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TABLE OF
CONTENTS 58
10 12 18
General Christopher Musa: A Life Committed to Service and Leadership
32
Africa50: Paving the Way for Energy Infrastructure
Africa Climate Summit: Preparing for COP28
40 50 76
Prosperity Architect Hon. Renganaden Padayachy’s Role in Shaping Mauritius’ Modern Economy
Charting a New Course: Rethinking Africa’s Governance Style for Progress From Bench to Ballot: The Critical Role of the Judiciary in Global Democratic Fortunes
General CG Musa’s Vision: Pioneering a Democratic and PeopleCentric Armed Forces
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26 36 54 68
64 Reinforcing Peace And Stability In The West African Sub-Region
Investor’s Paradise: Opportunities in Mauritius’ Diverse Economy
The Rise of Africa’s Trade and the Need for Aid
70 73 78
42 US-Africa Tourism Revolution Impact
Preserving the Rich Tapestry of Africa’s Heritage
Setting the Agenda: African Housing and Urban Development Leadership
Women’s Participation in Politics
46
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40 Unlocking Opportunities: The Surge in African Real Estate
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WHAT NOTABLE LEADERS ARE SAYING ABOUT
AFRICAN LEADERSHIP MAGAZINE
H.E. JOHN MAHAMA Fmr. President of Ghana
H.E. MRS. AMEEN GURIB-FAKIM Fmr. President of Mauritius
DR. GOODLUCK JONATHAN Fmr. President of Nigeria
“It is always an honour to be in the company of such distinguished fellow Africans, that the African Leadership Magazine events bring together - Africans who have committed their lives to changing the negative narrative about our continent.”
“It is very gratifying that we now have an organization like African Leadership Magazine, which endeavors to promote good governance and impactful leadership in Africa - bring the best of Africa to the global stages.”
“African Leadership Magazine has become a brand for Africa and I am pleased to be associated with it. especially because of the caliber of African Leaders on itʼs board.”
H.E. JOHN KUFOUR Fmr. President of Ghana
H.E. JAMES A MICHEL Fmr. President of Seychelles
H.E. ERNEST BAI KOROMA Fmr. President of Sierra Leone
“I wish to express my sincere thanks and deep appreciation to the African Leadership Magazine for the work that it is doing on the continent, and especially in advancing the cause of small Islands Developing states, Any effort aimed at increasing the visibility of the good work being done by leadership in Africa does positively impact on the continent and that is what the African Leadership Magazine is doing.”
“I am delighted to be associated with the sterling work that the African Leadership Magazine is doing on the continent. Democratic governance is the elephant in the room, and the continent needs to reaccess its governance systems. The agenda on global sustainable development shows that Africans are lagging behind. Africa will need to reinvent its governance system with its youth growing population.”
“I believe people are more important than power and anything that promotes good people and leadership is what we need in Africa, and that is what African Leadership Magazine is doing.”
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WHAT NOTABLE LEADERS ARE SAYING ABOUT
AFRICAN LEADERSHIP MAGAZINE
MRS. ELLEN JOHNSON - SIRLEAF Nobel Peace Prize Winner & Fmr. President, Republic of Liberia
H.E JAKAYA KIKWETE Fmr. President of Tanzania
H.E DAVID MABUZA Deputy President Republic of South Africa
“I feel deeply honored to be associated with the African Leadership Magazine as it is a veritable platform to honor true service in Africa. I commend your efforts and assure you of my continued support and the support of the good people of Liberia.”
“African Leadership Magazine is doing a wonderful job of speaking for Africa and Africans. The magazine remain a good example of what young people in Africa can do in the world. Best wishes in keeping the African dream alive.”
“It is an honour to participate at this African Leadership Magazine's 2020 Ceremony, and I commend the magazine's focus to reshape positively, the dominant narratives about the African continent, especially towards the pursuit of peace-building and democracy on the continent”.
DR. AKINWUMI ADESINA President, African Development Bank
DR. MO IBRAHIM Founder, Mo Ibrahim Foundation
MO DEWJI Tanzania Businessman & Philanthropist
“I thank you so much, African Leadership Magazine for the great work that you are doing for the continent. Your tradition of awarding excellence as I have seen in the line up of African Leaders who have received the African Leadership Awards, is something very commendable”
“The future of African people and improving the quality of Leadership on the African continent is my vision and I find in African Leadership Magazine - a true partner. I am also happy that the African Leadership Awards is doing at a lower level, what I intend to achieve at the Head of State level. That is why I flew to Paris just to be a part of what you are doing here at the African Leadership Magazine”.
“The African Leadership Awards truly captures the essence of my message which is that, success shouldnʼt be solely defined by wealth. It should be about the positive impact and influence that one has had in his community.”
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ENVIRONMENT
AFRICA CLIMATE SUMMIT: Preparing for COP28 By Stephen William
African leaders gathered in Nairobi in early September for a three-day summit to reach a consensus on tackling climate change and promoting green energy systems. The Nairobi Declaration, signed in Nairobi, advocates for a global carbon price on fossil fuel trade, shipping, and aviation, along with a global financial transaction tax. It also calls for a substantial increase in renewable energy capacity across a continent where millions lack access to energy and clean cooking facilities.
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President William Ruto of Kenya, the summit’s host under the AU’s auspices, proposed a carbon tax involving contributions from all countries to fund decarbonization initiatives. The declaration emphasizes that a carbon price is essential to provide affordable and accessible financing for climate-positive investments on a global scale. It calls for resources to be shielded from geopolitical and national interests.
ENVIRONMENT However, the idea of a global carbon tax faces challenges in some countries. The Nairobi Declaration will serve as a negotiating document for African leaders at COP28, the UN climate summit in the United Arab Emirates later this year. This summit marked the first time the African continent united specifically to address the climate crisis, focusing on both challenges and solutions. African leaders at the summit called for a $600 billion investment to achieve a renewable energy goal of 300 GW by 2030, a significant increase from the current 56 GW. They announced $26 billion in funding and investments for various climate-focused initiatives. The leaders also supported reforms in the multilateral financial system, arguing for increased concessional lending to poorer countries. Addressing the support provided by multilateral development banks for developing countries in their climate change efforts has become a contentious issue. African countries receive only a fraction of climate finance and investments compared to Western countries, making it essential to develop a climate-sensitive global financial system. Despite contributing only marginally to global greenhouse gas emissions (<4%), Africa is disproportionately affected by the impact of climate change. The declaration underlines the need for a comprehensive and systemic response to Africa’s debt crisis to create fiscal space for financing development and climate action. It is estimated that Africa needs at least $2.8 trillion between 2020 and 2030 to fulfill its commitments to limit emissions and keep global temperature increases within 1.5°C. This goal requires an annual investment of $4 trillion to $6 trillion.
marginal (<4%), yet it bears a disproportionate impact. Developed countries must empower Africa with the necessary tools and technology to address its effects. Food Insecurity and Climate Change Impact After three years of drought, more than 27 million people in Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, and Uganda face acute food insecurity, resulting in the deaths of 9.5 million livestock. The situation will worsen as temperatures exceed 1.5°C. African Export-Import Commitment to Climate Change
Bank’s
Afreximbank is focused on climate adaptation. It coordinates and supports programs to finance climate-related initiatives, optimize nature-based solutions, and promote African food security, sustainable water supply, and disaster management systems. Afreximbank is also advocating for Africa’s energy needs and accelerating the development of renewable energy potential. Afreximbank is increasing support for its member states to navigate the precarious climate landscape. Through infrastructure investments and advocacy for Africa’s specific energy requirements, it aims to accelerate the realization of renewable energy potential. The participation of Afreximbank at the summit follows its focused involvement at COP27 in Sharm el-Sheikh in 2022, as well as the signing of a $3 billion country program between Afreximbank and Kenya in May. This program allows the Government of Kenya to access Afreximbank’s Climate Change Adaptation Facility.
