Nuclear energy

MAY 20, 2016

NUCLEAR JOULES MAGAZINE

NUCLEAR ENERGY

TYPE OF ENERGY A

CARLOS ACOSTA, DANIEL FLEITEZ-CRUZ, JACK POPPEL

HOW IS NUCLEAR ENERGY USED AROUND THE WORLD S

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 3 Nuclear energy in everyday life 6 Nuclear Energy across the world 9 Renewable and nonrenewable energy 11"Numbers in the News" Types of nuclear energy

1

Types of Nuclear Energy

Nuclear Fusion

Nuclear Fission

When a nucleus fissions, it splits into several smaller fragments. This creates two parts of roughly half of the mass of the original nucleus.

The missing mass, gets converted into energy. If a massive nucleus, breaks apart, then a net yield of energy is created. This is because, the mass of the fragments, is greater than the binding energy curve.

Fusion, powers the Sun and the stars. It is the energy source of the future, and provides the stars with energy to shine for billions of years.

Hydrogen atoms fuse together, and form helium. Matter is converted into energy, thus giving light to the Sun and stars. Nuclear fusion, is when multiple atomic particles join together to create a larger atom. Unlike nuclear fission, there is no limit on the amount of the fusion that can occur.

Power plant

Sun

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Nuclear Fission

Splits the atom into two or more smaller atoms.

Fission bomb AKA the atomic bomb/atom bomb.

Uranium is the main fuel.

Used in power plants.

Comparison Comparison

Nuclear Fusion

What does it do?

Fuses two or more smaller atoms into one large atom.

Nuclear Weapon

Fuel

Hydrogen bomb. Uses fission reaction to make a fusion reaction.

Hydrogen/Hydrogen isotopes, are the main fuel.

Used in fusion power plants.

Used in WWII, Deriving its the nuclear bomb power from the is the most fusion of destructive hydrogen weapon ever isotopes, the created. Uses the hydrogen bomb splitting of are more millions of atoms powerful than using a fission reaction with to create atomic bombs. hydrogen, to make a fusion explosion.

Works by reaction

Atomic bomb

Hydrogen bomb

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NUCLEAR ENERGY IN EVERYDAY LIFE Radiation

Radiation symbol

Nuclear energy is also known as radiation. Radiation is everywhere on the surface of the earth because many elements have a certain level of radiation. Also, the earth is constantly being bombarded with cosmic radiation, however the Earth’s magnetic field and its atmosphere protects the surface from most of it. Some makes it through, but in amounts too small to damage life on Earth. There is also terrestrial radiation, which comes from the radioactive materials in the soil, such as carbon and potassium. A very common usage of radiation is in X-rays, which are used to see the bones of individuals in high detail for medical purposes.

Powerplant

Power Plants

Nuclear power plants take advantage of nuclear energy to convert it into electric energy that people can use. This works based on the fission of the uranium atom to create heat. The heat is them used to turn water into steam. The steam then turns turbines in the power plant, which create electrical energy. This electrical energy then powers everything we use in our everyday lives.

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SUN

The sun is the most important object in our everyday lives. It provides heat, light, and radiation for life on earth. Without nuclear fusion happening in its core, it would no longer shine, and would die, depriving the planet of heat. Life on earth would not be possible without the sun, excepting some life forms which live at the bottom of the ocean. The sun stays in balance between radiation pushing outwards and gravity pushing inwards. Gravity crushes together hydrogen atoms, which fuses them into helium atoms through nuclear fusion. This produces a lot of energy, which radiates outward from the center. This energy becomes thermal and electromagnetic energy as it radiates out, and reaches the Earth.

Sun

ATOMIC CLOCKS Atomic clocks are used to keep the correct and synchronized time for all devices everywhere. Atomic clocks can keep time accurately to a billionth of a second. The definition of a second(as of 1967) is 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyper fine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom. Basically, the cesium 133 atom goes through about 9 billion oscillations per second, which is what atomic clocks use to accurately measure the second, and transmit that to all the devices around the world.

Atomic clock keeping time

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We dispose of Radioactive Waste, and sorry if you see any spiders, they don’t bite.

6

NUCLEAR ENERGY ACROSS THE WORLD

Nuclear technology uses the energy released by splitting atoms.This process was first developed by scientists with the task of making dangerous bombs, but most scientists later directed their attention to using nuclear energy in peaceful ways. In order to split an atom, one has to hit it with a neutron.

When an atom is split, a tremendous amount of energy is released, and it generates heat. In power plants, this is used in steam turbines to produce electricity.

The first nuclear power stations began to work in the 1950s. As of now, there are four hundred and forty-four nuclear power plants in operation in thirty countries. But, there will soon be sixty three more power plants in fifteen different countries. Nuclear powers stations provide for over eleven percent of the world’s electricity. Nuclear energy is helpful, because it has no carbon dioxide emissions.

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BENEFITS Using nuclear energy has its benefits. In order to build a nuclear power plant, it costs a lot of money. But, generating the electricity in nuclear reactors is cheaper than electricity generating from oil, gas and coal.

There is a low amount of pollution compared to that of fossil fuels. Finally, there is a greater amount of energy released in nuclear fission than in the burning of a fossil fuel atom.

NUCLEAR ENERGY IN EUROPE This is why countries like France, Belgium, Hungary, Ukraine, etc use Nuclear energy.

In France, nuclear energy makes of the majority of the energy used. France currently has fifty eight nuclear reactors because this energy makes up three quarters of the country’s energy. But, a main reason that others countries don’t like nuclear energy is because of the accidents that can happen. Chernobyl was a terrible accident, and it showed people the danger of nuclear energy.

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E N E R G Y

C O N S E R V A T I O N

Nuclear power is a very vital source of energy in many countries. For many years, it has been attempted to harness it. Because oil and gas prices are going up, nuclear power and other alternative power sources are more attractive. In the future many countries have already confirmed that they plan to use nuclear energy for many utilities, such as electricity.

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9

RENEWABLE AND NONRENEWABLE RENEWABLE

Nuclear energy is considered renewable because it has very low carbon emissions, therefore not polluting the air with carbon and other harmful gases. Also, a professor, Professor Cohen, has stated that the relationship between the sun and earth will keep creating more uranium, making uranium indefinite in numbers. Professor Cohen also believed that there could be a process of nuclear fission which produces more material to use again.

NONRENEWABLE Nuclear Energy can be classified as nonrenewable because it uses uranium, which is not a renewable resource. In addition, it uses a rare form of uranium called uranium-235, which is even rarer than regular uranium. This makes uranium even more of a nonrenewable resource. Nuclear power plants also produce harmful radioactive waste, which is harmful enough to cause permanent genetic damage. This is another reason why some people consider nuclear energy to be nonrenewable.

FUN

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FACTS

Every 18 to 24 months, a power plant must shut down to remove its used uranium, which becomes radioactive waste.

Nuclear energy even powers Mars rovers.

1 in 5 households and business in the US are electrically powered by nuclear energy Captain Atom is a superhero whose atoms are always splitting and then reforming just as quickly, releasing energy that he used to fight.

11

IN THE NEWS

NUMBERS

444 Currently active nuclear power plants.

Year when the second was official defined based on the cesium 133 atom's oscillations per second.

1,000,00

Years for light to escape the sun.

600,000,000 Tons of hydrogen the sun fuses every second

14,000,000,000 Dollars cost for new nuclear power plant in Wales

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NUCLEAR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION

Recourses

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