Aditya Bhattacharya | Urban Planning Thesis Presentation | CEPT University

INFLUENCE OF PLANNED URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN KOLKATA’S PERI-URBAN AREAS A CASE OF MAHISHBATHAN GRAM PANCHAYAT

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216 DISSERTATION | THESIS

GUIDED BY: DR. ANURIMA MUKHERJEE BASU

DISSERTATION | THESIS | INFORMALITY IN KOLKATA’S FRINGES

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION

• INTRODUCTION – BACKGROUND, OBJECTIVES, METHODOLOGY • OBJECTIVE 01 – INTRODUCING THE STUDY REGION • OBJECTIVE 02 – UNDERSTANDING THE TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE STUDY REGION • OBJECTIVE 03 – UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCES IN THE STUDY REGION • CONCLUSION – REFLECTING BETWEEN SURVEYS AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS, ASPECTS SHOWING SCOPE FOR IMPROVEMENT, LIMITATIONS, REFERENCES

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

BACKGROUND & AIM OF THE THESIS High end housing (gated communities)

IT hub of Kolkata

Co-existence of planned and unplanned developments comprising informal settlements, representing typical rural characteristics (these regions were earlier Gram panchayats) in the periurban setting.

The study aims to assess and analyse the influence of planned urban developments on the surrounding villages in Kolkata’s peri-urban areas.

Need for the thesis –

Planned developments at Salt Lake

Unplanned developments showing rural characteristics in the erstwhile village areas.

Juxtaposition of rural and urban characteristics in the peri-urban context

Diversity within the study region (shown through multiple aspects) Economic inter-dependence DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVES OF THE THESIS To understand how the region has been influenced by planned urban developments in the vicinity by analysing the following -

OBJECTIVE 03

OBJECTIVE 01

OBJECTIVE 02

To understand the evolution of the study region with respect to the development in the surrounding region through -

To analyse the transformation of the study region and to understand the contrasting characteristics over a specific time frame

Secondary research –

Demographic growth –

To understand the differences within the study region in terms of certain parameters -

Occupational shift

To understand the shift in the occupational patterns.

Diversity in housing typology

Reviewing the existing reports and planned documents (LUDCP of New Town),

Calculating decadal and annual growth rate in the study region, based on certain parameters.

On the basis of certain aspects, at different locations in the study region.

Historical documentation –

Spatial growth –

Access to infrastructure

Analysing the administrative history (Bidhannagar / Initiation to Municipality to BMC)

Built up transformation from Satellite data (Google Earth) to understand densification.

To analyse the service levels within the study region.

Transportation characteristics

To analyse the transport links and connectivity between the study region and rest of the city.

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

METHODOLOGY / Objective 1 To understand the evolution of the study region with respect to the development in the surrounding areas

Activ ities

Methodology

Documentation

Method

Expected data types

Documentary analysis

Study and analyse existing online data, reports and existing plans (LUDCP)

Secondary qualitativ e and quantitativ e

Historical documentation

Documentary analysis from books and websites

Secondary qualitativ e and quantitativ e

On-site documentation

Observ ation based and photo-documentation only

Primary qualitativ e

Literature reviews

Urbanisation in I ndia | Peri-Urban interface in the I ndian context | History of the study region - a socialist and political v iew.

Primary qualitativ e

Interviews

I nterv iews with Ward councillors (Wards 27 and 28), Gram Panchayat Stakeholder interv iews (Key Primary qualitativ e and pradhan, Engineer at I rrigation department, Jalasampad bhawan, Salt person interv iews) quantitativ e Lake.

I nformal interactions

Documentation – Analytical, Historical On-site

DISSERTATION | THESIS

I nteraction with locals and elders in the region

Literature studies –

Urbanisation, Peri-urban interface, Socio-political history

Primary qualitativ e

Interviews –

KPIs Informal interactions ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

METHODOLOGY / Objective 2 To analyse the transformation of the study area and to understand the contrasting characteristics over a specific time frame.

Methodology

Activ ities

Demographic Growth

Method

Expected data types

Calculating annual growth rate (CAGR) in the study region from av ailable sources (Census data) based on certain parameters

Secondary quantitativ e

Cross-checking through KPI s (Ward councillors) and interactions with local residents.

Primary qualitativ e and quantitativ e

Assessing the built-up transformation from Satellite data (Google Earth) to understand densification through the years (2005-present)

Primary qualitativ e and quantitativ e

Cross-checking through KPI s (Ward councillors) and interactions with local residents.

Primary qualitativ e and quantitativ e

Spatial Growth

Demographic –

CAGR from census data, on parameters

• •

KPIs, interactions

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Spatial –

•

Built up transformation from Google Earth •

KPIs, interactions

Ward councillors office for the KPIs

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

METHODOLOGY / Objective 3 To understand the differences within the study region in terms of certain parameters.

Methodology

Activ ities Method

Expected data types

On-site documentation

Photo documentation and schematic representation (sketches and sections)

Primary qualitativ e

Rapid assessment (reconaissance) surv eys

Questionnaire surv eys (approximately 50) and few FGD's to understand physical conditions (housing typology), period of stay and prev ious location and occupation profile.

Primary qualitativ e and quantitativ e

Focussed group discussions

FGDs and indiv idual interv iews with local residents to hav e a comparativ e analysis at different locations within the study region, on the basis of certain parameters.

