The Hammer Relay Project by Abdallah Najia

INTRODUCTION Over the last forty years, significant developments have turned the Hammersmith study area into a key commercial, entertainment, em-足 ployment and transportation hub. Following an analysis of this area through several dimensions of urban design (project 2), different strengths and opportunities have indeed been identified. Yet, based on a SWOT analysis, a series of spatial planning issues have been ex-足 plored and addressed throughout this project, with the aim of realising the full potential of this area. This plan aims to present and develop a vision for the future of the Hammersmith study site. By consolidating a collective group vision, the current situation in the Hammersmith area will be re-足assessed through the design and development of constructive phase-足specific interventions. A master plan will be presented, identifying the locations and nature of the planned interventions, and illustrating the intended outcome of the area by the year 2030. The interventions will then be individually focused on in detail, explaining the reasoning behind and benefits of each.

ORGANISATION AND PROCESS To achieve this aim, precise steps have been successively followed as can be seen in the following scheme.

KEY FINDINGS Prior to presenting and exploring our vision for the future, some key points from the underpinning SWOT analysis have to be highlighted. Firstly, Hammersmith was historically found to be a place of transit and a communication node. Indeed, this site has been dominated by roads along which it developed since the 1860’s. In particular, the construction of the A4 Motorway in 1961 created a real rupture in the area, and represented a prominent change in Hammersmith. As a result of this urban morphological form, it can be seen that the urban design has always been vehicle-prominent while pedestrians are not given the priority in the urban development. A number of different issues arise from such an urban setting. Primarily, there is a high level of noise pollution near the main axes and high traffic congestion during rush hour. Moreover, the road network impacts the legibility of the area and creates a lack of accessibility in some places, especially in the South part of the area. Roads represent real physical barriers that disrupt pedestrian and bicycle flow between different areas. This domination of roads and vehicles also influences the visual experience, public realm and attractiveness of historical artifacts, as well as the Hammersmith area as a whole. Furthermore, it was found that Hammersmith has a high crime level in relation to the surrounding areas and London as a whole. The nature of the high crime rate was observed and analysed, and it was found that a possible explanation was that certain areas/locations encourage criminal activity, such as small streets and subway underpass with insufficient lighting. Nevertheless, the site offers opportunities that can potentially be developed and improve on the general quality of life. Firstly, the coordinated multi-functional uses of the site make it a connectivity area – a quality that should be preserved. It also features some entertainment facilities, such as Lyric Square, that can be enhanced and developed further. In respect to these key functions, Hammersmith carries a great signifi- cance as part of London and represents a strategic public transport interchange. Yet, the variety of people frequenting the area seems to go from one point to another instead of staying and enjoying the place, irrespective of the time of day. In addition, although the area lacks public open spaces, it does feature a number of private open spaces, which have the potential to add value to the community. These spaces represent opportunity for improvement, in order to reveal their full potential. Therefore, as these main points highlight, the Hammersmith site presents opportunities and issues which, though redesign, can be realised and resolved, respectively.

STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES Rail crossing on Cambridge Grove • Dominated by vehicles • No sense of community

Lyric Square • Limited use of public realm • Public open space

Hammersmith Station Junction • Highly congested by people and car • Lots of pollution (visual/noise/environment)

King Street • Dominated by vehicles

Hammersmith Bus Station • Lack of social activity

• Limited public realm

• Lack of environmental liveliness • Heavily frequented

• Multi-functional area

A4 Motorway • Unsafe due to heavy traffic • Fear of victimization (subway) • Polluted by noise and by vehicles

Queen Caroline Street • Lack of activity • Strong connect between cultural buildings

Furnivall Garden • Recreational and family activities • Under utilized • Difficult to access safely

Private green spaces • Lack of interest • Abundant quantity

Hammersmith Bridge junction • Dominated by vehicles • Unpleasant for pedestrians • Central location

VISION

“

Intricate minglings of different uses in cities are not a form of choas. On the contrary, they represent a complex and highly developed form of order. Jane Jacobs

After this thorough analysis, certain areas of importance have been identified. Through design efforts, our group proposes to introduce a set of interventions over the next twenty years that will address these issues, focus on environment sustainability, and pass Hammersmith to the people. Although certain interventions target London’s general public, the primary focus of this project will be on Hammersmith’s local community. With an underpinning sustainability theme throughout the interventions, the project aims to put emphasis on the livelihood, quality of life and environmental protection of Hammersmith. Urban design is important, however it does not guarantee a social outcome. Therefore, the project’s interventions have been carefully designed with a special focus on encouraging community involvement. The project will progress in phases, with each phase composed of a series of interventions. The nature of the interventions within each phase will depend on the generally loose ‘theme’ which will be targeted within the phase. The following diagram explain in more details the objectives and strategies of this vision.

