INFLUENCE OF PLANNED URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN KOLKATA’S PERI-URBAN AREAS A CASE OF MAHISHBATHAN GRAM PANCHAYAT
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216 DISSERTATION | THESIS
GUIDED BY: DR. ANURIMA MUKHERJEE BASU
DISSERTATION | THESIS | INFORMALITY IN KOLKATA’S FRINGES
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION
• INTRODUCTION – BACKGROUND, OBJECTIVES, METHODOLOGY • OBJECTIVE 01 – INTRODUCING THE STUDY REGION • OBJECTIVE 02 – UNDERSTANDING THE TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE STUDY REGION • OBJECTIVE 03 – UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCES IN THE STUDY REGION • CONCLUSION – REFLECTING BETWEEN SURVEYS AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS, ASPECTS SHOWING SCOPE FOR IMPROVEMENT, LIMITATIONS, REFERENCES
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
BACKGROUND & AIM OF THE THESIS High end housing (gated communities)
IT hub of Kolkata
Co-existence of planned and unplanned developments comprising informal settlements, representing typical rural characteristics (these regions were earlier Gram panchayats) in the periurban setting.
The study aims to assess and analyse the influence of planned urban developments on the surrounding villages in Kolkata’s peri-urban areas. Need for the thesis –
Planned developments at Salt Lake
Unplanned developments showing rural characteristics in the erstwhile village areas.
Juxtaposition of rural and urban characteristics in the peri-urban context
Diversity within the study region (shown through multiple aspects) Economic inter-dependence DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVES OF THE THESIS To understand how the region has been influenced by planned urban developments in the vicinity by analysing the following -
OBJECTIVE 03
OBJECTIVE 01
OBJECTIVE 02
To understand the evolution of the study region with respect to the development in the surrounding region through -
To analyse the transformation of the study region and to understand the contrasting characteristics over a specific time frame
Secondary research –
Demographic growth –
To understand the differences within the study region in terms of certain parameters -
Occupational shift
To understand the shift in the occupational patterns.
Diversity in housing typology
Reviewing the existing reports and planned documents (LUDCP of New Town),
Calculating decadal and annual growth rate in the study region, based on certain parameters.
On the basis of certain aspects, at different locations in the study region.
Historical documentation –
Spatial growth –
Access to infrastructure
Analysing the administrative history (Bidhannagar / Initiation to Municipality to BMC)
Built up transformation from Satellite data (Google Earth) to understand densification.
To analyse the service levels within the study region.
Transportation characteristics
To analyse the transport links and connectivity between the study region and rest of the city.
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
METHODOLOGY / Objective 1 To understand the evolution of the study region with respect to the development in the surrounding areas
Activ ities
Methodology
Documentation
Method
Expected data types
Documentary analysis
Study and analyse existing online data, reports and existing plans (LUDCP)
Secondary qualitativ e and quantitativ e
Historical documentation
Documentary analysis from books and websites
Secondary qualitativ e and quantitativ e
On-site documentation
Observ ation based and photo-documentation only
Primary qualitativ e
Literature reviews
Urbanisation in I ndia | Peri-Urban interface in the I ndian context | History of the study region - a socialist and political v iew.
Primary qualitativ e
Interviews
I nterv iews with Ward councillors (Wards 27 and 28), Gram Panchayat Stakeholder interv iews (Key Primary qualitativ e and pradhan, Engineer at I rrigation department, Jalasampad bhawan, Salt person interv iews) quantitativ e Lake. I nformal interactions
Documentation – Analytical, Historical On-site
DISSERTATION | THESIS
I nteraction with locals and elders in the region
Literature studies –
Urbanisation, Peri-urban interface, Socio-political history
Primary qualitativ e
Interviews –
KPIs Informal interactions ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
METHODOLOGY / Objective 2 To analyse the transformation of the study area and to understand the contrasting characteristics over a specific time frame. Methodology
Activ ities
Demographic Growth
Method
Expected data types
Calculating annual growth rate (CAGR) in the study region from av ailable sources (Census data) based on certain parameters
Secondary quantitativ e
Cross-checking through KPI s (Ward councillors) and interactions with local residents.
Primary qualitativ e and quantitativ e
Assessing the built-up transformation from Satellite data (Google Earth) to understand densification through the years (2005-present)
Primary qualitativ e and quantitativ e
Cross-checking through KPI s (Ward councillors) and interactions with local residents.
Primary qualitativ e and quantitativ e
Spatial Growth
Demographic –
CAGR from census data, on parameters
• •
KPIs, interactions
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Spatial –
•
Built up transformation from Google Earth •
KPIs, interactions
Ward councillors office for the KPIs
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
METHODOLOGY / Objective 3 To understand the differences within the study region in terms of certain parameters. Methodology
Activ ities Method
Expected data types
On-site documentation
Photo documentation and schematic representation (sketches and sections)
Primary qualitativ e
Rapid assessment (reconaissance) surv eys
Questionnaire surv eys (approximately 50) and few FGD's to understand physical conditions (housing typology), period of stay and prev ious location and occupation profile.
Primary qualitativ e and quantitativ e
Focussed group discussions
FGDs and indiv idual interv iews with local residents to hav e a comparativ e analysis at different locations within the study region, on the basis of certain parameters.