Primary qualitativ e and quantitativ e

Approximately 20 FGDs were conducted throughout the study region during March 2018

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 01

OBJECTIVE 1 To understand the evolution of the study region with respect to the development in the surrounding region Understanding the area historically and geographically

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 01 – INTRODUCING THE REGION AT THE METROPOLITAN LEVEL Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) 4 municipal corporations 38 municipalities Census towns, outgrowths and rural areas

Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation (BMC)

Geographical area:

60.5 Sq. Km. (3.2% of KMA) 6.33 lakh population (1.27% of KMA, 0.68% of WB population)

Map showing Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) boundary along with the 4 municipal corporations (highlighting Bidhannagar)

1.5 lakh

Approximately households

(Source: Retrieved from BMC Website, representation primary)

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 01 – LOCATING THE STUDY AREA GEOGRAPHICALLY THROUGH TIME / BMC to Study Region Rajarhat Gopalpur established as a municipality

1962 2008

New Town Kolkata Development Authority constituted under the NKDA Act in 2007 - New business centre to reduce pressure of existing CBD in central Kolkata - Increase supply of housing stock

Reclamation of Salt Lake region done to form a satellite township to relieve Kolkata’s population

1958 1965

2015 Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation

NEW TOWN

formed merging these existing municipal areas

Study region

Establishment of the Salt Lake Stadium (1984), leaving Dattabad residents homeless

1980 1984

Currently wards 27 and 28 of the BMC

‘Nabadiganta Industrial Township Authority’ (NDITA) came into existence

2006

Dattabad residents relocated to a planned resettlement colony Sukantonagar

DISSERTATION | THESIS

1984 1986

1995 2005 WETLANDS

Ensuring proper infrastructural development for setting up of industries and maintenance.

Bidhannagar Municipality was formed 23 wards and 5 sectors – 4 as residential and sector V as industrial.

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 01 – GEOGRAPHICALLY REPRESENTING THE STUDY REGION / Ward level South Dum-dum

Rajarhat Gopalpur

Salt Lake (Planned township sectors)

27 New Town

(Planned in Action Areas)

NDITA

(Planned industrial township) Previously Ward 1 of Bidhannagar Municipality (pre 2015)

Previously Mahishbathan II Gram Panchayat

28 27

Wetlands Locating the study area geographically, also showing planned developments in the surroundings Source: Google Maps

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 01 – GEOGRAPHICALLY REPRESENTING THE STUDY REGION / Mouza level Rajarhat Gopalpur

Salt Lake

Details of the study region (Wards 27 and 28):

Tarulia 0.47 sq. km.

Nayapatti 0.28 sq. km.

Mahishgot 0.19 sq. km.

NDITA

Polenite 0.28 sq. km.

Ward 28 – 1.06 sq. km.

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Villages comprised of mouzas

Mahishbathan 0.50 sq. km.

Ward 27 – 1.21 sq. km.

2.27 sq. km.

New Town

Wetlands

Thakdari 0.55 sq. km.

(MB II GP comprised of mouzas Tarulia, Mahishgot and Thakdari) Type of administrative district, corresponding to a specific land area within which there may be one or more settlements.

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 01 – SUMMARIZING THE OBJECTIVE / why this region is lagging behind its neighbours in terms of development Presence of proper Land Use Development Control Plans (LUDCP) in the surroundings

Rajarhat Gopalpur Municipality

New Town

Presence of LUDCP (even though it has not been revised since 1998)

Planned township post the 1990s. Sub-division of New Town’s boundary into action areas.

LUDCP formulated in 2012.

Regions of the New Town Planning Area (NTPA) covered under LUDCP

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Proposed land use as per LUDCP

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 01 – SUMMARIZING THE OBJECTIVE / why this region is lagging behind its neighbours in terms of development Properly planned townships – planned into sectors and blocks Salt Lake – planned by Yugoslav planners in the 1960s

Salt Lake

NDITA NDITA planned industrial township

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Aerial view of planned township Salt Lake

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 01 – SUMMARIZING THE OBJECTIVE / why this region is lagging behind its neighbours in terms of development

The study region does not fall in the above highlighted categories

No LUDCP for the study region There is no trace of this region even in KMC’s LUDCP or Rajarhat-Gopalpur’s LUDCP Lack of enforcement of regulations in the study area

Absence of any planning interventions in the region has led to unplanned developments DISSERTATION | THESIS

There is no LUDCP for Bidhannagar as it is already planned Also study region is not a part of the KMC boundary – therefore excluded from it.

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 02

OBJECTIVE 2 To analyse the transformation of the study region and to understand the contrasting characteristics over a specific time frame.

Analysing the growth demographically and spatially

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 02 / ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION

To analyse the transformation of the study region and to understand the contrasting characteristics over a specific time frame.

DEMOGRAPHIC GROWTH

SPATIAL GROWTH

Population growth

Macro-level : Study region and surroundings

Population density

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Mouza level

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION

Demographic profile – BMC level Municipal areas in BMC

Population (2011)

No. of households (2011)

Rajarhat Gopalpur (1-26)

400844

100698

Salt Lake (29-34, 37-41)

168427

38079

Most populated region in the BMC Densest region (18015 persons / sq. km.)

Occupies max. area

Earlier Gram Panchayats (presently wards 27 and 28)

34897

8602

NDITA

900

Not available

Rajarhat Gopalpur

22.25 sq. km.

