Francisco Javier Arias Cárdenas Gobernador Eva Margarita Padrón de Arias Primera Combatiente Billy Gasca Secretario de Gobierno Salvador González Secretario de Administración y Finanzas Ligia Berbesí de Salazar Directora del Acervo Histórico Gobernación Bolivariana del Estado Zulia Acervo Histórico del Estado Zulia
Maracaibo
TRES MOMENTOS DE UNA MISMA REALIDAD 1529 - 1569 - 1574
Hacia la auténtica Zulianidad &KUGÌQ IT¶ſEQ [ RQTVCFC /KNNGT %CUVKNNC ; %CTNQU %CUVTQ 4GFCEEKÎP FG VGZVQU [ GUVKNQ .KIKC $GTDGUÈ FG 5CNC\CT 2014
La Llamada Fundación de Maracaibo: 8QD 5HÁH[LRQ 1HFHVDULD N GUVWFKQ FG GUC WPKFCF OÕNVKRNG XCTKCFC G KPVGITCFC TGCNKFCF SWG EQPQEGOQU EQOQ JKUVQTKC UWD[CEG GP WPC KPſPKFCF FG HTCIOGPVQU [ RWPVQU FG XKUVC 'P GUVC EQPUKFGTCEKÎP WPC PWGXC JKUVQTKC RQNÈVKEC [ FG NQ RQNÈVKEQ TGKXKPFKEC GN ECT¶EVGT GOKPGPVGOGPVG RTQDNGO¶VKEQ EQNGEVKXQ G KPENWUKXQ FG NC EKGPEKC JKUVÎTKEC *Q[ NC JKUVQTKQITCHÈC VTCFKEKQPCN ECTCEVGTK\CFC RQT NCU IGPGTCNK\CEKQPGU JKUVÎTKECU [ RQT GN OCPKSWGÈUOQ EGFG GN RCUQ C QVTCU XKUKQPGU [ PQU EQNQEC HTGPVG C WPC PWGXC NGEVWTC FG NC TGCNKFCF [ GP NC PGEGUCTKC VCTGC FG UW VTCVCOKGPVQ 'P EQPUGEWGPEKC GN EQORTQOKUQ GU CVGPFGT EQP WTIGPEKC CURGEVQU [ RTQDNGOCU SWG FGDGP UGT TGRNCPVGCFQU 'P GUVC XKUKÎP GN GUVCDNGEKOKGPVQ FG /CTCECKDQ EQOQ EGPVTQ RQDNCFQ GU WPQ FG GNNQU &WTCPVG OWEJQ VKGORQ ETQPKUVCU G JKUVQTKCFQTGU UG JCP QEWRCFQ FG GUVC VGO¶VKEC QHTGEKGPFQ FKUVKPVCU TGURWGUVCU EGPVTCFCU GP RTGEKUCT UQDTG VQFQ NC HGEJC TGCN [ GN CWVQT FG NC OKUOC 'P NQ SWG CN RCTGEGT JC[ EQKPEKFGPEKCU GP DWGPC RCTVG FG NQU GUVWFKQUQU FGN VGOC GU GP SWG /CTCECKDQ CN KIWCN SWG QVTQU RQDNCFQU [ EKWFCFGU HWG QDLGVQ FG XCTKQU KPVGPVQU FG RQDNCOKGPVQ FGUFG GN UKINQ :8+ #RQTVCEKQPGU TGCNK\CFCU GPVTG QVTQU RQT *GTOCPQ 0GEVCTKQ /CTÈC %CTNQU /GFKPC %JKTKPQU /CTKQ $TKEGPQ +TCIQTT[ (GTPCPFQ )WGTTGTQ /CVJGWU , # &G #TOCU %JKVVK [ #PIGN (TCPEKUEQ $TKEG FGXGNCP VTGU OQOGPVQU SWG PQU GPECOKPCP C GZCOKPCT GN QTKIGP FG NC VKGTTC FGN UQN COCFC /QOGPVQU SWG CN UGT CPCNK\CFQU [ XCNQTCFQU JCP IGPGTCFQ FKXGTUKFCF FG RQNÃOKECU FCFQ NQU FGUCEWGTFQU OCPKſGUVQU 3WK\¶U NCU FKHGTGPEKCU O¶U PQVQTKCU GP XCTKQU GUEGPCTKQU CECFÃOKEQU JCP UKFQ NCU GZRWGUVCU RQT NQU JKUVQTKCFQTGU %CTNQU /GFKPC %JKTKPQU [ /CTKQ $TKEGÌQ +TCIQTT[ TGHGTKFCU GZENWUKXCOGPVG C NC CWVQTÈC [ NC HGEJC HWPFCEKQPCN 2CTC /GFKPC %JKTKPQU WPC XG\ CPCNK\CFCU NCU CEVWCEKQPGU FG NQU VTGU UGÌCNCFQU JKUVÎTKECOGPVG EQOQ HWPFCFQTGU FG /CTCECKDQ GUVC HWG QDTC FG #ODTQUKQ #NſPIGT GP GPVTG NQU OGUGU FG ,WNKQ [ #IQUVQ # GUVC EQPENWUKÎP NNGIC UGIÕP ÃN CRQ[CFQ GP XCNKQUCU HWGPVGU FQEWOGPVCNGU NQECNK\CFCU GP FKUVKPVQU CTEJKXQU KPVGTPCEKQPCNGU [ PCEKQPCNGU (WGPVGU SWG NG RGTOKVKGTQP TGEVKſECT UWU RQUVWTCU KPKEKCNGU CN TGURGEVQ 'UVC VGUKU HWG RTGUGPVCFC RQT GN RTQRKQ /GFKPC %JKTKPQU GP GN UKINQ :: [ JC UKFQ TGHGTGPVG RWPVWCN RCTC SWG CECFÃOKEQU FGN CPVKIWQ ő%GPVTQ *KUVÎTKEQ FGN <WNKCŒ TGEQPQEKGTCP NC CWVQTÈC HWPFCEKQPCN CN CFGNCPVCFQ #NſPIGT
E