Primary qualitativ e and quantitativ e
Approximately 20 FGDs were conducted throughout the study region during March 2018
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 01
OBJECTIVE 1 To understand the evolution of the study region with respect to the development in the surrounding region Understanding the area historically and geographically
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 01 – INTRODUCING THE REGION AT THE METROPOLITAN LEVEL Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) 4 municipal corporations 38 municipalities Census towns, outgrowths and rural areas
Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation (BMC)
Geographical area:
60.5 Sq. Km. (3.2% of KMA) 6.33 lakh population (1.27% of KMA, 0.68% of WB population)
Map showing Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) boundary along with the 4 municipal corporations (highlighting Bidhannagar)
1.5 lakh
Approximately households
(Source: Retrieved from BMC Website, representation primary)
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 01 – LOCATING THE STUDY AREA GEOGRAPHICALLY THROUGH TIME / BMC to Study Region Rajarhat Gopalpur established as a municipality
1962 2008
New Town Kolkata Development Authority constituted under the NKDA Act in 2007 - New business centre to reduce pressure of existing CBD in central Kolkata - Increase supply of housing stock
Reclamation of Salt Lake region done to form a satellite township to relieve Kolkata’s population
1958 1965
2015 Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation
NEW TOWN
formed merging these existing municipal areas
Study region
Establishment of the Salt Lake Stadium (1984), leaving Dattabad residents homeless
1980 1984
Currently wards 27 and 28 of the BMC
‘Nabadiganta Industrial Township Authority’ (NDITA) came into existence
2006
Dattabad residents relocated to a planned resettlement colony Sukantonagar
DISSERTATION | THESIS
1984 1986
1995 2005 WETLANDS
Ensuring proper infrastructural development for setting up of industries and maintenance.
Bidhannagar Municipality was formed 23 wards and 5 sectors – 4 as residential and sector V as industrial.
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 01 – GEOGRAPHICALLY REPRESENTING THE STUDY REGION / Ward level South Dum-dum
Rajarhat Gopalpur
Salt Lake (Planned township sectors)
27 New Town
(Planned in Action Areas)
NDITA
(Planned industrial township) Previously Ward 1 of Bidhannagar Municipality (pre 2015)
Previously Mahishbathan II Gram Panchayat
28 27
Wetlands Locating the study area geographically, also showing planned developments in the surroundings Source: Google Maps
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 01 – GEOGRAPHICALLY REPRESENTING THE STUDY REGION / Mouza level Rajarhat Gopalpur
Salt Lake
Details of the study region (Wards 27 and 28):
Tarulia 0.47 sq. km.
Nayapatti 0.28 sq. km. Mahishgot 0.19 sq. km.
NDITA
Polenite 0.28 sq. km.
Ward 28 – 1.06 sq. km.
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Villages comprised of mouzas
Mahishbathan 0.50 sq. km.
Ward 27 – 1.21 sq. km.
2.27 sq. km.
New Town
Wetlands
Thakdari 0.55 sq. km.
(MB II GP comprised of mouzas Tarulia, Mahishgot and Thakdari) Type of administrative district, corresponding to a specific land area within which there may be one or more settlements.
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 01 – SUMMARIZING THE OBJECTIVE / why this region is lagging behind its neighbours in terms of development Presence of proper Land Use Development Control Plans (LUDCP) in the surroundings
Rajarhat Gopalpur Municipality
New Town
Presence of LUDCP (even though it has not been revised since 1998)
Planned township post the 1990s. Sub-division of New Town’s boundary into action areas. LUDCP formulated in 2012. Regions of the New Town Planning Area (NTPA) covered under LUDCP
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Proposed land use as per LUDCP
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 01 – SUMMARIZING THE OBJECTIVE / why this region is lagging behind its neighbours in terms of development Properly planned townships – planned into sectors and blocks Salt Lake – planned by Yugoslav planners in the 1960s
Salt Lake
NDITA NDITA planned industrial township
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Aerial view of planned township Salt Lake
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 01 – SUMMARIZING THE OBJECTIVE / why this region is lagging behind its neighbours in terms of development
The study region does not fall in the above highlighted categories
No LUDCP for the study region There is no trace of this region even in KMC’s LUDCP or Rajarhat-Gopalpur’s LUDCP Lack of enforcement of regulations in the study area
Absence of any planning interventions in the region has led to unplanned developments DISSERTATION | THESIS
There is no LUDCP for Bidhannagar as it is already planned Also study region is not a part of the KMC boundary – therefore excluded from it.
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 02
OBJECTIVE 2 To analyse the transformation of the study region and to understand the contrasting characteristics over a specific time frame. Analysing the growth demographically and spatially
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 02 / ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION
To analyse the transformation of the study region and to understand the contrasting characteristics over a specific time frame.
DEMOGRAPHIC GROWTH
SPATIAL GROWTH
Population growth
Macro-level : Study region and surroundings
Population density
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Mouza level
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION
Demographic profile – BMC level Municipal areas in BMC
Population (2011)
No. of households (2011)
Rajarhat Gopalpur (1-26)
400844
100698
Salt Lake (29-34, 37-41)
168427
38079
Most populated region in the BMC Densest region (18015 persons / sq. km.) Occupies max. area
Earlier Gram Panchayats (presently wards 27 and 28)
34897
8602
NDITA
900
Not available
Rajarhat Gopalpur
22.25 sq. km.