63 %

Study region

6%

Accounts for approximately

6% of BMC’s population (5.6% of BMC’s households).

Salt Lake Ward 35 (Sukantanagar)

12481

2908

Ward 36 (Wetlands + Nabapally)

15458

3374

Total

633007

153661

Demographic profile – Population and number of households in BMC (2011) Source: BMC website

27 %

Slightly lower density than Rajarhat – Gopalpur (14900 persons/sq. km.)

Comparatively lesser area

11.31 sq. km.

DISSERTATION | THESIS

NDITA + Sukantanagar + Wetlands

4%

Sukanto Nagar (rehabilitation housing) has a staggering high density, due to constant population influx.

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / In terms of Population Growth

Ward No.

27 (Previously Mahishbathan II Gram Panchayat)

Mouzas

Thakdari Mahishgot Tarulia Total

2001

2011

Annual growth in population (%)

Population

Population

Population

3114 3607 2973 9694

4247 7224 4278 15749

3.2 7.2 3.7

5038

19148

14.3

5038

19148

14.3

Study region

Total

14732

34897

9.0

Lev el

Region

2001 population

2011 population

Annual growth in population (%)

Rajarhat Gopalpur municipality

2,71,824

4,02,844

4.0

Bidhannagar / Salt Lake

1,28,374

1,68,427

2.8

Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA)

DISSERTATION | THESIS

population growth – 3.2

1,32,10,000

1,41,12,536

5%

7.2%

14.3 %

4%

Rajarhat-Gopalpur municipality, has a much higher growth rate than Salt Lake,

(CAGR)

0.7

%

Mahishgot’s population doubled (2001-2011) Annually, Mahishgot experienced maximum rise in Ward 27 –

5.0

28 (Previously Ward 1 of Bidhannagar Municipality pre2015)

4 Municipal Corporations + 38 municipalities + Panchayat Areas

Thakdari experienced least

(CAGR)

Nayapatti Mahishbathan Polenite Total

Planned developments in the vicinity

9%

but comparatively lower than the study region.

RG

SL

2.8%

Growth rate in KMA is only 0.7%

- Huge range of diversity within the KMA, - Increase in Census towns - Economic stagnation in Kolkata

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / In terms of Population Density Population Population density in 2001 density in 2011 (persons/sq.km) (persons/sq.km)

Ward No.

Mouzas

Area (sq. km.)

27 (Previously

Thakdari Mahishgot Tarulia

0.55 0.19 0.47

3114 3607 2973

4247 7224 4278

5661.8 18984.2 6325.5

7721.8 38021.1 9102.1

Total

1.21

9694

15749

8011.6

13015.7

Nayapatti Mahishbathan Polenite

0.28 0.5 0.28

5038

19148

4752.8

18064.2

Total

1.06

5038

19148

4752.8

18064.2

Study region

Total

2.27

14732

34897

6489.9

15373.1

Lev el

Region

Mahishbathan II Gram Panchayat)

28 (Previously Ward 1 of Bidhannagar Municipality pre-2015)

Planned developments in the vicinity

Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA)

2001

2011

Area (sq.

2001 2011 km.) population population

Population Population density in 2001 density in 2011 (persons/sq.km) (persons/sq.km)

22.25

2,71,824

4,02,844

12216.8

18105.3

Bidhannagar / Salt Lake

11.31

1,28,374

1,68,427

11350.5

14891.9

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Multiplied

2.4 times

Ward 27

1.6 times Ward 28

Rajarhat Gopalpur municipality

4 Municipal Corporations + 38 municipalities + Panchayat Areas

Population density in the study region 2001 - 2011

4 times

Rajarhat Gopalpur

1.5 times Highest population density, % increase is more in the study region

Salt Lake

1851.41 1886.87

1.3 times 1,32,10,000 1,41,12,536

7135.1

7479.3

KMA - 1.04 times Narrowly increased

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 02 / ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION

To analyse the transformation of the study region and to understand the contrasting characteristics over a specific time frame.

DEMOGRAPHIC GROWTH

SPATIAL GROWTH

Population growth

Macro-level : Study region and surroundings

Population density

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Mouza level

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Macro-level

2005 Vacant lands predominantly for farming.

Salt Lake is similar as from 1960s. No major developments.

New Town has acres of vacant land with plots marked for future development.

Sector V in nascent stage.

Study region mostly green.

Sporadic developments in the wetlands.

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Macro-level

2011

Slight traces of developments

Stagnant in terms of spatial growth.

New Town: Sporadic developments

NDITA also developing.

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Increase in built up area in the study region

Vacant lands with traces of built up area

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Macro-level

2017

Rajarhat Gopalpur Municipality: Over-densified

Sporadic new developments in the extremes of New Town.

New Town: Massive transformation – max. increase in built up areas (plotted development).

NDITA fully developed from 2006 to 2017.

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Reduced green areas, increased built up areas.

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE GROWTH OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Selecting the mouzas Spatial growth at the mouza level:

Nayapatti (Ward 28)

Mahishbathan (Ward 28)

Polenite (Ward 28)

Reasons for only showing spatial growth patterns in these 3 mouzas – - All these three mouzas have experienced the highest population growth from 2001 to 2011 (280% decadal growth and 14.3% annual growth as statistically shown in demographic analysis earlier).