“ 8

Cities fail and succeed at the scale of human interaction. Ethan Kent

• Glenthorne Road Modification • Furnivall Garden Renovation • Livening the Hammersmith bus station • Lyric Square Renovation • ‘Gardening for Community’ Initiative

PHASE 1 2015－2020 Works to bury the flyover have begun and the part concerning the Hammersmith site is to be finished in the next five years. Otherwise, this phase aims to give first responses to the lack of interest of some areas by focusing on how to make them socially interesting and striking.

Glenthorne Road Modification Linking the disconnected and improving on the existing cycle paths in Hammersmith will reduce vehicular traffic, ensure cy-

“

But the general wisdom doesn't tell the whole story here. On the contrary, smart

clists’ safety and make the area more ‘imageable’, all the while

street design can eliminate many of the

encouraging a greener environmental agenda.

traffic problems anticipated by alternative mode elements like bike lanes. A new report on protected bike lanes released by the New York City Department of Trans- portation offers a great example of how rider safety can be increased even while car speed is maintained.” Eric Jaffe, 2014

Location

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Glenthorne Road Modification Current Situation Glenthorne Road suffers from a lack of bicycle accessibility. Discontinued paths and lack of parking discourages people from using this mode of transport. Existing paths are indistinctive and unclear, resulting in an underused public realm as residents/employees resort to other forms of transport. It also decreases the imageability of the area as a whole, as people are less likely to spend time in this public space. Interventions To improve on the accessibility of this area, an extension of the bicycle path and an improvement of the existing paths are proposed. To ensure safety of the bikers, a buffer will be installed between the path and the street. Bicycle parking will be systematically introduced to encourage increased usage. Finally, trees will be incorporated on either side of the path where they are currently missing.

Before

Section of AA

After 2m

Pedestrian

Vehicle Lane

Path

2m Bicycle Lane

Bicycle

Pedestrian

Parking

Path

Scale 1:400

Glenthorne Road Modification Expected Outcomes This intervention intends to improve on the imageability of Hammersmith as a whole. Im- proving bicycle routes and making certain areas more accessible, a clearer ‘image’ of Hammersmith can be formed. Implementing an improved biking system (path and parking) encourages people to make more use of the public realm, improving the sense of community. Also, the incorporation of trees will improve the quality of the public realm and enhance the ‘sense of place’. Despite the notion that adding bicycle lanes might cause traffic congestion, it will not. As the case study of Columbus Avenue in New York City reveals, protected bike lanes have actually improved travel times in the corridor.

Before

Furnivall Garden Renovation Despite obvious strengths, this unique green public open space carries some unrealised potential. Adding to its quality through specific improvements will it an attraction to both the local and external community.

“

Green is the prime color of the world, and that from which its loveliness arises...” Pedro Calderon de Barca

Location

USA

Choisy-le-Roi, France

Bad Kreuznach, Germany

Furnivall Garden Renovation Current Situation Furnivall Garden constitutes one of the rare public open spaces in the Hammersmith area. It is a large river-front garden with pathways and street furniture. It is bordered by a line of trees that is used to block out the noise and visual pollution from the existing A4 Motorway. As a result, passer-bys are visually excluded from this space. Though it has the potential to be a high quality public area, this space is underused. In line with the project’s vision and with support from surrounding interventions, some work can be done to realise some hidden potential. Interventions Starting with the existing amenities, pathways throughout the garden will be added to the existing ones. A designated running path will be implemented which will round the garden. An outdoor gym and an open gathering space will be installed, where portable kiosks can

Before

form a mini-market or buskers can perform to an audience. In addition, the edge of the garden bordering the river will be reinforced by a flood-resistant parapet wall, and a walk-way will be installed on the water level with seating and other street furniture. Finally, the lines of trees bordering the garden will be removed and replanted sporadically throughout the garden, allowing for an inclusive environment to the outside areas. A

Expected Outcomes As a result of these changes and in cooperation with surrounding interventions, the aim is to improve the liveliness of Furnivall Garden and realise the full potential of this public open

space. Located in between two residential developments, it is expected that with the new amenities and modifications, more people will gather and use this space and build a sense of community and togetherness. The option to set up busker stands and mini-markets also invites an external community as well as the local community;; this helps to build a ‘sense of place’ and shed the image of ‘just a communication node’ that Hammersmith currently

After

carries.

running path Scale 1:1500

exercise equipment river-side pathway retail

‘Livening’ the Hammersmith Station A rather ‘dull’ station with a clear lack of community interest despite its social potential, some interventions are necessary to enhance the quality of this space.

