the near future. Around 40% of the primary energy use within Europe is related to the building sector, with buildings accounting for 34% of carbon emissions in the UK. Among the key drivers of investment in efficiency include carbon reduction, fuel poverty alleviation and cost savings. The major challenge lies in the decarbonisation of heat. The UK has a particularly rigorous framework for achieving decarbonisation, and the decarbonisation of heat will become increasingly important in the coming years. Nevertheless, doing so will be an arduous task. Decarbonisation policies up to now have mainly affected electricity, leading to fundamental changes and challenges for the sector.

It is now time for heat to follow suit.

One of the most promising technologies aimed at increasing efficiency and reducing emissions in the building sector is provided by electric heat pumps. Heat pumps offer a modern, low-carbon solution to provide space heating and domestic hot water and are particularly appropriate in countries that have both high heating requirements (in winter) and cooling requirements (in summer).

At the time of writing, there

Figure 2: Air-source heat pumps have small physical footprints, though they need to be positioned somewhere with adequate airflow.

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ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

are 11,279,386 installed in Europe, saving 29.8 million tCO2, producing 116 TWh of renewable energy and providing 60,000 jobs.

WHAT IS A HEAT PUMP AND HOW DOES IT WORK? A heat pump is an electrical device that extracts heat from one place and transfers it to another. Heat pumps are a highly efficient way to heat buildings. They draw in heat from the environment and use electricity to raise the temperature to a suitable level for space heating and hot water. Typically for each kWh of electricity consumed, 2.5-4kWh heat is supplied.

Heat pumps deliver lower temperatures than boilers, so they work well with underfloor heating in new buildings or radiators with a larger surface area.

The most conventionally applied heat pump is the mechanical heat pump, which is based on the compression and expansion of a working fluid, or ‘refrigerant’. Heat pumps transfer heat by circulating the refrigerant through a cycle of evaporation and condensation.

A heat pump comprises four main components: evaporator, compressor, condenser and expansion device. The

HEAT PUMPS refrigerant is pumped by a compressor between two heat exchanger coils. In one coil, the refrigerant is evaporated at low pressure and absorbs heat from its surroundings. The refrigerant is then compressed en-route to the other coil, where it condenses at high pressure. At this point, it releases the heat it absorbed earlier in the cycle.

There is a range of heat pumps on the market, and how you choose it will depend on several factors, such as energy requirements, current building heating infrastructure and site characteristics.

Heat pumps can be divided into two broad sub-categories: air-source and geothermal (ground-source).

AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS Air-source heat pumps extract heat from the outside air, operating like fridges in reverse. These heat pumps in a residential setting can save more than 2 tonnes of carbon per year, contributing up to 20% less CO2e than gas boilers and up to 70% less than electric systems.

As well as providing a heat source in winter, the cycle is fully reversible in the summer, allowing heat pumps to provide year-round climate control. This technology can be an efficient means of saving money and saving carbon emissions if carefully designed and specified for the appropriate buildings.

GROUND-SOURCE HEAT PUMPS Conversely, ground-source heat pumps transfer heat from the ground into a building. A ground-source heat pump system needs land available to lay heat collectors in the ground – either laterally in trenches, or vertically in boreholes. The basic elements of a ground source heat pump system are the heat pump itself, the ground loop and the distribution system. A significant advantage of using a groundsource system over an air-source equivalent is the higher coefficient of performance in the winter, as the temperature in the ground is higher than the ambient air temperature.

ARE HEAT PUMPS AN EFFECTIVE SOLUTION FOR UK BUSINESSES? These technologies are wellestablished and widely used in the UK and backed by attractive government incentives. The Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) is a government environmental programme that provides financial incentives aimed at increasing the uptake of renewable heat by businesses,

Figure 3: Ground-source heat pumps require a larger site for installation

the public sector and non-profit organisations. Eligible installations receive quarterly payments over 20 years based on the amount of useful heat generated.

Heat pumps are a great alternative to many of the current carbon-intensive heating methods and represent a smart long-term investment for businesses and households alike. However, it is worth considering the below before installing your new system.

Before purchasing this technology, it is important to assess the associated benefits and costs. While these systems have lower fuel costs than conventional heating systems, they have a sizable upfront installation cost which often proves as a barrier to SMEs. Taking the following considerations will allow businesses to pick up the most suitable system for your needs: • Placement: An air-source heat pump requires plenty of space, whether it is wall or groundmounted. Ground-source systems will require significant land area and are also likely to be subject to strict planning regulations. Nevertheless, heat pumps are far more flexible from a placement point of view than gas boilers and indeed most renewable energy technologies.

• Cost of air source heat pump system vs current heating infrastructure: Heat pumps can markedly reduce energy costs when in place of conventional electric heating, as well as expensive fuels like oil, LPG or coal. Savings over traditional central heating are however less significant due to the low cost of gas.

• Insulation: Heating only works if the heat can be retained. It is important to ensure that the proposed building is suitably energy-efficient. Investing in low-cost insulative measures like improved building fabric and window glazing will help to keep the heat in and maximise heat pump efficiency.

Despite this, research indicates that around 22,000 heat pumps were installed in the UK in 2017, which represents an increase of 18% in volume compared to the previous year.

This increase has been brought about by the realisation of the various benefits of this technology, including: • Reduced fuel bills and carbon emissions • Minimal maintenance required • No fuel deliveries needed • Income through the government’s Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) Energy efficiency measures have the potential to deliver the sizeable emissions cuts needed to meet the targets set by the Climate Change Act. Technologies like heat pumps represent low-hanging fruits for both businesses and households in the UK and abroad.

While they may not be for everyone, heat pumps represent a modern, costeffective solution to reducing both your energy costs and carbon footprint.

We at Avieco are energy experts, working with organisations like yours to map your energy impacts, identify areas to prioritise, and build the case for improving your performance in energy productivity, ultimately helping you becoming more sustainable. www.avieco.com

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

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HEATING

MAINS BORNE SIGNALLING

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ains Borne Signalling (MBS) has been used since the 1980s for sending and receiving digital data between pieces of electronic apparatus.

Equipment connected to the electrical circuit in a building places a tiny additional voltage on the Earth and Neutral wiring.

High frequency tones are transmitted along the wires, like two musical notes, but at very much higher frequencies. A receiver on the circuit detects these tones and decodes them into the “ones” and “zeros” that make up digital communication.

The primary advantage of Mains Borne Signalling is that it negates the need to weave standard ethernet or, dedicated cabling throughout a building’s infrastructure, eliminating the disruption, mess and additional cost that entails.

Prefect Controls were early adopters of MBS and use this technology to connect thousands of room nodes on their ‘Irus’ product – a heating control system developed specifically for student accommodation.

Will Dean is the Systems Engineer at Prefect, “MBS has come a long way since the early days when interference and drop-outs could cause issues with products ‘talking’ to each other. But we’ve developed solutions for every problem we’ve encountered, to a point where communication is now very stable and reliable.”

Prefect have enhanced the performance of their system with the addition of sophisticated error-correction technology.

This ensures data is reliably and accurately transferred from point-to-point. Error correction involves mathematically manipulating data so that even if some of it is lost or damaged during transmission, the receiver will be able to ‘fill in the blanks’ and still understand the message.