- Additionally, all of these mouzas have undergone enormous physical transformation during the given time frame, specifically highlighting the years 2005, 2011 and 2017 respectively.

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Polenite

2005 PN

High % of greencover Kachha village road

Vacant land with plot boundaries

Typical rural characteristics in peri-urban setting

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Polenite

2011 PN

Road still kachha

Increase in settlements

Initiation of new projects

Decrease in rural characteristics, new urbanisation patterns

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Polenite

2017 PN

Kachha + Semi Pakka

Pakka (G+2/3/4)

Kachha village road to tar road

G+22 highrise – Ideal Aqua Heights.

Panache (G+20)

Green cover reducing settlements increasing

Highrise G+22 Vacant land

Upcoming highrises

Rapid urbanisation throughout Polenite

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Mahishbathan

2005 MB

2011 MB

High % of green cover Vacant green cover

Predominantly vacant green areas throughout the mouza

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Densification – Increase in settlements

Vacant green cover converted to settlements

Increase in settlements throughout the mouza

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Mahishbathan

2017 MB

Kachha and Semi Pakka housing along the canalfront Densification – Pakka + Serviced + Private land Patches of settlements, erstwhile vacant green cover

Rapid densification throughout

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Pakka housing – G+2/3 in the interiors, Private land, Serviced.

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Nayapatti

2005 NP

No settlements along the canal front

Vacant land Predominantly kachha and semi-pakka

Sector V in nascent stage

Patches of pakka housing

Vacant green spaces, patchy settlements & upcoming transport links

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Patches of pakka and semi-pakka

Construction of connecting New Town flyover underway

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Nayapatti

2011 NP

Rise in settlements along the canal front

New upcoming developments

Up-gradation of kachha to semi-pakka and semipakka to pakka

Rapid Densification

Sector V in developing stage

Densifications and up-gradations ; Operational transport links

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Upgradations on private land

New Town flyover operational

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Nayapatti

2017 NP Nayapatti Ground

Extreme densification along the canal front

Completely Pakka serviced housing, no vacant land

Semi Pakka + Pakka

Kachha + Semi Pakka

Total densification

Pakka

Total region filled by pakka housing, no vacant spaces

Predominantly private land

Pakka housing – G+2/3 in theNew interiors, TownPrivate flyoverland, is oneServiced. of the busiest connectors in the region

Completely densification throughout the mouza

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 02 – CORRELATING BETWEEN DEMOGRAPHIC AND SPATIAL GROWTH There are many reasons why major transformations took place in the study region, during this phase, where both there was an increase in population, density as well as an increase in the built up area -

2005

Influence of New Town New Town Mahishgot

Upcoming developments in New Town also influenced Mahishgot (caused an increase in the built-up of Mahishgot 2005-2011-2017) Another instance of how demographic and spatial growth happened, as Mahishgot’s population doubled between 2001 to 2011 (3607 to 7224).

2011

2017 New Town Mahishgot

DISSERTATION | THESIS

New Town Mahishgot

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 02 – CORRELATING BETWEEN DEMOGRAPHIC AND SPATIAL GROWTH There are many reasons why major transformations took place in the study region, during this phase, where both there was an increase in population, density as well as an increase in the built up area -

2005

Concentration along the canal front Densification taking place along the canal-front (especially in Mahishbathan after 2009 Aila Cyclone) between 2005-2011-2017 – Primary instance of both demographic and spatial growth in the study region.

Shown earlier in demographic – population growth in ward 28 is 14% (highest) and densifying rapidly (4 times from 2001 to 2011)

2011

DISSERTATION | THESIS

2017

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 03

OBJECTIVE 3 To understand the differences within the study region in terms of certain parameters The parameters include occupational shift, diversity in housing typology, access to infrastructure and transportation characteristics

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 03 – LOCATING THE STRETCHES AND SPOTS FOR THE FOCUSSED GROUP DISCUSSIONS Nayapatti

Map showing locations for the focussed group discussions

2 (canal front) + 1 (interiors)

3 (canal front) + 2 (interiors)

Mahishbathan

Mahishgot

No. of FGDs:

No. of FGDs:

3 (canal front) + 2 (interiors)

1 (canal front) + 2 (interiors)

Polenite

All the focussed group discussions were done subject to availability of people (at least 3 people).

In the case where groups were not available, individual discussions were done and the answers were accumulated.

All FGDs were done during 10th to 17th March 2018.

Thakdari No. of FGDs:

No. of FGDs:

1 (canal front) + 1 (interiors)

2 (canal front) + 1 (interiors)

DISSERTATION | THESIS

FGD details:

No. of FGDs:

No. of FGDs:

General groups of people interacted with include:

Tarulia

Residents • Inside homes • Congregating outside

Local club members Local clubs for individual localities / stretches

Shopkeepers & local vendors

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 03 – LOCATING THE STRETCHES AND SPOTS FOR THE FOCUSSED GROUP DISCUSSIONS

Ward No.