“

Described as a "place of social innovation" by the trend blog PSFK, the "Station Diderot" transit shelter offers riders a variety of services, from a book lending library...” Jennifer Hattam . 2012

Location

Puerto Alegre, Brazil

Paris, France

‘Livening’ the Hammersmith Station Current situation The bus station and its surrounding area are currently entirely devoted to the function of transportation without focusing on the people using this space or the time they spend there. As a result, it suffers from a lack of interest, and comes off as rather ‘dull’. Interventions One of the main functions of a bus station entails people waiting. To make this wait more enjoyable and create a social atmosphere, libraries will be installed in the bus stops – functioning on a ‘take one and leave another’ princi- ple. In turn, they will become a place of ‘social innovation’. To complement this action, the surrounding area will be redesigned to be greener and more enjoyable for people. New street and natural furniture will facilitate social inclu- sion and cohesion. Finally, street art will complement the scheme to improve the quality of the public realm.

Before

After

Scale 1:1500

‘Livening’ the Hammersmith Station Expected Outcomes All in keeping these ideas of connection and connectivity, the establishment of new libraries, street art, green and street furniture will act upon the communication between people, create of a sense of community and enhance the general quality of the environment. It is anticipated that people will appropriate this space and make their own. By the idea of taking a book and leaving another, this will make the area more personal from a Hammersmith point of view.

Before

Lyric Square Renovation Current Situation Lyric Square is currently a open public space which holds some unrealized potential. Although it features some markets during the week) and certain festivals during the summer months, there is still an opportunity to make a more consistent use out of this space. Also, it is currently an open space which does not inspire pedestrians to walk from one end to the other, thus they miss out on ex- periencing some of the important features, such as the existing fountain.

Interventions The proposition for Lyric Square is to make a more consistent use of this space, and focus on transforming it into a ‘place’ that services the community of Hammersmith. Fountain: to be modified to bring ‘visual drama’ to the space Seating: to be incorporated around the fountain Path: to be developed using benches to signify the boundaries Skate area: to be installed for the enjoyment of the community

Redefined path way

Refurbished central fountain

The skateboard Invert

New sitting place

New Layout in Lyric Square

Scale 1:500

Lyric Square Renovation Expected Outcomes The main purpose of installing such features is to improve on the social, perceptual, temporal, functional and visual dimensions of the urban design. Though Lyric Square is currently being sparingly used for markets and festivals, such an installment would make more consistent use of this space at different times of the day/week by engaging and bringing people together, resulting in a consistent year-round attraction for the community. In order to justify the modifications to this area, a case needs to be made for the markets and festivals which will no longer be able to use this space. To account for this, we are proposing to relocate these amenities to Furnivall Garden, where there will be enough space to set up and operate. Though this may lead to some short term inconvenience, it is done in order for community members to have a more consistent access to a much needed community space. It is also important to note that the accessibility to Furnivall Garden has been considered and is to be improved through our vision and project objectives.

‘Gardening for Community’ Initiative Encouraging the creation of community gardens in private open spaces. This kind of development will initiate social interactions between the members of the community.

“

People always ask me what are the benefits of a community garden. It is one of the most powerful tools we have to help build our families and neighbourhoods. They help to make us and our communities resilient . Community Gar- dens have ecological benefits , social benefits , nutrition benefits , and economic benefits.” Community Food, 2013

Chicago, USA

Location

Brooklyn, New York, USA

Detroit, USA

‘Gardening for Community’ Initiative Current situation Hammersmith currently suffer from poor community participation and social interaction;; though this can be due to a number of factors, one of the main issues is the lack of public open spaces. On the contrary, there is an abundance of private open spaces. While Hammersmith is considered a multi-functional area, a majority of the area is allocated to residences;; along with these numerous residential areas comes private green open spaces. However, these spaces suffer from a lack of ‘liveliness’ which, if developed, could boost the quality of the area and encourage a sense of community.