4GEQPQEKOKGPVQ CN SWG UG UWOC GN GUVWFKQ FQEWOGPVCN FGN &T #PIGN (TCPEKUEQ $TKEG RTGUGPVCFQ GP RCTC SWG GN %QPEGLQ /WPKEKRCN FG /CTCECKDQ GP UGRVKGODTG FG VQOCTC NC FGVGTOKPCPVG FGEKUKÎP FG ſLCT QſEKCNOGPVG GN FG UGRVKGODTG FG EQOQ HGEJC HWPFCEKQPCN [ C #ODTQUKQ #NſPIGT EQOQ UW HWPFCFQT 2QT UW RCTVG /CTKQ $TKEGÌQ +TCIQTT[ EQPUKFGTC SWG GN GUVWFKQ FG /GFKPC %JKTKPQU ECTGEG FG CTIWOGPVCEKÎP JKUVÎTKEC [ SWG UQNQ FC HG FG UW KOCIKPCEKÎP 'U GPH¶VKEQ CN UGÌCNCT SWG /GFKPC %JKTKPQU PQ RTGUGPVC PK WPC UQNC RTWGDC SWG LWUVKſSWG NC RGTFWTCDKNKFCF FG NC TCPEJGTÈC GUVCDNGEKFC RQT #NſPIGT # UW LWKEKQ UWU RQUVWTCU FGUXKTVÕCP NC XGTFCF JKUVÎTKEC [ SWG GP JQPQT [ őŗTGUIWCTFQ FG GNNC GU UW EQORTQOKUQ GXKVCT SWG NQU NGEVQTGU RQEQ RTGXGPKFQU JCICP UW[CU NCU CUGXGTCEKQPGU FGN GUETKVQT OCTCECKDGTQŒ
2CTC $TKEGÌQ +TCIQTT[ NC CWVQTÈC HWPFCEKQPCN FG NC ő5WNVCPC FGN .CIQŒ NG EQTTGURQPFG CN EQPSWKUVCFQT [ ECRKV¶P GURCÌQN #NQPUQ 2CEJGEQ /CNFQPCFQ GP 5WU CTIWOGPVQU UG UWUVGPVCP GP NC TGXKUKÎP FQEWOGPVCN FG OCPWUETKVQU GP RCTVKEWNCT 4GNCEKQPGU G KPHQTOGU FG IQDKGTPQ 2TQDCP\CU FG OÃTKVQU %CTVCU QſEKCNGU [ ,WKEKQU FG TGUKFGPEKC GPVTG QVTQU 5KP GODCTIQ JQ[ FGUFG NCU UKPIWNCTKFCFGU [ RCTVKEWNCTKFCFGU NQECNGU [ TGIKQPCNGU GU RQUKDNG CRWPVCNCT NC EQORTGPUKÎP G KPVGTRTGVCEKÎP FG NQU QTÈIGPGU FG /CTCECKDQ EQOQ EKWFCF JKURCPC GP GN EQPVGZVQ FG NC FKP¶OKEC SWG FGſPG RCTC NCU EQOWPKFCFGU KPFÈIGPCU QTKIKPCTKCU FWTCPVG NQU UKINQU :8+ ; :8++ FKXGTUQU OQFQU FG XKFC RTQRKQU G KORWGUVQU RQT GN EQPSWKUVCFQT GWTQRGQ 'UVQU CXCPEGU UQP KORTGUEKPFKDNGU GP NC GZRNKECEKÎP FG NQU HWPFCOGPVQU SWG ECTCEVGTK\CP WP SWGJCEGT [ WP JCEGT SWG FGſPG PWGUVTC XGPG\QNCPKFCF TGHGTGPEKC FG RTKOGT QTFGP GP NCU FGOCPFCU [ TGVQU SWG CEVWCNOGPVG UG RNCPVGC GN GUVCFQ XGPG\QNCPQ GP NC HQTOCEKÎP FG EKWFCFCPQU [ EKWFCFCPCU EQORTQOGVKFQU EQP UW TGCNKFCF GU FGEKT EQP UW JKUVQTKC #UÈ GP [ FGUFG WPC RGTURGEVKXC IGPGTCN Q FG EQPLWPVQ GP GN EQPVGZVQ JKUVÎTKEQ FG NC ÃRQEC SWG CSWÈ PQU QEWRC UG KPFKEC NC PGEGUKFCF SWG VGPÈC GN EQPSWKUVCFQT GWTQRGQ FG GUVCDNGEGT WP RQDNCFQ SWG KPVGTEQPGEVCTC JQODTGU RTQFWEVQU [ OGTECFGTÈCU GP EQTTGURQPFGPEKC EQP UWU RCTVKEWNCTGU [ RTQRKQU KPVGTGUGU GP GN OCTEQ FG NCU RQNÈVKECU GZRCPUKQPKUVCU FGN ECRKVCNKUOQ GP UW HCUG OGTECPVKN 'P GUVG EQPVGZVQ UG JC KORWGUVQ NC EQNQPKCNKFCF FGN UCDGT [ GP EQPUGEWGPEKC GN QEWNVCOKGPVQ SWG NC GEQPQOÈC FG NCU UQEKGFCFGU QTKIKPCTKCU [ UWU FKXGTUQU OQFQU FG XKFC XC C UGT FGVGTOKPCPVG GP NC QTICPK\CEKÎP [ RGPGVTCEKÎP FG NQU CUGPVCOKGPVQU JKUR¶PKEQU
6QFQ KPFKEC SWG NC FKXGTUKFCF FG CNFGCU KPFÈIGPCU GZKUVGPVGU HWGTQP QTICPK\CFCU GP őRWGDNQU FG CIWCŒ [ őRWGDNQU FG VKGTTCŒ HQTOCFQU RQT PWOGTQUQU RQDNCFQTGU FG XCTKCFQ QTKIGP ÃVPKEQ [ OQFQU FG XKFC EC\C TGEQNGEEKÎP [ GZRNQVCEKÎP FG NCU UCNKPCU 'P OCT\Q FG %CTNQU 8 TG[ FG 'URCÌC EGFG C NC ECUC EQOGTEKCN CNGOCPC FG NQU 9GNUGT OGFKCPVG ő%QPVTCVCEKÎPŒ Q ő%CRKVWNCEKÎPŒ NQU FGTGEJQU FG GZRNQTCEKÎP EQPSWKUVC [ EQNQPK\CEKÎP FG NC RTQXKPEKC FG 8GPG\WGNC [ GUVQU QVQTICP C #ODTQUKQ #NſPIGT HCEVQT [ UQEKQ FG NC TGHGTKFC ECUC EQOGTEKCN NC IQDGTPCEKÎP FG 8GPG\WGNC [ NG PQODTCP %CRKV¶P )GPGTCN FG NC 2TQXKPEKC [ )QNHQ FG 8GPG\WGNC [ 6KGTTC (KTOG # UW XG\ NG QTFGPCP EQPSWKUVCT [ RQDNCT NCU VKGTTCU [ RTQXKPEKCU SWG JC[ GP NC EQUVC SWG EQOKGP\C GP GN %CDQ FG NC 8GNC GP NC )QCLKTC [ GP VQFQU NQU RTGFKQU FG NC IQDGTPCEKÎP FG 5CPVC /CTVC JCUVC /CTCECRCPC GP GN QTKGPVG XGPG\QNCPQ /CTCECKDQ 4CPEJGTÈC FG OCPGTC FGURGEVKXC EQOQ NG NNCOÎ (TC[ 2GFTQ FG #IWCFQ Q 2WGDNQ EQOQ NG FKUVKPIWKÎ GN IQDGTPCFQT ,WCP 2ÃTG\ FG 6QNQUC TGſTKÃPFQUG CN RTKOGT KPVGPVQ FG GUVCDNGEGT WP RQDNCFQ GP GN QEEKFGPVG FG NC RTQXKPEKC FG 8GPG\WGNC GP RTGEKUÎ GP NC 4GNCEKÎP FG VKGTTCU [ RTQXKPEKCU FG NC IQDGTPCEKÎP FG 8GPG\WGNC TGOKVKFC GN FG QEVWDTG FG SWG GUVC GU WP őŗRWGDNQ FG ETKUVKCPQU GN EWCN GUVCDC C NC QVTC DCPFC FG NC NCIWPC [ LWPVQ CN RWGDNQ JC[ WPC UCDCPC FG UCN OW[ DWGPC Œ GUVC HWG RQDNCFC RQT #NſPIGT GP UW EQPFKEKÎP FG IQDGTPCFQT NNGIÎ C GUVCU VKGTTCU QTKNNCU FGN IQNHGVG SWG JCEG NC 2GPÈPUWNC FG 2CTCIWCP¶ GN FG HGDTGTQ FG C DQTFQ FGN DGTICPVÈP ő'P GN 0QODTG FG &KQUŒ [ EQP FQU ECTCDGNCU CEQORCÌCFQ FG O¶U FG JQODTGU GPVTG NQU SWG UG KPENWÈCP OWLGTGU [ PKÌQUŗŒ