Mouza name

Stretch name (canal-front)

Nayapatti

Nazrulpalli

Mahishbathan

Udayanpalli

Polenite

Lohapool-Polenite Market-Polenite football groundMajhipara

28

Tarulia 27

Mahishgot Thakdari

Keshtopur Sukantopalli Krishnopur Main Road Thakdari Road

Group description Residents, local club members Residents, shopkeepers

Stretch name (interiors) Nayapatti Main road Tarun Sangha club, Baroary Tala Area

Residents, local Near Polenite Kali club members Mandir Residents, shopkeepers Shopkeepers Shopkeepers

Patra Para, Tarulia 1st lane Mahishgot Moktarbari Thakdari Panchayat Road

Group description Residents, shopkeepers Residents, local club members

Residents

Residents Residents Residents

Stretches and groups for the FGDs are specified as follows

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 03 – UNDERSTANDING TIME FRAMES OF SETTLEMENTS Nayapatti

Canal-front: 10-15 yrs old Interiors: 35-40 yrs old

Canal front : 10-15 yrs old Interiors: 40-50 yrs old

Developed in conjunction with Nayapatti (along similar time frames)

Development coinciding with NDITA’s development

Mahishbathan

Canal front : 10-15 yrs old Interiors: 60-

Canal-front: 8-10 yrs old Interiors: 10-15 yrs old.

70 yrs old

Mahishgot

Newest mouza in the study region, developing along with the surrounding New Town

Mahishbathan is the oldest mouza in the study region

Polenite

Tarulia

Canal-front: 8-10 yrs old Interiors: 40-50 yrs old.

Canal front : 5-10 yrs old Interiors: 25-30 yrs old.

Thakdari

Shops along the canal front are relatively new, Interiors are relatively old

Relatively new mouza, very recent developments throughout

Inferences: Canal-front in both the wards was vacant land in 2005 (also shown in spatial growth)

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Oldest –

Mahishbathan Newest -

Mahishgot

Thakdari and Mahishgot development at the canal-front almost identical – same time frame, similar land use (shops)

Nayapatti and Mahishbathan at the canal-front settlements established at the same time.

Polenite is developing along 3 different time frames –

Canal-front developing stage, Pakka housing relatively old, Highrises still under construction.

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 03 – UNDERSTANDING OCCUPATIONAL SHIFTS TARULIA & MAHISHGOT

NAYAPATTI & MAHISHBATHAN Previous occupation: Fishing/farming not very prevalent earlier, People involved in non agricultural activities mostly.

Current occupation: Predominantly non-agricultural activities,

Previous occupation:

Predominantly agrarian and fishing -

At nearby planned developments New Town, Salt Lake, Sector V & at Nayapatti market (main market in the region).

Agriculture in the nearby bheries and in other parts of WB/Bangladesh (Khulna, Rajshahi).

Distance from the bheries affects the occupational patterns in the region.

Previous occupation:

Fishing in bheries and agriculture at

Sunderbans, Bakkhali, Sonarpur, other mouzas (Kochpukur, Hatigacha)

Current occupation:

Polenite and Thakdari were earlier agriculture and fishing based in terms of occupation, because of proximity to the bheries.

In offices as labour class (peons, sweepers, housekeeping) in Sector V; In shops at Nayapatti market and along the canal-front in Mahishgot and Thakdari also.

THAKDARI Previous occupation:

Primary sector

Daily labourers in residences at NT/Salt Lake, labour/clerical workers in offices at Sector V, fishing/farming also at the bheries & EKW.

(predominantly agriculture and fishing) in the nearby bheries in the current NTPA and EKW. Now predominantly shifted to secondary and tertiary, still traces of fishing in polenite.

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Daily labourers in New Town, Baguihati, Dum Dum;

Agriculturally dominant earlier, presently more into the labour class

Up-gradation in terms of quality of work as we mve towards the interiors from the canal-front.

POLENITE

Current occupation:

Current occupation: Secondary and Tertiary sector - standard of occupation (type of work and income) is much better in the interiors than along the canal front. New location of workplaces include Salt Lake, New Town and Sector V.

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 03 – UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY IN TERMS OF HOUSING TYPOLOGY LAND USE

HOUSING TYPOLOGY

Along the canal-front : Kutcha and Semi Pakka

Along the interiors : Pakka G+2/3 (left)

Along the Keshtopur canal-front– Predominantly residential, some instances of mixed land use (shops)

Outlier: Polenite G+20 (right)

LAND OWNERSHIP

TAX PAYMENT

Along the canal front, the land belongs to the irrigation dept. (canal land).

Along the canal-front : No tax is paid, as the people there do not own the land,

Along the interiors, mostly private land, which is bought / inherited by the current generations.

Interiors: Tax paid as land is privately owned.

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Upper floors residential (owned, rented)

Ground floor Shops

Interior regions – Mixed land use predominantly

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 03 – UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY IN TERMS OF HOUSING TYPOLOGY HOME OWNERSHIP

TARULIA & MAHISHGOT

NAYAPATTI & MAHISHBATHAN

Canal-front:

Canal-front: Encroaching on canal land, no governmental proof of residence.

Encroaching on canal land, no governmental proof of residence.

Interiors:

Interiors:

Rentals is a very profitable secondary source of income (Monthly average rent approx. INR 1500-2500).

- Rental accommodation extremely prevalent - very profitable secondary source of income.

The rent depends on – - Quality and size (1 BHK / 2 BHK) of the units;

- Most of the young IT professionals working in Sector V prefer to live here in the rental units (1BHK/2BHK) because of the cheap rents and proximity (walking distance) to NDITA (Rent ranges from INR 1500-2000 to 5500-6000).

- Location of the units (proximity to New Town implies higher rents).