Before

Interventions This incentive proposes to create community gardens. As the green spaces are privately owned, only an encouragement can be proposed as part of this incentive. However, we hope that indications on how to realise it, examples from successful case studies, engaging visualisations of the final outcomes and the resulting social and environmental benefits will motivate the community to pro- mote this development. Why it works ? It favours meetings and develop social links between members of a same neighbourhood whatever their age, culture and social classes. Except gardening other activities are organized such as neighbourhood par-

After

ties, meals or picnic for instance. There is a personal satisfaction of having done it and a recognition by the others. There are economic advantages as these community gardens are very pro- ductive and enable savings.

Scale 1:1500

They enable a preservation of the urban ecosystem. Each garden is managed by a chosen committee. This activity is attented by a specialist a horticultural organiser.

‘Gardening for Community’ Initiative Expected Outcomes As part of this development, it is anticipated that the ‘liveliness’ and environmental quality of these spaces will improve, resulting in increased social interaction and thus, an improved sense of community. As this initiative develops and is adopted in an increasing number of private open spaces, a sharing of knowledge and ex- pertise will be required, encouraging community activism. If the initiative is sustained, a perpetual improvement of the quality of these spaces and social involvement can be expected.

Before

• ‘The Green Stretch’ (A4) Eco-social Median Hammersmith Bridge Junction St Paul’s Church footpath • Connector Street (Queen Caroline St)

PHASE 2 2021－2025 This phase focuses mainly on the road/vehicle predominance issue. As the flyover will be buried by the time the phase starts, the newly created void space will need to be redesigned. This phase will see a reorganisa- tion of traffic, with plans to decongest Hammersmith Bridge junction and Hammersmith station one, slow the movement of vehicles and create more enjoyable spaces for pedestrians, cyclists and drivers. Due to the complexity of the phase, the intervention linked to the A4 has been broken down into three sub-interventions.

‘The Green Stretch’

3 2 1

Current Situation The A4 Motorway currently extends throughout Hammersmith, effectively dividing the city in two. The Western portion is a ground level motorway, while the Eastern segment is a bulky flyover that towers over its surroundings. It is dominated by vehicles and does

Stormwater Median, Milwaukee, United States

not entertain pedestrian or bicycle activity at all, resulting in a large amount of noise and visual pollution for the local community. It can be considered an impermeable boundary due to the dan- gers associated with crossing it. Designated crossings do exist in the

Benjamin Franklin Parkway Roundabout Philadelphia, United States

form of underground subways, however they are typically under-lit and leave people with a fear of victimisation. In general, this route is considered a burden to the local Hammer- smith community;; it has weakened connections between the Northern and Southern areas and this is especially problematic consider it mostly serves people travelling in and out of central London, and not the people of Hammersmith. As a result, the community is left dealing with the negative effects of an installation from which they cannot benefit. As the burial of the flyover involves lots of changes, it has been de- cided to present the intervention through three different parts.

Eco-Social Median (’The Green Stretch’ part 1) Scale 1: 1250

A B

Middle Parkway

Bike Station

Small Pavillion

Middle Circle

Open-Air Sitting Place

Play Ground

Interventions On the East section a simple green line will be created to separate the two directions of traffic, with two lanes each. After the junction, on the Western part which is represented on the plan, an eco-social median will be established separating traffic, with one lane each.

On this new created space, street furniture and playgrounds will be installed as well as trees, which will be replanted after being removed as part of the intervention taking place in Furnivall Garden. A particular interest will be placed in varying the height of trees, in order to slow down the eye of the walker, play on the visual dimension, and create new dramatic and visual connections. Safe crossings will be incorporated to improve the accessibility and enable people to access each side. A cycling path linking the rest of the area is also planned.