63 %
Study region
6%
Accounts for approximately
6% of BMC’s population (5.6% of BMC’s households).
Salt Lake Ward 35 (Sukantanagar)
12481
2908
Ward 36 (Wetlands + Nabapally)
15458
3374
Total
633007
153661
Demographic profile – Population and number of households in BMC (2011) Source: BMC website
27 %
Slightly lower density than Rajarhat – Gopalpur (14900 persons/sq. km.)
Comparatively lesser area
11.31 sq. km.
DISSERTATION | THESIS
NDITA + Sukantanagar + Wetlands
4%
Sukanto Nagar (rehabilitation housing) has a staggering high density, due to constant population influx.
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / In terms of Population Growth
Ward No.
27 (Previously Mahishbathan II Gram Panchayat)
Mouzas
Thakdari Mahishgot Tarulia Total
2001
2011
Annual growth in population (%)
Population
Population
Population
3114 3607 2973 9694
4247 7224 4278 15749
3.2 7.2 3.7
5038
19148
14.3
5038
19148
14.3
Study region
Total
14732
34897
9.0
Lev el
Region
2001 population
2011 population
Annual growth in population (%)
Rajarhat Gopalpur municipality
2,71,824
4,02,844
4.0
Bidhannagar / Salt Lake
1,28,374
1,68,427
2.8
Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA)
DISSERTATION | THESIS
population growth – 3.2
1,32,10,000
1,41,12,536
5%
7.2%
14.3 %
4%
Rajarhat-Gopalpur municipality, has a much higher growth rate than Salt Lake,
(CAGR)
0.7
%
Mahishgot’s population doubled (2001-2011) Annually, Mahishgot experienced maximum rise in Ward 27 –
5.0
28 (Previously Ward 1 of Bidhannagar Municipality pre2015)
4 Municipal Corporations + 38 municipalities + Panchayat Areas
Thakdari experienced least
(CAGR)
Nayapatti Mahishbathan Polenite Total
Planned developments in the vicinity
9%
but comparatively lower than the study region.
RG
SL
2.8%
Growth rate in KMA is only 0.7%
- Huge range of diversity within the KMA, - Increase in Census towns - Economic stagnation in Kolkata
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / In terms of Population Density Population Population density in 2001 density in 2011 (persons/sq.km) (persons/sq.km)
Ward No.
Mouzas
Area (sq. km.)
27 (Previously
Thakdari Mahishgot Tarulia
0.55 0.19 0.47
3114 3607 2973
4247 7224 4278
5661.8 18984.2 6325.5
7721.8 38021.1 9102.1
Total
1.21
9694
15749
8011.6
13015.7
Nayapatti Mahishbathan Polenite
0.28 0.5 0.28
5038
19148
4752.8
18064.2
Total
1.06
5038
19148
4752.8
18064.2
Study region
Total
2.27
14732
34897
6489.9
15373.1
Lev el
Region
Mahishbathan II Gram Panchayat)
28 (Previously Ward 1 of Bidhannagar Municipality pre-2015)
Planned developments in the vicinity
Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA)
2001
2011
Area (sq. 2001 2011 km.) population population
Population Population density in 2001 density in 2011 (persons/sq.km) (persons/sq.km)
22.25
2,71,824
4,02,844
12216.8
18105.3
Bidhannagar / Salt Lake
11.31
1,28,374
1,68,427
11350.5
14891.9
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Multiplied
2.4 times
Ward 27
1.6 times Ward 28
Rajarhat Gopalpur municipality
4 Municipal Corporations + 38 municipalities + Panchayat Areas
Population density in the study region 2001 - 2011
4 times
Rajarhat Gopalpur
1.5 times Highest population density, % increase is more in the study region
Salt Lake
1851.41 1886.87
1.3 times 1,32,10,000 1,41,12,536
7135.1
7479.3
KMA - 1.04 times Narrowly increased
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 02 / ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION
To analyse the transformation of the study region and to understand the contrasting characteristics over a specific time frame.
DEMOGRAPHIC GROWTH
SPATIAL GROWTH
Population growth
Macro-level : Study region and surroundings
Population density
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Mouza level
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Macro-level
2005 Vacant lands predominantly for farming.
Salt Lake is similar as from 1960s. No major developments.
New Town has acres of vacant land with plots marked for future development.
Sector V in nascent stage.
Study region mostly green.
Sporadic developments in the wetlands.
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Macro-level
2011
Slight traces of developments
Stagnant in terms of spatial growth.
New Town: Sporadic developments
NDITA also developing.
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Increase in built up area in the study region
Vacant lands with traces of built up area
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Macro-level
2017
Rajarhat Gopalpur Municipality: Over-densified
Sporadic new developments in the extremes of New Town.
New Town: Massive transformation – max. increase in built up areas (plotted development).
NDITA fully developed from 2006 to 2017.
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Reduced green areas, increased built up areas.
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE GROWTH OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Selecting the mouzas Spatial growth at the mouza level:
Nayapatti (Ward 28)
Mahishbathan (Ward 28)
Polenite (Ward 28)
Reasons for only showing spatial growth patterns in these 3 mouzas – - All these three mouzas have experienced the highest population growth from 2001 to 2011 (280% decadal growth and 14.3% annual growth as statistically shown in demographic analysis earlier). - Additionally, all of these mouzas have undergone enormous physical transformation during the given time frame, specifically highlighting the years 2005, 2011 and 2017 respectively.