Irus controls temperature on electric or ‘wet’ heating systems, but also measures and monitors humidity, light, CO2 and decibel levels in individual student rooms. The data it collects via the room node is transmitted to the central controller which in turn is connected to the internet. Energy and Accommodation Managers view and adjust settings in each room and run reports – all from the intuitive web-based portal. Irus has additional control features that extend beyond the student room to encompass water heating, leak detection and, water temperature safety to combat the risks of Legionella growth. A system controlled by Irus provides a more comfortable, safer and energy efficient environment with savings approaching 40% on energy costs.

Irus is currently controlling more than 25,000 rooms across the UK’s student accommodation estate. Universities in

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Bristol, Bangor, Bath, Cambridge, Durham, Liverpool, Manchester Oxford and York, to name a few, along with hotels in Aberdeen, Cornwall, Buckingham and Newcastle are all enjoying the ease of use and the savings afforded by Irus.

Will Mills is a Project Manager at Prefect and recently installed Irus at UWE in Bristol, he explains, “Universities prefer installations to be carried out in the summer holidays when there are fewer students around and access to rooms is easier. Mains borne signalling speeds up the whole installation process. During the summer of 2020 we had 6 weeks to fit 2000 rooms at UWE in Bristol, that just wouldn’t have been possible if we’d needed to lay cabling throughout each of the 24 blocks in which we were working.”

Prefect has developed practices, products and protocols to ensure their system works at any location, whatever the configuration of the buildings on the site or the wiring and network systems they encounter.

Will Dean continues, “There are points in a network where the neutral and earth wires are bonded together, blocking the signal. This generally happens where a supply enters a site, in these circumstances we use dedicated cabling or the existing Ethernet network to link separate blocks of the site, while still using MBS within each block.

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

In larger buildings, it may be necessary to connect different sections of the building with wired signalling rather than MBS, but we can work with all correctly wired circuits. Sometimes the installation of Irus reveals pre-existing faults with the wiring, particularly earthing problems. A site survey at the beginning of a project helps our engineers to specify the mix of MBS and wired signalling to give reliable communication and detect any faults that need rectifying.”

In the challenging environment of student accommodation Prefect prioritise robustness and reliability over super-fast theoretical performance as found in domestic ‘network extender’ products. More than 20 years’ experience of ‘making’ electrical circuits work with their products has seen Prefect become expert in the minutiae of Mains Borne Signalling. https://prefectcontrols.com/

FINANCE

SUPER-DEDUCTION HELPS BUSINESSES BUY NEW EQUIPMENT In addition to the £1 million Annual Investment Allowance (AIA) for investments into plant and machinery, at Budget 2021 the Government announced a new super-deduction.

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or two years from 1 April 2021, businesses investing in new plant and machinery will be able to claim:

• a 130% super-deduction capital allowance on qualifying plant and machinery investments • a 50% first-year allowance for qualifying special rate assets

The super-deduction, or new 50% first-year allowance, allows businesses to cut their tax bill, making it less expensive to invest in new plant and machinery.

For qualifying equipment, a business could benefit from a super-deduction of 130% of the investment incurred. For example, on spending of £100,000 a business could deduct £130,000 from its taxable profits, which would represent a reduction of up to £24,700 on its corporation tax bill for that tax period.

One way to increase the financial return of investing in new equipment would be to select the equipment from the Government’s world-leading Energy Technology List (ETL). This list features 14,000 high performing energy efficient products that save energy and money through their use.

All products listed on the ETL are verified as meeting higher energy efficient performance standards, typically in the top 25% of products available in the market. By investing in ETL listed energy saving equipment, businesses can lower energy bills, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and shorten investment payback periods.

The ETL showcases 56 higher

efficiency technologies including boilers, chillers, lights, heat pumps, and electric motors. A wide range of UK sectors, such as manufacturing, retail and hospitality already benefit from the energy and cost savings achieved by purchasing ETL listed equipment.

Businesses are increasingly feeling the pressure to hit carbon reduction targets aligned with the worldwide need to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. Many businesses have already committed to achieve net zero as part of the BEIS COP26 Race To Zero campaign, and the ETL can be a vital tool in supporting their efforts.

Using tax incentives such as the super-deduction can help businesses create valuable financial savings while also driving the necessary changes to reduce emissions.

For more information see the HM Treasury announcement here: https://www.gov.uk/ guidance/super-deduction Search the Energy Technology List to find top-performing products in 56 different technology categories: https://etl.beis.gov.uk/

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

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ENERGY FROM WASTE

A DAMASCENE CONVERSION? PROTECTING OUR ENVIRONMENTAL HERITAGE A recent UN report, produced by its Environment Programme, confirmed that in excess of 1,000,000 tonnes of food waste is generated globally per annum and causes between 8 & 10% of all greenhouse gas emissions. In the first of three articles, Chartered Engineer Professor Robert Jackson and Lawyer Peter McHugh examine the changes required in attitudes, expectations and regulation to permit a sustainable balance between environmental burden and environmental capacity.

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lthough he was not one of the Twelve Apostles, the Christian apostle Saint Paul spread the teachings of Jesus in the first-century Anno Domini (AD). Born in Syria, around the same time as Jesus, he was a Greekspeaking Jew who was converted to the Christian faith in or about 33AD and died in Rome circa 63AD. As one of the leaders of the first generation of Christians, he is often considered to be the most important person after Jesus in the history of Christianity.

Whilst travelling to Damascus he had a vision in the form of a blinding bright light where God revealed his Son to him. This revelation convinced Paul that God had indeed chosen Jesus to be the promised Messiah and it changed his life forever. Hence, on the road to Damascus Paul witnessed a seminal moment that led to a sudden and dramatic transformation in his attitude and beliefs.

Such a dramatic transformation and Damascene conversion is required in people’s attitudes and beliefs toward food wastage regarding its direct and profound implications to environmental pollution and human health. Interestingly, whilst AD has thus far denoted Anno Domini, in the context of environmental pollution AD denotes a most promising technology for food waste management in the form of anaerobic digestion.

Globally, the traditional disposal methods of large amounts of food waste have, to date, principally comprised landfill, incineration, and composting. However, these chosen methods have resulted in significant environmental pollution and increased financial risks. Annual world-wide food production currently stands at 2.7 billion

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tonnes with one third lost or wasted throughout the food supply chain.

By way of example, since 1974 the amount of food waste created in the United States alone has increased by 50% with 36 million tonnes of food waste now being discarded every year, whilst nearly 10% of its total population suffers from food insecurity. Currently, food waste equates to approximately 100kg per person and comprises the single largest component (22%) of municipal solid waste disposed to landfill. As a consequence, the food industry creates damaging social and economic side effects whilst simultaneously depleting the environment of limited natural resources; the problem is further compounded by the fact that in the US less than 2% of food waste is subject to AD. Likewise, within the European Union an estimated 20% of the total food produced is lost or wasted, equating to approximately 88 million tonnes, whilst 33 million people cannot afford a quality meal every second day. 70% of EU food waste arises from households, food services and retail outlets, with households alone generating 47 million tonnes forming more than 50% of the total.

To assist in resolving this ongoing dilemma, anaerobic bacteria are able, by employing AD, to convert organic waste and biomass into biogas whilst leaving a nutrient-rich residue suitable for agricultural land use. AD is a process through which bacteria break down organic matter such as animal manure, wastewater bio-solids, and food waste, in the absence of oxygen. Biogas constituents typically comprise 60%70% methane, 30%-40% carbon dioxide,

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

together with traces of hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide. Hence food waste, being a high-moisture, energy-rich substance, may provide substantial economic benefits from AD by way of renewable energy production.

