Aden, Yemen Overview of Transport and Energy Crisis.

Aden City, Yemen Phase II: current situation and limitations

Abdul Mohammed

Aden History

The Crown Colony of Aden was a critical way and station on the route to British India.

Beginning in the 19th century, Britain had signed treaties with the tribal rulers inland, in order to secure the water supply and hinterland of Aden colony, and created a network of nine sheikhdoms under British protection.

The northern part of Yemen including the capital Sana’a was securely by Ottoman, and North Yemen an Ottoman province ruled by its traditional Zaydi Imam.

Source: ianmoore3000, “5/7/1915 Lahej: a British defeat in southern Arabia,” World War 1 Live, 19-Jul-2015. [Online]. Available: https://ww1live.wordpress.com/2015/07/05/lahej/. [Accessed: 28-Mar-2020].

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION Aden is situated along the north coast of the Gulf of Aden and lies on ADEN peninsula. The peninsula enclosing the western side of the harbor is called Little Aden.

The volcanic peninsula of Aden forms a near-mirror image, enclosing the harbor and port on the western side. Little Aden became the site of the oil refinery and tanker port After gaining the independence from Britian. Aden became partially self-governing in 1962 and was incorporated in the Federation of South Arabia in 1963.

Aden encloses the eastern side of a vast, natural harbor that comprises the modern port.

•

MAMcIntosh, “Aden, Yemen: Antiquity to Independence,” Brewminate, 13May-2019. [Online]. Available: https://brewminate.com/aden-yemenantiquity-to-independence/. [Accessed: 29-Mar-2020].

•

Source: Guide for travelers. “map for Aden”. Karl Baedeker publishing house, Leipzig, 1914

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION Aden Road Network

This part of Aden’s is central area of the city.

It was the first core area where the city has evolved from. It is natural harbor lies in the crater of a dormant volcano which now forms a peninsula, joined to the mainland by a low isthmus.

This harbor, Front Bay, was first used by the ancient Kingdom of Awsan between the 5th and 7th centuries BC. The modern harbor is on the other side of the peninsula.

Proposed Studied area?

High density , congestion, lack of regulations, Most damaged after the war Focused Districts: Sira, Khormaksar, Almaala, Altawahi

TRUBNER & CO. “An account of the British Settlement at Aden”. LONDON, 1877.

Aden city core evolution

Source: L. Kitchen, leigh, “‘As The Sun Goes Down’ - Aden”. [Online].

Available: https://gmic.co.uk/topic/. [Accessed: 29-Mar-2020].

Source: S. Luscombe, “Aden: The Curtain Falls: The Memoirs of Dick Eberlie: Part 4, 1965 to 1967,” The British Empire. [Online]. Available: https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/adenthecurtainfalls.htm. [Accessed: 29-Mar-2020].

Aden city core evolution

Ariel view of the proposed Focused Districts Total area of Focused districts = 40km2

The purpose of the satellite mapping is to generate a comprehensive knowledge on the physical damage and the cities’ diachronic expansion towards developing City Profiles and City Recovery Strategies in the context of the EU funded project, “Rapid City and Neighborhood Profiling - Towards a development-oriented urban recover process in Yemen”.

Satellite based conflict damage assessment map

A. Buraiqeh, “Satellite-based Conflict Damage Assessment in Yemen Aden - Yemen,” p. 476000.

As shown in the map, the high urban fabric has extends rapidly from the core peninsula to the north of Khormaksar district. This urban sprawl forming slums has increased significantly in recent years. On the other hand, transport challenges rises especially as road network hasn’t evolved with the same pace of urban growth.

Aden Land use and Land cover (Focused districts) Production Date: 22/07/2019

Source: A. Milah, L. Use, and L. Cover, “Satellite-based Conflict Damage Assessment in Yemen Aden - Yemen,” p. 476000.

Data Breakdown – population and age The majority of the population are children and Youth under the age of 30. the pyramid is almost symmetrical for male and female

Yemen population pyramid

Evolution of population

Aden Population Evolution The exponential growth in the graph is due to migration from neighboring governorates because of conflicts.

Data Breakdown – population and age Population % Other

Focused districts Focused districts

Aden Districts population Distribution

Other

According to the Yemeni national information center, Aden has an annual population growth of 3.77% and its population represents 3% of the total Yemen population.

