Chapter 14 Protecting Your Cardiovascular System
Understanding Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) • Is not a single disease or condition. It is a group of different illnesses that affect your heart and blood vessels. • Some types of CVD can even cause other types of CVD. • One in 3 Americans has one or more forms of diagnosable heart or blood vessel disease.
Deaths from Cardiovascular Disease
–Data from Minino, A.M., Murphy, S.L., Xu, J., & Kochanek, K. D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, & National Center for Health Statistics. (2011). Deaths: Final data for 2008. National Vital Statistics Reports 59(10):1–21.
Atherosclerosis: The Enemy Within • Atherosclerosis comes from the Greek word athero (meaning paste) and sclerosis (meaning hardness), which is an accurate description of the “hardening” of this artery-clogging “paste” (plaque) that occurs on the inside of the arteries. • Atherosclerosis is a slow, progressive disease that typically starts in early adulthood and develops gradually over decades.
Progression of Atherosclerosis
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) • CHD is the greatest killer. • One in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will develop CHD at some point in their lives. • CHD is most commonly the result of atherosclerosis narrowing the two coronary arteries.
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
–National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2009.) What is coronary heart disease? Online: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Cad/CAD_Si gnsAndSymptoms.html
Heart Attack Warning Signs
Stroke • Is the 2nd leading cause of CVD death and the 4th leading cause of death in the United States. • Occurs when vital oxygen-rich blood flow to the brain fails. • The two broad categories of stroke include those caused by a blockage of blood flow (ischemic) and those caused by bleeding (hemorrhage).
Areas of the Brain Affected by Stroke
Public Education Message for Stroke
High Blood Pressure (HBP) • Is the 3rd leading cause of death for CVD. • HBP affects about 1 in 3 adults. • Nearly 3 in 10 adults are categorized as prehypertensive—a condition in which blood pressure is elevated above normal but not to the level considered to be hypertensive.
Blood Pressure • Blood pressure is a measure of force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as blood travels the circulatory system. • Systolic pressure is the pressure when the heart contracts or beats. • Diastolic pressure is the pressure when the heart relaxes.
Measuring Blood Pressure
Š Brand X Pictures/Thinkstock
Tips for Having Blood Pressure Measured
Categories for Blood Pressure Levels in Adults
Causes of High Blood Pressure (HBP) • Primary—the cause is unknown and accounts for between 90 and 95 percent of all cases. • Secondary—the high blood pressure is secondary to (caused by) a specific disorder of a particular organ or blood vessel and accounts for 5 to 10 percent of all cases.
CVD Major Risk Factors Modifiable
Non-Modifiable
1. Cigarette smoking 2. Physical inactivity 3. High blood fats 4. High blood pressure 5. Overweight/obese 6. Diabetes mellitus
1. Increasing age 2. Male gender 3. Heredity and race
Cigarette Smoking • Directly associated with 20 percent of all deaths from CVD. • Smokers tend to have increased levels of LDL-C and reduced levels of HDL-C which contribute to a buildup of plaque in the arteries. • Nicotine accelerates the heart rate and constricts arteries, leading to an increase in blood pressure. • Carbon monoxide depletes availability of oxygen to heart and lungs.
Physical Inactivity • Lack of physical activity is a major risk factor for CVD. It helps control stress! • Regular physical activity is helpful: – Improves blood lipid profile by decreasing LDL-C and increasing HDL-C. – Lowers blood pressure by maintaining elasticity in arteries and helps with weight loss by decreasing body fat percentage. – Increases insulin sensitivity to cell receptor sites and treats insulin resistance, a condition that increases the chance of developing type 2 diabetes and CVD.
High Blood Fats • Elevated levels of blood cholesterol levels can build up in the walls of the arteries. • LDL-C is known as the “bad” cholesterol because it plays a role in the development of plaque in the arteries. • HDL-C is known as the “good” cholesterol because it scours the walls of blood vessels for excess cholesterol. • Elevated levels of blood triglycerides appear to promote atherosclerosis.
Classification of Total, LDL, HDL Cholesterol, and Triglycerides Levels in Adults
High Blood Pressure • Has far reaching and serious health consequences related to CVD. • Accelerates the development of atherosclerosis. • Makes heart work harder. • One of the most preventable and treatable types of CVD.
Nine Things You Can Do to Prevent and Control Blood Pressure
Being Overweight/Obese • Is associated with significant morbidity and mortality from CVD. • Individuals with excess abdominal fat are at a significantly greater risk for CVD. • Abdominal obesity is a primary clinical sign of metabolic syndrome—a cluster of disorders that significantly increases the risk of CVD and type 2 diabetes.
Metabolic Syndrome Three of the following five abnormalities and/or medical conditions 1. Abdominal obesity â&#x20AC;˘ Waist: > 40 in men and > 35 in women 2. Elevated triglycerides: >150 mg/dL 3. Reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol â&#x20AC;˘ < 40 mg/dL in men and < 50 mg/dL in women 2. Elevated blood pressure: > 130/85 mm Hg 3. Elevated fasting glucose: > 100 mg/dL
Diabetes Mellitus â&#x20AC;˘ A group of diseases marked by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both. â&#x20AC;˘ Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that is needed by muscle, fat, and the liver to metabolize glucose.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus â&#x20AC;˘ A chronic (lifelong) disease in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin to control blood sugar levels properly. â&#x20AC;˘ This form of diabetes is the result of an autoimmune disease that occurs when the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas are gradually destroyed and eventually fail to produce insulin.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus • Accounts for 90 to 95 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes mellitus. • Is largely the result of the epidemic of obesity, a major risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes. • Allows for sufficient production of insulin, but the body’s cells have become resistance to it. • Possible to prevent and delay the onset of type 2 diabetes by participating in a regular physical activity program and maintaining a healthy weight.
Contributing CVD Risk Factors • Stress • Alcohol use • Diet and nutrition
Nonmodifiable Risk Factors for CVD 1. Increasing age 2. Male gender 3. Hereditary and race