5K DKGP GUVC TGNCEKÎP PK PKPIÕP QVTQ FQEWOGPVQ FG NC ÃRQEC FGLCP ENCTQ GN UKVKQ FGſPKVKXQ FGN CUGPVCOKGPVQ UG KPſGTG SWG GN PWGXQ RQDNCFQ HWG EQPUVTWKFQ CN NCFQ FG NC TCPEJGTÈC KPFÈIGPC [C GZKUVGPVG RWGU RCTC NC ÃRQEC GUVCU VKGTTCU [ RNC[CU GTCP JCDKVCFCU RQT EQOWPKFCFGU KPFÈIGPCU RGTVGPGEKGPVGU C NQU \CRCTCU QPQVQU VQCU [ CNKNGU FG QTKIGP CTCYCMQ [ %CTKDG SWG JCDKVCDCP GP RCNCſVQU EC\CDCP RGUECDCP [ QDVGPÈCP UWU CNKOGPVQU EQORNGOGPVCTKQU FG UWDUKUVGPEKC OGFKCPVG GN KPVGTECODKQ FG UCN [ RGUECFQ RQT NC [WEC [ OCÈ\ RTQXGPKGPVG FGN UWTGUVG FG NC NCIWPC
&GUFG GUVCU DTGXGU EQPUKFGTCEKQPGU OG RGTOKVQ QHTGEGT CSWÈ C OCPGTC FG UÈPVGUKU RCTC NC TGƀGZKÎP [ GN FGDCVG NQ SWG ETQPKUVCU FG NC ÃRQEC GP
CNIWPQU ECUQU JKUVQTKCFQTGU GP QVTQU CN KIWCN SWG CWVQTKFCFGU FG IQDKGTPQ TGſGTGP CN VGOC SWG CSWÈ PQU QEWRC 'N QDLGVKXQ GU EQPVTKDWKT C UWRGTCT NCU KPFGſPKEKQPGU CÕP OCPKſGUVCU TGURGEVQ CN QTKIGP [ CUGPVCOKGPVQ FG /CTCECKDQ EQOQ EKWFCF JKURCPC Q RCTC UGT O¶U RTGEKUQU C SWKGP FGDGOQU KFGPVKſECT EQOQ GN CFGNCPVCFQ SWG QTICPK\Q UW RQDNCOKGPVQ OW[ C RGUCT FG NQU FGUGPEWGPVTQU EQP TGURGEVQ CN VÃTOKPQ SWG EQTTGURQPFG &GDCVG CÕP RGPFKGPVG %QP QTIWNNQ NGIÈVKOQ FG UGT \WNKCPQU /#4#%#+$'415 FG HQTOCT RCTVG FG NC INQTKQUC 0#%+10#.+&#& 8'0'<1.#0# FG GUVC /#4#%#+$1 /+# FG GUVC VKGTTC FGN 51. #/#&# FG GUVC VKGTTC FGN +0&+1 /#4# FG GUVC VKGTTC EWPC FGN )'0'4#. 4#(#'. 74&#0'6# FG GUVC VKGTTC FG VQFQU PQUQVTQU FG OWEJQU JQODTGU [ OWLGTGU SWG GP UW SWGJCEGT FKCTKQ EQP GUHWGT\Q [ VGUÎP JGOQU EQPVTKDWKFQ C NC EQPUVTWEEKÎP FG PWGUVTC RCVTKC XGPG\QNCPC ECTKDGÌC [ NCVKPQCOGTKECPC QHTGEGOQU GUVG HQNNGVQ VGZVQ [ CUÈ EQPVTKDWKT FG OCPGTC UKIPKſECVKXC C NC XCNQTCEKÎP FG PWGUVTC /GOQTC *KUVÎTKEC 'N RTQRÎUKVQ GU CDTKT WP FGDCVG GP [ FGUFG FKHGTGPVGU GURCEKQU FG CEEKÎP [ FG QRKPKÎP SWG RGTOKVC TGUKIPKſECT C NC JKUVQTKC EQOQ EKGPEKC RTQDNGOCVK\CFQTC EQOQ KPUVTWOGPVQ RCTC NQU ECODKQU [ VTCPUHQTOCEKQPGU EQOQ NKDGTCFQTC FG EQPEKGPEKC [ CUÈ XCNKFCT WP RCUCFQ FG NWEJC [ CRWPVCNCT PWGUVTC EQPEKGPEKC EQNGEVKXC &G KIWCN OCPGTC HQTVCNGEGT WP RTQ[GEVQ FG UQEKGFCF DCUCFQ GP WP OQFGNQ GFWECVKXQ NKDGTCFQT EQP VTCUEGPFGPEKC GP GN VKGORQ SWG QTKGPVG WP CRTGPFK\CLG FG EQPQEKOKGPVQU JKUVÎTKEQU UKIPKſECVKXQU RGTVKPGPVGU [ ÕVKNGU C NC EQORTGPUKÎP [ TGKPVGTRTGVCEKÎP FG PWGUVTQ RTQEGUQ JKUVÎTKEQ %QP GUVC KPKEKCVKXC GN IQDKGTPQ DQNKXCTKCPQ FGN <WNKC GP GN EWORNKOKGPVQ FG NQU QDLGVKXQU RTQRWGUVQU GP GN 2NCP FG NC 2CVTKC EQPVTKDW[G C NC őFGHGPUC [ RTQVGEEKÎP FGN RCVTKOQPKQ JKUVÎTKEQ [ EWNVWTCN XGPG\QNCPQ [ PWGUVTQ COGTKECPQŒ
Ligia L igi giaa Berbesí Berb Be rbes esíí de Salazar Sal alaz azar ar Directora ctor ct oraa del del Acervo Acer Ac ervo vo Histórico His istó tóri rico co d del el Z Zulia
TRES MOMENTOS DE UNA MISMA REALIDAD
,
PRIMER MOMENTO: 8 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1529 'N RWGDNQ FG /CTCECKDQ #ODTQUKQ #NſPIGT
