Aditya Purnomo Aji | Arnold Mateus
CONCEPT AND GOVERNANCE ISSUES 1
Vision 2040
A Stockholm for Everyone
2
Stockholm County Flag
City Population Density
Location: 59°19′46″N 18°4′7″E
: 188 km2 : 952.058 : 5100/km2
Sweden Flag
Chosen City as European Green Capital 2010
District Councils
Sweden
declared as a city on
rank
million US$
24
on global cities index
3
• Planning formulation • Planning implementation • Planning control, reporting, and monitoring
Formulation
Implementation
Control/Reporting/Monitoring
Hirarki Perencanaan Buku Rencana Stockholm
Proses Perencanaan
Source: http://www.mlit.go.jp/kokudokeikaku/international/spw/general/sweden/index_e.html Stockholm City Plan
5
Formulation
Source: Stockholm City Plan
Implementation
Control/Reporting/Monitoring
6
Formulation
Source: Stockholm City Plan
Implementation
Control/Reporting/Monitoring
Formulation
Implementation
ILS-integrated management system
For each indicator, annual target is also established
Source: Stockholm City Plan The City of Stockholm’s Annual Report 2016
Control/Reporting/Monitoring
All planning and follow-up take place in accordance with ILS
Annual Budget
a web-based tool is used at all level as an aid to this work
CC establishes orientation goals and targets for operational areas
Committe es and boards targets 8
- The planning process is a cooperative process (even involving youth and kids); - The plan is not legally binding; - A continuous collaboration with the govt., Region, public agencies, and orgs. - The provision of environmental code; - All planning and follow-up take place in accordance with ILS; - The commission for a socially sustainable Stockholm;
Stockholm Youths
9
- The city managed urban development according to their comprehensive plan - A plan that reflects an integration of various perspectives - A dense and cohesive city - A climate-smart and resilient city - good living environments - Eco-smart stockholm 10
• • • •
the city plan is extensive the city plan sets out urban development opportunities for the next 25 years exploring the expansion strategy, by: using the attractiveness of the inner city; reports from The Commission for a Socially Sustainable Stockholm become a base for further city planning
Stockholm Innovation Center
11
CORE IDEAS - Must be up to date to be able to provide guidance in subsequent planning encouraging sustainable development - The city plan has important role in the city’s system of governance - The city plan is translated at area level and in detailed development planning - City council establishes orientation goals and targets for operational areas
MANAGERIAL SUPPORTS - the plan is created during a consensus-based process - creating an expanded dialogue with the citizens at a local level - City Executive Board examines the committees and companies operational plans
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The Uniqueness major compone nts
Planning process
Subcomponents
•
Planning formulat ion
•
Planning implem entation
•
Planning control, reportin g, and monitori ng
Lesson Learned
Innovation progress
Development impacts
Future agendas
Core ideas
Managerial supports
the planning process is a cooperative process (even involving youth and kids) the plan is not legally binding a continuous collaboration with the govt., region, public agencies, and orgs. - the provision of environmental code all planning and follow-up take place in accordance with ILS The Commission for a Socially Sustainable Stockholm
the city managed urban development according to their comprehensive plan a plan that reflects an integration of various perspectives a dense and cohesive city a climate-smart and resilient city - good living environments eco-smart Stockholm
the city plan is extensive the city plan sets out urban development opportunities for the next 25 years exploring the expansion strategy, by: using the attractiveness of the inner city; reports from The Commission for a Socially Sustainable Stockholm become a base for further city planning
must be up to date to be able to provide guidance in subsequent planning encouraging sustainable development the city plan has important role in the city’s system of governance the city plan is translated at area level and in detailed development planning City Council establishes orientation goals and targets for operational areas
the plan is created during a consensusbased process creating an expanded dialogue with the citizens at a local level City Executive Board examines the committees and companies operational plans
13
• Human resources • Sociocultural resources • Economic base
• Physical base • Infrastructure base • Institutional base
Human Resources
Source: Stockholm City Plan
Sociocultural Resources
Economic Base
Physical Base
Infrastructure Base
Institusional Base
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Human Resources
Sociocultural Resources
National policies on education Stockholms’s municipalities have responsibility for delivering on the national educational framework Planning policy seeks to integrate higher education with research institutes and clusters of knowledgeintensive industry
Economic Base
Physical Base
Infrastructure Base
Institusional Base
83% of working age people were in employment (2009)
Over the 17-year period 1993 to 2009, the employment rate was consistenly high, averaging 84%
