LSC305 Land Contamination, Restoration and Revegetation Registration Number: 100214020
LAND CONTAMINATION RESTORATION AND REVEGETATION Croda Site: Contamination Report A Study of the site Contaminants, potential sources, pathways and proposed mitigation measures
Content 1. Introduction - 1.1. Report aims and Methodology.....................................................................................................page 1 - 1.2. Site History...................................................................................................................................page 1 - Fig.1....................................................................................................................................................page 1 2. Baseline Information - 2.1. Site Location................................................................................................................................page 2 - Fig.2....................................................................................................................................................page 2 - 2.2. Current SIte Conditions................................................................................................................page 3 - 2.3. Topography.................................................................................................................................. page 3 - 2.4. Geological Conditions..................................................................................................................page 3 - 2.5. Built Form.....................................................................................................................................page 4 - 2.6. Vegetation....................................................................................................................................page 4 3. Conceptual Site Model - 3.1. Conceptual Site Model (CSM) Definition......................................................................................page 5 - Fig.4....................................................................................................................................................page 6 4. List of Site Contaminants - 4.1. Heavy Metals...............................................................................................................................page 7 - Fig. 5...................................................................................................................................................page 7 - 4.2. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).........................................................................................page 8 - Fig.6....................................................................................................................................................page 8 - 4.3. Asbestos......................................................................................................................................page 9 - Fig.7....................................................................................................................................................page 9 - Fig.8....................................................................................................................................................page 9 - Fig.9....................................................................................................................................................page 9 - Fig.10..................................................................................................................................................page 9 - Fig.11..................................................................................................................................................page 9 5. Tabulated Linkages - 5.1. Potential Pathways and Receptors.............................................................................................page 10 - Fig.12................................................................................................................................................page 10 - Fig.13................................................................................................................................................page 10 - 5.2. Tabulated Conceptual Model......................................................................................................page 11 - Fig.14................................................................................................................................................page 11 6. Remediation and Mitigation - 6.1. The Need for Remediation.........................................................................................................page 12 - 6.2. The Environmental Agency Model Proceedures (CLR11)..........................................................page 12 - Fig.15................................................................................................................................................page 12 - Fig.16................................................................................................................................................page 12 - 6.3. Water Remediation.................................................................................................................... page 13 - 6.4. Soil Remediation........................................................................................................................page 13 - 6.5. Mitigation....................................................................................................................................page 14 - 6.6. Case Study: The Whyalla steelworks, Australia.........................................................................page 14 7. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................... page 15 8. Bibliography..................................................................................................................................page 16
1. Introduction 1.1.
Report aims and Methodology
The intent of this report is to produce a detailed pictorial and tabulated conceptual model of the Croda site. This includes a detailed insight into a selection of potential sources, pathways and receptor linkages which may be present on site; Therefore presenting a selection of considerations essential prior to the granting of any future development. The methodology for addressing these concerns requires conducting an in-depth site survey and analysis, requiring the assessment of ground conditions and the potential linkages that contaminants may acquire to infiltrate the land. The results of this survey will inform on relevant mitigation and remediation methods which may effectively approach the specific conditions of the Croda Site. 1.2.
Site History
The site first became active as a coal distillation and processing works in the 1870s, involved in the production of coke; a solid carbonaceous material resulting from the destructive distillation of bituminous coal, to be used for furnaces and steel manufacturing. This activity resulted in the production of highly toxic chemicals such as benzene and xylene extracted from the base tar. In the 1920s the site gained a reputation for its extensive production and large storage tanks, acquiring the name of the Yorkshire Tar Distilleries. During the 1940s creosote was being provided for the preservation of wood and for road construction. By the 1960s the Distilleries had 360 employees. In 1975 the company was claimed under a new identity as Croda, in which Tar Distillation continued until 1981, where the primary function of the site shifted towards bitumen. With the production of bitumen polymers were added to the product in order to increase flexibility, therefore widening its uses for roofing products, sealants and emulsions. By the 1990s the profitability of the site had decreased, achieving an average profit of ÂŁ1 million per annum. In 1998 the site closed, resulting in the redundancy of 45 employees and a demolition process spanning over the next 10 years. Currently the site is undergoing restoration, which may result in the construction of 381 new homes. Fig.1. Croda Site: 1985 Aerial Photograph Page 1
2. Baseline Information 2.1. Site Location The site is located in the area of Swinton, Rotherham, renowned for its past and current industrial activity which remains active towards the Northern and Southern borders of the site. With this industrial presence there are vast areas of residential housing expanding from the West, divided by a central railway which once supplied the site. The Eastern border is of great contrast, with an expanse of agricultural fields alongside the adjacent River Don, beyond the South Yorkshire Navigation Canal which runs parallel to the site. These various receptors have all been directly affected by the various activities which once took place on the Croda site, and will require great consideration in acquiring a successful restoration strategy.