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Polenite
2005 PN
High % of greencover Kachha village road
Vacant land with plot boundaries
Typical rural characteristics in peri-urban setting
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Polenite
2011 PN
Road still kachha
Increase in settlements
Initiation of new projects
Decrease in rural characteristics, new urbanisation patterns
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Polenite
2017 PN
Kachha + Semi Pakka
Pakka (G+2/3/4)
Kachha village road to tar road
G+22 highrise – Ideal Aqua Heights.
Panache (G+20)
Green cover reducing settlements increasing
Highrise G+22 Vacant land
Upcoming highrises
Rapid urbanisation throughout Polenite
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Mahishbathan
2005 MB
2011 MB
High % of green cover Vacant green cover
Predominantly vacant green areas throughout the mouza
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Densification – Increase in settlements
Vacant green cover converted to settlements
Increase in settlements throughout the mouza
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Mahishbathan
2017 MB
Kachha and Semi Pakka housing along the canalfront Densification – Pakka + Serviced + Private land Patches of settlements, erstwhile vacant green cover
Rapid densification throughout
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Pakka housing – G+2/3 in the interiors, Private land, Serviced.
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Nayapatti
2005 NP
No settlements along the canal front
Vacant land Predominantly kachha and semi-pakka
Sector V in nascent stage
Patches of pakka housing
Vacant green spaces, patchy settlements & upcoming transport links
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Patches of pakka and semi-pakka
Construction of connecting New Town flyover underway
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Nayapatti
2011 NP
Rise in settlements along the canal front
New upcoming developments
Up-gradation of kachha to semi-pakka and semipakka to pakka
Rapid Densification
Sector V in developing stage
Densifications and up-gradations ; Operational transport links
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Upgradations on private land
New Town flyover operational
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 02 – ANALYSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDY REGION / Spatial growth / Nayapatti
2017 NP Nayapatti Ground
Extreme densification along the canal front
Completely Pakka serviced housing, no vacant land
Semi Pakka + Pakka
Kachha + Semi Pakka
Total densification
Pakka
Total region filled by pakka housing, no vacant spaces
Predominantly private land
Pakka housing – G+2/3 in theNew interiors, TownPrivate flyoverland, is oneServiced. of the busiest connectors in the region
Completely densification throughout the mouza
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 02 – CORRELATING BETWEEN DEMOGRAPHIC AND SPATIAL GROWTH There are many reasons why major transformations took place in the study region, during this phase, where both there was an increase in population, density as well as an increase in the built up area -
2005
Influence of New Town New Town Mahishgot
Upcoming developments in New Town also influenced Mahishgot (caused an increase in the built-up of Mahishgot 2005-2011-2017) Another instance of how demographic and spatial growth happened, as Mahishgot’s population doubled between 2001 to 2011 (3607 to 7224).
2011
2017 New Town Mahishgot
DISSERTATION | THESIS
New Town Mahishgot
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 02 – CORRELATING BETWEEN DEMOGRAPHIC AND SPATIAL GROWTH There are many reasons why major transformations took place in the study region, during this phase, where both there was an increase in population, density as well as an increase in the built up area -
2005
Concentration along the canal front Densification taking place along the canal-front (especially in Mahishbathan after 2009 Aila Cyclone) between 2005-2011-2017 – Primary instance of both demographic and spatial growth in the study region. Shown earlier in demographic – population growth in ward 28 is 14% (highest) and densifying rapidly (4 times from 2001 to 2011)
2011
DISSERTATION | THESIS
2017
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 03
OBJECTIVE 3 To understand the differences within the study region in terms of certain parameters The parameters include occupational shift, diversity in housing typology, access to infrastructure and transportation characteristics
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 03 – LOCATING THE STRETCHES AND SPOTS FOR THE FOCUSSED GROUP DISCUSSIONS Nayapatti
Map showing locations for the focussed group discussions
2 (canal front) + 1 (interiors)
3 (canal front) + 2 (interiors)
Mahishbathan
Mahishgot
No. of FGDs:
No. of FGDs:
3 (canal front) + 2 (interiors)
1 (canal front) + 2 (interiors)
Polenite
All the focussed group discussions were done subject to availability of people (at least 3 people).
In the case where groups were not available, individual discussions were done and the answers were accumulated. All FGDs were done during 10th to 17th March 2018.
Thakdari No. of FGDs:
No. of FGDs:
1 (canal front) + 1 (interiors)
2 (canal front) + 1 (interiors)
DISSERTATION | THESIS
FGD details:
No. of FGDs:
No. of FGDs:
General groups of people interacted with include:
Tarulia
Residents • Inside homes • Congregating outside
Local club members Local clubs for individual localities / stretches
Shopkeepers & local vendors
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 03 – LOCATING THE STRETCHES AND SPOTS FOR THE FOCUSSED GROUP DISCUSSIONS
Ward No.