Data Breakdown –Focused districts’ Area District

Area (km2)

Density (Per/km2)

Number of houses

Number of Families

Number of Male

Number of female

Total

Dar sad

37

2154.37

12529

12487

42398

37311

79712

Sheikh Othman

42

2505.9

16244

15277

58180

47060

105248

Almansurah

88

1306

19948

16760

61578

53269

114931

Alburaqiah

485.9

128.4

10462

9630

32137

30212

62405

Altawahi

10

5298.4

8753

8569

27303

25671

52984

Almaala

4

12472

8541

8147

26290

23521

49891

Sira

13

5901.7

13346

12893

39940

36739

76723

Khormaksar

61

771.2

7585

6796

25264

21716

47044

108

239

242

481

90667

313555

275864

589419

Other Aden Total

741

795.4

97408

National information center. “Overview of Aden”. http://www.yemen-nic.info/gover/aden/brife/. Accessed: 2020-03-26

Energy introduction Energy is a vital input for both social and economic development. Without access to adequate and reliable electricity services, economic growth and improvements in quality of life will remain constrained. According to the world bank, Yemen is the least

electrified country in the MENA region, with only about 40% of the total population having access to electricity.

In rural areas, the electrification rate is very low at only about 20%. The low access and

the absence of reliable electricity supply, particularly in rural areas, have been recognized as severe constraints to economic growth in Yemen, and to the achievement of the Government Of Yemen’s poverty alleviation objectives.

Source: T. World Bank,“Report No: 35030-YE�.. 2006.

According to the International Energy Agency, in 2000, oil made up 98.4% of the total primary energy supply in Yemen with the remainder comprising biofuels and waste. From about 2008, natural gas and coal entered the energy mix, and from about 2015, wind and solar energies etc. entered the energy mix.

In 2017, oil made up about 76% of the total primary energy supply, natural gas about 16%, biofuels and waste about 3.7%, wind and solar energies etc. about 1.9% and coal about 2.4%.

Energy situation in Yemen

Yemen's electric transmission map.

Electricity in Yemen mainly depends on oil power plants; 699 MW from diesel, 495 MW from steam, and 341 MW from gas power plants.

The total capacity of the national grid in 2013 was 1,535MW. The power plants generate electrical power at different voltage levels which are 10.5 kV, 11 kV, 13.8 kV, and 15 kV and then the voltage levels are boosted to the transmission voltages levels of 230 kV and 400 kV. The medium voltage level of 33 kV is used to transmit the electricity from the substations to the demand locations.

The distribution network uses the 11 kV to transmit the electricity to the distribution transformers. The nominal frequency for the grid is 50Hz. Figure shows the single line diagram of Yemeni transmission grid with all power stations and substations.

“Scientific and technical journal «TECHNOGENIC AND ECOLOGICAL SAFETY», No 4(2/2018) 41,” vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 41–50, 2018.

Aden

Single line diagram of transmission network Source: M. M. Al-Barashi, D. K. Ibrahim, and E. E. D. A. El-Zahab, “Evaluating the energy system in Yemen,” J. Electr. Eng., vol.

16, no. 1, pp. 338–342, 2016.

Yemen Energy in figures Oil/Gas production As the lack of information and data in Yemen, there are no data that details energy production in each governorate. Thus, this data is going to estimate the energy crisis for the whole country.

Source: Data & Statistics - IEA https://www.iea.org/. Accessed: 2020-03-26

Yemen Energy in figures Electricity Generation by source The local supply of Oil

has decreased considerably in recent

year. Many of the power generation

plant is still dependent on oil to supply

electricity.

Source: Data & Statistics - IEA https://www.iea.org/. Accessed: 2020-03-26

Yemen Energy in figures Renewable energy Electricity tariff ranges from 6

Rial/kWh for urban households consumption to 35 Rial/kWh

for government consumption.

These prices are subsidized,

which is a heavy burden for the deployment of Renewable

Energy technologies. Most renewable generation is by

Privately owned Solar PV especially in rural areas.