African voices have raised concerns about discontinuing fossil fuel use. Professor Benedict Oramah, President of the African ExportImport Bank (Afrexim), highlighted the potential impact on economies dependent on fossil fuel exports. He suggested establishing an African Energy Transition Bank to support economic diversification and structural transformation while maintaining economic livelihoods for vulnerable populations. This proposal from Afrexim has been under consideration for several years. Afrexim is working on protocols for establishing this institution in partnership with the African Petroleum Producers Organization (APPO). Africa’s contribution to the climate crisis is November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine | 11
SECURITY LEADERSHIP
GENERAL CHRISTOPHER MUSA: A Life Committed to Service and Leadership
In the world of the Nigerian Armed Forces, the name General Christopher Gwabin Musa stands as a beacon of unwavering commitment to service and exceptional leadership. From his humble beginnings in Sokoto State to becoming the 18th Chief of Defence Staff, General Musa’s journey is nothing short of remarkable.
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SECURITY LEADERSHIP Early Years and Education
Awards and Accolades
Born on a crisp Christmas day in 1967, in Sokoto State, Nigeria, General Musa’s roots trace back to Zangon Kataf LGA in Kaduna State. His path to greatness began when he was admitted into the prestigious Nigerian Defence Academy as a member of the 38 Regular Course. On the 21st of September 1986, he was commissioned into the Nigerian Army as a Second Lieutenant, marking the beginning of a lifelong commitment to the nation’s defense.
General Musa’s uniform is adorned with numerous decorations and awards, testament to his dedication and excellence. He is an Officer of the Order of the Federal Republic, a recipient of the Nigerian Army Medal, the Grand Service Star, and the Chief of Army Staff Commendation Award. He also proudly displays the Field Command Medal of Honour among his accolades.
A Scholar and a Leader General Musa’s journey in the military was adorned with academic excellence. He earned a Bachelor of Science Degree in Chemistry, a Diploma in Defence and Strategic Studies, an Advanced Diploma in Security Management, and a Masters in Military Science from the National Defence University in China. His dedication to education reflects his unwavering commitment to understanding and excelling in his field. He is not only a military scholar but also a member of the Nigerian Institute of Management and a Fellow of Disaster Management and Safety Science, showcasing his multifaceted skills and dedication to lifelong learning. A Storied Career Throughout his career, General Musa held various positions of great responsibility, each one a stepping stone in his journey to becoming a distinguished military leader. These positions included Commanding Officer of the 73 Battalion, Assistant Director of Operations at Army Headquarters, and Chief of Staff at Headquarters 2 Division. His commitment to his country’s defense took him to even higher roles, such as Principal Staff Officer Combat Arms in the Office of the Chief of Army Staff, Executive Director of the Nigerian Army Farms and Ranches Limited, and Commander of Headquarters Sector 3 Operation LAFIYA DOLE. It was his time as the Theatre Commander of Operation HADIN KAI in the turbulent North Eastern part of Nigeria that truly marked him as an exceptional leader. In recognition of his outstanding contributions, he was appointed as the Commander of the Infantry Corps, a position he held until he was named as the 18th Chief of Defence Staff on June 19, 2023.
A Gentleman Officer and a Family Man Behind the military garb and the medals, General Musa is known as a gentleman officer who places service to humanity above all else. He always prioritizes the welfare of his troops, earning their respect and admiration. His commitment to their wellbeing reflects his dedication to both the military and the nation. General Musa’s life is more than just a military career. He is a well-rounded individual who enjoys the finer things in life. His love for reading, passion for traveling, skill in playing basketball, and the joy he finds in listening to good music provide insight into his character. Conclusion
Behind the military garb and the medals, General Musa is known as a gentleman officer who places service to humanity above all else, prioritizing the welfare of his troops and earning their respect and admiration.
General Christopher Gwabin Musa’s journey is an extraordinary tale of service, leadership, and commitment. From his early days as a Second Lieutenant to his role as the Chief of Defence Staff, he has shown that unwavering dedication, education, and leadership are the cornerstones of a remarkable career. His legacy is a testament to the potential within us all to serve and lead, and his story is one that inspires generations to come.
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SECURITY LEADERSHIP
CG MUSA: Pioneering a Democratic and People-Centric Armed Forces
In a remarkable demonstration of leadership, General Christopher Musa, the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) of the Armed Forces of Nigeria (AFN), has unveiled his visionary approach to steering the AFN towards a democratic, people-centric, and collaborative future. This he made known in his thank-you press release to President Bola Tinubu for the new appointment.
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SECURITY LEADERSHIP General Musa expressed his gratitude to President Bola Ahmed Tinubu, GCFR, the President and Commander-in-Chief of the AFN, for entrusting him with this significant responsibility. His appointment reflects the utmost confidence the President has in his ability to guide the AFN in fulfilling its constitutional roles amidst evolving security challenges. In outlining his leadership concept, General Musa emphasised the importance of nurturing a professional AFN that puts the people at the heart of its operations. Under his guidance, the AFN will prioritise the protection of Nigerian citizens and their way of life, in line with the principles laid out in the Nigerian Constitution. This commitment extends to defending the nation’s territorial integrity, safeguarding democracy, and ensuring a stable environment conducive for sustainable national development. One of the key pillars of General Musa’s leadership concept is a dedicated focus on the welfare of AFN personnel. Recognising that troops’ welfare and sound administration are essential for mission success, he pledged to improve their well-being, provide essential operational equipment, and invest in infrastructural development within available resources. His goal is to enhance both individual and collective welfare, fostering a motivated and capable force prepared to meet the nation’s security needs. In an effort to further strengthen the capabilities of the AFN, General Musa will promote international military cooperation and collaboration, providing AFN personnel with opportunities for capacity building through joint and combined operations beyond Nigeria’s borders. Deepening jointness within the AFN is another cornerstone of General Musa’s leadership concept He aims to ensure that the AFN can promptly identify and address emerging operational challenges by fostering trust, initiative, judgement, and creativity among the various services. Through revitalised communication channels and enhanced synergy with other security forces,
My Vision By Gen CG Musa OFR
General Musa seeks to create a well-coordinated, joint, and multi-agency environment, enabling the AFN to excel in its constitutional duties. In conclusion, General Christopher Musa’s leadership vision comes at a critical juncture as Nigeria grapples with diverse security challenges. His commitment to creating a secure environment for socio-economic activities to thrive demonstrates his unwavering dedication to protecting the lives and properties of Nigerian citizens. Under his leadership, the AFN is poised to address evolving security dynamics across the country and fulfil its constitutional roles, paving the way for a brighter and more secure future.