Mouza name
Stretch name (canal-front)
Nayapatti
Nazrulpalli
Mahishbathan
Udayanpalli
Polenite
Lohapool-Polenite Market-Polenite football groundMajhipara
28
Tarulia 27
Mahishgot Thakdari
Keshtopur Sukantopalli Krishnopur Main Road Thakdari Road
Group description Residents, local club members Residents, shopkeepers
Stretch name (interiors) Nayapatti Main road Tarun Sangha club, Baroary Tala Area
Residents, local Near Polenite Kali club members Mandir Residents, shopkeepers Shopkeepers Shopkeepers
Patra Para, Tarulia 1st lane Mahishgot Moktarbari Thakdari Panchayat Road
Group description Residents, shopkeepers Residents, local club members
Residents
Residents Residents Residents
Stretches and groups for the FGDs are specified as follows
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 03 – UNDERSTANDING TIME FRAMES OF SETTLEMENTS Nayapatti
Canal-front: 10-15 yrs old Interiors: 35-40 yrs old
Canal front : 10-15 yrs old Interiors: 40-50 yrs old
Developed in conjunction with Nayapatti (along similar time frames)
Development coinciding with NDITA’s development
Mahishbathan
Canal front : 10-15 yrs old Interiors: 60-
Canal-front: 8-10 yrs old Interiors: 10-15 yrs old.
70 yrs old
Mahishgot
Newest mouza in the study region, developing along with the surrounding New Town
Mahishbathan is the oldest mouza in the study region
Polenite
Tarulia
Canal-front: 8-10 yrs old Interiors: 40-50 yrs old.
Canal front : 5-10 yrs old Interiors: 25-30 yrs old.
Thakdari
Shops along the canal front are relatively new, Interiors are relatively old
Relatively new mouza, very recent developments throughout
Inferences: Canal-front in both the wards was vacant land in 2005 (also shown in spatial growth)
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Oldest –
Mahishbathan Newest -
Mahishgot
Thakdari and Mahishgot development at the canal-front almost identical – same time frame, similar land use (shops)
Nayapatti and Mahishbathan at the canal-front settlements established at the same time.
Polenite is developing along 3 different time frames –
Canal-front developing stage, Pakka housing relatively old, Highrises still under construction.
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 03 – UNDERSTANDING OCCUPATIONAL SHIFTS TARULIA & MAHISHGOT
NAYAPATTI & MAHISHBATHAN Previous occupation: Fishing/farming not very prevalent earlier, People involved in non agricultural activities mostly.
Current occupation: Predominantly non-agricultural activities,
Previous occupation:
Predominantly agrarian and fishing -
At nearby planned developments New Town, Salt Lake, Sector V & at Nayapatti market (main market in the region).
Agriculture in the nearby bheries and in other parts of WB/Bangladesh (Khulna, Rajshahi).
Distance from the bheries affects the occupational patterns in the region.
Previous occupation:
Fishing in bheries and agriculture at
Sunderbans, Bakkhali, Sonarpur, other mouzas (Kochpukur, Hatigacha)
Current occupation:
Polenite and Thakdari were earlier agriculture and fishing based in terms of occupation, because of proximity to the bheries.
In offices as labour class (peons, sweepers, housekeeping) in Sector V; In shops at Nayapatti market and along the canal-front in Mahishgot and Thakdari also.
THAKDARI Previous occupation:
Primary sector
Daily labourers in residences at NT/Salt Lake, labour/clerical workers in offices at Sector V, fishing/farming also at the bheries & EKW.
(predominantly agriculture and fishing) in the nearby bheries in the current NTPA and EKW. Now predominantly shifted to secondary and tertiary, still traces of fishing in polenite.
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Daily labourers in New Town, Baguihati, Dum Dum;
Agriculturally dominant earlier, presently more into the labour class
Up-gradation in terms of quality of work as we mve towards the interiors from the canal-front.
POLENITE
Current occupation:
Current occupation: Secondary and Tertiary sector - standard of occupation (type of work and income) is much better in the interiors than along the canal front. New location of workplaces include Salt Lake, New Town and Sector V.
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 03 – UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY IN TERMS OF HOUSING TYPOLOGY LAND USE
HOUSING TYPOLOGY
Along the canal-front : Kutcha and Semi Pakka
Along the interiors : Pakka G+2/3 (left)
Along the Keshtopur canal-front– Predominantly residential, some instances of mixed land use (shops)
Outlier: Polenite G+20 (right)
LAND OWNERSHIP
TAX PAYMENT
Along the canal front, the land belongs to the irrigation dept. (canal land).
Along the canal-front : No tax is paid, as the people there do not own the land,
Along the interiors, mostly private land, which is bought / inherited by the current generations.
Interiors: Tax paid as land is privately owned.
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Upper floors residential (owned, rented)
Ground floor Shops
Interior regions – Mixed land use predominantly
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 03 – UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY IN TERMS OF HOUSING TYPOLOGY HOME OWNERSHIP
TARULIA & MAHISHGOT
NAYAPATTI & MAHISHBATHAN
Canal-front:
Canal-front: Encroaching on canal land, no governmental proof of residence.
Encroaching on canal land, no governmental proof of residence.
Interiors:
Interiors:
Rentals is a very profitable secondary source of income (Monthly average rent approx. INR 1500-2500).
- Rental accommodation extremely prevalent - very profitable secondary source of income.
The rent depends on – - Quality and size (1 BHK / 2 BHK) of the units;
- Most of the young IT professionals working in Sector V prefer to live here in the rental units (1BHK/2BHK) because of the cheap rents and proximity (walking distance) to NDITA (Rent ranges from INR 1500-2000 to 5500-6000).
- Location of the units (proximity to New Town implies higher rents).