TQDCDNGOGPVG GN FG UGRVKGODTG FG FÈC FG NC 0CVKXKFCF FG NC 5CPVÈUKOC 8KTIGP 0WGUVTC 5GÌQTC FG 5GRVKGODTG GP GN ECNGPFCTKQ ECVÎNKEQ #ODTQUKQ #NſPIGT FGURWÃU FG ETW\CT NQU 2WGTVQU FG #NVCITCEKC RTQXGPKGPVG FG %QTQ EQP WP CRTQZKOCFQ FG RGTUQPCU GPVTG JQODTGU OWLGTGU [ PKÌQU NQITC UW KPVGPVQ FG CUGPVCT NC RTKOGTC EKWFCF FG NC NCIWPC C NC SWG UG NG NNCOÎ RQUVGTKQTOGPVG Ŏ27'$.1 &' /#4#%#+$1Œ [ CUÈ TGNCVC GP UW 4GNCEKÎP FG 8KCLG őŗRQFGT QTFGPCT VQFQ NQ TGHGTGPVG CN FGUEWDTKOKGPVQ [ RCEKſECEKÎP FG CSWGNNC NCIWPC [ UW RTQXKPEKCŗŒ 2CTC NQU GHGEVQU FG GUVC CRTQZKOCEKÎP QHTGEGOQU C OCPGTC FG UÈPVGUKU CRQTVGU FG ETQPKUVCU G JKUVQTKCFQTGU EQOQ (GTP¶PFG\ FG 1XKGFQ [ 8CNFÃU (TC[ 2GFTQ FG #IWCFQ ,WCP (TKFG ,WCP 2ÃTG\ FG 6QNQUC [ 0GEVCTKQ /CTÈC &GUFG UWU RGTURGEVKXCU ECFC WPQ TGſGTG C RCTVKT FG HWGPVGU FQEWOGPVCNGU NQ SWG C UW LWKEKQ EQPUVKVW[Î GUVG UKIPKſECVKXQ JGEJQ )QP\CNQ (GTP¶PFG\ FG 1XKGFQ [ 8CNFÃU GP ő*KUVQTKC )GPGTCN [ 0CVWTCN FG +PFKCUŒ KPENW[GP WP OCRC GP GN SWG UG OWGUVTC NC GZRGFKEKÎP FG #NſPIGT 'P UW VQVCNKFCF TGEQTTG GN TKQ /CEQPKVG TKQ .KOÎP [ RTGEKUC XCTKQU ECUGTÈQU KPFÈIGPCU GP NQU GURCEKQU EQOCTECNGU FG 5KPCOKEC NC 5KGTTC FG $QDWTGU [ FGUVCEC GN PQODTG FG /CTCECKDQ WDKECFQ UQDTG NC EQUVC QEEKFGPVCN FG NC ICTICPVC FGN .CIQ &GUFG CNNÈ #NſPIGT TGEQTTG VQFQ GN KPVGTKQT FG NC EWGPEC NCEWUVTG FGXGN¶PFQUG GN HWVWTQ FG /CTCECKDQ [ UW NCIWPC EQOQ GURCEKQ HWPFCOGPVCN RCTC NC KPVGTEQPGZKÎP KPVTC G KPVGT FG JQODTGU RTQFWEVQU [ OGTECFGTÈCU (TC[ 2GFTQ FG #IWCFQ GP UW ő4GEQRKNCEKÎP *KUVQTKCN FG 8GPG\WGNCŒ FKUVKPIWG GUVG CUGPVCOKGPVQ EQOQ 4CPEJGTÈC FG DCUG FG CRQ[Q RCTC NQU QDLGVKXQU FG GZRNQTCEKÎP [ UCSWGQ RTQRWGUVQU RQT #NſPIGT [ UWU JWGUVGU 2QT UW RCTVG ,WCP (TKFG RQPG GP FWFC SWG #NſPIGT JWDKGUG NNGICFQ C /CTCECKDQ GN FG
P
UGRVKGODTG VCN EQOQ UG JC GUVCDNGEKFQ &GUFG UW RCTGEGT GUVG PQ HWG FKTGEVCOGPVG FG %QTQ C NC OCTIGP 1TKGPVCN FGN .CIQ GN OKUOQ FÈC # GUVG TGURGEVQ 0GEVCTKQ /CTÈC GUVWFKQUQ FGN VGOC NG UQTRTGPFG SWG GP GN /GOQTKCN FGN RTQRKQ #NſPIGT FG FG PQXKGODTG FG GP GN SWG FGVCNNC UWU CEVKXKFCFGU GP VKGTTCU FG NC RTQXKPEKC FG 8GPG\WGNC GUVG PQ JCIC OGPEKÎP CN RWGDNQ FG /CTCEC[DQ TGEKÃP HWPFCFQ RQT ÃN # UW LWKEKQ GP GN ¶PKOQ FG #NſPIGT GUVG CUKGPVQ GTC FG ECT¶EVGT OGTCOGPVG RTQXKUKQPCN 5KP GODCTIQ 0GEVCTKQ /CTÈC JCEG NC UCNXGFCF SWG #NſPIGT TGſGTG UW NNGICFC C /CTCEC[DQ WP OGU FGURWÃU FG UW GUVCDNGEKOKGPVQ GP GNNC 0Q QDUVCPVG FGN FGUEQPQEKOKGPVQ FQEWOGPVCN SWG CN TGURGEVQ UG VKGPG GUVC TGHGTGPEKC JC NNCOCFQ NC CVGPEKÎP FG SWKGPGU RQT FKXGTUQU OQVKXQU G KPVGTGUGU UG JCP QEWRCFQ FG VCP RQNÃOKEQ VGOC 'P VQFQ ECUQ NC TGUKUVGPEKC FG NCU EQOWPKFCFGU KPFÈIGPCU CN CVTQRGNNQ [ UCSWGQ FG NQU CNGOCPGU [ NC OWGTVG FG #NſPIGT EQPNNGXC CN FGURQDNCOKGPVQ FGN RQDNCFQ FG /CTCECKDQ GPVTG [ ,WCP 2ÃTG\ FG 6QNQUC EQOKUKQPCFQ RCTC GXCNWCT NC CEVWCEKÎP FG #NſPIGT GP UW EQPFKEKÎP FG %CRKV¶P )GPGTCN FG NC 2TQXKPEKC [ )QNHQ FG 8GPG\WGNC [ 6KGTTC (KTOG DCUCFQ GP GN KPHQTOG SWG FG GUVG JGEJQ JCEG GN RTQRKQ #NſPIGT FGUVCEC SWG GN őGN RWGDNQ FG ETKUVKCPQU NNCOCFQ /CTCECKDQ RQDNCFQ RQT #NſPIGT GUVCDC C NC QVTC DCPFC FG NC NCIWPC GP WPC UCDCPC FG UCN OW[ DWGPC ŗŒ #N TGHGTKTUG C NQU PCVKXQU NQU ECNKſEC FG XCNKGPVGU [ IWGTTGTQU DGNKEQUQU RQEQ FCFQU CN JCDNC 5G RWGFG CſTOCT SWG NCU TGNCEKQPGU QHTGEKFCU [ FGXGNCFCU GP RCTVKEWNCT RQT GUVQU [ QVTQU ETQPKUVCU PQ OWGUVTCP GXKFGPEKCU