INTRODUCTION 1. I have the honour to thank the President, Federal Republic of Nigeria, and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Nigeria (AFN), President Bola Ahmed Tinubu GCFR, for appointing me the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS). The appointment is a clear manifestation of the confidence reposed in me to direct the affairs of the AFN towards fulfilling its constitutional roles in order to address evolving security dynamics across the country. The realization of this critical responsibility elicits a clear leadership concept that will serve as the roadmap supporting the implementation of relevant guiding principles by the AFN. The significance of this roadmap is to foster a highly disciplined, cohesive, and inspired AFN ready to achieve its constitutional roles, facilitate national security, and enhance sustainable socio-economic development in the country. In November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine | 15
SECURITY LEADERSHIP
Gen. Musa Addressing Troops
this regard, the broad outline of my leadership concept shall be “To Nurture a Professional Armed Forces of Nigeria that is People Centric, Collaborative, and Capable of Meeting its Constitutional Responsibilities in a Joint Environment”. Accordingly, my leadership concept will be hinged on 3 pillars which include being people-centric, prioritizing troops’ welfare while deepening jointness and interagency collaboration. PEOPLE-CENTRIC AFN 2. I recognize the significance of leading the thousands of devoted and distinguished service men and women to provide a secure and peaceful environment for the Nigerian people to freely engage in their legitimate enterprise in line with the constitutional mandate of the AFN. In this regard, the AFN under my leadership will be people-centric by prioritizing and safeguarding our people and their legitimate way of life as prescribed by the Nigerian Constitution. Accordingly, the AFN will apply the lens of people-centricity to key components of activities to truly put the Nigerian people at the centre of its actions geared towards promoting and safeguarding a secure environment for all. To achieve this, the AFN will proactively defend our territorial integrity and democracy as well as safeguard internal security and unity to achieve the stability required to guarantee sustainable national development. PRIORITIZING TROOPS WELFARE 3. Troops’ welfare and sound administration will provide the required
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atmosphere for the AFN to deliver on its constitutional responsibilities. Thus, the AFN will continue to seek ways and means to improve the welfare of its personnel under my watch. In this regard, service men and women of the AFN should be reassured of my commitment to their welfare, provision of relevant operational equipment as well as infrastructural development within available resources to enable them to succeed in all assigned constitutional roles. The goal will be to promote targeted and specific capacity building, sound administration, and efficient resource management amongst others to enhance both individual and collective welfare of AFN personnel. I shall also promote international military cooperation/collaboration to further expose and provide capacity building to AFN personnel in joint and combined operations outside the shores of Nigeria. This measure is required to consolidate AFN welfare priorities in order to effectively deploy, fight, and win our nation’s wars by providing ready, prompt, and sustained land, sea, and air dominance by the AFN across traditional as well as asymmetric conflict settings as part of a joint force. DEEPENING JOINTNESS IN THE AFN 4. Joint operation which is designed to exploit unity of efforts to seize, retain, and maintain the initiative in order to achieve a clearly defined military objective is crucial to the realization of the AFN constitutional duties. I shall, therefore, deepen jointness and prioritize decision-making through a shared process of active contribution and consultation across a wide spectrum of our security architecture. This is geared towards ensuring that the AFN is capable of promptly identifying and addressing emerging operational challenges with appropriate methods and capabilities in a timely and efficient manner. In this regard, I shall promote trust, initiative, judgment, and creativity among the various services and maintain a channel for proactive engagement in all our interactions. With regard to other security forces, I shall build bridges by revitalizing communication channels while deepening synergy in the planning and execution of operations within a well-coordinated, joint, and multi-agency environment. CONCLUSION 5. The myriads of security challenges which has currently bedeviled our dear nation calls for a more succinct approach towards mitigating the issues. In view of this, I am committed to ensuring a conducive and secure environment for the protection of lives and properties for socio-economic activities to thrive. To ensure this, the AFN is poised to fulfill its constitutional roles in order to address evolving security dynamics across the country.
FINANCE LEADERSHIP
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SERVICE, SACRIFICE, AND LEADERSHIP: African Leadership Magazine’s
Interview With General Christopher Gwabin Musa, The Chief Of Defence Staff (CDS), Armed Forces Of Nigeria. 18 | November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine
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The ALM UK Team in a courtesy visit to Gen. Musa at DHQ Abuja
In the world of military leadership, few stories are as inspiring as that of General Christopher Musa Gwabin, the Chief of the Defence Staff of Nigeria. His remarkable journey from a quiet upbringing in Sokoto State to the pinnacle of the Nigerian Armed Forces is a pointer to his dedication, resilience, selfless service, and solid commitment to his country. In this interview, we take a deep dive into General Musa’s life, career, and the valuable lessons he has learned along the way.
accommodating state. So, the environment that we grew up in and the family we had were Christians who taught us how to live, respect, and accommodate each other. So, I grew up with it and that is why I don’t believe in the differences in religion and tribes. First, we are all human beings and we are Nigerians. I consider this as the most important thing.
Early life and values
My early life shaped my career. I went to a mixed primary and secondary school; I attended Federal Govt College Sokoto; and I came to NDA, which was also a mixed school. I have friends all over the country, and for me, Nigeria is what I stand for wherever I go, and I’m never ashamed of being a Nigerian. Everywhere I go, I go with my green passport, and if you don’t like it, then it is left for you. So, these are what have guided me throughout my career to date”.
General Christopher Musa Gwabin, born and raised in Sokoto State, attributes his strong values of peace, respect, and accommodation to his upbringing by his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Gwabin. His mixed primary and secondary education, as well as his time at the National Defence Academy (NDA), exposed him to the diverse cultures and backgrounds of Nigeria. This early exposure instilled in him a belief in the unity of all Nigerians, transcending differences in religion and tribes. “I am Christopher Musa Gwabin, the Chief of the Defence Staff, Armed Forces of Nigeria. I was born and raised in Sokoto State, brought up by the late Mr. and Mrs. Gwabin. I hail from Zagon Kataf LGA of Kaduna State, and I hail from Katogora LGA. My first 18 years were spent in Sokoto State; I went to primary and secondary school there, and it was when I got admitted to the National Defence Academy (NDA) that I actually went to Kaduna State. My background has always been a very quiet one. Sokoto has been a quiet, peaceful, and
From Cadet to Chief of Defence Staff
These men exemplify the very best of what is means to serve and protect our nation. They were the vendors of peace, the guidance of our freedom and the sentiments of our security, their selflessness and unwavering dedication to duty will forever be etched in our hearts and memories
General Musa’s journey in the Nigerian military began with his commissioning into the Nigerian Army Infantry Corps in 1991. Over the years, he steadily climbed the ranks, gaining invaluable experience and insights. November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine | 19
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His appointment as Chief of Defence Staff is a testament to his dedication and leadership qualities. “The Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA) is a microcosm of Nigeria because it brings together people from diverse backgrounds in terms of tribe, religion, and culture. That is how we grew up. So, interacting with people is not an issue because I have an understanding of where everybody comes from, how they live, their cultural background, their beliefs, and what makes them tick, including their weaknesses and strengths. All these things put together make them unique in their own way. That’s why you see that I have that mindset of moving along with everybody. I’m not selective because, by nature of our work, you are everywhere; we move together, suffer together, face challenges together, and have mutual respect for each other, and that’s why you see the Nigerian military remains unique and people can’t understand how we share such a bond. I’m not afraid of travelling anywhere, knowing that in every state there must be somebody that I know, and if I don’t know anyone, I can go to any barracks and introduce myself, and I will be accommodated. And even with our retired personnel, anywhere I meet them, I introduce myself, and I’m home. Building Unity in Diversity General Musa’s experiences at the NDA, where he interacted with individuals from diverse ethnic backgrounds, laid the foundation for his approach to leadership. He emphasises the importance of understanding and respecting the cultural backgrounds, beliefs, and strengths of all Nigerians. This approach has been instrumental in fostering unity within the Nigerian military.