Inferences: New Town
Rental housing in the study region – Most prevalent in the interior regions of
Nayapatti, Mahishbathan and Mahishgot
(due to proximity to NDITA and
New Town
respectively). The entire building is rented out
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Tarulia and Mahishgot
Influence of New Town promoting high-rises and G+4 buildings in the surroundings (Mahishgot)
Right: New floors added over time (up-gradation) – mostly in the interior regions (private lands) of the mouzas Left : New constructions coming up at rapid rates in the interior regions
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 03 – ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE / Water Supply / Garbage collection / Toilets • Available through tube wells and municipal taps (ground water) : Time based 2-3 times a day.
TARULIA
NAYAPATTI
• Most of the houses have individual and community tubewells.
• Limited scope of surface water (BMC tankers).
• Some regions in the interiors also avail benefits of NKDA tankers for drinking water.
New Town
• Lack of availability of drinking water poses serious issues. • Shops selling through large water containers.
• Water from BMC thrice a day (timekol)
MAHISHGOT
MAHISHBATHAN
Very good condition because of New Town influence
Faces serious issues in drinking water THAKDARI
POLENITE
• Available from tube wells (ground water) : 2-3 times a day. • Limited scope of surface water (BMC tankers). • Depend also on other sources for drinking water.
Faces issues sometimes in drinking water – but not as severe as MB or NP.
• Predominantly from tubewells and timekol. • Most of the houses have tubewells and tap water. • The deep interiors avail benefits of the NKDA tankers for drinking water sometimes.
Good condition – New Town tankers accessible from certain regions only.
On the overall, Ward 27 is in a better condition in terms of water supply as compared to ward 28 This is solely due to the influence of the newly planned township of New Town in the vicinity.
Drinking water bought from these containers
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 03 – ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE / Water Supply / Garbage collection / Toilets Ward No.
Mode of disposal/collection Mouza name
Disposed at the canalfront
Community dumping
BMC trolleys
Tendency of people liv ing near the canal front to dump their w aste.
Mostly done, presence of bins near Nayapatti market.
No
Mahishbathan
Mostly disposed off at the canalfront.
No - there is an absence of bins nearby
No
Polenite
Rarely disposed at the canalfront.
Main form of w aste collection
I n some regions only
Tarulia
Mostly disposed off at the canalfront.
Main form of w aste collection
No
Mahishgot
No disposal at the canal-front
Main form of w aste collection (BMC and NKDA bins both in close proximity).
Door to door collection also takes place in the interior regions
Main form of w aste collection
Door to door collection also takes place in the interior regions
Nayapatti
28
27
Thakdari
No disposal at the canal-front
Waste disposed at the canal-front
Community dump
BMC Trolleys for door to door waste collection
Mahishbathan and Nayapatti in Ward 28 face severe issues | Mahishgot is the most effective in terms of waste collection DISSERTATION | THESIS
TARULIA
MAHISHGOT
Apart from the canal-front area, there are no issues in terms of waste disposal
Highly effective in terms of garbage collection
THAKDARI
One of the most effective mouzas in terms of garbage collection
NAYAPATTI
POLENITE
Faces moderate issues, solely due to the garbage dumped on the canal-front.
One of the most effective mouzas in terms of garbage collection
MAHISHBATHAN
Faces severe issues
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 03 – ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE / Water Supply / Garbage collection / Toilets • Along the canal front: Shared toilets, have been collectively built by 3-4 families,
TARULIA
• Predominance of individual throughout the mouza.
NAYAPATTI
• Interior regions: Mostly individual toilets.
MAHISHGOT
MAHISHBATHAN
POLENITE
Along the canal-front: Most of the shared and individual toilets are self-financed. These were either built by individuals or a group of 3-4 families. Along the interiors: Toilets are predominantly individual and built along with the people’s homes.
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Good condition, even along the canal-front the shared toilets are recently built and clean.
toilets
• Due to the proximity to New Town, the community toilets in New Town are also being used by people from Mahishgot and Tarulia.
New Town
Scope of improvement along the canal front (Toilets integrated with units)
Shared toilets along the canal front in Nayapatti and Mahishbathan (Ward 28)
• Along the canal front, few shared toilets.
THAKDARI
Toilets in very good condition – proximity to New Town is influential
Along the interiors, the provision of toilets by the government is upgraded and improved by the individuals themselves, by self-financed methods. Also, individual toilets in the interiors
Good condition, less dependence on community toilets
Apart from the canal-front regions which are encroached, toilets in rest of the study region is predominantly individual. ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 03 – TRANSPORT LINKS Ward 28
Canal-front
I nteriors
Ward 27
Canal-front
I nteriors
General modes of transport
No vehicles apart from cycles and scooters can enter this lane. No other form of public transport is av ailable.
Priv ate v ehicles, autos, cycle rickshaw s, totos, taxis. IPT is one of the main modes of transportation.
General modes of transport
Buses, auto-rickshaws, toto / battery car. How ev er in Tarulia along the canal-front, no mode of transport is av ailable.
Auto-rickshaws, toto / battery car, cycle and cycle rickshaws.
Right of Way (ROW)
2-3 metres - Because of the minimal ROW in the road surrounding the canal front, no v ehicles can enter.