Solar PV energy generation Source: Data & Statistics - IEA https://www.iea.org/. Accessed: 2020-03-26

Yemen Energy in figures Oil VS. GAS

Yemen's oil consumption has been trending steadily upward. The country has two operating refineries with a total capacity of 140,000 b/d. While these refineries produce some of the petroleum products Yemen needs, the refineries do not operate at full capacity, and the country imports additional petroleum products to help meet internal demand. The Aden Refinery is the largest in the country, accounting for almost all of Yemen's total refining capacity.

Yemen reinjected most of its natural gas production to aid in oil recovery. However, the startup of the Yemen LNG facility in 2009 gave Yemen the ability to export natural gas for the first time.

Since 2009, Yemen's natural gas consumption has grown, but not nearly as fast as its natural gas exports. Yemen’s consumption of natural gas remains limited.

Energy Consumptions in Yemen

Energy Consumption by Sector as a % of the Total Energy Consumed In terms of the energy consumption share, the graph illustrates the percentage of energy consumption by sector where the transport sector consumes the largest percentage in Aden.

Electrical Energy Consumption of Sectors (as a % of the total GWh Consumed) The figure demonstrate that rural consumption is very low and does not go beyond 3% which corresponds to about 10% of the total consumers connected by the Public Electricity Cooperation (PEC). Urban households however, have the major share of electricity consumption.

Source: P. T. Sufian, “Post Conflict Reconstruction Strategy Study for the Electricity and Energy Sector of Yemen�. International energy charter, Brussels, Belgium, 2019.

DATA BREAKDOWN- Electricity in Aden

Electricity is generated in several power plants in Aden. The largest plant is the oil fired,

steam generating plant at Al Hiswa. It is propose to construct a gas transmission pipeline from the Marib gas field to Aden. It is expected that the gas to be supplied will allow increased electricity generating capacity to be constructed in the City to meet

future demand.

Aden is linked to other parts of

the country through 132kV overhead power lines. These links

may be strengthened in the future with the provision of a 400kV overhead power transmission system. Feasibility studies are needed to determine the most cost effective options for expanding electricity supply to Aden. Furthermore, there is a need to extend local distribution networks and local substations.

Source: Port cities development program, “ADEN MASTER PLAN_PLANS pdf.�

World bank. 2004.

Aden Electricity Grid

Energy quick facts 340

185

≈235

7

MW

MW

MW

%

Average demand in 2018 in Aden

Current Total Production of all power generation plant in Aden

Electricity deficit in Aden

Distribution losses

≈400

129.16

8

MW

kWh

Hours

18

Estimated peak demand in summer 2020 after people migration to Aden from neighboring cities.

Electricity consumption per capita in Yemen per year(2018) Compared to Europe (5,510KWH per capita).

It was 217 KWH in 2014

Average electricity outages in Aden per day. power shortages remain a serious problem reaching 30% of expected demand.

Transmission losses; because old transmission lines

%

A- Al Hiswa Power plant Al Hiswa power plant is the largest in Aden. Constructed in 1979 with cooperation with the former soviet

union it has the capacity to generate 125MW composing of five units.

•

Type: Oil Power Plant

•

Kind of Fuel: Hard Fuel oil (HFO)(Mazut)

•

Power Capacity: 125 MW (5 x 25 MW)

•

Available capacity: 60MW

•

Fuel consumption Ltr/KWH: 0.532

B- Almansura Power plant 1 and 2 Almansura Power plant 1 (Old) Type: Oil Power Plant Kind of Fuel: Diesel Power Capacity: 64 MW (8 x 8 MW) Available Capacity: 5MW Activity since: 1982 Fuel consumption Ltr/KWH: 0.277

• •

• •

• •

Almansura Power plant 2 (new) • • •

• •

•

Type: Oil Power Plant Kind of Fuel: Residual Fuel Oil (Mazut) Power Capacity: 70 MW (8 x 8 MW) Available Capacity: 45MW Fuel consumption Ltr/KWH: 0.232 Activity since: 2006

C- Khormaksar Oil Power Plant •

Type: Oil Power Plant

•

Kind of Fuel: Diesel

•

Power Capacity: 30 MW (5 x 4 MW, 2 x 5 MW)

•

Activity since: 1974

•

Available Capacity: 13 MW

•

Fuel Consumption: Ltr/KWH: 0.253

D- 22-May Power plant •

Type: Oil Power Plant

•

Area: Aden

•

Kind of Fuel: Residual Fuel Oil, Light Fuel Oil

•

Power Capacity: 40 MW (2 x 20 MW)