Over 30% of the city’s working age population have at least 3-years of university-level education (2011)
The proportion of tertiary-educated is greater than most large German cities and London (20052011)
Source: LSE, 2013 Stockholm City Plan
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Human Resources
Sociocultural Resources
Economic Base
Physical Base
Infrastructure Base
Institusional Base
Committed Stockholmers
7 out of 10 are interested in environmental issues (2010)
82% think it is good that the city conducts active env. work (2010)
7 out of 10 Stockholmers would consider making a green new year’s resolution (2010)
A city that lives up to human rights and is free from discrimination Young Stockholmers prepared educational materials on racism and sexism in summer job project Rättighetsjakten (2016)
81% of the school students in year 5 are aware of their rights in accordance with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (2016)
Meeting places for young LGBT individuals have been opened and one of the City’s youth counselling centers started a group for transindividuals (2016)
There is strong interest in culture, sport and recreation among Stockholmers
10,4 million visits to library, both physical and digital (2016)
Source: Stockholm - the first European Green Capital Stockholm City Plan The City of Stockholm’s Annual Report 2016
Human Resources
Sociocultural Resources
Economic Base
Physical Base
Infrastructure Base
Institusional Base
With Kista Science City, the Stockholm region has become a world-leading innovation zone and an international center for wireless technology, broadband and mobile application Stockholm holds the most dense concentration of researchers focusing on IT in Northern Europe There are some 9.000 companies and almost 1.200 of them operate in the ICT sector - 90% of the ICT companies are export companies, a very high figure compared to other industries These facts indicate how very important Kista Science City and the ICT sector are to the growth of the Stockholm region Source: LSE, 2013 OECD, 2013; Stockholm City Plan
Human Resources
Sociocultural Resources
Economic Base
Physical Base
Infrastructure Base
Institusional Base
The city is built on 14 islands and the surrounding mainland, and is a link between Lake Mälaren and the Baltic Sea Stockholm is in all aspects a green city - surrounded by more than 200 nature reserves across the region, the nearest one just a 10-minute metro ride from the city center In total, Stockholm boasts about 1.000 parks, which make up approximately 30% of the city’s area - when nature reserves are taken into account, this proportion rises to 40% Nearly every resident (more than 90% of the population) lives within 300 meters of a green area Stockholm has 24 official bathing beaches, all of them maintained to the highest environmental standards Of these beaches, 15 are at Mälaren, eight in the smaller lakes and one at Saltsjön, which extends from the Stockholm archipelago to the city center Source: EU, 2010 Stockholm City Plan
Human Resources
Sociocultural Resources
Economic Base
Physical Base
Infrastructure Base
Institusional Base
Some 90% of Stockholm residents live within 300 meters of public transport with an hourly or more frequent service Travel by public transport to the city center during morning peak hours is constantly increasing, while the number of car trips is declining Interestingly, 68% of all trips within the city center are made on foot or by bicycle During peak hours, 78% of all trips to the inner city are made by public transport Since August 2007, Stockholm has levied a congestion tax on all Swedishregistered vehicles driving in and out of the city center on weekdays between 6.30 am and 6.29 pm Toll stations are 100% automatic Traffic is monitored on-camera and bills are sent out to car owners electronically, where possible - the charges have cut traffic and emissions by 10-15%
11.000 homes - 25.000 people
Source: EU, 2010; LSE, 2013
Residents produce their own biogas The neighborhood has its own ecofriendly system for handling energy, waste, and water
12.000 homes - 35.000 workplaces combined with a modern port operation are being planned
Human Resources
Sociocultural Resources
Economic Base
Physical Base
Infrastructure Base
Institusional Base
The City of Stockholm is in turn divided into 14 geographically separated district councils The city distributes roughly threequarters of its revenues to the councils, based on individual needs, number of residents, age, living conditions and other such factors Stockholm’s districts were first instituted in 1997 to make local government more effective The number of districts was reduced to 14 in 2007 in order to increase efficiencies and re-centralize some operations, such as education 21
Human Resources
Sociocultural Resources
Economic Base
Physical Base
The City Council sets objectives and guidelines for the City of Stockholm's operations The meetings are open to all and people are welcome to listen on site in the City Hall Also can be followed by webcasts or radio
Infrastructure Base
Institusional Base
The city’s organizational resources also include 16 specialist administrations that cover such important functions as real estate, city planning and city development In addition, the city has 17 municipal companies, whose areas of operation include housing, management of school building, the water supply and operation of ports The municipal companies are coordinated by their parent firm, Stockholm Stadshus AB, and many are important actors in the greencity initiatives 22