Inferences: New Town

Rental housing in the study region – Most prevalent in the interior regions of

Nayapatti, Mahishbathan and Mahishgot

(due to proximity to NDITA and

New Town

respectively).

The entire building is rented out

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Tarulia and Mahishgot

Influence of New Town promoting high-rises and G+4 buildings in the surroundings (Mahishgot)

Right: New floors added over time (up-gradation) – mostly in the interior regions (private lands) of the mouzas Left : New constructions coming up at rapid rates in the interior regions

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 03 – ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE / Water Supply / Garbage collection / Toilets • Available through tube wells and municipal taps (ground water) : Time based 2-3 times a day.

TARULIA

NAYAPATTI

• Most of the houses have individual and community tubewells.

• Limited scope of surface water (BMC tankers).

• Some regions in the interiors also avail benefits of NKDA tankers for drinking water.

New Town

• Lack of availability of drinking water poses serious issues.

• Shops selling through large water containers.

• Water from BMC thrice a day (timekol)

MAHISHGOT

MAHISHBATHAN

Very good condition because of New Town influence

Faces serious issues in drinking water THAKDARI

POLENITE

• Available from tube wells (ground water) : 2-3 times a day.

• Limited scope of surface water (BMC tankers).

• Depend also on other sources for drinking water.

Faces issues sometimes in drinking water – but not as severe as MB or NP.

• Predominantly from tubewells and timekol.

• Most of the houses have tubewells and tap water.

• The deep interiors avail benefits of the NKDA tankers for drinking water sometimes.

Good condition – New Town tankers accessible from certain regions only.

On the overall, Ward 27 is in a better condition in terms of water supply as compared to ward 28 This is solely due to the influence of the newly planned township of New Town in the vicinity.

Drinking water bought from these containers

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 03 – ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE / Water Supply / Garbage collection / Toilets Ward No.

Mode of disposal/collection Mouza name

Disposed at the canalfront

Community dumping

BMC trolleys

Tendency of people liv ing near the canal front to dump their w aste.

Mostly done, presence of bins near Nayapatti market.

No

Mahishbathan

Mostly disposed off at the canalfront.

No - there is an absence of bins nearby

No

Polenite

Rarely disposed at the canalfront.

Main form of w aste collection

I n some regions only

Tarulia

Mostly disposed off at the canalfront.

Main form of w aste collection

No

Mahishgot

No disposal at the canal-front

Main form of w aste collection (BMC and NKDA bins both in close proximity).

Door to door collection also takes place in the interior regions

Main form of w aste collection

Door to door collection also takes place in the interior regions

Nayapatti

28

27

Thakdari

No disposal at the canal-front

Waste disposed at the canal-front

Community dump

BMC Trolleys for door to door waste collection

Mahishbathan and Nayapatti in Ward 28 face severe issues | Mahishgot is the most effective in terms of waste collection DISSERTATION | THESIS

TARULIA

MAHISHGOT

Apart from the canal-front area, there are no issues in terms of waste disposal

Highly effective in terms of garbage collection

THAKDARI

One of the most effective mouzas in terms of garbage collection

NAYAPATTI

POLENITE

Faces moderate issues, solely due to the garbage dumped on the canal-front.

One of the most effective mouzas in terms of garbage collection

MAHISHBATHAN

Faces severe issues

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 03 – ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE / Water Supply / Garbage collection / Toilets • Along the canal front: Shared toilets, have been collectively built by 3-4 families,

TARULIA

• Predominance of individual throughout the mouza.

NAYAPATTI

• Interior regions: Mostly individual toilets.

MAHISHGOT

MAHISHBATHAN

POLENITE

Along the canal-front: Most of the shared and individual toilets are self-financed.

These were either built by individuals or a group of 3-4 families.

Along the interiors: Toilets are predominantly individual and built along with the people’s homes.

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Good condition, even along the canal-front the shared toilets are recently built and clean.

toilets

• Due to the proximity to New Town, the community toilets in New Town are also being used by people from Mahishgot and Tarulia.

New Town

Scope of improvement along the canal front (Toilets integrated with units)

Shared toilets along the canal front in Nayapatti and Mahishbathan (Ward 28)

• Along the canal front, few shared toilets.

THAKDARI

Toilets in very good condition – proximity to New Town is influential

Along the interiors, the provision of toilets by the government is upgraded and improved by the individuals themselves, by self-financed methods.

Also, individual toilets in the interiors

Good condition, less dependence on community toilets

Apart from the canal-front regions which are encroached, toilets in rest of the study region is predominantly individual.

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 03 – TRANSPORT LINKS Ward 28

Canal-front

I nteriors

Ward 27

Canal-front

I nteriors

General modes of transport

No vehicles apart from cycles and scooters can enter this lane. No other form of public transport is av ailable.

Priv ate v ehicles, autos, cycle rickshaw s, totos, taxis. IPT is one of the main modes of transportation.

General modes of transport

Buses, auto-rickshaws, toto / battery car. How ev er in Tarulia along the canal-front, no mode of transport is av ailable.

Auto-rickshaws, toto / battery car, cycle and cycle rickshaws.

Right of Way (ROW)

2-3 metres - Because of the minimal ROW in the road surrounding the canal front, no v ehicles can enter.