•

Available Capacity: 25MW

•

Activity since: 2006

•

Fuel Consumption: 0.274 Ltr/KWH ‫ استلمنا‬: ‫ مايو بعدن‬22 ‫ مسئولو محطة ملعب‬.. ‫ بالمائة‬70 ‫ ميجاوات بواقع‬201 ‫“فيما بلغ عجز الشبكة‬ [ ‫” عدن الغد‬,‫المخصص الكامل لكن الخزانات فارغة‬Online]. Available: http://adenalgd.net/printpost/178074/. [Accessed: 26-Mar-2020].

E- Shahynaz electric station •

Kind of Fuel: Diesel

•

Power Capacity: 40 MW (2 x 20 MW)

•

Available Capacity: 30 MW

•

Activity since: 1988

•

Fuel consumption Ltr/KWH: 0.266

F- Aden new power station– Under construction •

Type: Gas/Diesel

•

Funded by: Gov. of Yemen and UAE

•

Power Capacity: 2x132 MW of model

•

Implemented by: PetroMasila Oil Company

GE 9E turbines = 264MW (phase 1)

•

Expected completion: 2020

Phase 2: 500MW

•

Progress: 65%

•

Yemen Energy in figures Electrical Tariffs in Yemen Tarrif Rial/KWH

Type of building 0-200KWH

6

201-350 KWH

9

351-700KWH

12

More than 700 KWH

19

0-100 KWH

9

More than 100 KWH

19

Urban residential

Rural Residential

Small shops

22-25

Embassy, Banks and business offices

35

Hotels

17

Medium size Industrial and commercial facilities Large size Industrial and commercial facilities

22-25 35

Electricity tariffs in Yemen. [Online]. Available: http://www.pec.com.ye/index.files/page455.htm. [Accessed: 26-Mar-2020].

2

3

Constraints

The geopolitical unrest since 2011 has limited the data availability for these years. Data sources are not easy to find. Moreover, some data is considered secret with many discrepancies.

oil products are heavily subsidized which isn’t sustainable.

The subsidies reached around US$2.7 Billion in 2014 making it hard for renewables to thrive.

Financial constraints are the most challenging. It can be overcome through sustainable development plan and smart governance

Fast population growth rate and lack of institutions work mechanism. In addition to the lack of legal and regulatory frameworks to embrace the implementation of such projects and coordination

Possibilities

Energy Constraints and Possibilities 1

4

Promote and scaling up renewable energy (solar and wind) programs as the country’s both economical and technical potential is high.

Transition to natural Gas for electricity production rather than Petroleum, including distillate and residual fuel oil (mazut).

(Implementing gas-topower policy)

Incorporate existing isolated renewable energy owned by individuals to the national grid and introduce the idea of smart grids.

Open the Yemeni electricity market to foreign and private investors for generation, transmission and distribution.

Energy Strategy and Renewables potential To be discussed in the next Phase as communications still going to obtain data related to Renewable energy from the Ministry of Electricity in Yemen.

(Road development shall become a priority to promote social and economic integration and development in Yemen)

Transport Sector Management To fully understand the transport system in Yemen overall, the road network and the transport infrastructure sectors in Yemen are managed by two line ministries:

Ministry of public Works and Highways (MPWH)

The MPWH manages the road network through its HQ office in Sana’a and the regional offices in 18 governorates. It has overall responsibility over the road infrastructure, including its development strategies, expenditure programs, maintenance, and rehabilitation activities. In spite of its large mandate, MPWH is also involved in the development of urban roads, except in the capital Sana’a and Aden.

Source: Inclusive Services Delivery, “Yemen Transport Sector,”. The World Bank Group.

Ministry of Transport (MOT)

The Ministry of Transport is responsible for the development of ports, airports, land and sea transportation needs of Yemen. One of the key functions beside sea and air transport is to Coordinate with the relevant authorities for developing traffic safety program and improve means of land transportation and to minimize vehicle emissions.