“When one of the former officers was talking about his family, the person who knew his house to a tee was his Batman. He was from Ilorin, and his batman was from Cross Rivers. If you need anything from the house, you just call the batman; he knows where everything is kept in the house by his boss. For us, unity is something we don’t take for granted because our job has to do with loyalty. For example, when you are out there in the field, the enemies are trying to kill you, but you sleep with confidence in such a situation, knowing that your colleague is awake and will not allow any harm to come to you. So, as you can see the spirit of comradery, unity, oneness, and prudence is what kept us going”. Lessons from Operation Hadin Kai General Musa’s role as the theatre commander of Operation Hadin Kai provided him with significant insights into counterinsurgency operations. He recognised that asymmetric warfare required a different approach, one that prioritised building trust and cooperation with local communities. By engaging with religious leaders, market women, and other stakeholders, the military was able to gain the support of the public and weaken the insurgents. “I think my taking over as the Theatre Commander of Operation Hadin Kai was divine. Why I said so is that going there as a Theatre Commander was my fourth tour of duty in the North East operation. I was deployed there in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021. So, what we did was built on the foundation laid by others. It started in 2009, and people have been contributing their quota. As a conventional army, we knew how to fight country to country, but with asymmetric warfare, we had to adjust to the norm because we were fighting an unseen enemy. That created an enmity between the military men and the civilians. As a military man, I have been sent to you to bring peace and secure you. Somebody attacked me, killed my colleague, and ran to you. Knowing that you know the culprit, when I asked, you denied it, and you know that when blood is flowing and adrenaline is pumping, everybody is angry. So, the tendency is that most times, the soldiers do not want to hear; they will pick everyone, and that creates another issue. So, people started complaining about the movement, and they would say, “It is better I join my people against you because you are a uniform man.” Civil-military relations: a Vital component General Musa underscores the importance of civil-military relations in the fight against terrorism. He emphasises that
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understanding and winning the trust of the local population are keys to success. Through transparent communication, cooperation with various agencies, and community engagement, the military can effectively combat insurgency and build lasting peace. “Gradually, we came to understand that asymmetric warfare is different from conventional warfare. First and foremost, to understand the public, you need to make them understand that you are there for them and let them see that, in sincerity, you are there to protect them. So, while I was there, I studied it and realised that these are the aspects. The first thing we did was reach out to all stakeholders. We held meetings with all the imams, pastors and reverends, llamas, market women, and the National Union of Road Transport. Everybody had something to do because we knew that the insurgents were within them. If they were with us, it would be difficult for the insurgency to survive. And so, by the time they understood that what we were doing was for their good, that was all. It made things very difficult for those guys; even getting logistics became an uphill task for them. For instance, we had people who would call us and say, “This guy is coming to buy two bags of these items, and he’s consistently coming to buy them, and we don’t know his house. So we tracked him and realised that he was the one supplying food to the insurgents, and we picked him. When someone is moving around the motor parks with something suspicious, we check the bag, see something, and they quickly call the barrack, so we had a very good working relationship. Again, we know that it was not a military operation alone and that it is a joint task force; you have Immigration, Customs, NDLEA, and many others. So, if there is anything on drugs, the NDLEA will stop it. If there are areas they want to operate in and they cannot go alone, we give them troops to accomplish such tasks, with this, we ensure that everybody carries out their duties effectively. Gradually, schools opened, markets opened, and you could go to church or mosque. When the terrorists realised that it was difficult for them to get food and other things, some of them just retired, while some chose the path of surrender. Life was far better because now we use the media a lot. I did a lot of interviews on radio and TV; we had full in-sessions with people; the public would call and ask questions and get explanations; and so we had all these things going on because most of the radio stations, TV stations, were listened to and viewed by many including the terrorists. I know the mind is very dangerous; if you get somebody who can actually use ideology to twist the
mind, it becomes a dangerous weapon. In Nigeria, whoever thought someone would strap themselves with explosives and blow themselves up. Nobody ever thought of that, but because we have people who came and twisted the narratives, some people were ready to die, thinking that they would go to heaven if they died. So, by the time we started talking, they realised that they had been lied to. They told them that the military did not like them, that they were going to be killed, and many other bad stories, but when they called and surrendered, they came and saw how they were treated. They called others to join them, and that was how they started coming out.
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By the time I left in January 2022, we had over 70, 000 terrorists, including their family members, and children who had surrendered. And how they try to do terrorism is that they go to villages, they will capture everybody and force you to fight for them. When they realised that it was becoming difficult to do that, they started giving birth to a new set of terrorists. By the time we went, they had twice the prior number, about 40,000 children. If a woman gives birth, in four months, they will impregnate her again; they were just producing kids. Those kids will be more dangerous because they don’t have empathy. When a child is growing, whatever he sees, he emulates. These kids will grow up and think killing is normal, and it becomes more dangerous. We are happy we were able to pull them up; as of now, we have over 100,000 of them from the integration, and we are grateful because the Borno Governor was steadfast, which made it very important. What the military can only do so far is bring peace and provide an enabling environment for every other person to live in, and if we are doing this and there’s hunger, poverty, and disease, it’s going to be difficult.
The greatest mistake you make as a commander is for you to make your officers and soldiers feel you don’t care about them
Leadership Beyond the Battlefield The general has exhibited outstanding leadership sagacity that has helped his men, personnel, and locals grow together and achieve a common goal at every point in time. “I think it’s easy. One thing I have realised is that once you are sincere, people can easily read through you. Most times, when you see people having problems, you would observe that their words do not match their actions. Once you can say you don’t need this and stick to it, people November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine | 21
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will respect you. And you can see how we relate to each other. Like I said, I don’t do tribe, I don’t do religion, I just treat everybody equally. Anyone who has an issue comes to me, and if you have an issue, we can discuss it; we will assist you if we can, but if we cannot, we will take it to a higher level. We have shown concern and commitment to our troops, especially the senior and junior officers. We look at issues that affect them, and if you have an issue, you report it, and the matter will be looked into. We don’t punish you because we want to demean you. When you do badly on an issue, punishment should be corrective and when you do well, you should also be rewarded. So, it is in this aspect that people see clearly that we mean well and that we are here for their own good, so it is very easy.
area of transportation, we use our vehicles to assist in conveying the villagers to mosques and churches, while organise competitions for schools on debates and sporting events. The challenges we have as military personnel aren’t easy. For the first 17 years of my marriage, I really never had 30 straight days to stay with my family. So, you can imagine the influence on the kids; they never get to see you. So, the luxury of seeing family is not there sometimes. We have people who have been in the theatre of operation for the past 7 months without the privilege to even go and see their families. Things that people take for granted at times, are a mirage to an average military personnel.
You will find out that the locals gave us some of the best reports that we ever had. Between 3:00 am and 6:00 am, they will be awake to monitor the Boko Haram movements, risking their lives to help us, and we are so happy. They remained very committed, and that has also assisted us a lot, so it’s that sense of transparency and sincerity that shows that you are really ready to touch lives and not there for selfish reasons. You are there because you want to serve, and they see how you treat yourself, your team, and the members of society.
General Musa emphasises the military’s commitment to humanitarian efforts, such as building schools and providing medical care to communities. He also stresses the importance of respecting human rights and adhering to international laws of war, highlighting the rigorous training military personnel undergo in this regard.