O¶U CNN¶ FG NCU SWG UG EQPQEGP CN TGURGEVQ 'UVG CUGPVCOKGPVQ KPKEKCN PQ FGLÎ JWGNNCU SWG RGTOKVCP EKGTVCOGPVG CſTOCT NC GZKUVGPEKC FG /CTCECKDQ EQOQ RQDNCFQ JKURCPQ FGUFG GN FG UGRVKGODTG FG 'P NC XKUKÎP FG GUVQU ETQPKUVCU GN őD¶TDCTQ VKTCPQŒ #NſPIGT EQOQ NG NNCOÎ 1XKGFQ [ $CÌQU UQNQ GUVCDNGEKÎ GP NC EQUVC QEEKFGPVCN FGN NCIQ WPC GHÈOGTC TCPEJGTÈC NC SWG CDCPFQPÎ GN FG UGRVKGODTG FG RCTC RTQUGIWKT GP NC DÕUSWGFC FG TKSWG\CU JCEKC 8CNNGFWRCT #N RCTGEGT NC TGUKUVGPEKC FG NCU EQOWPKFCFGU KPFÈIGPCU CN CVTQRGNNQ [ UCSWGQ FG NQU CNGOCPGU [ NC OWGTVG FG #NſPIGT GP GPVTG QVTCU TC\QPGU GZRNKECP UW FGURQDNCOKGPVQ GPVTG [ # GUVG TGURGEVQ /CTKQ $TKEGÌQ +TCIQTT[ GU EQPVWPFGPVG CN UGÌCNCT SWG őŗNC FGURQDNCEKÎP FG NC TCPEJGTÈC FG /CTCECKDQ GU [ UGT¶ WP JGEJQ JKUVÎTKEQ JCUVC VCPVQ PQ UG RTGUGPVGP RTWGDCU KFÎPGCU SWG FGUVTW[CP NCU FQEWOGPVCNGU SWG GZKUVGPŗŒ
Gonzalo Fernรกndez de Oviedo Mapa-Plano: Plano de la Laguna de Maracaibo Signatura: Obra de Fernรกndez de Oviedo Fecha: 1535 - 1537 'LPHQVLRQHV 16 x 13 cm Autor: Gonzalo Fernรกndez de Oviedo Fuente: Mapas y planos de Maracaibo y su regiรณn (1499 y 1820)
+PENWUQ $TKEGÌQ +TCIQTT[ GU EQPVWPFGPVG CN UGÌCNCT SWG GN RGTÈQFQ FG VKGORQ VTCPUEWTTKFQ GPVTG HGEJC GP SWG UG FKQ GN FGURQDNCOKGPVQ FGſPKVKXQ [ EWCPFQ UG JCEG GHGEVKXQ GN GUVCDNGEKOKGPVQ FG #NQPUQ 2CEJGEQ KORKFG WPC őRQUKDNG EQPVKPWKFCF HWPFCFQTCŒ CTIWOGPVQ FG RGUQ RCTC EWGUVKQPCT NC HGEJC GP SWG QſEKCNOGPVG UG JC CUWOKFQ NC NNCOCFC HWPFCEKÎP FG /CTCECKDQ 6QFQ CRWPVC C UGPVGPEKCT SWG GUVG JGEJQ RWGFG ECNKſECTUG UÎNQ EQOQ WP KPVGPVQ WP RTKOGT RCUQ SWG FKQ EQPVKPWKFCF C NQ SWG RQUVGTKQTOGPVG UGTÈC UW CUKGPVQ FGſPKVKXQ # UW XG\ UG FGUVCEC SWG OW[ C RGUCT FG NC TGUKUVGPEKC FG NCU EQOWPKFCFGU QTKIKPCTKCU RTQDCDNGOGPVG CNIWPCU FG GNNCU NQITCTQP GUVCDNGEGT CEWGTFQU [ CNKCP\CU SWG NGU HCXQTGEKGTQP FG CEWGTFQ C UWU KPVGTGUGU RCTVKEWNCTGU
,,
SEGUNDO MOMENTO: 1569 %KWFCF 4QFTKIQ FG /CTCECKDQ #NQPUQ 2CEJGEQ
.
C EQPXGPKGPEKC FG FCT CUGPVCOKGPVQ FGſPKVKXQ C WP RQDNCFQ CN RCTGEGT GP GN OKUOQ UKVKQ FQPFG GUVWXQ NC TCPEJGTÈC FG #NſPIGT SWG UKTXKGTC EQOQ EGPVTQ FG CRQ[Q RCTC NC RGPGVTCEKÎP [ GZRNQVCEKÎP FG ¶TGCU RTQFWEVKXCU CN KPVGTKQT [ GZVGTKQT FG NC EWGPEC NCEWUVTG KORQPG WPC PWGXC GZRGFKEKÎP #UÈ #UÈ CÌQU FGURWÃU GN ECRKV¶P #NQPUQ FG )QDGTPCFQT [ ,WUVKEKC /C[QT 2CEJGEQ 6GPKGPVG 6GPK FG 6TWLKNNQ GP NC RTQXKPEKC FG 8GPG\WGNC GZRQPG NCU FG 6TWLKNNQ GP RQDNCT NC NCIWPC FG /CTCECKDQ # UW TC\QPGU RCTC R RCTC RCTGEGT GTC EQPXGPKGPVG EWCPVQ CPVGU NQITCT WPC XÈC RCTGEGT GTC EQ O¶U EQTVC [ T¶RKFC C NCU VKGTTCU FG 0WGXC )TCPCFC O¶ ¶U EQTVC [ T¶ RCTC RQFGT GN CDCUVGEKOKGPVQ QRQTVWPQ RCTC RQFGT ICTCPVK\CT I FG OGTECFGTÈC [ RTQFWEVQU FG OGTECFG # #UÈ UÈÈ GP G QDVKGPG PQ UQNQ NC NKEGPEKC TGC TG TGCN C RCTC JCEGTNQ UKPQ SWG VCODKÃP UG NG NG QVQTICP RTQXKUKQPGU [ ÎTFGPGU RCTC SW SWG UG őŗGPECTICTC FG NC EQPSWKUVC [ R RQDNCEKÎP FG NC .CIWPC FG /CTCECKDQ [
Archivo General de Indias - Sevilla Mapa-Plano: Plano de la Laguna de Maracaibo Signatura: Mapa y Planos - Venezuela - 5. Fecha: Finales de siglo XVI 'LPHQVLRQHV 42,7 x 57,8 cm Autor: Desconocido Fuente: Mapas y planos de Maracaibo y su regi贸n (1499 y 1820)