RAILWAY
RESIDENTIAL
CRODA SITE
AGRICULTURAL
RIVER DON CANAL
Fig.2. Map of Croda Site and surrounding Context Page 2
2.2. Current SIte Conditions The Croda site can be sub-divided into two zones: The North Zone and The South Zone. When development of the tar distillation plant first ensued it was mostly concentrated within the Southern portion of the site, until the 1940s when activity expanded north for the use of waste disposal. 2.3. Topography The site is situated 18 metres above sea level, on land which is predominantly flat with minor steepening towards the south-west. This level topography is potentially a result of modification through the introduction of fill materials, therefore making the site more ideal for building construction. The surrounding context is relatively flat, but with greater undulation. 2.4. Geological Conditions The solid base geology underlying the site is predominantly made up of Upper Carboniferous middle coal measures; a sequence of marine and non-marine strata, such as layered siltstone, mudstone and coal ranging from 15-1,500 metres in depth. The underlying Coal Measures outcrop at the surface as weathered sandstones and mudstones, considered by the Environment Agency to represent a minor aquifer of variable permeability. An overlying layer of Alluvium deposits covers the site, consisting of 1-5m depth of sands and gravels. This is considered by the Environmental Agency to be a Minor Aquifer of variable permeability. Groundwater has been identified beneath the site predominantly within the alluvial deposits at a depth of approximately 4.5 m below ground level. The uppermost ground conditions consist of between 0.5-2m depths of Made Ground; a composition of silt, sand, gravel and post-demolition rubble. The Environmental Agency considers Made Ground to be a Non-Aquifer.
NORTH ZONE
SOUTH ZONE
Fig.3. Croda Site North and South Zones Page 3
2.5. Built Form A majority of the buildings have been demolished, but many structures such as the canal bridge and canal side still remain. In various areas of the site remain underground foundations, basements and tanks. The central pathway leading from the railway bridge to the canal currently remains, for the use of vehicles entering and leaving the restoration site. A fence has been established along the site boundary along the canal, acting as a temporary means for discouraging pedestrians walking along the canal pathway from entering the contaminated land. 2.6. Vegetation As a result of greater intensity of activity being focused in the south a majority of Vegetation has established in the upper northern portion of the site; mostly composing of small pioneering trees and dense shrub species, which began to thrive post-demolition. Most vegetation was cleared during the beginning of the site restoration, but vegetation alongside the railway line on the western border and along the canal on the eastern border still remains.
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3. Conceptual Site Model 3.1. Conceptual Site Model (CSM) Definition A CSM is a primary planning tool for assisting the decision making process for acquiring a successful restoration strategy. This is achieved through the organisation of site information gathered from site analysis into an integrated and clear graphical format; thus enabling an in-depth and holistic understanding of the site's unique characteristics, to determine the site's Contamination status and inform on the decision process. The CSM takes into consideration: - What receptors might be exposed - How/why contaminants are present - Whether contaminants are migrating/degrading - What risk/reduction strategies are most feasible Once established, the CSM can be used to: - Support the development of a framework for conducting and scoping a site cleanup - Establish a detailed description of the current site setting to form a hypothesis about the fate of contaminants on the site - Potential chemicals of concern and effected media (soil, groundwater, surface water etc) - Evaluate potential restoration options
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Users of a public pathway along the canal are kept off-site via a fence border, but may be subjected to soil erosion run-off and miasmic chemicals.
Residents may be subjected to a range of contaminants, through inhalation, ingestion and direct dermal contact. Contaminants permeating into the soil may effect vegetation through changing pH balance and harmful chemical uptake. Animals migrating on and off site may be a pathway for spreading contaminants off-site, and may suffer as a result of on-site exposure
Surface run-off may transport contaminants from the soil and into the canal, and spread afar.