One of the principal advantages of AD over other bio-energy technologies is its ability to operate using a wide range of substrates i.e. those materials from which bacteria can obtain food and nourishment and on which they are able to grow and thrive. Food waste therefore comprises an excellent substrate for AD, due to its availability, quantity and high energy content.

During the anaerobic digestion of food waste, a mixture of gaseous compounds (biogas) is released that commonly includes odourless methane and carbon dioxide, together with ammonia and highly odorous volatile sulphur compounds which include hydrogen sulphide (H2S - odour of rotten eggs). Other odorous compounds emitted include ethyl mercaptan (C2H6S - garlic, onions, and cabbage); methyl mercaptan (CH4S - cheese); carbon disulphide (CS2 - rotten vegetables); and dimethyl sulphide ((CH3)2S - rotten vegetables and cabbage). All of these odorous gases are prejudicial to human health.

The benefits accrued from biogas generation using AD can often be further enhanced through chemical dosing to increase the biogas volumes yielded.

This can be achieved by increasing the pH of the food waste. pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution and is on a logarithmic scale from 0 (acid) to 14 (alkali). It is used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution and a pH value of 7.0 is neutral, so a pH of 5.0 is ten times more

ENERGY FROM WASTE

acidic than a pH of 6.0 and one hundred times more acidic than a pH of 7.0.

Slow decomposition during prolonged low-pH conditions is a frequent process problem in food waste composting. However, artificially increasing the pH of food waste from 6.5 to 8.0 will increase biogas production by 10%, increase methane gas production by 65% and decrease hydrogen sulphide production by 45%. Hence, increased alkalinity increases methane and decreases hydrogen sulphide emissions but in so doing creates a potential source of toxic/explosive gas emissions.

To illustrate this point, the microbial decomposition of organic matter in food waste can be demonstrated by the equation representing the decomposition of glucose: (glucose) C6H12O6 → (carbon dioxide) 3CO2 + (methane) 3CH4.

Constructing anything that is relatively innovative, and complex is full of risk. Even more so when constructing AD’s where chemical processes are at play. The level of risk in relation to possible death, personal injury or financial cost goes to a different level, indeed, references to the construction of AD systems often include alarming risks associated with: ‘asphyxiation’; ‘chemical hazards’; ‘gas or liquid leaks’; and ‘fire and explosion’.

AD for biogas production normally takes place in a sealed vessel comprising a reactor, which is designed and constructed for the specific site where it is to be located. Such reactors contain complex microbial constituents that break down (or digest) the waste and produce resultant biogas and dig-estate which is discharged from the digester.

Consequently, the procurement of such complex plants needs to be carefully considered by the professional team engaged in their design and construction.

A recent case: DBE Energy Limited -v- Biogas Products Limited, (DBE -v- BPL), highlighted the risks of failing to correctly design the equipment supplied to one such facility. This case comprised a claim brought by DBE for remedial costs and loss of revenue as a result of the catastrophic failure of digester tank heaters and pasteuriser tanks supplied by the Defendant, BPL, for inclusion at DBE’s anaerobic digestion facility in Dunsfold Park.

It was DBE’s case that failure of the equipment was caused by BPL’s negligence and/or breach of contract in designing the equipment. BPL was obliged to ensure that its equipment design could be safely integrated into, and would be compatible with, the overall

The Authors: PROFESSOR ROBERT JACKSON

PETER MCHUGH

Forensic Engineering Expert in Water, Energy, Waste, Construction & the Environment.

JACKSON CONSULTING. M: 07976 361716; E: professorrobertjackson@gmail.com

Solicitor & Partner, Specialist in Contentious Dispute Resolution.

CLARKE WILLMOTT SOLICITORS. T: 0345 209 1069; M: 07825 435981; E: peter.mchugh@clarkewillmott.com

design of a hot water system.

However, BPL failed to carry out adequate structural design checks and testing to take account of the total maximum operating pressures. The equipment supplied Professor Robert Jackson Peter McHugh

by BPL was therefore unfit presentation pumped water travelled for purpose and BPL was negligent up the tunnel/pipeline and displaced and in breach of contract. flammable gas that had accumulated It is imperative therefore to discuss in the tunnel from coal seams in the legal and contractual arrangements with ground. Methane gas was pushed into legal advisers and expert consultants at the valve house where it ignited causing the project concept stage. Investing in an explosion that completely destroyed appropriate contractual and technical the valve house causing 16 deaths. advice at an early stage can greatly assist The risks from methane were also in project procurement and performance recently illustrated by the explosion particularly in matters relating to plant on 3rd December 2020 when a silo ownership, funding, design, construction, containing sewage sludge bio-solids delays, operation and insurance. exploded at a Wessex Water wastewater Similarly, during the construction phase treatment works in Avonmouth, Bristol compliance with relevant legislation is killing three men and a 16-year old imperative in terms of health and safety apprentice. At the time, stored sewage management, with primary legislation sludge was being mixed with lime within relating to health and safety risks during oxygen-free tanks to produce agricultural construction comprising the Construction fertiliser. Investigations by the Health & (Design and Management) Regulations Safety Executive are ongoing but current (CDM Regulations). Due to the nature thinking is that the explosion resulted and complexity of AD plants, all such from the anaerobic digestion of organic projects will inevitably come under the waste coupled with alkaline pre-treatment auspices of these regulations and all which increased methane production. parties are required to comply with In conclusion, it is evident that the their duties under the CDM Regulations; global drive toward sustainability has failure to do so risks legal action. inherent risks and whilst regulation It is, therefore, prudent to reflect and legislation will undoubtedly have a upon and learn from past events. On profound effect upon attitudes toward 23rd May 1984 a group of 44 visitors consumption, resource depletion and were at the opening of a new water environmental use, the key to success supply project in Abbeystead, Lancashire lies in the application of science. commissioned by the then North West Water Authority. During a public

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ENERGY STORAGE

HANDLE WITH CARE: SAFEGUARDING THE USE OF BATTERIES FOR ENERGY STORAGE As the UK continues its transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, the large scale energy storage adoption ahead is evident.

Lithium-ion (li-ion) batteries have a crucial role to play, and managing their unique fire risks is key.

James Mountain, Sales and Marketing Director, Fire Shield Systems, explores the existing regulation surrounding battery manufacture, storage, transportation, installation and use, looking closely at the implications of the wide-scale adoption for building design, fire protection and suppression.

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he ongoing shift towards sustainable energy sources has caused an increased reliance on battery energy storage systems (BESSs).

These systems are designed to smooth out the energy supply from renewable sources, such that when power input is low, output remains consistent, for example, storing solar energy for night use. However, this can mean the BESS holds large quantities of energy for long periods of time, which presents a number of fire risks requiring tailored solutions.

Without disconnection or rapid control, thermal runaway can spread between cells, self-propagating the fire.

Once a battery enters thermal runaway, it is often very intense and challenging to control. It can take days or weeks to fully extinguish, and residual energy can cause electric shocks even once the fire is put out. As a result, if a battery enters this state, it is often contained and left to burn out naturally, frequently causing whole system loss.

THE RISKS FOR BESSS

Failure in the BESS control systems can result in overheating, which leads to increased fire risk if not controlled properly.

• THERMAL RUNAWAY Many BESSs include li-ion batteries, as they are well suited to the application, as a result of their high energy density and ability to fully discharge, without impacting the battery’s longevity.