6-8 metres w ide

The nearest bus stop is Technopolis bus stop in Sector V (show n in Accessibility red circle 1) to bus stops Walking distance < 500 metres

Wards 28 and 27 showing the locations of the bus stops (marked in red)

The road along the canal-front is w ide enough 6-8 metres for buses ROW approx 6 metres to ply. Buses (12C/2 and 215) Buses do not ply on the Right of Way connect Aquatica-Loha Poolinterior roads, but autos, (ROW) Tarulia Keshtopur, ply on this road totos and NMT (cycles and (Thakdari to Mahishgot to Tarulia cycle rickshaw s) do. and beyond to w ard 26/Hanapara).

Accessibility to bus stops

The nearest bus stops are Lohapool Bus Stop at the intersection betw een Mahishgot and Thakdari (show n in red circle 2).

The nearest bus stop to Tarulia is Jyotinath High School bus stop (show n in red circle 3).

Inferences: In ward 28, due to low ROW along the canal-front, walking is the suitable option; Along the interiors due to higher ROW, IPT is preferred.

In ward 27, the canal road is wide enough for buses to ply on. Also, IPT is preferred in the interiors.

All the modes of transport plying within the study region – Private, Public, IPT, NMT

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Bus stops are easily accessible from the study region (walking distance)

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBJECTIVE 3 – SUMMARIZING THROUGH FINDINGS – OBTAINED FROM THE FOCUSSED GROUP DISCUSSIONS NAYAPATTI

TARULIA

Situation of Nayapatti improved after Sector V got formed in 2006, as its proximity to Sector V helped in terms of more rental housing for the young IT professionals.

Proximity to the planned residential township, New Town, has influenced its development to a large extent.

However, drinking water and limited water supply is a serious issue faced here, especially during monsoons.

MAHISHBATHAN

MAHISHGOT

Historically, Mahishbathan is the oldest mouza in the study region.

infrastructure (services).

Mahishbathan has the highest number of settlements along the canal-front (encroaching without land tenure).

Polenite has co-existence of all housing typologies ranging from kutcha to semi pakka to pakka to even G+20 highrises.

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Similar to Tarulia, the proximity to New Town has positively influenced Mahishgot - Key activities in Mahishgot are highly influenced by New Town.

Highly developed in terms of

Services are a major issue here.

Polenite is the only mouza, which still has POLENITE ponds in the interiors for fishing activities, predominantly because of its proximity to the wetlands.

Tarulia is one of the mouzas, which are predominant in non-agricultural activities.

THAKDARI

Mahishgot and Thakdari are 2 mouzas, which have a predominance of commercial establishments along the canal front.

The interior regions show similarity in terms of residential settlements to Polenite

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

CONCLUSION

•

Reflecting between surveys and spatial analysis

•

Aspects showing scope for improvement

•

Limitations of the study

•

References

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

REFLECTING BETWEEN THE SURVEY DATA AND THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS (2001 – PRESENT): Surrounding developments

1995 Bidhannagar Municipality

Industrial township authority

Planned residential township

Merged new entity

2006

2008

2015

NDITA

New Town

BMC

Surrounding developments

1995

2018

Study region

2003

2010

2008 Nayapatti, Mahishbathan, Tarulia Canal front developments

10-15 years old

Polenite

2013 Thakdari, Mahishgot

Canal front developments

8-10 years old

Coinciding timeline of developments between surrounding developments (obtained from secondary sources) and

DISSERTATION | THESIS

study region (obtained from reconnaissance surveys & FGDs) ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

REFLECTING BETWEEN THE SURVEY DATA AND THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS (2001 – PRESENT): Correlating the timeline for the study region (obtained from surveys) to spatial growth

Canal-front settlements from 20032008 period

2005

Mahishbathan Mahishgot

Mahishgot

[Primary surveys]

Mahishbathan Interiors had settlements 50-60 years old [Primary surveys]

DISSERTATION | THESIS

Not established

[Primary surveys]

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

REFLECTING BETWEEN THE SURVEY DATA AND THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS (2001 – PRESENT):

2008 2009

Nascent stage for New Town in 200809, canal-front also in nascent stages

Mahishbathan Mahishgot

[Primary surveys]

Mahishgot

Mahishbathan Densification after NDITA and Aila Cyclone 2005-2009

[Primary surveys]

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

REFLECTING BETWEEN THE SURVEY DATA AND THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS (2001 – PRESENT):

2013

Mahishbathan Mahishgot

Mahishgot

Population doubled between 2001 to 2011

Mahishbathan

Massive densification especially due to NDITA’s growing influence 2009 - 2013

Growing influence of New Town from 2010 - 2013 [Primary surveys]

[Primary surveys]

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

REFLECTING BETWEEN THE SURVEY DATA AND THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS (2001 – PRESENT):

2005

Polenite Thakdari

Thakdari

Polenite

Canal front settlements formed after 2008-2009

[Primary surveys]

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

REFLECTING BETWEEN THE SURVEY DATA AND THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS (2001 – PRESENT):

2009

Polenite Thakdari

Thakdari

Polenite

Canal front settlements formed after 2008-2009

[Primary surveys]

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

REFLECTING BETWEEN THE SURVEY DATA AND THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS (2001 – PRESENT):

2013

Polenite Thakdari

Thakdari Polenite

Rise in canal front settlements 2010 – 2013 – due to proximity to bheries [Primary surveys]

New Town’s developing phase impacting settlements in Thakdari [Primary surveys]

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

REFLECTING BETWEEN THE SURVEY DATA AND THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS (2001 – PRESENT):

2015

Polenite Thakdari

Thakdari

Polenite

Main impacts of the planned developments Population growth in the mouzas (correlated with demographic growth earlier in objective 2)

Increase in built-up areas (shown spatially here) DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

ASPECTS SHOWING SCOPE FOR FURTHER IMPROVEMENT : OPTION 01 Providing tenure to the people living on the canal front Land belongs to irrigation department (land is encroached upon).