The dream of every officer is to command his corps; I am privilege to have had that fulfilled as an Infantry officer. Today, by providence, God has given me the privilege to coordinate the affairs of the Armed Forces, which I can’t take lightly but to give it all it takes
Challenges Faced Military Personnel
by
While the public may not be fully aware, military officers and soldiers face unique challenges in their line of duty. These challenges include prolonged periods away from family, adverse weather conditions, and the emotional toll of combat. General Musa calls for understanding and support from the civilian population for these brave men and women. Our job, like I said, is to be able to provide an enabling environment to work in. People should be able to walk around and go about their businesses freely. Also, children should be able to play around freely without fear of being kidnapped. Sometimes, we have schools that have no teachers; we get our teams to go and teach the children; our troops are also in medical centers; we have surgeons, paediatricians, and other doctors who assist with treatment. In the
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Humanitarian efforts and respect for human rights
In your operation, you can hardly sleep even if it’s raining, sandstorming, heat, and more. All will meet you at the trench, and we do this just to make sure that people go to sleep and are safe. Sometimes, it’s very painful when you have done all these things and you see people you are protecting speak to you as if you are not trying. It can be very painful. So, we always try to sensitise them to understand that these guys are sacrificing so much, like the bible says,” There is no greater love than somebody who puts his life for his friend.” It is his life that he is putting aside so that you can sleep and move freely. In essence, we sacrifice our today for their tomorrow. For me, the locality is very important, and we work together with citizens, the government, nongovernmental agencies, and UN agencies because we don’t provide enough food to give everyone. So, this covers these gaps for us, and wherever they are, they are able to provide security for them to go and provide food, medical attention, sometimes psychological care, and so many other things they do to also assist. All these, put together, have helped get us the success we needed. So, the locality is really critical. Because the question is, How did it really start? From poverty to illiteracy and others. And then critically, like I said, good governance eliminates most of the challenges we are having. Sense of belonging, justice, fairness, and equity if you have them in the system, to come into the system, you can hardly see these things in society, but if you don’t have them, these are the elements that will come
FINANCE LEADERSHIP COVER up. So as we’re doing this, those other aspects have the tendency to suppress our work. Humanitarian Commitment Community Engagement
and
General Musa underscores the importance of community engagement and humanitarian endeavours, recognising that the military’s role extends beyond combat. He acknowledges that all military personnel were once civilians, and their training, while rigorous, instills both discipline and aggression. However, this aggression, he asserts, must be tempered with kindness. The key lies in maintaining the respect and trust of the communities they serve. As I said, all of us in the military before we joined were civilians. The nature of our training, which is difficult by the way, really makes you very aggressive. With your ability to know that even with the aggression, you can still be kind, and you should, because if you are meant to protect individuals if you lose their respect, then you know whatever it is you are doing will make no sense; they need to be happy that you are here. I wrote an exam for each rank, and that goes to every other officer you see here. If you fail three times, you will leave the service. There are conditions that are put in place to ensure that you know that you must make sure that you are updated in your profession. So, in the aspect of training, humanitarian law, and laws of war, we do those things consistently. You know, in the military, we are exposed to two kinds of laws: civil law and military law, so it’s a double jeopardy we are facing. If you don’t do one, you do the other, and you will still face the same sanction, then we have our court-martials, and courtmartials are well organised; you know the offense; you know the punishment. So that’s why you can hardly hear that we have pending cases; they’ve been taken to court, and actions have been taken. So that makes it a lot easier. In humanitarian assistance, we have done so much; we have built schools and boreholes, and everything that we think makes life better, we extend to the outside. Awards and Commitment to Excellence General Musa’s career has been distinguished by numerous military awards, including the Distinguished Service Star and the Meritorious Service Star. However, he sees these accolades as more than mere recognition; they serve as motivation to continue striving for
ALM Publisher Dr Ken Giami presenting a souvenir to Gen. Musa
excellence. In the military, he notes, the higher one climbs, the more demanding the responsibilities become. Thus, the awards encourage recipients to push themselves further and stay updated in their field. It’s just an appreciation to show that you are doing something good, because in the military, the higher you go, the hotter it becomes, which means you have to keep yourself abreast. Every year, your commander writes a report about you and your conduct. These reports form part of the assessment for your promotion. Those reports speak for you, so you cannot afford to let yourself down. Yes. So, the award is just to motivate you to know that you are doing something right and that you need to do more. That’s what has kept us going, and it goes to every officer standing because these are the things that will make you want to do more, including your examinations and courses. As military personnel, you are required to always improve yourself. Leadership philosophy and mentoring General Musa acknowledges the influence of many mentors and role models throughout his career. He values both their strengths and weaknesses, using them as valuable lessons in leadership. His approach November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine | 23
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involves learning from those he admires and consciously avoiding the traits or practices he finds undesirable. “There are so many; everybody has strengths and weaknesses, so what I try to do is take the ones I like and note those that I don’t like, so that I can avoid them. Since I was a junior officer, that has been my style, so for me, everyone is a mentor because there is always something good about somebody. What I try to do for my junior is lead by example. What I say is what I do; otherwise, I try to make them understand that we are in it together. As someone said, “Nobody will leave this world alive; we must all die one day.” So, let’s make it a better place for each other while we are alive. I also try to understand people. People come from different areas with different challenges. Sometimes somebody does something not because it was on purpose but due to circumstances. I love giving people a second chance, and I also try to extend it. I am always happy to see that when I command a unit and leave, I should see those coming behind me doing equally well. I cherish that a lot. Sometimes, they still call me to come and see what they are doing, and it gives me great pleasure to see that”.
Do not shy away from the media, so that they don’t present a negative story that will necessitate you to start giving a rebuttal. Be reachable and ensure you always tell them the truth. When a situation is not clear let them know; get back to them with the right information when available
Balancing Military Duties and Personal Life
Balancing military responsibilities with personal lives is a challenge for many military personnel. General Musa advises honesty and communication with one’s spouse as vital. Staying connected through social networks when away and making deliberate efforts to spend quality time with family when possible can help maintain a strong support system.
“For the military, like I said, it is the ability to be true to yourself and your spouse. The worst thing you can do is lie to yourself. Be truthful to your spouse. Be very deliberate about who you choose as your spouse; it is very critical because most times most military personnel are never around, so if you don’t have a good spouse, your children will bear the consequences. Make some deliberate effort to stay in touch through social networks (video calls) whenever you are not around”.
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General Musa’s Legacy General Musa’s ultimate legacy is a peaceful Nigeria where all citizens unite in the pursuit of a better nation. He envisions a Nigeria where the military receives unwavering support from the civilian population, recognising their sacrifices. He calls for unity, good governance, and justice as essential elements in building a great nation. Well, my legacy is to see that Nigeria as a nation is peaceful. If I am able to achieve that, for me, I have done the greatest of all. I also made my troops aware that they had a commander who truly cared and wanted them to succeed, and they realised that I had shown them how to be a commander and how to lead. So, if I’m able to achieve it, we have done well. Again, I would love for the citizens of Nigeria to support the military wholeheartedly, The military is very few, but they ensure that they are giving their all to ensure that this country continues to exist. It is important that we give them that support in order to boost their morale. Finally, for us to remain united, Nigeria is a great country no matter how you look at it. Yes, we are going through our stress; other countries went through theirs and scaled up because they came together. So, it’s time for us to come together as one so that we can make Nigeria great again. General Musa›s military journey is one of astute dedication, constant self-improvement, and a commitment to serving both his country and its people. His leadership extends far beyond the battlefield, encompassing community engagement, humanitarian efforts, and a steadfast commitment to human rights. As a role model and mentor, he inspires others to follow his path of excellence, ensuring that his legacy of leadership continues to shape the Nigerian Armed Forces for generations to come. General Musa exemplifies the essence of a military leader who not only protects the nation but also enriches the lives of its citizens. General Christopher Gwabin Musa’s journey from a humble upbringing to becoming Chief of Defence Staff is a story of dedication, leadership, and unwavering commitment to Nigeria. His experiences in the military and his vision for the future serve as an inspiration to all Nigerians. As we reflect on his remarkable career, let us remember the lessons of unity, transparency, and cooperation in the pursuit of a peaceful and prosperous nation.