This means thermal runaway is a key risk. This is where internal battery defects, mechanical failures/damage or overvoltage in li-ion batteries results in excess heat, which creates more heat. This causes extremely high temperatures, build up of toxic gasses and potential rupture of the battery cells, resulting in fire or even explosion.

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• FAILURE OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

• HYDROGEN EVOLUTION For lead-acid batteries, where suitable ventilation methods are not in place, excess hydrogen can increase the risk of fires and explosion for the BESS. As BESS are starting to be rapidly adopted across a wide range of industries and buildings, managing these risks is increasingly difficult – and many buyers are not aware of the potential hazards and dangers of the systems.

Similarly, site selection for the storage

ENERGY STORAGE

is often based on availability of space, instead of taking into account wider considerations on how to control and manage the risks effectively. It’s essential that buyers understand their system’s individual requirements, follow manufacturer guidance closely and consult expertise where necessary.

SAFETY FIRST There are several international safety standards for energy storage systems, as well as large format li-ion batteries, with many different organisations leading the work to develop design, testing and installation requirements.

One of the key standards arising from this work is the National Fire Protection Association’s standard for the installation of energy storage systems.

The UK’s existing guidance for BESSs covers a range of regulations and requirements surrounding electrical installation, product safety, grid connectivity and dangerous goods.

REDUCING THE RISK Despite the presence of legislation surrounding BESS fire safety, it can be difficult to determine how to mitigate associated fire risks for individual applications. This can be broken down into three categories:

1. SYSTEM DESIGN The material of the BESS is important when trying to reduce associated risks. For example, where possible, the container insulation should be made using non-combustible materials, and the system should include suitable ventilation to minimise the risk of overheating.

2. SITE CONSIDERATION The site of the BESS – including its design and overall location – should also be considered when looking to minimise fire risk. Battery containers and other major equipment, such as transformers, substations and inverters, should be fully separated where possible, or divided using fire walls where there isn’t sufficient space.

3. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS Implementing a fire suppression system that is unique to the site’s individual uses and risks is key to ensuring optimum safety when it comes to BESSs. That includes considering: • Separation methods • Use of dedicated fire areas • Type of detection and

suppression needed to account for the individual risks • Testing of these systems • Information for fire fighters, including a planned emergency response.

As the cost of BESSs becomes more affordable, and their adoption more

widespread, it is essential we recognise how attention to detail will shape both the future performance and reliability of the systems, but also have an important influence on public confidence.

For more information, visit www.fireshieldsystemsltd.co.uk or call 0800 975 5767.

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BOILERS & BURNERS

FULTON –THE BEST KEPT SECRET IN THERMAL FLUID TECHNOLOGY

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he Fulton name has been synonymous with heat transfer solutions since the company first introduced the vertical tubeless steam boiler in 1949 and Fulton was established in Bristol in 1966. Today, Fulton is still one of the world’s leading manufacturers and produces an unrivalled range of multifuel-fired steam and hot water boilers but, as Carl Knight explains, Fulton isn’t a name many have considered when specifying thermal oil systems. Until now!

Often referred to as a steam boiler manufacturer, Fulton also specialises in heat transfer solutions and as such considers all options – steam, hot water and thermal fluid – when responding to a customer’s requirements. In many cases, and to meet current trends, systems are manufactured as ready-to-ship, skidmounted or packaged plant rooms; and are sold with training courses, service contracts and extended warranties to eliminate any areas of concern throughout the lifespan of the system.

FULTON’S THERMAL TECHNOLOGY Fulton’s thermal fluid heaters feature a four-pass, high-efficiency design that pre-heats combustion air. Their compact construction can, like many Fulton heat transfer systems, be skid-mounted with circulating pumps, expansion vessels and related pipework; and the range includes models with heat outputs to 3500kW with standard operating temperatures of 345°C (temperature outputs of 400°C are also available with optional heater enhancements and suitable thermal fluids).

A combined expansion tank and de-aerator that has been designed by Fulton allows nitrogen to be introduced to protect the thermal fluid from oxidisation, which means that the tank does not necessarily have to be situated at the highest point in the system. This is a particular advantage where plant room height is restricted or when a system is skid-mounted for a compact installation.

“Design and manufacturing resources for each thermal fluid project are shared and coordinated with Fulton Thermal Corporation in the USA but, no matter where your product originates, it will always be produced

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to the highest quality in a facility that is wholly owned and managed by the Fulton Group, which still remains a privatelyowned family business” says Carl.

The smallest of Fulton’s thermal systems is the twelve-model, electricallyheated FT-N range. Its compact, vertical design has the capacity to operate at temperatures up to 340°C and its lowWatt density elements provide low film temperatures and long element life.

Heat outputs range from the 22kW FT-N0075 to the 504kW FT-N1720.

Fulton’s other vertical thermal system is the highly-efficient FT-C, an eleven-model range with outputs from 235kW to an impressive 4.1mW and operating temperatures to 345°C. The Fulton FT-C offers a compact, fuel-fired, fourpass heater design to allow for high fluid velocities and low film temperatures, which translates into system longevity.

The FT-C’s compact design gives it the ability to be skid-mounted and means minimal floor space is required.

Fulton’s largest thermal fluid heater is the three-pass horizontal FT-HC, which features eight models with heat outputs from 0.7mW to 5.9mW and operating temperatures to 345°C. While the largest in terms of heat output the FT-HC is still compact and, like Fulton’s other thermal heaters, can be packaged as a skid-mounted system and is available with low emission gas burners and alternative fuel capabilities.

THERMAL FLUID VERSUS STEAM Fulton is well placed to offer customers an unbiased review of their heat transfer requirements and can compare thermal systems to conventional steam and electric alternatives. What is also essential is that Fulton’s new and existing customers are given the right advice, and Carl looks forward to ensuring that thermal fluid systems are recognised as a viable alternative to other heat transfer systems for many applications.

But, as Carl explains, at what point does thermal become the best or most cost-effective solution for a process?

“The choice between adopting steam

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or thermal systems is determined by the requirements of the process and its temperature range. In general, if the process requires a temperature above 0°C and below 180°C, steam is usually the first choice. However, if the required process temperature is below 0°C or above 180°C, thermal fluid is often the better solution.” says Carl.

He goes on to say that thermal systems, unlike steam, provide useable temperature with very little pressure, no flame, fewer regulations and lots of control.

THERMAL TECHNOLOGY IN ACTION Steam is often a traditional source of indirect heat for brewing but, with an increase in micro-breweries and resurgence in craft brewing, the regulations and additional ongoing investment required for running a pressure-based system often adds too much cost when considering steam as a heat transfer solution. So when Rebellion Beer Company was looking to replace its ageing steam boiler system, they turned to two of the UK’s major thermal fluid specialists for help.

So when Rebellion decided that

BOILERS & BURNERS

an upgrade to its original brewing equipment was required, and with its steam boiler reaching its end-of-life, they started reviewing heat transfer options.

“Having met with two suppliers to discuss the project, we were impressed with Fulton’s enthusiasm and interest in getting involved with what turns out to be one of only a handful of brewery-based thermal fluid projects in the UK.” says Mark Gloyens. “Fulton’s FT-C 240 vertical coil thermal system will save money on energy bills as it’s easily turned on/off as required and with minimal heat-up time.

In contrast, the old steam system needed to be turned on in the morning and left running regardless of steam demand.”