Formalizing these settlements through tenure will imply providing tenure to other canal-front encroachers around Kolkata – impossible move.

However if successful through governmental interventions, other aspects also need to be improved are Improvement in the level of services, especially along the canal-front

Improving the social infrastructure, more primary + secondary schools and more health care Scope for community participation, more participatory planning methods + union between local govt. and resident communities.

DISSERTATION | THESIS

OPTION 02 Phase wise relocation of the people encroaching the canal front to reserved sites for EWS and LIG housing In the case of the proposed canal redevelopment (TMC Govt. in 2011-12), provision of land tenure will not be viable; Then relocation is the only available option.

Proposed location for EWS and LIG housing as given in the LUDCP for New Town

Proposed relocation site for the canal-front dwellers residing on both sides of the canal-front.

PRE-REQUISITE FOR ANY DEVELOPMENT Monitoring or enforcing regulations at a previous stage, for periurban areas, to prevent unplanned developments

Developments in study region (canal-front) without regulations / bye-laws.

Absence of strategic planning interventions leading to these developments.

Planned developments putting pressure on the erstwhile Gram Panchayat areas (left over pockets).

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

OBSERVED LIMITATIONS •

There is a lack of availability of demographic data for the mouzas in ward 28, which was earlier under the Bidhannagar municipality. The only available data is collectively for the ward 28 and not individually for the mouzas of Nayapatti, Mahishbathan and Polenite.

•

There are very few data sources which provide data for the 1991 census. Available data for the 1991 census would have given a larger range in the analysis.

•

Also, there is no clarity regarding the demographic data, as to whether it completely and correctly corresponds to the data obtained from BMC website and census data.

•

In terms of parameters for demographic growth, number of housing units was taken as a parameter. But absence of data at the study region, prevented this parameter from being undertaken.

•

As a part of rapid assessment survey of the study region, a quick reconnaissance survey is done at a settlement level at an initial stage. Through the process of surveys and interviews, the main limitations observed were, the authenticity of the data during these surveys.

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

REFERENCES Web references: •

BMC Website : http://www.bmcwbgov.in/index.php

•

NDITA website: http://www.ndita.org/egovernance/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=60

•

Landuse and development control plan (LUDCP) for New Town Planning Area (NTPA), prepared by WBHIDCO

•

EPW article: http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/2016_51/17/Making_Sense_of_Place_in_Rajarhat_New_Town_0.pdf

•

Census of India Website: http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND019_West%20Bengal.pdf

•

WBDMA Website: https://www.wbdma.gov.in/HTM/MUNI_urban_wb.htm

•

Sanhati website: http://sanhati.com/excerpted/945/

Bibliographical references: •

Roy, A (2004) The Gentleman’s City: Urban Informality in the Calcutta of New Communism, In: AlSayyad,N , Roy,A (eds) Urban Informality – Transnational perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America and South Asia. Lanham: Lexington Books

•

Roy, A (2006) Re-forming the megacity: Calcutta and the Rural-Urban Interface, In: Sorensen A, Megacities : urban form, governance and sustainability. Springer(London)

•

Roy A (2003) City requiem, Calcutta: gender and politics of poverty, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

•

Paper : Examining ‘gray areas’ of urban development. The role of formal-informal nexus in shaping the politics of participation in peri-urban Kolkata, by Dr. Ratoola Kundu.

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

REFERENCES Bibliographical references (continued): •

Shaw, Annapurna (2005): Peri-Urban Interface of Indian cities. Growth, Governance and Local Initiatives, by Annapurna Shaw, Economic and Political Weekly, January 8, pp 129-136.

•

Shaw, Annapurna (1999): ‘Emerging Patterns of Urban Growth in India’, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 34, Nos 16 and 17, April 17-24, pp 969-978.

•

Sengupta, S, Sanhati (2008): A history of the brutal Rajarhat land acquisition, Bengal’s new IT hub, Translated from RajarhaatUponogorir Ontorale Arto Manusher Kanna.

•

Ramachandran, R (1989): Urbanisation and Urban Systems in India, Oxford University Press, Delhi.

•

Dikshit, Jutta K (2011): Urban fringe of Indian Cities, Rawat Publications, Jaipur.

•

Jafri, S (2012): Rural Urban fringe: Problems and Management, Concept Publications Co., New Delhi.

•

Dahiya, Bharat (2003): Peri-urban environments and community driven development: Chennai, India, Cities, Vol. 20, No. 5, p.

341–352.

•

Allen, Adriana; Dávila, Julio D; Hoffmann, Pascale (2006): Governance of Water and Sanitation Services for the Peri-urban Poor A Framework for Understanding and Action in Metropolitan Regions, The Development Planning Unit, London.

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216

THANK YOU.

DISSERTATION | THESIS

ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216