Contaminated Liquids may permeate through the ground, migrating and posing harm to the wider local area.
A railway may be a pathway in which dust particles and toxins are collected and transported elsewhere.
Fig.4. Conceptual Site Model
Contaminants spread through topsoils and dust may affect nearby farming, through inhalation and ingestion of tainted vegetation.
Potential Receptors
Potential Pathways
4. List of Site Contaminants 4.1. Heavy Metals Fig.5. Heavy Metals Table Contaminant
Arsenic
Contaminant Details A metalloid usually occurs in conjunction with sulfur and metals, rarely as a pure crystal. Main use in industry is for strengthening alloys of copper and lead. Also used for pesticides and treating wood products.
Lead
A malleable heavy metal, Used for building construction and lead-acid batteries
Copper
A ductile and malleable metal, with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Used for 10,000 years, now used for electrical wires, roofing, plumbing and industrial machinery
Location and Source
Potential Threats
Further Comments
In made ground, shallow groundwater, waste disposal tips, along railway and transport lines
Toxic. Carcinogenic. Risk through dermal contact, ingestion and inhalation.May reduce plant growth and contaminate vegetables
The World Health Organisation standards consider any concentration above 10 ppb to be hazardous
In made ground, shallow groundwater, waste disposal tips, along railway and transport lines
Toxic, A poisonous neurotoxin at certain contact degrees. Risk through inhalation and ingestion. Water pollutant. Phytotoxic. Uptake may result in food contamination.
Related to damage to the nervous system, resulting in brain and blood disorders
In made ground, shallow groundwater, waste disposal tip
Toxic only at elevated levels. Water pollutant. List II substance. Highly phytotoxic.
Chronic copper toxicity does not occur often in humans, so pose little threat
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4. List of Site Contaminants 4.2. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) Fig.6. Volatile Organic Compounds Table Contaminant
Contaminant Details
Location and Source
Potential Threats
Further Comments
Benzene
An Organic Chemical Compound of 6 carbon and 6 hydrogen atoms, making it a Hydrocarbon. A natural constituent of Crude Oil, a byproduct of coke production
Will be mostly concentrated in areas of the site were coke production took place, and transfer pumping areas. Contamination of Shallow Groundwater beneath made-ground. Floats on water, so spread by surface run-off and into the canal. Present in Perch Water, made ground and underground storage tanks.
Toxic. Principal risk through inhalation. Phytotoxic
Colourless and highly flammable liquid. Considered to be carcinogenic for both humans and animals
an organic hydrocarbon compound
Will be mostly concentrated in areas of the site were coke production took place, and transfer pumping areas. Floats on water, so spread by surface run-off and into the canal. Present in Perch Water, made ground and underground storage tanks
Toxic. Principal risk through inhalation. Phytotoxic
Colourless and a highly flammable liquid. However the acute toxicity is low. Long-term exposure is considered safe, but can cause dizziness and throat sensitivityA possible carcinogen, but currently little evidence
a hydrocarbon consisting of a benzene molecule with two methyl substituents. Used as a solvent and clearing agent. Manufactured by coal carbonisation for coke production
Will be mostly concentrated in areas of the site were coke production took place, and transfer pumping areas. In Shallow groundwater beneath made ground. Floats on water, so spread by surface run-off and into the canal. Present in Perch Water, made ground and underground storage tanks
Mildy toxic. Principal risk through inhalation. Phytotoxic
Highly flammable. Not highly toxic, however is classed as a moderate hazard so requires protective clothing and ventilation
Ethylbenzene
Xylene
* This group is often referred to as BTEX compounds. These elevated levels of aromatic hydrocarbons originate from industrial processes such as coatings, printing works manufacture, engineering works, gas works, oil refineries and solvent recovery works.
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4. List of Site Contaminants 4.3. Asbestos Fig.7. Asbestos Table Contaminant
Contaminant Details
Asbestos
A naturally occuring silicate mineral, thin fibrous crystals. Popular insulation product in the late 19th century for tensile strenght, sound absorption and resistance to fire.