FGN FGUEWDTKOKGPVQ FG NC XÈC RCTC NC 0WGXC )TCPCFCŒ 'P NC XKUKÎP OGTECPVKNKUVC FG NC ÃRQEC NC GZKUVGPEKC FG NC DCJÈC [ GN ENKOC UCPQ GP GN ¶TGC GTC HWPFCOGPVCN FG CJÈ NC KPUKUVGPEKC GP GUVCDNGEGT GN TGHGTKFQ EGPVTQ RQDNCFQ OW[ C RGUCT FG NC TGUKUVGPEKC KPFÈIGPC OCPKſGUVC .C FQEWOGPVCEKÎP PQ OW[ ENCTC KPFKEC SWG RTQDCDNGOGPVG 2CEJGEQ RWFQ JCDGT GPVTCFQ C NC NCIWPC JCEKC ſPCNGU FG OCT\Q Q RTKPEKRKQU FG CDTKN FG EQP RQDNCFQTGU FG NCU EKWFCFGU FG 6TWLKNNQ /ÃTKFC [ %CTQTC [ GP JQPQT C UW VKGTTC PCVCN NG RWUQ GN PQODTG FG %KWFCF 4QFTKIQ FG /CTCECKDQ 5KP GODCTIQ ECTVC QTKIKPCN FGN ECDKNFQ FG %KWFCF 4QFTKIQ FG /CTCECKDQ HGEJCFC GN FG CIQUVQ FG RTWGDC SWG 2CEJGEQ HWPFÎ NC EKWFCF GPVTG OCT\Q [ CIQUVQ FG CSWGN CÌQ # LWKEKQ FG 0GEVCTKQ /CTÈC RGTQ UKP RTWGDC CNIWPC GUVC RWFQ JCDGT UKFQ GP LWPKQ Q GP LWNKQ *CUVC NC HGEJC PQ JC[ FQEWOGPVQ CNIWPQ RCTC NQITCT FGOQUVTCT WPC HGEJC FGſPKVKXC 6QFQ KPFKEC SWG 2CEJGEQ KPVGPVÎ QTFGPCT UGIÕP NQU TGSWGTKOKGPVQU QſEKCNGU FG NC ÃRQEC CN RQDNCFQ GUVCDNGEKFQ [ RCTC GNNQ RTQEGFKÎ CN TGRCTVQ FG GPEQOKGPFCU GPVTG UWU RQDNCFQTGU #UÈ VKGTTCU G KPFKQU HWGTQP GPEQOGPFCFQU EQOQ OGTECFGTÈC C SWKGP 2CEJGEQ GNKIKGTC 6CODKÃP ETGQ %CDKNFQ [ RCTC GNNQ FGUKIPÎ C UWU O¶U KPOGFKCVQU EQNCDQTCFQTGU GP NC GZRGFKEKÎP RQT ÃN QTICPK\CFC FGUFG 6TWLKNNQ 'XKFGPVGOGPVG EQP GUVC CEEKÎP 2CEJGEQ NGIKVKOC PQ UQNQ GN GUVCDNGEKOKGPVQ FG %KWFCF 4QFTKIQ UKPQ VCODKÃP UW EQPFKEKÎP FG EKWFCF #TNGPG 7TFCPGVC [ QVTQU UQUVKGPGP SWG C RGUCT FG NC RQEC ENCTKFCF FG NCU HWGPVGU RTQDCDNGOGPVG NQU PWGXQU RQDNCFQTGU FG NC NCIWPC GP GUVC QECUKÎP UG GUVCDNGEKGTQP GP CNIWPQU UQNCTGU [ ECUCU GP NQU RTGFKQU FG NC CEVWCN RCTTQSWKC FG 5CPVC .WEKC C WPC CNVWTC FG C OGVTQU EQP GN QDLGVKXQ FG GUVCT CVGPVQU C NCU CEVWCEKQPGU G KPEWTUKQPGU FG NQU CDQTÈIGPGU 2GTQ NCU FKſEWNVCFGU GPVTG GNNCU NC TGUKUVGPEKC FG NQU PCVKXQU [ NC UWDNGXCEKÎP RQT XQNWPVCF RTQRKC FG GUENCXQU PGITQU SWG 2CEJGEQ JCDÈC NQITCFQ RCTC /CTCECKDQ RQT 1TFGP 4GCN JCEKC OGFKCFQU FG RTQXGPKGPVGU FG 4ÈQ FG *CEJC RWUKGTQP ſP C NQU RNCPGU [ RTQ[GEVQU FG 2CEJGEQ .C OGTOC FG UWU RQDNCFQTGU TGFWEKFQU CJQTC FG EKPEWGPVC C VTGKPVC JK\Q SWG RCEJGEQ QTFGPCTC GP FGURQDNCT NC EKWFCF EQOWPKECPFQ UW TGUQNWEKÎP CN )QDGTPCFQT [ %CRKV¶P )GPGTCN &KGIQ FG /C\CTKGIQU 2CEJGEQ ſPCNOGPVG TGITGUC C 6TWLKNNQ FQPFG ſLC TGUKFGPEKC
,,,
TERCER MOMENTO: 1574 0WGXC <COQTC FG NC NCIWPC FG /CTCECKDQ 2GFTQ /CNFQPCFQ
N TGRQDNCOKGPVQ EQOQ EGPVTQ RQDNCFQ FG /CTCECKDQ UG JK\Q GHGEVKXQ GP EWCPFQ GN %CRKV¶P 2GFTQ /CNFQPCFQ GU FGUKIPCFQ RQT GN )QDGTPCFQT &KGIQ FG /C\CTKGIQU SWKGP ETGÈC PGEGUCTKQ WP RQDNCFQ SWG ICTCPVK\CTC NC TWVC ƀWXKCN EQP GN 0WGXQ 4GKPQ FG )TCPCFC RQT GN TÈQ <WNKC [ 2CORNQPC 7PC XG\ TGRQDNCFC FGſPKVKXCOGPVG /CTCECKDQ GU FGPQOKPCFC RQT /CNFQPCFQ EQOQ 0WGXC <COQTC FG NC NCIWPC FG /CTCECKDQ SWGFCPFQ CFUETKVC C NC #WFKGPEKC FG 5CPVQ &QOKPIQ &GUFG GPVQPEGU UG RGTſNÎ EQOQ EGPVTQ PQFCN FG NQ SWG RQUVGTKQTOGPVG UGTÈC NC RTQXKPEKC SWG NNGXCTÈC UW PQODTG FCFC NC RTKXKNGIKCFC UKVWCEKÎP GP NC GPVTCFC [ UCNKFC FGN .CIQ FG /CTCECKDQ 'N ECRKV¶P 2GFTQ /CNFQPCFQ XGEKPQ FG NC EKWFCF FG /ÃTKFC JCDÈC CEVWCFQ EQP 2CEJGEQ GP /CTCECKDQ RQT NQ SWG UG NG TGEQPQEG EQOQ WPQ FG NQU HWPFCFQTGU FG %KWFCF 4QFTKIQ [ FG NQU TGIKFQTGU FG UW RTKOGT ECDKNFQ +PXGUVKFQ FG GUVG RCUCFQ /CNFQPCFQ UG RTQRWUQ NNCOCT C NQU CPVGTKQTGU XGEKPQU RCTC NQITCT UW EQOGVKFQ [ RCTC GNNQ C UQP FG RTGIÎP GP NQU RWGDNQU FG 6TWLKNNQ /ÃTKFC [ %CTQTC CXKUC SWG VQFQU őŗ TGEKDKT¶P NCU GPEQOKGPFCU SWG NGU JCDÈCP UKFQ CFLWFKECFCU RQT #NQPUQ 2CEJGEQ [ SWG NQU SWG PQ UG WPKGTCP C NQU TGRQDNCFQTGU NCU RGTFGTÈCP RCTC UKGORTG UKP RQFGT TGEWRGTCTNCUŏ #UÈ NQITÎ TGWPKT JQODTGU [ GP GN OKUOQ UKVKQ QEWRCFQ [ NWGIQ FGURQDNCFQ RQT 2CEJGEQ CſTOC GN ETQPKUVC ,WCP FG %CUVGNNCPQU /CNFQPCFQ TGHWPFC NC 0WGXC <COQTC 'P /CNFQPCFQ HWG TGNGXCFQ GP UW RWGUVQ RQT GN VGPKGPVG ,WCP )WKNNGP RCTC GPVQPEGU OKGODTQ FGN ECDKNFQ NQECN WPC XG\ SWG ,WCP 2KOGPVGN CN CDTKTNG ,WKEKQ FG TGUKFGPEKC EQOQ HWPEKQPCTKQ TGCN UG GPEQPVTÎ EQP SWG /CNFQPCFQ JCDÈC QTFGPCFQ UGPVGPEKC FG OWGTVG [ GLGEWEKÎP C WP UQNFCFQ NWUKVCPQ CN RCTGEGT UKP LWUVKſECEKÎP CNIWPC
E
Archivo General de Indias - Sevilla Mapa-Plano: Plano de la Lago de Maracaibo Signatura: 9-25-4 - 4.661. Fecha: 1579 'LPHQVLRQHV 39,5 x 30 cm Autor: Cabildo de Maracaibo Fuente: Mapas y planos de Maracaibo y su regi贸n (1499 y 1820)
REFLEXIÓN FINAL 'XKFGPVGOGPVG NCU RQUVWTCU GP VQTPQ C NC NNCOCFC ő(WPFCEKÎP FG /CTCECKDQŒ JC UKFQ QDLGVQ FG FKXGTUCU [ OÕNVKRNGU TGƀGZKQPGU GP [ FGUFG QVTQU EQPVGZVQU G KPENWUQ EQPEGRVQU ;C GN FG #IQUVQ FG GN CPVKIWQ ő%GPVTQ *KUVÎTKEQ FGN <WNKCŒ JQ[ #ECFGOKC FG *KUVQTKC FGN 'UVCFQ <WNKC NWGIQ FG FKUEWVKT CNIWPQU GNGOGPVQU [ CRQTVGU GP RCTVKEWNCT NQU TGCNK\CFQU RQT GN JKUVQTKCFQT [ CECFÃOKEQ \WNKCPQ PIGN (TCPEKUEQ $TKEG GOKVKÎ WPC &'%.#4#%+10 TGEQPQEKFC EQOQ QſEKCN RQT GN %QPEGLQ /WPKEKRCN FG /CTCECKDQ GP UGRVKGODTG FG GP NC SWG UG CEGRVC CN ő#FGNCPVCFQ #ODTQUKQ #NſPIGT EQOQ HWPFCFQT FG /CTCECKDQŒ [ UG ſLC EQOQ HGEJC HWPFCEKQPCN GN FG UGRVKGODTG FG &G KIWCN OCPGTC GUVC FGENCTCVQTKC TGEQPQEG C NQU ECRKVCPGU #NQPUQ 2CEJGEQ [ C 2GFTQ /CNFQPCFQ EQOQ őNQU EQPVKPWCFQTGU FG #NſPIGTŒ FGPQOKP¶PFQNGU őTGHWPFCFQTGUŒ FG NC EKWFCF &GUFG GUVC FGENCTCVQTKC PKPIWPC KPUVKVWEKÎP VCORQEQ CNIWKGP GP RCTVKEWNCT JCDÈC QHTGEKFQ RTQRWGUVC Q GUVWFKQ CNIWPQ SWG RGTOKVKGTC QVTQU UGÌCNCOKGPVQU CN TGURGEVQ 5KP GODCTIQ TGEKGPVGU CXCPEGU VGÎTKEQ OGVQFQNÎIKEQU [ FG NCU HWGPVGU GP GN ECORQ FG NCU EKGPEKCU UQEKCNGU GP IGPGTCN [ FG NC JKUVQTKC GP RCTVKEWNCT PQU EQNQECP HTGPVG C PWGXQU TGVQU *Q[ EQP NC OKTCFC RWGUVC GP NCU TGƀGZKQPGU CPVGTKQTGU UG EWGPVC EQP NCU CRQTVCEKQPGU SWG FGUFG NC KPVGTFKUEKRNKPCTKGFCF EKGPVÈſEC JCP QHTGEKFQ NQU RCTVKEKRCPVGU FGN 5GOKPCTKQ ő#TSWGQNQIÈC 7TDCPCŒ FGN &QEVQTCFQ GP %KGPEKCU *WOCPCU FG NC (CEWNVCF FG *WOCPKFCFGU [ 'FWECEKÎP FG NC 7PKXGTUKFCF FGN <WNKC [ RTQRWGUVQ [ EQQTFKPCFQ RQT GN CTSWGÎNQIQ G JKUVQTKCFQT /CTKQ 5CPQLC 1DGFKGPVG 'UVCU KPVGTGUCPVGU TGƀGZKQPGU [ QVTCU QRKPKQPGU OW[ IGPGTCNGU GP CNIWPQU ECUQU FKUKFGPVGU [ GP QVTQU PQ C OK LWKEKQ KPFGRGPFKGPVGOGPVG FGN TKIQT EKGPVÈſEQ FGUFG GN GUVCVWVQ FG NC JKUVQTKC EQOQ EKGPEKC RTQDNGOCVK\CFQTC XWGNXGP NC OKTCFC C VCP RQNÃOKEQ VGOC #N TGURGEVQ EQP GN QDLGVKXQ FG CXCP\CT JCEKC NC FGUEQNQPK\CEKÎP FG NC OGOQTKC [ VTCPUKVCT RQT NQU ECOKPQU FG NC RCVTKC NKDTG [ UQDGTCPC RTQRQPIQ WDKECT NC FKUEWUKÎP C NC NW\ FG NCU CEVWCNGU CRQTVCEKQPGU VGÎTKEQ OGVQFQNÎIKECU FG NCU EKGPEKCU UQEKCNGU GP NCU SWG NC XCNQTCEKÎP FG NQU GUVWFKQU NQECNGU [ TGIKQPCNGU GU HWPFCOGPVCN # GNNQ UG UWOCP NQU TGVQU [ FGOCPFCU FG NC UQEKGFCF CEVWCN [ NCU PWGXCU VGPFGPEKCU FGN UKUVGOC GFWECVKXQ SWG ENCOC RQT GN CRTGPFK\CLG FG EQPQEKOKGPVQU UKIPKſECVKXQU [ CFGEWCFQU *Q[ GU PGEGUCTKQ RNCPVGCT GN FGDCVG GP VQTPQ C KPVGTTQICPVGU EQOQ 3Wà EGNGDTCOQU JQ[! #ECUQ JC[ XGUVKIKQ OCVGTKCN SWG PQU KPFKSWG EQOQ EKGTVQ NQ JCUVC CJQTC UGÌCNCFQ!