EVENTS
REINFORCING PEACE AND STABILITY IN THE WEST AFRICAN SUBREGION
Speech Delivered To Distinguished Members Of The British Parliament, In London United Kingdom By General Christopher Gwabin Musa On 20 October 2023, November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine | 25
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Gen. CG Musa delivering Speech at the UK House of Lords Committee room
Protocol, I am delighted and honoured to be in your midst today to address the distinguished members of the British Parliament. As the Chief of Defence Staff of a developing country and the President of the ECOWAS Chiefs of Defence Staff, I thank the organisers and take the invitation to share my thoughts on the topic, “Towards Reinforcing Peace and Stability in the West African Sub-region” with the utmost sense of responsibility. Considering the growing interconnectivity and complexity of global security, it is always reassuring to know that as our partners, you care genuinely and we can count on your support. Permit me therefore to most sincerely appreciate the diverse efforts you have made towards helping us fight threats to peace and stability in sub-Sahara Africa over the years. While the chances of conflicts between nations appear remote in the short-term, same cannot be said of the threats from terrorists, proponents of religious extremism, organized criminal networks, which continues to undermine our collective and individual freedom from the fear of threats. To underscore the enormity of the challenges to stability in Africa, a July 2023 World Bank report stated that rising conflict and violence across Africa is exerting a negative effect on economic activity, with climatic trends poised to exacerbate this fragility. It is estimated that about 462 million people in the region are still living in extreme poverty this year.
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Some of the factors that continue to sustain the threats to peace and stability include the proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) and high rates of illiteracy and poverty. Our geography and history exert significant influence on these drivers and our ability to contain them. Consequently, despite the most diligent efforts of the Armed Forces of Nigeria, the unfavourable situation appears intractable because like I have said at different fora, military effort is only a minor part of the whole of regional societal approach to eliminating the root of these multi-dimensional and complex challenges. I am aware that the need for a collaborative agenda towards security and defence predates modern civilization and forms the basis of regional security networks which the African security architecture leverages. Considering that members of this distinguished audience are mostly well acquainted with that structure, kindly permit me to skip a detailed description. Suffice to mention that the Economic Community for West African States (ECOWAS) works with counterparts across the Continent to seek politico-economic solutions to these threats. Although, military options could be adopted, when necessary, under this arrangement, the structure for the application of military force is yet to fully crystalise. Within the time allotted to me, I shall be discussing salient aspects of Africa’s defence and security architecture as it relates to Nigeria with a view to outlining areas of further cooperation with the United Kingdom Government.
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Interactions and Q/A Session
Accordingly, I shall begin with the domestic situation and developments in neighboring countries that bear on Nigeria’s peace and stability. Next, I will speak about peace and stability in Sub Saharan Africa and thereafter conclude with areas we can further existing cooperation between Nigeria and the United Kingdom.
DOMESTIC SECURITY SITUATION IN NIGERIA
Much has been said and written about Nigeria’s security which has seen the military become deeply involved in fighting insurgencies, terrorism, armed banditry and cattle rustling, kidnapping for ransom, crude oil theft, piracy, illegal trafficking in drugs and psychotropic substances, and human trafficking among others in the last 2 decades. Besides, there are threats from increasing number of outof-school children, environmental conflicts from changing climatic conditions such as the clashes between farmers and herders, widening gap between the poor and the rich, and weak public institutions which has combined to form a web that triggers violence in multiple forms. Consequently, there are ongoing military operations across the 6 geopolitical zones of Nigeria, in addition to normal peacetime disposition and deployments that are focused on maintaining peace domestically and preventing a spill-over from neigbouring countries. Pertinently, prior to my appointment as the Chief of Defence Staff, I was the Theatre Commander Operation HADIN KAI, the counter-terrorism operation against the Islamic State in the West African Province (ISWAP) and the Boko Haram terrorists in North Eastern Nigeria and the Lake Chad Basin. It became clear to me then that terrorists leverage
Private Tour of Parliament Building
the high rate of illiteracy and multidimensional poverty prevalent among the locals in the region to recruit and disciple the youth to further their evil agenda of violent extremism. Thus, aggressive sensitization and enlightenment campaigns which resulted in the construction of new schools and renovation of schools that were damaged by the terrorists became a main thrust of my non-kinetic efforts to achieving the Force’s mandate. In active partnership with the State Governors in the region, we admitted over 1,300 pupils into primary schools and about 850 students into secondary schools at no cost to the beneficiaries. These seemingly insignificant moves altered the dynamics in favor of peace within a short period as the locals began to give unprecedented support to military operations against the terrorists. The preponderance of the twin evils of illiteracy and poverty extends beyond Nigeria and are November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine | 27
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Cross session of guests
often in combination with other factors at the root of the threats to lives, properties and peace in Sub Sahara Africa.
Baroness Sandy Verma of the UK House of Lords presenting a souvenir to Gen. CG Musa
Nigeria High Commissioner to the UK presenting a souvenir to Gen. CG Musa
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Proliferation of small arms and light weapons as well as illegal migration is facilitated by porous borders across the land, maritime environment and even the air. Although cross-border cultural and economic linkages did not make it seem like a problem decades ago, terrorism, religious extremism, armed banditry and other organized crime networks now accentuate the huge threat that ineffective monitoring of who and what passes in and out poses to peace in Nigeria. Apart from the human competence needed, technological advancements can be adopted to electronically monitor Nigeria’s extensive coastal, land and air borders. The Nigerian Armed Forces have employed available resources but these are insufficient to cover the spaces to be monitored. Additionally, perhaps owing to what I like to describe as a predisposition to trust, our national outlook must be such that encourages curiosity and exploration to the end that individuals will be quick to question strangers and situations that are incongruent with established orders with a view to understanding the situation. You may call this a nationwide security culture and you will be right. Strangers that go about to recruit and cause mayhem would find it difficult to thrive within this kind of culture. Just as it has been stated severally about how to attain peace, I am convinced that military effort alone is incapable of restoring enduring peace. Rather, military effort works best in conjunction with other elements of national
EVENTS and international power such as the diplomatic, information, economic and law enforcement through the mechanism of multifaceted peacebuilding to enthrone lasting peace. An aspect of such peacebuilding effort will be the peaceful situation or otherwise in neighboring countries.