• Stockholm park programme • Publicy accesible shoreline • Greater expertise in the city’s pre-school operations • Focus on reducing differences between schools • Intelligent road use • Clean vehicles • Eco-labelled electricity • Walking and cycling • Stockholm business alliance (SBA) • Regional co-operation for the environment
• The strong interest in culture, sport and recreation among stockholmers • A city that lives up to human rights and is free from discrimination • Kista science city • Cleantech companies • Congestion tax
Cycling to work
Stockholm Park
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• Ekoparken: the world’s first national city park • Neighborhood parks and community gardens • The Stockholm region has become a world-leading innovation zone • Stockholm as an engine of growth • Space for culture • Access to sports facilities and green spaces • Green growth • Green IT
Lakeside view
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• Extended legal protection of eight areas of natural and cultural reserves under the environmental code • Connective corridors • Fossil fuel free Stockholm 2040 • Implementing RUFD 2050 proposals • Access to upper secondary places that meet residents’ needs is to be secured • More activities in green and water areas • Stockholm’s economic policy frameworks prioritise innovation • The development of hagastaden, as center of innovation
City view
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CORE IDEAS
• A diverse, service-based and • knowledge-intensive economy provides sustained growth • Adapting the urban structure to the geographical constraints • • Long-term strategies for the transition to a lower climate impact, different eco-cycle systems and innovative and effective technical solutions • • National policies on education
Planning for nature requires knowledge of the availability of green areas, and also the recreational, natural, and cultural value The nodes of urban development along the public transportation system need to be dense, mixeduse, and walk able Effective and efficient operation of local government
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MANAGERIAL SUPPORTS
• open space planning requires cooperation between involved municipalities, regional entities, and the national government • specific support for green technology research • District Councils have responsibility in urban environment operations areas Open Space on Stockholm
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The Uniqueness major components
Subcomponents
Physical Base
Innovation progress • •
Stockholm Park Programme publicy accesible shoreline
Lesson Learned
Development impacts •
• Competitiveness
Ekoparken: the world’s first national city park neighborhood parks and community gardens
Future agendas •
•
extended legal protection of eight areas of natural and cultural reserves under the Environmental Code connective corridors
•
• •
Infrastructure Base
• • • •
intelligent road use clean vehicles eco-labelled electricity walking and cycling
Low emission energi
fossil fuel free Stockholm 2040
Institutional Base
•
Stockholm Business Alliance (SBA) Regional Co-operation for the Environment
Development of ICT
implementing RUFS 2050 proposals
•
Core ideas a diverse, service-based and knowledge-intensive economy provides sustained growth adapting the urban structure to the geographical constraints long-term strategies for the transition to a lower climate impact, different eco-cycle systems and innovative and effective technical solutions
Managerial supports •
• •
open space planning requires cooperation between involved municipalities, regional entities, and the national government specific support for green technology research District Councils have responsibility in urban environment operations areas
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major components
The Uniqueness
Subcompon ents Human resourc es
Competitiveness
Socioc ultural resourc e
Innovation progress • •
•
•
Econo mic Base
• • •
Lesson Learned
Development impacts
greater expertise in the City’s pre-school operations Focus on reducing differences between schools
•
The strong interest in culture, sport and recreation among Stockholmers a city that lives up to human rights and is free from discrimination
• •
Kista Science City cleantech companies congestion tax
• •
•
Future agendas
the Stockholm region has become a worldleading innovation zone Stockholm as an engine of growth
•
space for culture access to sports facilities and green spaces
•
green growth green IT
• •
access to upper secondary places that meet residents’ needs is to be secured
more activities in green and water areas
Stockholm’s economic policy frameworks prioritise innovation the development of Hagastaden,
Core ideas • •
•
•
national policies on education planning for nature requires knowledge of the availability of green areas, and also the recreational, natural, and cultural value the nodes of urban development along the public transportation system need to be dense, mixed-use, and walkable effective and efficient operation of local gov.