6-8 metres w ide
The nearest bus stop is Technopolis bus stop in Sector V (show n in Accessibility red circle 1) to bus stops Walking distance < 500 metres
Wards 28 and 27 showing the locations of the bus stops (marked in red)
The road along the canal-front is w ide enough 6-8 metres for buses ROW approx 6 metres to ply. Buses (12C/2 and 215) Buses do not ply on the Right of Way connect Aquatica-Loha Poolinterior roads, but autos, (ROW) Tarulia Keshtopur, ply on this road totos and NMT (cycles and (Thakdari to Mahishgot to Tarulia cycle rickshaw s) do. and beyond to w ard 26/Hanapara).
Accessibility to bus stops
The nearest bus stops are Lohapool Bus Stop at the intersection betw een Mahishgot and Thakdari (show n in red circle 2). The nearest bus stop to Tarulia is Jyotinath High School bus stop (show n in red circle 3).
Inferences: In ward 28, due to low ROW along the canal-front, walking is the suitable option; Along the interiors due to higher ROW, IPT is preferred.
In ward 27, the canal road is wide enough for buses to ply on. Also, IPT is preferred in the interiors.
All the modes of transport plying within the study region – Private, Public, IPT, NMT
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Bus stops are easily accessible from the study region (walking distance)
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBJECTIVE 3 – SUMMARIZING THROUGH FINDINGS – OBTAINED FROM THE FOCUSSED GROUP DISCUSSIONS NAYAPATTI
TARULIA
Situation of Nayapatti improved after Sector V got formed in 2006, as its proximity to Sector V helped in terms of more rental housing for the young IT professionals.
Proximity to the planned residential township, New Town, has influenced its development to a large extent.
However, drinking water and limited water supply is a serious issue faced here, especially during monsoons. MAHISHBATHAN
MAHISHGOT
Historically, Mahishbathan is the oldest mouza in the study region.
infrastructure (services).
Mahishbathan has the highest number of settlements along the canal-front (encroaching without land tenure).
Polenite has co-existence of all housing typologies ranging from kutcha to semi pakka to pakka to even G+20 highrises.
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Similar to Tarulia, the proximity to New Town has positively influenced Mahishgot - Key activities in Mahishgot are highly influenced by New Town. Highly developed in terms of
Services are a major issue here.
Polenite is the only mouza, which still has POLENITE ponds in the interiors for fishing activities, predominantly because of its proximity to the wetlands.
Tarulia is one of the mouzas, which are predominant in non-agricultural activities.
THAKDARI
Mahishgot and Thakdari are 2 mouzas, which have a predominance of commercial establishments along the canal front. The interior regions show similarity in terms of residential settlements to Polenite
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
CONCLUSION
•
Reflecting between surveys and spatial analysis
•
Aspects showing scope for improvement
•
Limitations of the study
•
References
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
REFLECTING BETWEEN THE SURVEY DATA AND THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS (2001 – PRESENT): Surrounding developments
1995 Bidhannagar Municipality
Industrial township authority
Planned residential township
Merged new entity
2006
2008
2015
NDITA
New Town
BMC
Surrounding developments
1995
2018
Study region
2003
2010
2008 Nayapatti, Mahishbathan, Tarulia Canal front developments
10-15 years old
Polenite
2013 Thakdari, Mahishgot
Canal front developments
8-10 years old
Coinciding timeline of developments between surrounding developments (obtained from secondary sources) and
DISSERTATION | THESIS
study region (obtained from reconnaissance surveys & FGDs) ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
REFLECTING BETWEEN THE SURVEY DATA AND THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS (2001 – PRESENT): Correlating the timeline for the study region (obtained from surveys) to spatial growth
Canal-front settlements from 20032008 period
2005
Mahishbathan Mahishgot
Mahishgot
[Primary surveys]
Mahishbathan Interiors had settlements 50-60 years old [Primary surveys]
DISSERTATION | THESIS
Not established
[Primary surveys]
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
REFLECTING BETWEEN THE SURVEY DATA AND THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS (2001 – PRESENT):
2008 2009
Nascent stage for New Town in 200809, canal-front also in nascent stages
Mahishbathan Mahishgot
[Primary surveys]
Mahishgot
Mahishbathan Densification after NDITA and Aila Cyclone 2005-2009
[Primary surveys]
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
REFLECTING BETWEEN THE SURVEY DATA AND THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS (2001 – PRESENT):
2013
Mahishbathan Mahishgot
Mahishgot
Population doubled between 2001 to 2011
Mahishbathan
Massive densification especially due to NDITA’s growing influence 2009 - 2013
Growing influence of New Town from 2010 - 2013 [Primary surveys]
[Primary surveys]
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
REFLECTING BETWEEN THE SURVEY DATA AND THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS (2001 – PRESENT):
2005
Polenite Thakdari
Thakdari
Polenite
Canal front settlements formed after 2008-2009
[Primary surveys]
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
REFLECTING BETWEEN THE SURVEY DATA AND THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS (2001 – PRESENT):
2009
Polenite Thakdari
Thakdari
Polenite
Canal front settlements formed after 2008-2009
[Primary surveys]
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
REFLECTING BETWEEN THE SURVEY DATA AND THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS (2001 – PRESENT):
2013
Polenite Thakdari
Thakdari Polenite
Rise in canal front settlements 2010 – 2013 – due to proximity to bheries [Primary surveys]
New Town’s developing phase impacting settlements in Thakdari [Primary surveys]
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
REFLECTING BETWEEN THE SURVEY DATA AND THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS (2001 – PRESENT):
2015
Polenite Thakdari
Thakdari
Polenite
Main impacts of the planned developments Population growth in the mouzas (correlated with demographic growth earlier in objective 2)
Increase in built-up areas (shown spatially here) DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
ASPECTS SHOWING SCOPE FOR FURTHER IMPROVEMENT : OPTION 01 Providing tenure to the people living on the canal front Land belongs to irrigation department (land is encroached upon). Formalizing these settlements through tenure will imply providing tenure to other canal-front encroachers around Kolkata – impossible move. However if successful through governmental interventions, other aspects also need to be improved are Improvement in the level of services, especially along the canal-front
Improving the social infrastructure, more primary + secondary schools and more health care Scope for community participation, more participatory planning methods + union between local govt. and resident communities.