The system also provided valuefor-money, because thermal fluid heaters are non-pressurised and therefore not subject to pressure regulations. Additionally, Rebellion prefers to operate its thermal system at lower temperatures of around 135°C to ensure a quality product, making thermal fluid an ideal source of heat.

The system is also simpler than steam and was therefore less expensive to set-up and maintain. Additionally, Fulton’s FT-C is more compact than the steam system, which has freed up essential space for other process equipment.

As Fulton’s Carl Knight explains, unlike steam, thermal systems provide

useable temperature with very little pressure and a variety of cost savings should therefore be expected. The additional control provided by thermal also allows multiple, easy and accurate temperatures throughout a single system that can also include cooling. There are also no freezing hazards, they provide rapid start-up/shutdown with minimal heat losses and there’s no requirement for blowdown or condensate losses.

“Whole life costs can also be cheaper because they require fewer insurance inspections, which minimises production downtime and shut down.

There’s also no water treatment

or chemical dosing requirement, therefore no waste disposal and minimal maintenance costs” says Carl.

Fulton’s system is now used throughout Rebellion’s processes.

From the mashing-in and wort boiling processes, to heating the CIP system.

Summarising, Carl says that Fulton are experts in all heat transfer solutions and because they offer a complete range, they are well placed to offer customers an unbiased review of their requirements.

For further information on its thermal fluid systems, call Fulton on 0117 972 3322, email sales@fulton.co.uk or visit www.fulton.co.uk.

The Public Sector Sustainability Association (PSSA) provides a professional association and network for all those working in the Public Sector who have a common interest in sustainability. The aim of the association is to bring together a wide group of people working across all areas of the Public Sector – to educate, train, support and connect as we work towards a more sustainable future.

www.pssa.info

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

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RENEWABLE ENERGY

RINNAI REPORT SHOWS OFF-GRID BioLPG CAN PRODUCE 81% CARBON SAVINGS Leading manufacturer Rinnai has completed a detailed report into the possible savings of 81% on carbon emissions if off-grid sites convert to using BioLPG as the main fuel source.

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ioLPG is conceptually renewable and sustainable, as it is made from a blend of waste, residues and sustainably sourced materials.

BioLPG, can be described as an ecopropane, the chemical makeup of this gas is identical to LPG and is therefore compatible with existing in situ LPG products from a combustion perspective.

BioLPG is a co-product of the biodiesel production process. In the manufacturing process, feedstocks undergo a series of complex treatments.

They are combined with hydrogen in a process, called hydrogenolysis, which separates and purifies their energy content. During the refining procedure, a variety of waste gases are produced that contain BioLPG. For every tonne of biodiesel, around 50 kg of BioLPG is produced from this gas stream. This co-product is then purified to make it identical to conventional propane. The carbon factors associated with BioLPG used for this

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report are 0.0487 kgCO2e/kWh. The Rinnai report highlights several off-grid building envelopes that can benefit from high efficiency LPG fired water heaters and compares the carbon footprint from an energy transition perspective. The transition focuses on the carbon savings that can be achieved by shifting from widely used oil heating systems to LPG and then upgrading LPG to Bio-LPG. The applications are modelled for the report using hot water intensive buildings in the off-grid leisure & hospitality sector.

Says report author Chris Goggin, ‘This report sets out to establish the environmental impact of a transition in energy types within typical offgrid high volume DHW applications.

The energy transition focussed on dominant off-grid energy sources namely oil, LPG and BioLPG. ‘The report set out to establish the possible reductions in carbon emissions if this energy transition was used to support widespread decarbonisation

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in an off-grid setting. The results demonstrate that there is potential for widespread decarbonisation whilst also providing an economical and technically feasible solution for consumers.

‘As stated earlier in the report where LPG is already used the incumbent water heating technology can still be used in the future when BioLPG switching is available. This would make use of the existing fuel infrastructure and heating technology which would lead to the potential for both capital and operational expenditure savings for end users.

He concludes by saying, ‘Further study should be considered to establish the capital expenditure and operational expenditure impact when BioLPG fired appliances are compared to alternative energies and technology. ‘ Copies of the report are freely available on direct request to the company. www.rinnaiuk.com

RENEWABLE ENERGY

HOW HYDROGEN FITS INTO THE NET ZERO PICTURE

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ydrogen is a major part of the government’s net zero strategy, appearing as second billing in the Prime Minister’s recently-released Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution.

According to Boris Johnson, in his foreword to the plan, we could soon be cooking our breakfast on hydrogen while breathing in cleaner air, thanks to trucks, trains, ships and planes running on hydrogen rather than fossil fuels.

Hydrogen is also being hailed as the answer to decarbonising the UK’s heating.

But, of course, this is all hypothetical. Because as yet, there is no mainstream, affordable or lowcarbon-manufactured source of hydrogen commercially available.

A SOLUTION SINCE THE SEVENTIES This is despite hydrogen being hailed as a sustainable energy solution in the 1970s (during the oil crisis) and again in the 1990s (with nearly every car manufacturer launching a programme to build a fuel-cell vehicle).

For many decades, those in the energy sector have liked to joke that hydrogen is the fuel of the future – and always will be.

But could it be that now, with enough investment and focus, hydrogen will finally come to the fore?

ENERGY-INTENSIVE PROCESS The catch has always been that extracting hydrogen to use is a very energy-intensive process.

Currently, most hydrogen is made via steam methane reformation powered by fossil fuels. This generates around 11 tonnes of CO2 emissions for every tonne of hydrogen extracted.

To make it greener, some manufacturers are using carbon capture and storage to stop the emissions reaching the atmosphere.

But the greenest hydrogen of all could be made using renewable energy, powering a process to extract pure hydrogen from water by electrolysis. To date, this is also the most expensive method (in oil terms, the equivalent of around $270 per barrel versus $44 for oil).

HARNESSING RENEWABLE POWER However, with more than one million megawatt hours of wind power currently wasted each year (as the grid cannot yet accommodate peaks in intermittent generation), it’s proposed that harnessing this could instead produce up to 18,000 tonnes of hydrogen via electrolysis.

Certainly, developing zero-carbon hydrogen is part of the government’s Ten Point Plan.

INFRASTRUCTURE CHALLENGES However, as well as scaling up production, there are also safety, storage and transport concerns to consider.

Hydrogen is extremely flammable (although, to be fair, so is petrol). It is also invisible and odourless, so when storing or transporting, careful monitoring for any leaks is essential.

If not produced on site, hydrogen needs to be compressed or stored at low temperatures (where it becomes liquid) to keep the volume down when transporting.

This creates challenges when using it for fuel.

For example, any transport vehicle would need to incorporate robust double-walled cryogenic tanks to maintain hydrogen as liquid at -253°C. And although liquid hydrogen weighs less than regular petrol, it takes up about four times the volume, so having a major impact on design. This is all likely to add to the cost of production.

THE GOVERNMENT’S WISH LIST Overcoming challenges such as these will be necessary to achieving the key goals set out in the government’s hydrogen goals, which include: • Reaching 5GW of low-carbon hydrogen capacity by 2030.

• Developing hubs where hydrogen production can sit alongside renewable energy generation and carbon capture and storage.

• Pioneering hydrogen home heating trials.

• Creating hydrogen/gas blends to use in cooking and heating without changing existing domestic

appliances (estimated to result in a 7% reduction in gas emissions).