Yemen Transportation Network

Aden Source: Yemen — Central Intelligence Agency https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/cia-maps-publications/Yemen.html Accessed: 2020-03-29

Indicators of Transport sector

It is obvious that the transportation sector consumed around 34 % of final energy consumption for 2009 in Yemen. This fact shows the importance of initiating and developing energy saving policy in this sector.

Source: M. M. Al-Barashi, D. K. Ibrahim, and E. E. D. A. El-Zahab, “Evaluating the energy system in Yemen,” J. Electr. Eng., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 338–342, 2016.

Indicators of Transport sector •

Referring to previous table, transport energy intensity indicator reflects the high energy consumption level of this sector (34 %). The intensity increased from 0.684 toe/Million RY in 2003 to 0.629toe/Million YR in 2009 (see the previous Table ). This is more likely due the increase in the fuel price in that period.

•

Share of household expenditure for transport indicator shows significant increase from less 16 to 19 % which negatively impacts household living quality.

•

Motorization Rate (MR) indicator shows that the increase rate of vehicles was higher than population increase rate. Coupled with the very high population growth rate such a rapid increase is not sustainable.

The numbers of car in Yemen in 2007 and 2008

Transport Introduction in Aden Yemen is a developing country which suffers the consequences of explosions in both human and motorization. There is currently little public transportation (buses) and no rail or metro network but one will also be built. The public transport system in Yemen is very poor

and hence, the private transport increase was observed in private transport. Generally, non-motorized transport means to walk or use bicycles.

Because of Aden strategic location, most of Yemen’s exports and imports passes through

Aden. Aden’s airport, oil refinery, port and free zone need a sophisticated transportation network which allows not only passengers to commute inside the city but also commerce and services to thrive. The already poor road network and the physical damage to it

during the war eliminate income earning opportunities for thousands of workers.

Aden Baseline situation According to the Statistical Book of Aden 1990-2000, the length of the road network in Aden in 1999 was equal to 720.37km that are divided between 428 kilometres of asphalted roads and 292 kilometres of non-asphalted roads. The key features of the Aden road network is summarised below:

Key features of the road network in Aden • • •

• •

A skeleton network of four lane divided arterial roads with dual 2 lane carriageways which are in reasonable surface condition; All other roads single carriageways of varying widths, typically 6.5 metres; the roads from the existing Ma'alla port gate are narrow, congested single carriageway roads leading to a two lane dual carriageway. This dual carriageway links to the main arterial network leading to the other centres of Aden and beyond.

It is estimated to be more than 80,000 registered vehicles in Aden.

The public transport fleet is composed of an abundance of old low-capacity vehicles accounting for a large share of traffic, which is an inefficient way to use limited road space.

Aden Baseline situation All junctions are at-grade and predominantly of the roundabout type. During the mission, traffic congestion was observed at a number of locations in Aden. These occurred usually in the morning and before 15:00 hours at the following strategic junctions: Municipal District

Sira

Junction Name

Crater

Ma’ala

Port

Ma’ala

Ma’ala road

Location and Strategic Importance

Busy commercial district leading to old centre of Crater Access of vehicle trucks and goods to and from the commercial port of Aden Busy commercial street leading to passenger port and to Crater and Khormaksar

Mode of transport in Aden

Private cars

Motorcycles

Taxi

Private cars are the most dominant mode of transport as public transport doesn’t reach many areas also it needs multiple trips to reach the destination.

With oil prices going higher and shortages, Motorcycle has became popular in Aden and use it as private or a taxi especially at peak time of congestions.

Taxis are usually 4 passenger seaters cars.

Taxi car are more than the demand. People only use taxis in special cases because of the higher fares.

Buses There are three types of buses in terms of capacity: • 7-seater microbuses, or Dabab, • 12-seater minibuses, or nussbus; • 24-seater bus, or coaster,

Source: Ministry of transport annual report 2013. Available at: https://www.mot.gov.ye/. Accessed: 2020-03-29

Walking Walking has been a popular habit in recent years in Aden.

Although the poor pedestrian infrastructure walking in congested area is more time efficient.