PEACE AND STABILITY IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA
Threats to security in Sub Saharan Africa especially in the Sahel are emerging and portend grave implications for the West African Sub-region. The region is prone to the destructive and multi-dimensional effects of proliferation of small arms and light weapons because these continue to fuel insecurity. It is reported that out of an estimated 640 million small and light weapons that are in circulation globally, about 100 million are in Africa; 11 million out of which are in West Africa. The report that the Sahel witnessed a 2000% rise in terrorists’ activities within the last 15 years, with Sub-Saharan Africa accounting for 43% of deaths associated with global terrorism is not surprising given the large volume of illegal arms in the region. Terrorist groups active in the Sahel such as the Islamic State in the Greater Sahel (ISGS) and the Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam Wa al-Muslimeen (JNIM) in Mali and Burkina Faso create cross-border threats. The spill-over effect of their activities is felt in the neighbouring countries of Benin, Chad, Ghana and Republic of Niger, with the attendant consequences for Nigeria and Cameroon that on their own, are grappling with threats internally perpetrated by Boko Haram and ISWAP. Equally worthy of mention is the Ambazonian separatist agenda in Cameroun which has resulted in the influx of refugees and separatist fighters into Nigeria. The recent wave of coup detats by the military in Burkina Faso, Gabon, Niger Republic and Mali further compounds security challenges in Sub Saharan Africa. Attendant political instability could percolate into and on the long run destabilize neighboring countries. Even more worrisome was the fact that these coups and counter-coups occurred within a relatively short span of time and at a stage the military juntas encouraged one another across international borders. Not only do we see this as a negative trend and bad influence on our collective pursuit of economic liberation in the sub- region, but we are also mindful of the possibility of it worsening the precarious peace across the entire region and are therefore ready to leverage all means possible to stop it. As well, we desire to have legitimate governments return to direct the affairs of the affected nations.
Group photo at the British Parliament Building
There are increasing security challenges in the maritime environment from Senegal to Angola which is perhaps more fluid than the land borders as a means of accessing and exiting the sub-region. Nigeria and other countries of the Gulf of Guinea are victims of crude oil theft, piracy, sea robbery, and Illegal Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing activities all of which have telling soci-economic impact on citizens. The threats in the maritime domain are deepened by the absence of naval capabilities in several littoral states in the Gulf of Guinea, thereby making the task of securing the Sea Lines of Communication (SLOC) quite difficult. Although joint and combined arrangements are in place to boost security of the Gulf of Guinea, criminals, terrorists and drug barons who profit from illegal dealings in the waters continue to exploit gaps and weaknesses. Combating insecurity and political instability occasioned by coups in the sub-region requires the availability of credible military capabilities to deter intending military personnel in other countries. The ECOWAS member-states have in time past intervened militarily and is still conducting supporting and stability operations within the sub-region. Worthy of note, is the ECOWAS intervention in the Gambia code named ‘Operation RESTORE
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DEMOCRACY’. The operation was launched in January 2017, following President Yahya Jammeh’s refusal to step down after his defeat in the 2016 Presidential Election to the current President Adama Barrow. It is worthy to note that as ECOWAS troops arrived, Banjul, Jammeh stepped down and left the Country. The troops ensured President Barrow’s ascension to power and consolidated his presidency. Till date, about 2,500 ECOWAS troops are in the Gambia, training and assisting domestic security forces. ECOWAS troops are also currently in Guinea Bissau for another stabilization operation, with a deployment of about 2,100 troops. Without mincing words, executing these missions is capital intensive and takes a toil on the subregion’s developing economies. Thankfully, international partners including the UK willingly assist us in prosecuting these ventures. Nothwithstanding, several capabilities are lacking as most countries in the sub-region do not have a viable defence industrial complex to meet up with such demands. Nigeria has always been considered a country that can influence the lot of the sub-region in terms of economic growth for a number of reasons some of which I mentioned earlier in this presentation. Nevertheless, our Armed Forces’ involvement domestically is demanding and we need collaborative approach as a means of reinforcing our resolve to maintain peace in and stabilize the sub-region. Working under
the auspices of the ECOWAS Standby Forces notwithstanding, key capabilities and resources would still be required. Member-states who are also grappling with respective internal security issues do not possess these resources. Consequently, the way forward is to partner with governments like those of the United Kingdom, other European Union countries and the rest of the world to ensure peace and stability in Sub Saharan Africa. Permit me at this juncture to acknowledge the past and current supports we enjoy from the UK and other nations. While we shall remain focused on building capacity on the Continent to be able to deal with our challenges, we have not yet arrived and need your continued support to secure and stabilize Sub Saharan Africa.
AREAS TO FURTHER COOPERATION WITH THE UNITED KINGDOM
I will like to restate my firm belief that to be enduring, every effort to restore peace and stability must be all encompassing with due attention to military support. The UK has a long history of collaboration with West African nations in the realm of security. The UK has provided support in capacity building, intelligence sharing and military assistance to strengthen regional security institutions such as ECOWAS. There is also ongoing collaboration with regional partners to strengthen law enforcement capacities, improve border security and dismantle criminal networks. For me, military action is only about 25-30 % of efforts needed for the attainment of peace and stability. I will however limit my call for assistance to support for the military. We need assistance to enhance our physical, moral and conceptual components of the ECOWAS Standby Forces’ fighting power. CONCLUSION The Sub-Saharan Region is currently home to several threats to the peace and stability of the region. Defeating these threats depend on a combination of military and non-military actions. As the fighting force of the ECOWAS, the ECOWAS Stanby Force is currently lacking the robust physical, moral and conceptual components necessary to maintain peace and stability across the sub-region. We therefore need the assistance of the United Kingdom Government, our long standing partner to fulfil our collective responsibility in ensuring peace and stability in West Africa. Thank you all for listening and God bless our collective efforts.
Gen. CG Musa at the Nigeria High Commission, London
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Photo Speak The recent visit of Gen CG Musa OFR, Nigeria’s Chief of Defense Staff to the British Parliament, London, UK
ENERGY LEADERSHIP
AFRICA50:
Paving the Way for Energy Infrastructure By Stephen William
The provision of reliable, affordable energy is a vital precondition for Africa’s economic development, and this was the central theme of Africa50’s General Shareholders’ Meeting in July, held in Lomé, Togo. The primary mandate of Africa50 is to coordinate various stakeholders, including project developers, governments, financial institutions, and co-investors, to develop energy and other infrastructure across the continent, contributing to Africa’s growth. Africa50’s achievements are evident from the numbers. In less than seven years since its inception, with the support of 25 African governments, two African Central Banks, and the African Development Bank, it has invested $5 billion in multiple projects in different countries.
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ENERGY LEADERSHIP Criteria for Investment To be eligible for Africa50 investment, projects must be primarily in the private sector or under public-private partnership frameworks, be mid-to-large scale (typically with a project value exceeding $100 million), align with Africa50’s priority sectors (including publicprivate sector, transport, midstream gas, and ICT), and demonstrate sound technical and financial feasibility. Moreover, these projects must have reputable partners with relevant track records, contribute to the local economy, and adhere to world-class environmental, social, and governance standards. Focus on Renewable Energy Vera Songwe, Executive Secretary of the United Nations’ Economic Commission for Africa, highlighted Africa’s vast renewable energy resources, such as solar, hydro, wind, and geothermal power. She stressed the importance of investing in these resources to foster social and economic development on the continent, aligning with national development plans and international goals like the African Union’s Agenda 2063 and the UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Private Sector Engagement Government’s Role
and
H.E. Faure Gnassingbé, President of Togo, emphasized the significance of private sector involvement in infrastructure development, stating that governments must play a role in making projects attractive to foreign capital. This involves creating a stable and transparent economic environment to attract investment. New Infrastructure Fund The General Shareholders’ Meeting also saw senior African and global institutional investors commit to a new $500 million infrastructure fund. This fund aims to catalyze further investment in critical infrastructure, including energy, transportation, telecommunications, and water. This partnership marks a milestone for Africa, with 17 African shareholders, including sovereign wealth funds, banks, and development finance institutions, joining this initiative. The African Development Bank, a major player, has invested $20 million in the fund. Africa’s Solar Potential and Collaboration with the International Solar Alliance Africa50 announced a memorandum of understanding with the International Solar Alliance (ISA), an Indian initiative focused on expanding solar power globally. The ISA aims to unlock $1 trillion of investments in solar
energy by 2030, reducing costs and fostering deployment of this technology. Solar energy costs have dropped significantly, from USc2537 per kWh in 2010 to USc5 per kWh in 2020, with expectations of further reductions by 2030. The ISA seeks to build capacity and share best practices to increase global solar deployment. Expanding Solar Grids in Nigeria The World Bank plans to finance the construction of 1,000 mini solar power grids in Nigeria in partnership with the government and the private sector. Nigeria faces a significant electricity deficit, with millions relying on petrol and diesel generators. Mini grids, powered by small-scale electricitygenerating units, aim to address this issue. Consideration of Nuclear Power in Africa
Africa50’s achievements are evident from the numbers, having invested $5 billion in multiple projects across the continent in less than seven years.