Managerial supports •
• •
•
planning policy seeks to integrate higher education with research institutes and clusters of knowledge-intensive industry the dialogue with cultural practitioners collaboration between the city authorities, businesses, real estate developers and universities ongoing promotion of Kista Science City
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• Land development process/procedure • The key actors • Innovation and creativities
Land Development Process Source: LSE, 2013
The Key Actors Developing the city center
The 1952 General Plan
The General Plan focused on building new suburbs along the expanding metro lines
Green Wedges 1962 Downtown Plan strategy for developing the Central Business District (CBD) - turning the core of the city into a well-connected, modern and walkable city center
Self-contained neighborhoods with their own social and commercial core - connected to the city center The development of suburban “metro neighborhoods” - absorb the large numbers of people moving to the capital in the 1950s and 1960s Ensuring high levels of accessibility to public transport
25 new neighborhoods - a quarter of a million residents
Innovation and Creativities
The center remains highly accessible for pedestrians creating road and public transport access for those living outside the city In 1990, the Stockholm Regional Planning Office recognized the importance of protecting the City’s “Green Wedges” - to integrate these areas actively into city planning
Downtown Plan led to the construction of large-scale office blocks and commercial infrastructure
Redevelopment of industrial zones and sustanability Revitalising existing urban areas on the outskirts of the city and developing 12 former industrial zones into mixeduse residential and commercial areas Following the economic trend in the 1980s, when the city experienced a noticeable decline in manufacturing and growth in the services sector and financial and creative industries
Land Development Process
Swedish NG in 1998, Stockholm applied to the National Government for LIP funds for 16 projects within three Eco-cycling Districts
The Local Investment Program
Stockh olm CC
The Key Actors to encourage local governments to adopt new environmentally sustainable technology and knowledge
Hammarby became a pilot project for ecologically designed district
Innovation and Creativities Initial funding: early in the environmental management process, the City’s politicians promised SEK 200 million (22 million Euro) to finance the extra costs of environmental measures and technologies Competitions: to inspire the developers, the project team held two competitions: The Best Proposition and the Greenhouse for Creative Ideas competitions
Ambition to create a cutting-edge and sustainable reputation
Discussions and negotiations: if developers were contracted to also manage their buildings rather than just construction, they were more eager to spend more time and effort on the environmental initiatives Source: CDB, 2015; Gaffney, 2007
Location - the location chosen to prevent sprawl was close to inner city of Stockholm (great incentive for developers to bid the land) Ease of access to utilities - the location and policies made it easy to connect to the water and electricity grid
Land Development Process
Stockholm Innovations Source: CDB, 2015; Gaffney, 2007
The Key Actors
Innovation and Creativities
District character: combining traditional inner city (European) built form with modern architectural influences inspiration from its natural environment
Traditional Stockholm inner-city character: following Stockholm’s inner city in terms of street width (18-24 m or 60 ft), block sizes (70 x 100 m or 230 ft x 328 ft), density, and land-use
Layout, form, and structure: a descriptive rationale behind the concept for each block or key buildings is set out, but leaves significant scope for innovation
4 to 5 story buildings along the Sickla Kanal and 6 to 8 story buildings along the main corridors
New Urbanism principals: minimum impact development, energy efficiency, minimizing use of non-renewable fuels, increasing local production, and increasing walking, and reducing automobile dependency
Along Hammarbyleden, taller buildings facing the water are built in a classic inner city style - the largescale facilities and large open water areas SjĂśstad local distinctiveness: apartment buildings are larger in size compared to existing inner city dwellings
Land Development Process
The Key Actors
Innovation and Creativities
12 Guidelines Applied to Hammarby-sjostad
Source: CDB, 2015; Gaffney, 2007
• Green wedges • • The green map • • Redevelopment of industrial zones • • Public private • partnership - hammarby • model •
Stockholm Park Program
The local investment program Retrofitting Green building New urbanism principals Local distinctiveness Renewable and district energy
Green Wedges Stockholm
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• Star-shaped development • Waste and energy along main transport lines consumption is minimised and recycling is used • Cohesive city whenever possible • Eco-district • Attract a lot of visitors or tourists Star-shaped Development
Tourism 36
Economic Impacts of Land-Use Policies
According LSE Report on Stockholm, the impacts of land use policy: • Increase city revenue • Increase GDP • Job creation • Attracting investment outside the cities
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Mix-Used Stockholm Distribution
• 10 places that bind Stockholm together • Mixed-use urban environments • Public Private Partnership Stockholm Royal Seaport Model • 12 green guidelines 38