• Encouraging the use of hydrogen in industrial processes, industrial heat and power, shipping and trucking.

• Attracting more than £4billion of private investment to finance hydrogen development up to 2030, alongside the £240million pledged as part of the government’s Net Zero Hydrogen Fund.

• Generating savings of 41 metric tonnes of CO2 equivalent between 2023 and 2030, which accounts for 9% of the UK’s emissions.

ELECTRIC VERSUS HYDROGEN VEHICLES One area the government has not highlighted in its hydrogen plans is domestic vehicles, despite ‘Accelerating the shift to zero emissions vehicles’ appearing as point four in its Ten Point Plan.

Electric vehicles (EVs) seem to be the preferred option here.

But when it comes to reducing emissions in heavy goods vehicles (HGVs), hydrogen is suggested as part of the solution. Compared to EVs, hydrogen vehicles can refuel faster, drive longer distances and don’t need heavy and energy-intensive batteries.

POWERING AIR AND SEA TRAVEL Hydrogen is also seen as a solution to decarbonising air travel.

Indeed, the first hydrogen-powered commercial flight took off from Cranfield airport in Bedfordshire in September.

And Airbus has announced plans to manufacture three hydrogen planes seating up to 200 passengers by 2035.

Shipping – another big source of global emissions – could also switch to hydrogen. Already, the world’s first hydrogen ferry is being trialed in Orkney.

So finally, could the much-anticipated ‘Dawn of the Hydrogen Age’ be set to become a reality? Only time will tell. But we’ll certainly be watching with interest…

In the meantime, if you’d like to discuss how your business could reduce its carbon emission now – along with your energy bills business@npower.com.

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

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LIGHTING

RETROFITTING: LIGHTING A PATH TO NET-ZERO BUILDINGS Miguel Aguado, Marketing & Technology Manager at Lutron Electronics

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hile technology and consumer behaviour continue to evolve at an ever-increasing speed, the UK built environment remains stuck in the past. According to the UK GBC, 80% of the buildings that we will be using in 2050 have already been built, making our building stock the oldest in the developed world.

These buildings contribute 40% of the UK’s total carbon footprint, half of which derives from the energy used in buildings. Concurrently, waste from construction, demolition and excavation represents a staggering 59% of total UK waste. These statistics, when considered together, add some much-needed clarity to the quest for net-zero by 2050. Clearly, the decarbonisation of our existing buildings must be the top priority.

Unintrusive, smart building technology represents one of the greatest win-win investments for governments, businesses and individuals. By embracing its benefits, we can see both cost savings and carbon reductions. Lighting, due to its ubiquity, cost saving ability, positive impact on productivity and wellbeing, as well as safety, must be the first port of call for retrofitting activities in the years to come.

LIGHTING THE WAY While COVID-19 has changed the world, our priorities remain the same, if not more urgent, as all governments, businesses, and individuals come under pressure to become more efficient, sustainable and resilient.

As we collectively pull to build back better, the question fundamentally becomes; which area should we invest in first? Buildings represent the greatest opportunity for mass improvement, with smart lighting systems as the prime candidates to bring about dramatic and effective change.

Universality – Firstly, and perhaps most crucially, wherever there are buildings, there are lights. They are the most ubiquitous and intrinsic building technology, fundamental to their performance. Therefore, a single piece of legislative change could have a sweeping impact on the overall energy efficiency

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of our buildings. The universality of lighting must make it the clear first choice for action.

Efficiency – Over recent years, we have tangibly seen the impact of LED lighting. Indeed, in the journey to net zero, efficiency has been more effective than reducing carbon emissions.

Energy efficient lighting installations can easily realise savings of more than 50% over legacy technology. However, the sensing and communication capabilities of lighting systems provides benefits that are far greater than the sum of its parts. Add presence detectors, daylight linking, timeclock events, and personal control and the impact can be upwards of an additional 60%, over the energy savings already provided by LED lighting.

Productivity - On average, in a commercial building, energy accounts for 1% of the total cost to the business, while the running of the building itself accounts for 9%. The remaining 90% is devoted to the people and the accumulated knowledge and skills that make a workforce productive. Lighting has a greater impact on employees than any other building technology, helping productivity and overall wellbeing.

Smart lighting control takes our lit environment a step further. Combining data from lighting systems with that from additional sources (including weather, time of year, etc.), they can unlock even greater benefits to building operations and provide a better setting for users. Through the collation of data, we are moving closer to the perfect lighting environment.

Safety - The use of automation, personal control, and data analytics can help realise not only further energy savings, but reduce the spread of disease which, as we have seen, can have a devastating snowball effect on the global economy.

Automation allows building occupants to avoid touching shared surfaces, such as light switches or blind controls.

Occupancy data analytics can tell a facility manager which areas of the building

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are used, and how often over time, and be able to plan the distribution of workspaces. That data, in turn, can be shared with the climate control of the building and optimise its efficiency.

TAKING ACTION The technology to bring about genuine change is available today. The maturity of wireless lighting technologies makes it possible to deploy smart systems in any environment – however, we are not yet seeing that reality.

The current UK regulations (Conservation of Fuel and Power: Part L) barely scratch the surface of what is needed and fail to capitalise on the technology available. In terms of efficiency alone, smart lighting systems represent an open goal - able to take energy savings to new levels, with the capability to be cost-effectively deployed in the UK’s current built environment.

Add the productivity and safety benefits, and it simply can no longer be shunted down the list of priorities.

Change can only come from a clear, prescriptive regulatory framework that forces action. Part L must make capabilities, such as presence detection, daylight linking, and timeclock events, compulsory for all new constructions and during every piece of renovation work. Legislation must require the use of smart technologies in new and existing buildings, turbocharging the industry and providing the basis for a hyperefficient economy in the years to come.

Lumen requirement can only take us so far – explicit requirements for controls will bring short-term, long-term and universal benefits. Our European neighbours have led the way, launching the €1.8 trillion EU Renovation Wave project. It’s time the UK joined the party. www.lutron.com/Europe

LIGHTING

WHY POST-PANDEMIC WORKPLACES WILL REQUIRE SMART SOLUTIONS Following the Government’s publication of a COVID roadmap to recovery many businesses are now turning their attention to the future of their workplaces and specifically their office versus remote working culture. A growing amount of research suggests that we will never see a pre-pandemic return to the office, so the pressure will certainly be on those who manage buildings to maximise the efficiency of their assets. Mark Willmott, smart lighting solutions specialist at Prime Light explains more:

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here are a huge number of predictions out there around the future of remote working with some think tanks suggesting that anything up to 70% of the workforce will be working remotely by 2025.

In reality, the likelihood is that rather than an all or nothing scenario businesses will actually be looking at a more hybrid solution and the BBC backs this up suggesting that 72% of knowledge workers will want a hybrid remote-office working culture once social distancing measures are eased. This will pose some real challenges for anyone responsible for office space as they will be called upon to balance this flexible hybrid approach with maximising the efficiency of their assets.

But with so much to consider where do you start? Well, with lighting accounting for anywhere between 20% and 35% of a business’s energy consumption, it’s certainly one area with the greatest returns when looking to increase efficiency. And whilst you may have already made some positive headway into this by installing LED lighting, it’s still thought that the introduction of controls, such as sensors, could further reduce energy consumption by 30-50%, equating to a staggering 24 million tonnes of CO2 a year in less electricity usage.