Bike Station, New York, USA

Austin Park, New York, USA

Biscayne Boulevard, Miami, USA

Speed Table

Eco-Social Median (’The Green Stretch’ part 1)

Expected Outcomes This eco-social median or centre island will be used for traffic calming on this wide segment and it will also give opportunities for community-based amenities including playgrounds, seating, mobile shops, etc. Moreover, they will provide space for trees and planting, visually breaking down the scale of the road and create space for pedestrian and cyclist to enjoy. Therefore, people will have the opportunity to (re)-discover, (re)-appropriate and enjoy this place both independently, and as a link joining the Thames River path to the city centre. Generally speaking, the legibility of the site will be improved. 4m

Pedestrian Path

Vehicle Lane

3m Planting Strip

5m Seating Place with Small Pavillion

3m Middle Park-Way

Seating Place with

Planting

Small Pavillion

Strip

4m Vehicle Lane

Pedestrian Path

Before

Pedestrian Path

Vehicle Lane

20 m Middle Circle

Vehicle Lane

Pedestrian Path

Furnivall Garden

Hammersmith Bridge Junction (’The Green Stretch’ part 2)

Scale 1: 500

Interventions The intervention will also focus on the junction. The idea is to ensure a safe flow of traffic for the connecting roads. Safe pedestrian crossings will also be incorporated which will be made safe by the establishment of speed bumps at each crossing. Finally, new street furniture – fountain, benches and bushes – will make this place a new landmark characteristic of the area.

Speed tables for traffic claming Expected outcomes Thanks to this new arrangement, two objectives are expected to be achieved. First, the traffic will flow better and the congestion of the Hammersmith station junction will be removed as vehicles will not be obliged to cross this junction anymore. Also, the accessibility and permeability of space for both pedestrians and cyclists will be improved.

Hammersmith Bridge Junction (’The Green Stretch’ part 2)

St Paul’s Church Footpath (’The Green Stretch’ part 3) Before

Interventions

Scale 1: 2500

The North part of the Hammersmith Bridge Road will be closed. Indeed, it will be no longer useful as the traffic around will have been reorganised logically. Instead, a new pedestrian path around St Paul’s Church will be created facilitating the access to the eco-social median and to the Thames River. It will also ac- centuate St. Paul’s Church, which is a historical landmark built in

the seventeenth century, and later redeveloped in 1880’s. More- over, the Eventim Apollo, which was previously obstructed by the flyover, will now be more visible to the public. So, people will rediscover these historical and cultural buildings.

After Scale 1: 2500

Overall Green Line

Expected outcomes The closing of this section of road will allow for the realisation of a green line/corridor extending from the Hammersmith Station to Furnivall Garden, linking interventions undertaken in phase one to those of phase 2. The public realm and the legibility of the site will be enhanced and the access to the Thames River will become easier.

Hammersmith Tube Station

Furnivall Garden

The Thames River

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• The Hammersmith Station Junction • ‘Shared Space’ on King Street • Cambridge Grove Redevelopment

PHASE 3 2026－2030 This phase, which is expected to last for the five years leading up to the completion of this project, is expected to consolidate the vision of giving Hammersmith to the people, while inviting people from other parts of the city to frequent the area.

The Hammersmith Station Junction Having a reduced congestion with the help of previous interventions, this junction will be redesigned as a shared space by giving priority to pedestrians and cyclists and reducing vehicular speeds;; thus, making it a safer and more pleasant environment for pedestrians and cyclists.

“

What makes shared space work? At low speeds people have more time for communication and the interpretation of verbal and non-verbal utterances. ...This redesign is our chance to make drivers comfortable with the slower speed – just post- ing a lower speed limit will not effectively slow traffic”. Jerry Foster, 2014

Location

Conventry. UK

Poynton, UK

The Hammersmith Station Junction Current Situation The junction in front of the Hammersmith Station is currently congested, polluted and unsafe. It is dominated by vehicles which results in visual, sound and air pollution;; it is also unsafe for pedestrians to cross the street and access the surrounding areas.

Interventions In order to allow for the junction to become safer and more pedestrian friendly, a ‘shared space’ concept will be introduced which will ensure that traffic moves through slowly. This ‘shared space’ has been successfully applied in other junctions around the world, such as Poynton in the United Kingdom. Expected Outcomes By introducing such an intervention, the aim is to improve on the following dimensions: morphological, visual and perceptual. Installing a ‘shared space’ junction and slowing down vehicular traffic will in turn improve on the visual features and the negative perception (unsafe, polluted) of the junction. In addition, the modification of the junction into a ‘shared space’ will allow for safer pedestrian

Existing Traffic Flow

activity which will improve on the perceptual image of the space.

After

Scale 1:1250

‘Shared Space’ on King Street Drawing inspiration from the ‘woonerf’ concept in the Netherlands, King Street will be redesigned as a ‘shared space’ that gives priority to pedestrians and cyclists, as opposed to vehicles.