CORE IDEAS - Plan for density - dense areas that are established as targets for growth in the city plan are given extra attention - Cutting-edge and great reputation of sustainable projects can attract developers or other stakeholders to join the projects - Location and ease of access to utilities are also important - The use of integrated system solutions for material, waste, and energy - Prioritizing densifying areas that are adjacent to the city
City Density Distribution
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MANAGERIAL SUPPORTS
- districts or local areas development based on their uniqueness - initial funding on environmental programs;; - Competitions of the actors - discussions and negotiations on the; developers; - various departments from the government, private sector, and academia must all be deeply involved in the planning process - set holistic and clear environmental goals; Illustration: City Council
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The Uniqueness Subcomponents
major components
Land and urban form management
•
• •
Land developme nt process/pro cedure The key actors Innovation and creativities
Innovation progress • • • • • • • • • •
Green wedges The Green Map redevelopment of industrial zones Public Private Partnership Hammarby Model The Local Investment Program retrofitting green building New Urbanism principals local distinctiveness renewable and district energy
Lesson Learned
Development impacts •
• • •
•
star-shaped development along main transport lines cohesive city eco-district waste and energy consumption is minimised and recycling is used whenever possible attract a lot of visitors or tourists
Future agendas •
• •
•
10 places that bind Stockholm together Mixed-use urban environments Public Private Partnership Stockholm Royal Seaport Model 12 green guidelines
Core ideas •
•
• • •
plan for density - dense areas that are established as targets for growth in the city plan are given extra attention cutting-edge and great reputation of sustainable projects can attract developers or other stakeholders to join the projects location and ease of access to utilities are also important the use of integrated system solutions for material, waste, and energy prioritizing densifying areas that are adjacent to the city
Managerial supports • • • • •
•
districts or local areas development based on their uniqueness initial funding competitions discussions and negotiations various departments from the government, private sector, and academia must all be deeply involved in the planning process set holistic and clear environmental goals
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• The uniqueness of infrastructure, facilities, and utilities • Infrastructure and services deliveries • Infrastructure and services adequacies
- Integrated management system - Green mobility: local public transport and cycling - Blue and green areas - Integrated waste systems - Stockholm park program
Stockholm Park
Cycling in Stockholm
Stockholm Park
Map of Stockholm
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- Enhance citizens’ physical and mental health and well-being - Purify water - Accessible transport for Stockholm people
Stockholmers Cycling
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- Reduce noise - Reduce air pollution - Local contribution on emissions per capita reduced 25% - Attraction for tourist
Stockholm innovation Illustration
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- Improve new experiences and opportunities - Help building centers of innovations - Focus on the social access of the citizen
Lakeside View
Stockholm innovation Illustration
Stockholmers
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CORE IDEAS
MANAGERIAL SUPPORTS
- Integrated planning of infrastructure - Focusing on the green and blue aspects of planning the city
– Local involvement – European green capital conference – Professional study visits – Green capital join forces
Stockholm Innovation Center
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The Uniqueness Sub-components major components
Innovation progress • •
Infrastructure and services management
Lesson Learned
•
The uniqueness of infrastructure, facilities, and utilities Infrastructure and services deliveries Infrastructure and services adequacies
-
-
Integrated management system Green mobility: local public transport and cycling Blue and green areas Integrated waste systems Stockholm park program
Development impacts -
-
-
Local contribution on emissions per capita reduced 25% Enhance citizens’ physical and mental health and wellbeing Reduce noise Filter air Purify water Attraction for tourist
Future agendas -
-
Improve new experiences and opportunities Help building centers of innovations
Core ideas -
-
Integrated planning of infrastructure Focusing on the green and blue aspects of planning the city
Managerial supports -
Local involvement European green capital conference Professional study visits Green capital join forces
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• • • • • •
Governance system Community attachment and community participation Private sector involvement Inter cities/governance cooperations Development incentives system Financial matters
- City of stockholm governance system - Seats on the city council
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- Municipal city council - Economic growth on Stockholm
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- Institutionalize the synergistic links of the stakeholders on green growth and business opportunity (i.e. KSL) - Forming RUFS from regional planning initiatives
