Physical Activity & Health e4 Chapter 14

Chapter 14 Protecting Your Cardiovascular System

Understanding Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) • Is not a single disease or condition. It is a group of different illnesses that affect your heart and blood vessels.

• Some types of CVD can even cause other types of CVD. • One in 3 Americans has one or more forms of diagnosable heart or blood vessel disease.

Deaths from Cardiovascular Disease

–Data from Minino, A.M., Murphy, S.L., Xu, J., & Kochanek, K. D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, & National Center for Health Statistics. (2011). Deaths: Final data for 2008. National Vital Statistics Reports 59(10):1–21.

Atherosclerosis: The Enemy Within • Atherosclerosis comes from the Greek word athero (meaning paste) and sclerosis (meaning hardness), which is an accurate description of the “hardening” of this artery-clogging “paste” (plaque) that occurs on the inside of the arteries.

• Atherosclerosis is a slow, progressive disease that typically starts in early adulthood and develops gradually over decades.

Progression of Atherosclerosis

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) • CHD is the greatest killer.

• One in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will develop CHD at some point in their lives.

• CHD is most commonly the result of atherosclerosis narrowing the two coronary arteries.

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

–National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2009.) What is coronary heart disease? Online: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Cad/CAD_Si gnsAndSymptoms.html

Heart Attack Warning Signs

Stroke • Is the 2nd leading cause of CVD death and the 4th leading cause of death in the United States.

• Occurs when vital oxygen-rich blood flow to the brain fails.

• The two broad categories of stroke include those caused by a blockage of blood flow (ischemic) and those caused by bleeding (hemorrhage).

Areas of the Brain Affected by Stroke

Public Education Message for Stroke

High Blood Pressure (HBP) • Is the 3rd leading cause of death for CVD. • HBP affects about 1 in 3 adults.

• Nearly 3 in 10 adults are categorized as prehypertensive—a condition in which blood pressure is elevated above normal but not to the level considered to be hypertensive.

Blood Pressure • Blood pressure is a measure of force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as blood travels the circulatory system.

• Systolic pressure is the pressure when the heart contracts or beats.

• Diastolic pressure is the pressure when the heart relaxes.

Measuring Blood Pressure

Š Brand X Pictures/Thinkstock

Tips for Having Blood Pressure Measured

Categories for Blood Pressure Levels in Adults

Causes of High Blood Pressure (HBP) • Primary—the cause is unknown and accounts for between 90 and 95 percent of all cases.

• Secondary—the high blood pressure is secondary to (caused by) a specific disorder of a particular organ or blood vessel and accounts for 5 to 10 percent of all cases.

CVD Major Risk Factors Modifiable

Non-Modifiable

1. Cigarette smoking 2. Physical inactivity 3. High blood fats 4. High blood pressure 5. Overweight/obese 6. Diabetes mellitus

1. Increasing age 2. Male gender 3. Heredity and race

Cigarette Smoking • Directly associated with 20 percent of all deaths from CVD. • Smokers tend to have increased levels of LDL-C and reduced levels of HDL-C which contribute to a buildup of plaque in the arteries.

• Nicotine accelerates the heart rate and constricts arteries, leading to an increase in blood pressure.

• Carbon monoxide depletes availability of oxygen to heart and lungs.

Physical Inactivity • Lack of physical activity is a major risk factor for CVD. It helps control stress!

• Regular physical activity is helpful: – Improves blood lipid profile by decreasing LDL-C and increasing HDL-C. – Lowers blood pressure by maintaining elasticity in arteries and helps with weight loss by decreasing body fat percentage.

– Increases insulin sensitivity to cell receptor sites and treats insulin resistance, a condition that increases the chance of developing type 2 diabetes and CVD.

High Blood Fats • Elevated levels of blood cholesterol levels can build up in the walls of the arteries.

• LDL-C is known as the “bad” cholesterol because it plays a role in the development of plaque in the arteries.

• HDL-C is known as the “good” cholesterol because it scours the walls of blood vessels for excess cholesterol.

• Elevated levels of blood triglycerides appear to promote atherosclerosis.

Classification of Total, LDL, HDL Cholesterol, and Triglycerides Levels in Adults

High Blood Pressure • Has far reaching and serious health consequences related to CVD. • Accelerates the development of atherosclerosis.

• Makes heart work harder.

• One of the most preventable and treatable types of CVD.

Nine Things You Can Do to Prevent and Control Blood Pressure

Being Overweight/Obese • Is associated with significant morbidity and mortality from CVD. • Individuals with excess abdominal fat are at a significantly greater risk for CVD. • Abdominal obesity is a primary clinical sign of metabolic syndrome—a cluster of disorders that significantly increases the risk of CVD and type 2 diabetes.

Metabolic Syndrome Three of the following five abnormalities and/or medical conditions 1. Abdominal obesity â&#x20AC;˘ Waist: > 40 in men and > 35 in women 2. Elevated triglycerides: >150 mg/dL 3. Reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol â&#x20AC;˘ < 40 mg/dL in men and < 50 mg/dL in women 2. Elevated blood pressure: > 130/85 mm Hg 3. Elevated fasting glucose: > 100 mg/dL

Diabetes Mellitus â&#x20AC;˘ A group of diseases marked by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both. â&#x20AC;˘ Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that is needed by muscle, fat, and the liver to metabolize glucose.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus â&#x20AC;˘ A chronic (lifelong) disease in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin to control blood sugar levels properly. â&#x20AC;˘ This form of diabetes is the result of an autoimmune disease that occurs when the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas are gradually destroyed and eventually fail to produce insulin.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus • Accounts for 90 to 95 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes mellitus.

• Is largely the result of the epidemic of obesity, a major risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes.

• Allows for sufficient production of insulin, but the body’s cells have become resistance to it.

• Possible to prevent and delay the onset of type 2 diabetes by participating in a regular physical activity program and maintaining a healthy weight.

Contributing CVD Risk Factors • Stress • Alcohol use • Diet and nutrition

Nonmodifiable Risk Factors for CVD 1. Increasing age 2. Male gender 3. Hereditary and race