#ECUQ NQU FQEWOGPVQU QſEKCNGU XCNQTCFQU JCUVC CJQTC UQP RTWGDC UWſEKGPVG RCTC JCDNCT FG NC HWPFCEKÎP FG PWGUVTC EKWFCF! 2QT SWÃ TGHQT\CT EQP GUVCU EGNGDTCEKQPGU GN GWTQEGPVTKUOQ! 2QT SWÃ KPUKUVKT GP TGRTQFWEKT NCU NNCOCFCU OGPVKTCU Q VGTIKXGTUCEKQPGU JKUVÎTKECU! 2QT SWÃ UGIWKOQU GORGEKPCFQU GP EGNGDTCT WPC UWRWGUVC HWPFCEKQP FG PWGUVTC EKWFCF! #ECUQ GP NC DWUSWGFC FG PWGUVTC FKIPKFCF EQOQ RWGDNQ PQ PQU OGTGEGOQU GN FGTGEJQ C EQPUVTWKT PWGUVTQ RTQRKQ RTQ[GEVQ JKUVÎTKEQ! 2QT SWÃ PQ FGEQPUVTWKT GN GUSWGOC FG XCNQTGU KORWGUVQU FGUFG NC EQNQPKCNKFCF FGN UCDGT TGHQT\CFQU FGUFG WPC JKUVQTKC QſEKCN OÈVKEC CPGEFÎEVKEC JGTQKEC [ GP WPC GFWECEKQP HQTOCN! 'P GN EQORTQOKUQ CUWOKFQ PQU EQTTGURQPFG GPVQPEGU K\CT NCU DCPFGTCU FG NC TGUKUVGPEKC C VQFC KORQUKEKÎP UQOGVKOKGPVQ [ FQOKPCEKÎP CN KIWCN SWG NCU FG NC KPVGITCEKÎP FG PWGUVTQU RWGDNQU [ GP GUVG GORGÌQ KORQPGT PWGUVTQ FGTGEJQ C UGT NKDTGU UQDGTCPQU G KPFGRGPFKGPVGU 5ÎNQ CUÈ NQITCTGOQU EQPUQNKFCT GN FGTGEJQ SWG VGPGOQU FGUFG NC WPKFCF [ NC FKXGTUKFCF C HQTLCT PWGUVTQ RTQRKQ RTQ[GEVQ JKUVÎTKEQ 2TQ[GEVQ SWG FGſPG NC EQPUVTWEEKÎP FGſPKVKXC FG WPC PCEKÎP COGTKECPC FKIPC [ ECRC\ FG CUWOKT NQU TGVQU SWG FKEJC EQPUVTWEEKÎP KORQPG #UÈ JQ[ FGUFG OÕNVKRNGU [ XCTKCFQU GURCEKQU KPUVKVWEKQPCNGU CECFÃOKEQU NC RNC\C NC ECNNG GN DCTTKQ GPVTG QVTQU VGPGOQU GN EQORTQOKUQ JKUVÎTKEQ FG KPEGPVKXCT [ IGPGTCT GN FGDCVG [ NC TGƀGZKÎP [ GP EQPUGEWGPEKC FGXGNCT RQUVWTCU [ GPHQSWGU 'P VQFQ ECUQ GUVG FÈC FGDG UGT RCTC NC TGƀGZKÎP NC FGEKUKÎP [ NC CEEKÎP
.# .7%*# 214 .# +0&'2'0&'0%+# %106+0#
FUENTES Documentales impresas Oviedo y Baños, José (1982), Historia de la Conquista y Población de Venezuela, Caracas, ediciones Fundación CADAFE. Venezuela en los Cronistas Generales de Indias (1962), Caracas, Fuentes para el Estudio de la Historia Colonial de Venezuela, Academia Nacional de la Historia. Vol. 58 y 59. Bibliográficas Brice, Angel Francisco (1965), ¿Quien fue el verdadero fundador de Maracaibo?. Maracaibo, Centro Histórico del Zulia. Briceño Iragorry, Mario (1929). La Fundación de Maracaibo. Caracas, Venezuela. Cultura Venezolana, Nro. 95. Cedeño Silva, J.R. (1982) Apuntaciones sobre la fundación de Maracaibo. Zulia, Venezuela. Boletín de la Academia de Historia del Estado Zulia, Nros. 9 y 10. Medina Chirinos, Carlos (1929) Fundación de las ciudades de Maracaibo, Ciudad Rodrigo y Nueva Zamora. Maracaibo, Editorial Excelsior. Pratlong Bonicell Gal, Louis Alfred Silvano (Hermano Nectario María) (1977), Los orígenes de Maracaibo, Madrid, Villena Artes Gráficas. Sanoja Obediente, Mario; Vargas Arenas, Iraida (2008) “La región Geohistórica del Noroeste de Venezuela y el poblamiento antiguo de la Cuenca del Lago de Maracaibo”. En Maracaibo, De las Sociedades Originarias a la Ciudad Hispana. Lecturas interdisciplinarias. Arlene Urdaneta e Ileana Parra (Compiladoras), Universidad del Zulia, Vicerrectorado Académico, SERBILUZ-CIDHIZ Urdaneta, Arlene; Parra, Ileana y otros (2008), “Los orígenes de Maracaibo en los Cronistas de Indias”, En Maracaibo, De las Sociedades Originarias a la Ciudad Hispana. Lecturas interdisciplinarias. Arlene Urdaneta e Ileana Parra (Compiladoras), Universidad del Zulia, Vicerrectorado Académico, SERBILUZ-CIDHIZ 150 años de la Fundación de Maracaibo. (1979). Zulia, Venezuela. Concejo Municipal de Maracaibo.
“Nos impusieron una doctrina extraña y contraria a nosotros mismos, contraria a nuestras raíces libertadoras, a nuestras raíces antiimperialistas, y eso tenemos que terminar de sacudirlo...” Hugo Chávez, Intervención en el inicio del Comando y Estado Mayor, Teatro Teresa Carreño 10 de enero del 2006