Urban Green Growth Planning Framework
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- Weak on regulating on regional level - The growth of miniseries and agencies on the city - Collaboration on regional action programs - Increase n investment and financial stability of the city and its municipalities
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Strengthening regional governance beyond energy efficiency
Stockholm City Hall
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CORE IDEAS
- The understanding of the actors on green leadership of the region; - The commitment of the actors; - Planning initiatives;
MANAGERIAL SUPPORTS
- Strong local; - Collaboration in national programs;
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The Uniqueness Sub-components major components • •
Urban institutional management
• • • •
Governance system Community attachment and community participation Private sector involvement Inter cities/governance cooperation Development incentives system Financial matters
Innovation progress -
-
Institutionalize the synergistic links of the stakeholders on green growth and business opportunity (i.e. KSL) Forming RUFS from regional planning initiatives
Development impacts -
-
-
Weak on regulating on regional level The growth of miniseries and agencies on the city Collaboration on regional action programs
Lesson Learned Future agendas Strengthening regional governance beyond energy efficiency
Core ideas -
-
The understanding of the actors on green leadership of the region; The commitment of the actors; Planning initiatives;
Managerial supports -
Strong local; Collaboration in national programs
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• Development/governance approaches: manage growth or compact cities style • Internal (capacity building) and external factors (regional connectivities) • Development focus (inner city or suburban development)
- Using local experts’ view on level of importance of land - Participatory evaluation of local experts on land use policy and regional development program Illustration: Planning Iniative
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- Distribution of living and working - Mix use of land and local accessibility - Metropolitan public transport accessibility - Agglomeration of economy and labor accessibility - Travel time efficiency - Environmental efficiency - Productivity impacts 59
- Limiting car ownership and use - Completing infrastructure plans on northern and eastern - Investment n public transport - Controlling of employment expansion 60
CORE IDEAS
- Green growth in Stockholm; - Controlling urban development in the city to further promote the vision of Stockholm
MANAGERIAL SUPPORTS
– The participatory of local experts’ view on land use policy
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The Uniqueness
Lesson Learned
Sub-components major components
Innovation progress •
• Urban space and hinterland management •
Development/governanc e approaches: manage growth or compact cities style Internal (capacity building) and external factors (regional connectivity) Development focus (inner city or suburban development)
-
-
Using local experts’ view on level of importance of land Participatory evaluation of local experts on land use policy and regional development program
Development impacts -
Distribution of living and working Mix use of land and local accessibility Metropolitan public transport accessibility Agglomeration of economy and labor accessibility Travel time efficiency Environmental efficiency Productivity impacts
Future agendas -
-
Limiting car ownership and use Completing infrastructure plans on northern and eastern Investment n public transport Controlling of employment expansion
Managerial supports
Core ideas -
Green growth in Stockholm; Controlling urban development in the city to further promote the vision of Stockholm
-
The participatory of local experts’ view on land use policy
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Cooperative Planning
Urban Growth
Community Commitment
Synergetic Actors
Cohesive City
Integrated Management 63
Floater, Graham, et. Al. (2013), Stockholm: Green Economy Leader Report. London School of Economics and Political Science. London. Climate Leadership Group: C40 Cities (2018), Cities Leading the way: Seven Climate Action Plans to Deliver on The Paris Agreement. UK. European Commission (2010). Stockholm – European Green Capital. Belgium.
OECD (2013),Green Growth in Stockholm, Sweden, OECD Green Growth Studies, OECD Publishing. Climate Leadership Group: C40 Cities (2018), C40 City CAP Review: City of Stockholm. UK. City of Stockholm, Executive Office (2016), The Environment Programme 2016-2019. Stockholm. Gaffney, A. et al. HAMMARBY SJÖSTAD Stockholm, Sweden: A Case Study. 2007. CP 249 Urban Design in Planning Hammarby Sjöstad - An Urban Development Case Study Of Hammarby Sjöstad In Sweden, Stockholm. China Development Bank Capital’s Green And Smart Urban Development Guidelines. 2015 How Stockholm is Governed https://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/rapporter/slk033_sastyrssthlm_eng_150121-2.pdf
Stockholm - a sustainably growing city https://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/ovriga-bilder-ochfiler/stockholm-a-sustainably-growing-city.pdf 64
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Program Studi Magister Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota Sekolah Arsitektur Perencanaan dan Pengembangan Kebijakan Institut Teknologi Bandung 2018 66