Location and Source
Present in made ground/top soil layer due to building demolition. Also present in waste disposal areas.
Potential Threats
Further Comments
Toxic. Carcinogenic. Principal risk through inhalation.
Prolonged inhalation of asbestos fibres is highly linked to the development of lung cancer and asbestosis, resulting in its banned use and extraction in the EU
Fig.8 and 9. Waste present on-site, suspected to be contaminated with the presence of Asbestos
Fig.10 and 11. Water Purifying Ineceptor Tanks
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5. Tabulated Linkages 5.1. Potential Pathways and Receptors Fig.12. Direct and In-direct Pathways Receptor
Direct Pathways
Indirect Pathways
People (Human Health) and Animals
Direct Contact, Dermal Absorption, soil injection
Inhalation of dust/vapours, ingestion of water/vegetables, migration of hazardous gases/vapours via permeable strata
Controlled Waters
Spillage/loss/run off to water body
Migration via permeable unsaturated strata, run-off via drainage/sewers
Buildings and Structures
Direct contact with contaminated soils
Migration of hazardous gases/vapours via permeable strata
Fig.13. Potential Site Pathways and Receptors Potential Pathway Surface Water
Dust - Vapour Inhalation Ingestion
Potential Receptor Maintenance workers, Trespassers, vegetation, wildlife Maintenance workers, Local Residents, Trespassers, wildlife
Comments Exposure through short-term contact on-site Exposure on and around the site through aerobic respiration
Maintenance workers, Local Exposure only from on-site contact Residents, Trespassers, wildlife
Dermal Contact
Maintenance Workers, Trespassers, wildlife
Exposure only from on-site contact
Drains
Sewage works
Contaminants may migrate through pipes and affect a wider area of residents
Aquatic life in the River and Canal, Residents off-site through contaminated pipes
Migrating through surface run-off and groundwater. May affect crops due to soil contamination, harming residents. River and canal may transport contaminants to great distances
Migration through soil/groundwater
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5. Tabulated Linkages 5.2. Tabulated Conceptual Model Fig.14. Tabulated Conceptual Model Heavy Metals (Arsenic, lead, copper) Human Health
Receptors/Pathways
VOC's (Benzene, Ethylbenzene, xylene)
Dermal Contact Dust Inhalation Vapour Inhalation
Ingestion of Contaminated water
Surface Water
Waters
Drains
Asbestos
Comments
VOC's may become toxic vapours if set alight by trespassers. Ingestion of soil and dust may transport heavy metals and asbestos. VOC's and Heavy Metals may cause harm in ingested water, however asbestos is not water soluble Depending on water and soil pH levels, Heavy Metals may be water soluble. Xylene is highly mobile in ground and surface water. However asbestos may not travel this way
Buildings Direct Contact with Rubble/Foundations
Disturbance of rubble may release Asbestos into the air with the threat of inhalation
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6. Remediation and Mitigation 6.1. The Need for Remediation The site is currently undergoing a planning application for remediation and subsequent housing development. Remediation of brownfield land previously used for industrial processes which may potentially pose significant risks to the health of the public is essential. Therefor an efficient and thorough remediation strategy must be arranged to ensure these threats are minimalized. The Government’s ‘suitable for use’ planning policy, with respect to land affected by historic contamination: • Ensures land is suitable for its current use; • Ensures land is made suitable for planned future use(s); and • Limits the scope of remediation to that necessary to mitigate unacceptable risks. The adoption of this policy ensures suitable resolution of the various environmental, social and economic needs with respect to the contaminants on site.
Fig.15. Proposed Housing Development on the Croda Site 6.2. The Environment Agency Model Procedures (CLR11) a framework in which the assessment of all sites of land affected by contamination should be carried out. In accordance with their site assessment criteria, the Croda site has been identified as a ‘High Risk’ area. High risk Harm is likely to arise to a designated receptor from an identified hazard at the site without remediation action. Realisation of the risk is likely to present a substantial liability to the site owner/or occupier. Investigation is required as a matter of urgency to clarify the risk. Remediation works may be necessary in the short-term and are likely over the longer term.