We all know the scenario, typically a person walks into an office or meeting space and if it’s dusk or a darkened area they turn the light on and quite likely leave it on when they leave the area. Post-pandemic this age-old challenge will still be an issue, but there will also be an added challenge of lower and inconsistent occupancy in offices, so intelligent lighting will become a must when considering energy efficiency in the running costs of buildings.

At an entry-level, the introduction of a basic sensor in a room can automatically turn the lights on and off depending on the occupancy – so already you are starting to gain efficiencies. This is a very simple and cost-effective starting point for anyone looking to increase the intelligence of a

building. But what happens when you talking about a larger area, where you need a number of lights to stay on at the same time or you want to have more control over performance and efficiencies than simply an on or off function?

In these two instances, you need to think about the next level of smart lighting.

For larger areas, you need to link sensors together and this has traditionally been achieved through wired programmable sensors, there are some great products on the market for this category. But newer technology now enables us to offer wireless solutions that are controlled by a Bluetooth app. These wireless systems are undoubtedly becoming more popular as they’re easy to fit and they also have the advantage of being controlled by an app that can not only provide you with greater control over your lighting scheme’s performance, but can also deliver additional benefits such as the automated testing and reporting of emergency lighting or, when linked to a building management system, control other functions such as air conditioning units – amplifying the efficiencies to be made.

Most of the newer wireless sensors on the market measure the level of ambient light in a room or part of a room, then depending on the parameters you’ve set, as long as it’s with an acceptable and safe range, will dim or turn the lights off accordingly. So for instance a light near a window turns off, whilst a light over the seating area in the centre of a building dims, we call this daylight harvesting. This ability to fully control the performance of a lighting scheme can have a significant impact on efficiencies with research suggesting that by dimming your lights by 50% of the time you can cut your electricity costs by 40% and make lamps last 20 times longer.

These wireless systems are ever-evolving and we will definitely see them being used even more intelligently in the future. For instance, there are already products on the market that will detect your bespoke

personal lighting setting, so that when you sit a particular hot desk the system changes to reflect your preferences. Again this is a real win when we consider the likelihood of businesses operating this hybrid remoteoffice style of working where employees don’t have a fixed desk to call their own.

The great thing about efficiencies from controls or smart lighting is that there’s always a solution and the return on investment of installation balances out quickly with the lower running costs. From the basic switching on/ off sensor to a fully automated system that can daylight harvest– they will all have an impact. These systems are always going to be best installed as part of a new lighting scheme but products are available that enable you to retrofit a solution to gain the efficiencies – these can either be standalone solutions, such as the on/ off sensor, a networked solution where sensors are joined up or a bespoke hybrid solution where new technology can be installed in line with older technology – it’s really dependent on budget.

So there’s no one size fits all, it’s really about understanding the needs of a project and then looking across a portfolio of products to find the best fit solution for client needs. With almost 30 years in the business, Prime Light prides itself on the quality of its expertise, its strong product range and the quality of its products. Over the past 12 months, they have bolstered their offering in particular areas of growth, including smart lighting solutions and that’s why I chose to join the company in autumn last year. We’re always more than happy to talk through potential solutions, so I’d urge you to get in touch if you would like to find out more.

If you have a smart lighting project or query and would like to discuss your options, please don’t hesitate to visit https://www.primelight.co.uk/products/ sensors-lighting-control.html or email Mark at mw@primelight.co.uk

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TRAINING

ENGAGE EMPOWER EQUIP – HARNESSING THE POWER OF PEOPLE TO SAVE ENERGY Jes Rutter, Managing Director JRP Solutions and EnCO Lead for ESTA/EI

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here is hard commercial evidence to show that changing behaviours to embed and maintain a good energy culture can make savings equal to or above technical improvements. These opportunities to change behaviour have the potential to deliver 50 per cent of total potential energy savings.

Behavioural change means saving energy by transforming practices to reduce or avoid consumption. This includes obvious measures such as turning off devices from lights to air conditioning, setting conditions at the right level or time, and identifying simple low-cost energy improvement projects both for organisations as a whole and the individuals they comprise. But good energy behaviour goes far beyond this: it is about senior management decision-making, standards, policies, plans and, importantly, optimising the technology used.

Recognising the significant role that behaviour plays in driving down energy consumption, The Energy Conscious Organisation (EnCO) framework was developed by the Energy Services & Technology Association (ESTA) and the Energy Institute (EI) to help incorporate people measures into energy management strategies and plans.

This framework has been developed into a standard that organisations can work toward - a Registered EnCO Organisation is ‘an organisation that is externally recognised as measurably reducing energy consumption by applying behaviour change techniques.’

The EnCO vision is to excite and equip enough colleagues to challenge the norm and to encourage widespread adoption of energy efficiency good practices throughout the organisation.

• Provides a stimulus to continually improve energy performance • Greenhouse Gas emissions will be substantially reduced • Savings will be evidenced and measurable • Employees will be engaged and motivated • Demonstrates good practice to shareholders, regulators, clients/customers, stakeholders and employees • Stresses to the business caused by rising energy prices will be reduced • Any money saved can be turned to profit or used to invest elsewhere in the business • There are social gains of reduced environmental impact • EnCO recognition will help gain access to business opportunities and procurement frameworks • Becoming part of the wider EnCO community will enable sharing of good practice • The organisation’s ability to attract new talent will be improved

HOW TO BECOME AN ENCO REGISTERED ORGANISATION To become EnCO Registered, Figure 1- The EnCO matrix with a ‘jagged’ profile

WHY BECOME AN ENCO? The benefits from becoming an EnCO are considerable: • Energy waste and costs will be significantly reduced, and savings will be sustained

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an organisation must implement a holistic behaviour change programme and complete a registration process.

There are over 140 behaviour change interventions that can be applied to any programme, each making a difference in reducing energy consumption.

At the heart of the EnCO framework is the EnCO Matrix.

This can be used to review the effectiveness of approach across five key pillars: engagement, alertness, skills, recognition and adaption (EASRA).

The matrix is based on the concept of ‘congruence’ to facilitate balance across the five pillars, so behaviour change interventions support and reinforce each other holistically.

A visual profile is made by marking points across the grid for each pillar against the improving scale of achievement. The shape of the profile then demonstrates how strategies can be better balanced and improved in delivering outcomes.

Figure 1 shows the EnCO matrix with an example ‘jagged’ profile.

Learning objectives include: • consider the imperatives for change • describe how to highlight reality • explain key features of a balanced approach • create a plan that propels momentum.

A useful feature of the matrix is that it facilitates conversations with colleagues about current levels of

TRAINING energy performance, opportunities and challenges. One helpful way to do this is to focus on capabilities, opportunities and motivations to change behaviour (COM-B).

The matrix is sufficiently simple that any organisation can adapt the wording to better suit their goals, culture and operations.

The imperative for change, of course, is not driven by Net Zero targets alone but also needs to take into account and balance other stakeholder needs and expectations such as better customer service, cutting costs and enhancing reputation.

You could ask three questions: 1. If we are to achieve Net Zero, where on the matrix do you need ‘to be’? (B) 2. Where are we now - the ‘as is’ position? (A) 3. How do we get from A to B? In practice, there can be significant differences in observations described by a target audience, particularly from those with differing roles and perspectives (different departments and levels within the organisation). A constructive use of the matrix is to take the differing views, discuss why they are different and use this discussion to form a consensus reality position on the EnCO matrix. This will give agreement on ‘where are we now?’