Current Situation

Shared Street

“

Alarming? You'd better get used to it because a new survey reveals that the concept is fast gain- ing support in the UK, too. Little wonder, after accidents in Holland's woonerfs fell by up to 40 per cent.” David Williams, 2012 Location

Exhibition Road, London

New Road, Brighton

‘Shared Space’ on King Street Current Situation King Street currently discourages pedestrian activity. It portrays a disheveled environment and is pre- dominantly designed for vehicles;; as a result, it does not encourage people to stay and enjoy the space. Considering the physical and perceptual vehicle dominance, some interventions need to take place in line with the project’s vision.

Pedestrian Path Cycle Lane

Interventions To reduce vehicle dominance and make the path safer for pedestrians, a ‘woonerf’ or ‘shared

Vehicle Path

street’ concept is proposed.’Woonerf’ – ‘living street’ – is a concept that was initiated in the Nether- lands (Woonerfgoed, 2014), and is being incorporated around the world. To do so, a few changes need to be made. Firstly, the perceptual dimension is tackled. The floorscape will be altered to have

Pedestrian Path

a homogenous pattern extending from street to sidewalk, and the street level will be elevated to same level of the sidewalk. Secondly, to build on the visual dimension, trees and street furniture will be introduced. In addition, a clear bicycle path will be incorporated and the speed limit of the auto- Before

mobiles will be reduced and controlled by signage. Section of AA

After

3m Pedestrian Path

5m Pedestrian and Bicycle Path

Mixed Path

Pedestrian Path

Scale 1:400

‘Shared Space’ on King Street Expected Outcomes The main purpose of the interventions is to touch on weaknesses in the following dimensions: perceptual, social, functional and morphological. By changing the street level and homogenizing the floorscape, the ‘perceived’ dominance of vehicles is reduced, and the path is seen as a shared space between vehi cles, pedestrians and bicycles. Incorporating trees, street furniture and bicycle paths im- proves the ‘imageability’, ‘sense of place’ and accessibility, encouraging people to use this space more frequently.

Before

Cambridge Grove Redevelopment The vehicle dominant nature of this path leaves residents and pedestrians/cyclists with a particularly poor built environment. Changes need to be made in order to improve on these conditions.

This space is to converted to a community-only space, drawing on inspiration from similar shared space community-building projects in Sweden, Portugal and Italy.

Location

Wanas, Sweden

Cool Umbrella Installation, Portugal

Tianjin, China

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Cambridge Â Grove Â Redevelopment Expected Outcomes By incorporating these interventions, the space which was exclusively for vehicles will become a space for humans,

enhancing

the

public

realm and the quality of life in this area. In addition, the new amenities in this space are designed for com-Â munity use and encourage a sense of togetherness.

Before

Implementation Programme

CONCLUSION Through an urban design ‘dimension’ analysis of Hammersmith, it was found to be a transportation/communication hub which is pre- dominantly and obviously designed to cater for vehicles, not humans. The current vehicle-dominant layout and the existence of the A4 Motorway leave the community with high levels of noise and sound pollution, and affect the urban quality of life for the community in this area. However, with every dark cloud comes a silver lining;; our vision builds on realizing this potential by implementing certain intervention projects that will improve on the urban design of this area, and make Hammersmith a place for the people. With a variety of interventions that are split into three successive phases, the project plays on the SWOT characteristics determined from a separate analysis, and tries to improve on the opportunities and negate the threats, while focusing on the strength and weaknesses. Interventions were introduced throughout Hammersmith, with a main focus on community building and changing the culture from ‘vehicles first’ to ‘people first’. The interventions generally contain an underpinning environmental agenda aimed at improving the sustainability as well as the quality of the urban realm. With a vision based on achievable targets, it is anticipated that the period leading from now up to 2030 presents a new Hammersmith. With a ‘lead by example’ mentality, it is hoped that these interventions can inspire other boroughs, and even cities, to find inspiration in the changes and strive to bring more focus to people, as opposed to vehicles.

Phase 1 1. Gardening a. Quotation: i. Neighbor to Neighbor Center. (2013). 36 Benefits of a Community Garden. [Online]. Available from: http://www.n2ncentre.com/36-benefits-of-a-community-garden/ b. Photos:

REFERENCES

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