Fig.16. Scale of Risk Assessment Table Page 12
6. Remediation and Mitigation 6.3. Water Remediation • Pump and Treat: Involves the pumping out of contaminated groundwater through a submersible vacuum, extracting/absorbing contaminants and thus purifying the groundwater. However this method is provides only a short-term solution and therefore may not be considered suitable for the site post-development. • Reedbeds: May provide a more naturalistic and long-term sustainable solution for removing contaminants entering the canal and river. This may also enhance the ecological and social value of the site post-development. • Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRB): A method acquiring a swell-able, organically-modified silica injected underground in situ. This establishes a permanent soft barrier in the ground, which groundwater filters through and the silica material absorbs contaminants. However this is considered to be a costly procedure so must only be used in extreme circumstances. • Air sparging: Involves blowing air directly into the ground water, forming bubbles which rise along with the contaminants. The contaminants are stripped from the groundwater by contact with the air, to be transported into the upper unsaturated zone (soil). In situ Soil Vapour Extraction (Explained in 6.4.) is then implemented to remove harmful vapours.
6.4. Soil Remediation • In situ Soil Vapour Extraction: Involves the removal of contaminants through cleansing with air or steam, working to separate soil vapours into liquids and gases for further necessary ex situ treatment. This method is quick and highly effective, however it is considered unsustainable and relatively expensive, so must only be considered in high risk circumstances. • In/Ex situ Capping of Subaqueous wastes: Involves isolating highly contaminated waste from the surrounding environment, through a layer of soil and material, preventing further spread of waste product. This has long-term effects and eliminates high risks of dermal contact, migration through groundwater/surface run-off and deadly VOC vapours. • Ex situ Waste Disposal: Remaining waste such as building debris containing asbestos, rubble, and excess bitumen must be removed from site and disposed of safely.
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6. Remediation and Mitigation 6.5. Mitigation The act of Mitigation is to lessen the intensity of negative impacts resulting from a proposal, before development commences. In terms of land remediation this involves the lessening of negative environmental, social/health and visual effects which are a result of land contamination and remediation. For developing an effective and reliable mitigation strategy a number of key components and must be addressed, in order to avoid potential dilemmas. In accordance with the Environmental Agency’s publication ‘Guidance for the Safe Development of Housing on Land Affected by Contamination’ (2008) a mitigation scheme must consider: • Effectiveness: Is it likely to reach targets and meet standards specified by governmental regulations? • Practicality: Is it feasible with the available resources at hand? • Cost-effectiveness: Can it be achieved within a realistic and precise budget? • Long-term Maintenance: Will it require further monitoring and aftercare? Can it be accommodated effectively within the required budget? 6.6. Case Study: The Whyalla steelworks, Australia The Llanwern plant at Whyalla represented the first reed bed technology trial on coke oven effluent. Through a soil-based reed bed system, the effluent is cleansed through the biologically active soil and roots of an expanse of reeds, and then drains through a pipe at the base of the bed. After successful trials a large scale system was constructed and commissioned in 1997. This system involved the adaptation of the plants and biological life within the system to pollutants in the wastewater.
The reed bed waste water treatment system provided a low cost solution, with low maintenance and additives, to the coke oven discharge problems. Furthermore it has also significantly enhanced the environmental value of the site. As mentioned in Remediation, reedbeds could be a viable option for the Croda site. Not only will they aid in the removal of harmful contaminants in soil and water but also bring multiple benefits both environmentally and socially. With this in mind, reedbeds along the river and canal could be ideal as a mitigation solution in the likely case of housing development going ahead on site.
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7. Conclusion Throughout this report a variety of potential risks and effects have been identified, being assessed for their potential severity in the likely situation of future housing development. • Phase 1: the process and activities involved in hazard identification and assessment; • Phase 2: the process and activities involved in risk estimation and evaluation; • Phase 3: the process and activities involved in remediation; design, implementation and verification. A series of effective remediation and mitigation tactics have been suggested and analysed, to ensure that potential threats are minimised to meet satisfactory standards set by Governmental objectives and Environmental Agency guidance. Nonetheless the problem does not stop with remediation as further maintenance, upkeep and management is required to ensure the safety of human health and local ecology. Through meeting all of these objectives, the fate of the site can be successfully safeguarded, and thus ensuring a positive and prosperous future for the Croda site.