Transport Network in Aden

Focused Districts Map

B- Khormaksar

Focused Districts Map Detailed D- Althawahi

A- Sira C- Almaala

Source: www.openstreetmap.org. Accessed [28/03/2020]

A- Sira Source: www.openstreetmap.org. Accessed [28/03/2020]

B- Khormaksar Source: www.openstreetmap.org. Accessed [28/03/2020]

C- Almaala

Source: www.openstreetmap.org. Accessed [28/03/2020]

Source: www.openstreetmap.org. Accessed [28/03/2020]

D- Altawahi

Aden traffic in photos

Road issues in Aden 1 Road planning and budgeting

According to the world bank, About 90% of Ministry of Public Works and Highways (MPWH) budget is allocated for the road sector.

Sustainable development plans shall be considered.

2 Road Safety

Road Safety, Yemen in general has one of the poorest traffic safety records in the world with 5,200 deaths every year on the road according to world bank Group report. The rapid urbanization growth in vehicle ownership and the emergence of dangerous driving behaviors contributed to increase in road accidents

3 Institutional and human resources issues

Institutional issues; MPWH needs to develop a larger role and responsibility given their capability.

4 Road maintenance

Road maintenance is being funded by Road maintenance Fund (RMF).

The available funding is still insufficient (US$40 million) a year. The road is damaged by improper construction methods and overloading which accelerates deterioration. Vehicle load controls shall be implemented.

Social constraints in Transport Social norms are a huge constraint to women’s accessibility compared to males especially at the outskirts of the downtown.

The combination of social constraints and low economic resources result in a low female access to private and intermediary means of transport Some women discomfort sitting next to male strangers on public transport, it is possible to assign a seating area with priority access for women

Travel patterns, by gender Use of transport means by gender Survey responses Source: Aden Alghad newspaper, “Gender and Transport survey ” no. 54788, 2012.

Most interviewees use transport services in the morning, due to work and education schedules.

Because of the difference of their roles, men and women have different schedules. In the morning and afternoons, men tend to travel more, while women travel more in the evenings.Also females tend to go out from 3pm to 9pm for shopping and family visits. On the other hand, Males gather after lunch that’s from around 1pm to 6pm to chat and chew khat.

% Type of roads in Aden

Constraints faced by road users

Major security issues identified for women, by gender

% Quality of roads in Aden

Transport Possibilities 1

2

Switch to public transportation mode from private cars needs improving Public transportation system in the city

3

Promote diversification of transport modes (Multimodal split) and optimize the transport chain from a climate, efficiency and safety dimension is key to this effort.

6 ACQUIRING SURROUNDING AREAS FROM THE DOWNTOWN AND SET TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR TRANSPORTATION BEFORE URBAN SPRAWL.

Promote bike and car sharing programs and Pedestrianize streets for walking.

7 FOR PUBLIC

4

Impose traffic regulations, build road tolls and increase paid parking.

5 Quantification and predication of people flow and areas will help develop strategic plan for mobility

8

BUSES, IT IS ESSENTIAL TO TRAIN ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE TRANSPORT PERSONNEL

M INISTRY OF TRANSPORT “MOT” SHALL

HOW TO MONITOR AND PREVENT HARASSMENT OF WOMEN AND MEN(AS A PART OF THE

ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR IN DRIVING SCHOOLS, TAXI COMPANIES,

REQUIRED TRAINING TO OBTAIN AND RENEW LICENSES).

LICENSING DEPARTMENTS AND OTHER PUBLIC TRANSPORT.

ENCOURAGE AND EMPOWER FEMALE

Aden Transport conclusion Based on the mentioned data, the rapid increase in Motorization rate in Yemen and especially in Aden leads to Traffic congestion, accidents and casualties.

Thus, It is necessary to undertake various studies to address this problem. One of these studies was the shift of transportation mode from private car to public transportation in Yemen. The shift is surely dependent on public transportation’s strategies attempt to decrease the travel time, cost, convenience, safety and traveler habits.

By identifying and understanding the factors likely to encourage the shift, a model for mode selection can be developed.

Lastly, the following sectors are important pillars and shall cooperate by activating their roles to maximize the performance of planning and implementation in Aden: Private sector

Deconcentrated government institutions

Aden municipalities

Local NGOs and the media

Yemen Donors Although it is out of the scope of this study, it is worth mentioning that there are many countries and international organizations who are and will support Yemen to stand on its feet again. All of the suggestions and recommendations in this study can be executed in real life.

Rural access program source of financing

Biggest donor of UN’s aid plan for Yemen

Thank you Abdul Mohammed