The EnCO profile and score, often

Figure 2 - The variety of different possible matrix profiles

along with anecdotal observations, forms a benchmark to measure future progress against.

A balanced high EnCO profile across all pillars is associated with a mature energy management programme that accelerates progress towards sustainable Net Zero goals.

Low scores across some or all pillars are indicative of significant opportunities to improve an approach and create savings.

A strategic gap analysis is therefore used to compare the ‘desired’ position (often targeting three to five years ahead) with the current profile, to feed into the

development for the catalyst for change.

To bridge the gap, change makers need to understand what motivates the people involved on a personal level.

People’s actions are often driven by emotive connections that come about from connecting with colleagues, having fun, a better workplace, better skills, achievement, recognition and reward. A successful catalyst often includes targeted co-benefits resulting in a ‘win-win’.

The business case for a behaviour change programme will then focus on the key strategic activities which make the biggest difference in delivering the required goals. This should address the organisation’s readiness to deliver change (available resources, knowledge etc.), key barriers (capabilities, attitudes etc.) and its ability to sustain change and create long lasting momentum.

To develop a good plan, focus on overcoming any deficiencies across the EASRA pillars, rather than specifically following a framework. Figure 2 shows the variety of different possible matrix profiles.

If you are interested in finding out about your organisation becoming EnCO registered or are interested in finding out more about how JRP could support you and/or your organisation to deliver a behaviour change programme, please email info@jrpsolutions.com or call 0800 6127 567.

ACCREDITED MASTER IN RENEWABLE ENERGY AWARD The Renewable Energy Institute welcomes you to join the Accredited Master in Renewable Energy Award.

You will have the opportunity to study 13 certified training courses in Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, with the choice to study up to 3 courses in the Live Virtual Classroom.

T

he courses and the overall pathway for the Master in Renewable Energy Award is accredited by the CPD Accreditation Service.

To gain an overview of the Institute’s expert-led Master Award, you can watch this short video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4EvpiUIrE8 To enquire, please go to: https://www.renewableinstitute. org/training/ or email training@renewableinstitute.org and one of our senior course advisors will be happy to help.

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

45

WATER MANAGEMENT

HAVE YOU SEEN OUR WATER INFOGRAPHICS PAGE?

W

ater scarcity is something that already affects every single continent in the world, with UN Water figures showing that usage and consumption has been growing globally at over twice the rate of population increase in the last 100 years.

A growing number of regions are now reaching the limit at which these services can be delivered in a sustainable way, particular in arid parts of the world.

As such, it is becoming increasingly important for countries and different regions to tackle the critical challenges posed by water stress – and urgently so.

Even doing a little bit of research into the crisis can quickly become overwhelming and there are lots of facts and figures flying about that can make it difficult to really grasp the seriousness of the situation.

To help businesses and individuals alike gain a deeper understanding of the problems associated with water stress and scarcity, we’ve been designing infographics on various topics related to the crisis to help you digest the information more easily – and find solutions to how you can best go about reducing your water

usage and consumption across your site.

Topics include how you can reduce your water costs, surface water drainage, water leak detection, sustainable water development, alternative water sources and so on.

Our infographic on reducing water costs, for example, explains how we can help provide clarity on how your water service charges break down and how you can potentially secure a refund for incorrect billing.

It also suggests some onsite solutions to help put our recommendations into practice, whether that’s water leak detection and repair, water recycling systems or online flow monitoring.

But you can also delve deeper into the crisis itself with this infographic, which explains how the UK’s water scarcity Day Zero may actually be closer than we all think.

For example, did you know that experts are now predicting that parts of the UK will see problematic water scarcity become a reality in as little as 20 years… and if we have just three

Public Sector

Sustainability Promoting sustainability across the public sector

THE OFFICIAL MAGAZINE OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR SUSTAINABILITY ASSOCIATION Register now to receive your digital issue of PSS Magazine FREE of charge www.pssa.info 46

ENERGY MANAGER MAGAZINE • MAY 2021

years of low rainfall, the majority of the country’s cities would see serious shortages of water supplies.

All these facts and a lot more can be found over on our infographics page and it really is a great resource for anyone wanting to find out more about the global water crisis.

If you’d like to find out more about how you can go about being more sustainable as a business, get in touch with the team here at H2o Building Services. We can advise you on a range of different matters and can help make sure that your company reduces its water footprint now and well into the future. www.h2obuildingservices.co.uk

WATER STEWARDSHIP Businesses are becoming more aware of their water consumption1 and usage and how this is having an effect not only on their bills but also on the environment, as well. Companies all over the world are now recognising just how important water is to their operations and how a lack of access to quality water or sufficient quantities of it can have an impact.

One of the ways that companies can balance their water needs with those of the environment and the local community is through water stewardship, which will allow them to understand all the risks associated with water usage and consumption so they can bring in strategies to minimise these risks and ensure that their operations remain sustainable in the future.

WATER STEWARDSHIP EXPLAINED

Where businesses are concerned, stewardship should be viewed as a way of continuing to make improvements where water usage is concerned, while reducing the water-related impacts of their operations.

Stewardship is also a company’s commitment to managing shared water resources sustainably through collaboration with governments, local communities, other businesses and non-government organisations.

Becoming aware of the debates around water in terms of the economy and the environment is the first step towards stewardship, and companies will also need to gain a deeper understanding of their own individual water footprint2 and what dependencies they have on the resource right across their entire supply chain.

Action within the company can then be taken to address the issue, putting plans and targets in place to ensure more sustainable use of water.

There are very real business benefits associated with water stewardship, including:

THE WATER AUDIT EXPERTS

PRIVATE SECTOR WATER MANAGEMENT We need water to grow food, for manufacturing, for drinking water, for the generation of power… and, as such, it’s an essential resource to the running of any business, no matter what industry said business is in.

Unfortunately, while it’s an essential resource it is also a limited one, and many places around the world are now experiencing issues related to water stress and scarcity.

As demand for water increases, coupled with climate change and global warming, communities will feel the impact of water shortages – so prioritising the sustainable usage of water is a must.

So what can the private sector do to help safeguard this resource for future generations and ensure that it can continue to do business as usual?

Introducing smart meters on your site is an essential step towards being more responsible with water use across industry. Automated meter reading works by continuously monitor water usage across your site3, allowing issues to be identified quickly and water-saving solutions adjusted as appropriate and in line with a business’s evolving needs.

Setting a strategic framework in place is also key, introducing new targets and metrics to help you track progress and performance so you can drive improvements where water risks are concerned.

good water quality, effective water governance that ensures all water users receive a fair allocation,

and sustainable water balance.

Companies in some industries could also use wastewater more effectively4, such as those in the agriculture sector. Effluent could be treated in such a way so as to allow it to be reused for irrigation, for example.

In addition, business risks related to water will be reduced through the minimising of economic, environmental and social impacts.

Companies will also be able to prepare themselves properly for periods of drought, as well as making cost savings associated with water efficiency.

Share:

1. www.h2obuildingservices.co.uk/our-services/waterconsumption-analysis/ 2. www.h2obuildingservices.co.uk/our-services/waterfootprint/ 3. www.h2obuildingservices.co.uk/our-services/amr/ 4. www.h2obuildingservices.co.uk/our-services/wastewatermanagement/

Call our expert consultancy team today on

0845 658 0948 Alternatively, you can email us at

info@h2obuildingservices.co.uk