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8. Bibliography Online PDF Harrison, A. (2008) THE LAND REMEDIATION YEARBOOK 2008: A GUIDE TO GUIDANCE. [e-book] the Environmental Industries Commission. http://www.eic-yearbook.co.uk/docs/doc_022_guide.pdf [Accessed: 14/04/2013]. Unknown. (2008) Guidance for the Safe Development of Housing on Land Affected by Contamination R&D66: 2008 Volume 1. [e-book] NHBC and Environment Agency. http://a0768b4a8a31e106d8b050dc802554eb38a24458b98ff72d550b.r19.cf3.rackcdn.com/sr-dpub66-e-e.pdf [Accessed: 10/04/2013]. Unknown. (2007) Swinton Former Croda Bitumen Works: Draft Canal Impact Assessment Report. [e-book] Leeds: Woodford Group. http://roam.rotherham.gov.uk/PlanNet/documentstore%5CROUP%20CANAL%20IMPACT%20 ASSESS_01_1.PDF [Accessed: 12/04/2013]. Unknown. (2011) PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT FORMER CRODA BITUMEN WORKS CARLISLE STREET SWINTON, ROTHERHAM PLANNING APPLICATION BY GLEESON HOMES & REGENERATION TRANSPORT ASSESSMENT. [e-book] Rotherham: http://roam.rotherham.gov.uk/PlanNet/ documentstore%5CTRANSPORT%20ASSESSMENT_01_1.PDF [Accessed: 05/04/2013]. Unknown. (2013) Solidification of contaminated sewage sludge - Luggie Glen. [e-book] UK Spill Contractors. http://www.soilutions.co.uk/wp-content/themes/thesis/custom/media/Case_Study_Soilutions_North_Lanarkshire. pdf [Accessed: 12/04/2013]. Websites Geoinc.org (2008) Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) and C3 Technology the Low Cost Soil Remediation Solution. [online] Available at: http://www.geoinc.org/soil_vapor_extraction.php [Accessed: 16 Apr 2013]. Mecx.net (n.d.) In-Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) | Remediation Services | MECX. [online] Available at: http:// mecx.net/links/in-situ_chemical_oxidation.html [Accessed: 16 Apr 2013]. Images Fig.8. Waste present on-site, suspected to be contaminated with the presence of Asbestos (Image) Swinton Former Croda Bitumen Works: Draft Canal Impact Assessment Report. [e-book] Leeds: Woodford Group. http:// roam.rotherham.gov.uk/PlanNet/documentstore%5CROUP%20CANAL%20IMPACT%20ASSESS_01_1.PDF [Accessed: 12/04/2013]. Fig.9. Waste present on-site, suspected to be contaminated with the presence of Asbestos (Image) Swinton Former Croda Bitumen Works: Draft Canal Impact Assessment Report. [e-book] Leeds: Woodford Group. http:// roam.rotherham.gov.uk/PlanNet/documentstore%5CROUP%20CANAL%20IMPACT%20ASSESS_01_1.PDF [Accessed: 12/04/2013]. Fig.10. Water Purifying Ineceptor Tanks (Image) Swinton Former Croda Bitumen Works: Draft Canal Impact Assessment Report. [e-book] Leeds: Woodford Group. http://roam.rotherham.gov.uk/PlanNet/ documentstore%5CROUP%20CANAL%20IMPACT%20ASSESS_01_1.PDF [Accessed: 12/04/2013]. Fig.11. Water Purifying Ineceptor Tanks (Image) Swinton Former Croda Bitumen Works: Draft Canal Impact Assessment Report. [e-book] Leeds: Woodford Group. http://roam.rotherham.gov.uk/PlanNet/ documentstore%5CROUP%20CANAL%20IMPACT%20ASSESS_01_1.PDF [Accessed: 12/04/2013]. Fig.15. Proposed Housing Development on the Croda Site (Image) Unknown. (2011) PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT FORMER CRODA BITUMEN WORKS CARLISLE STREET SWINTON, ROTHERHAM PLANNING APPLICATION BY GLEESON HOMES & REGENERATION TRANSPORT ASSESSMENT. [e-book] Rotherham: http://roam.rotherham.gov.uk/PlanNet/documentstore%5CTRANSPORT%20ASSESSMENT_01_1.PDF [Accessed: 05/04/2013].
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