DISSERTATION | THESIS
OPTION 02 Phase wise relocation of the people encroaching the canal front to reserved sites for EWS and LIG housing In the case of the proposed canal redevelopment (TMC Govt. in 2011-12), provision of land tenure will not be viable; Then relocation is the only available option.
Proposed location for EWS and LIG housing as given in the LUDCP for New Town
Proposed relocation site for the canal-front dwellers residing on both sides of the canal-front.
PRE-REQUISITE FOR ANY DEVELOPMENT Monitoring or enforcing regulations at a previous stage, for periurban areas, to prevent unplanned developments
Developments in study region (canal-front) without regulations / bye-laws.
Absence of strategic planning interventions leading to these developments.
Planned developments putting pressure on the erstwhile Gram Panchayat areas (left over pockets). ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
OBSERVED LIMITATIONS •
There is a lack of availability of demographic data for the mouzas in ward 28, which was earlier under the Bidhannagar municipality. The only available data is collectively for the ward 28 and not individually for the mouzas of Nayapatti, Mahishbathan and Polenite.
•
There are very few data sources which provide data for the 1991 census. Available data for the 1991 census would have given a larger range in the analysis.
•
Also, there is no clarity regarding the demographic data, as to whether it completely and correctly corresponds to the data obtained from BMC website and census data.
•
In terms of parameters for demographic growth, number of housing units was taken as a parameter. But absence of data at the study region, prevented this parameter from being undertaken.
•
As a part of rapid assessment survey of the study region, a quick reconnaissance survey is done at a settlement level at an initial stage. Through the process of surveys and interviews, the main limitations observed were, the authenticity of the data during these surveys.
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
REFERENCES Web references: •
BMC Website : http://www.bmcwbgov.in/index.php
•
NDITA website: http://www.ndita.org/egovernance/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=60
•
Landuse and development control plan (LUDCP) for New Town Planning Area (NTPA), prepared by WBHIDCO
•
EPW article: http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/2016_51/17/Making_Sense_of_Place_in_Rajarhat_New_Town_0.pdf
•
Census of India Website: http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND019_West%20Bengal.pdf
•
WBDMA Website: https://www.wbdma.gov.in/HTM/MUNI_urban_wb.htm
•
Sanhati website: http://sanhati.com/excerpted/945/
Bibliographical references: •
Roy, A (2004) The Gentleman’s City: Urban Informality in the Calcutta of New Communism, In: AlSayyad,N , Roy,A (eds) Urban Informality – Transnational perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America and South Asia. Lanham: Lexington Books
•
Roy, A (2006) Re-forming the megacity: Calcutta and the Rural-Urban Interface, In: Sorensen A, Megacities : urban form, governance and sustainability. Springer(London)
•
Roy A (2003) City requiem, Calcutta: gender and politics of poverty, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
•
Paper : Examining ‘gray areas’ of urban development. The role of formal-informal nexus in shaping the politics of participation in peri-urban Kolkata, by Dr. Ratoola Kundu.
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
REFERENCES Bibliographical references (continued): •
Shaw, Annapurna (2005): Peri-Urban Interface of Indian cities. Growth, Governance and Local Initiatives, by Annapurna Shaw, Economic and Political Weekly, January 8, pp 129-136.
•
Shaw, Annapurna (1999): ‘Emerging Patterns of Urban Growth in India’, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 34, Nos 16 and 17, April 17-24, pp 969-978.
•
Sengupta, S, Sanhati (2008): A history of the brutal Rajarhat land acquisition, Bengal’s new IT hub, Translated from RajarhaatUponogorir Ontorale Arto Manusher Kanna.
•
Ramachandran, R (1989): Urbanisation and Urban Systems in India, Oxford University Press, Delhi.
•
Dikshit, Jutta K (2011): Urban fringe of Indian Cities, Rawat Publications, Jaipur.
•
Jafri, S (2012): Rural Urban fringe: Problems and Management, Concept Publications Co., New Delhi.
•
Dahiya, Bharat (2003): Peri-urban environments and community driven development: Chennai, India, Cities, Vol. 20, No. 5, p. 341–352.
•
Allen, Adriana; Dávila, Julio D; Hoffmann, Pascale (2006): Governance of Water and Sanitation Services for the Peri-urban Poor A Framework for Understanding and Action in Metropolitan Regions, The Development Planning Unit, London.
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216
THANK YOU.
DISSERTATION | THESIS
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA | PP0000216