While the World Bank is committed to expanding access to sustainable energy in Africa, it has a policy of not investing in nuclear power. However, some African countries, such as Uganda, are actively exploring nuclear options. Despite debates about the safety and cost-effectiveness of nuclear energy, Africa50 has not invested in any nuclear projects so far. The Nachtigal Hydroelectric Project
The Nachtigal 420 MW hydroelectric dam in Cameroon, funded by a consortium including Électricité de France, the International Finance Corporation, and the Government of Cameroon, is one of Africa50’s projects. It will enhance the country’s power-generation capacity, offer affordable electricity, and create jobs. The project will provide power at approximately $6.5 per kWh, contributing to economic growth and reducing generation costs. Construction is expected to commence in 2024. Challenges and Opposition Complexities and risks, including opposition from human rights organizations, often deter private sector investment in projects like Nachtigal. In this case, local communities have raised concerns about the project’s impact on their livelihoods, particularly fishing activities. November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine | 33
ENERGY LEADERSHIP Building Infrastructure Bridges One of the major infrastructure projects is the construction of a bridge over the Congo River, connecting the capitals of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo. This bridge establishes a direct link between Kinshasa and Brazzaville, creating essential transport corridors across the continent and supporting the African Continental Free Trade Agreement. Africa’s Infrastructure Collaboration
Development
Africa50, as the lead developer, is working with the African Development Bank and other partners to structure a public-private partnership framework for this bridge project. The collaboration is seen as a way to enhance African financial resources and support sustainable development across the continent.
Some African countries, including Uganda, are exploring nuclear power as an energy option. While nuclear energy has its proponents due to its low greenhouse gas emissions, it is a topic of debate and raises concerns about safety, cost, and waste disposal
Africa50’s CEO, Alain Ebobissé, stressed the importance of regional projects and the shared vision of transforming Africa’s infrastructure. This initiative aims to drive prosperity, job creation, and sustainable development for all Africans. The Africa50 Infrastructure Acceleration Fund is a 12year private equity fund that mobilizes institutional capital to invest in infrastructure projects across Africa. It primarily takes majority stakes in these projects.
Collaboration with the International Solar Alliance Africa50’s memorandum of understanding with the International Solar Alliance (ISA) aims to leverage solar power to achieve sustainable energy goals and reduce carbon emissions. The cost of solar power has fallen significantly, making it a viable solution for Africa’s energy needs. World Bank’s Commitment to Solar Grids in Nigeria The World Bank plans to support the construction of 1,000 mini solar power grids in Nigeria, addressing the country’s significant electricity deficit. Mini grids can provide power to communities without access to electricity.
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Consideration of Nuclear Power in Africa Some African countries, including Uganda, are exploring nuclear power as an energy option. While nuclear energy has its proponents due to its low greenhouse gas emissions, it is a topic of debate and raises concerns about safety, cost, and waste disposal. The Nachtigal Hydroelectric Project The Nachtigal 420 MW hydroelectric dam in Cameroon, funded by a consortium including Électricité de France, the International Finance Corporation, and the Government of Cameroon, is one of Africa50’s projects. It will enhance the country’s power-generation capacity, offer affordable electricity, and create jobs. The project will provide power at approximately $6.5 per kWh, contributing to economic growth and reducing generation costs. Construction is expected to commence in 2024. Challenges and Opposition Complexities and risks, including opposition from human rights organizations, often deter private sector investment in projects like Nachtigal. In this case, local communities have raised concerns about the project’s impact on their livelihoods, particularly fishing activities. Building Infrastructure Bridges One of the major infrastructure projects is the construction of a bridge over the Congo River, connecting the capitals of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo. This bridge establishes a direct link between Kinshasa and Brazzaville, creating essential transport corridors across the continent and supporting the African Continental Free Trade Agreement. Africa’s Infrastructure Collaboration
Development
Africa50, as the lead developer, is working with the African Development Bank and other partners to structure a public-private partnership framework for this bridge project. The collaboration is seen as a way to enhance African financial resources and support sustainable development across the continent. Africa50’s CEO, Alain Ebobissé, stressed the importance of regional projects and the shared vision of transforming Africa’s infrastructure. This initiative aims to drive prosperity, job creation, and sustainable development for all Africans. The Africa50 Infrastructure Acceleration Fund is a 12-year private equity fund that mobilizes institutional capital to invest in infrastructure projects across Africa. It primarily takes majority stakes in these projects.
ECONOMIC LEADERSHIP
INVESTOR’S PARADISE: Opportunities in Mauritius’ Diverse Economy
Mauritius, a young and evolving island nation, has made significant strides since gaining independence. Transitioning from a one-crop economy to a vibrant, diversified, and inclusive one, Mauritius has seen its per capita income soar from USD 200 in 1968 to USD 12,000 in 2019. Over the past five decades, it has garnered international recognition for its uninterrupted economic growth, notably from 1981 to 2019, driven by diversification which has made it an investors paradise to the global community. Today, Mauritius boasts over twelve industries supporting its socio-economic development, with the tertiary sector constituting 75 percent of its economy. Achieving high human development status, reduced poverty rates, and improved life expectancy,
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Mauritius has demonstrated remarkable resilience, weathering the Great Recession and attracting record levels of foreign direct investment. Guided by a vision to become an inclusive, high-income, and green economy, it emerged stronger from the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. In 2022, its economy grew by 8.8%, the fastest pace in over three decades, and the IMF ranks it among the world’s top 20 fastest-growing economies in 2023. Implementing fiscal consolidation and focusing on economic growth, social inclusion, and sustainable development, Mauritius aims to achieve energy self-sufficiency, producing 60 percent of its electricity from local renewable sources by 2030.
ECONOMIC LEADERSHIP
The nation also positions itself to adapt to evolving global trends, including AI, fintech, and digitalization, offering diverse opportunities for investors across sectors such as textiles, tourism, renewable energy, and more. With an array of trade agreements, Mauritius has preferential access to markets with over 3 billion people. Notably, it continues to attract substantial foreign direct investment due to its socio-political stability, robust institutions, good governance, and business-friendly environment, all aligned with its vision for an inclusive, flourishing, and green Mauritius over the past five decades. Below is an extract of the presentation made by Mauritius’ Minister of Finance, Economic Planning, and Development, Dr. Renganaden Padayachy, in the United Kingdom during the 2023 Africa Business Leadership Award event organised by the African Leadership Magazine, UK. Mauritius, a young and openly developing island state, has come a long way since its independence. From a monocrop economy to a vibrant, resilient, diversified, and inclusive economy, Mauritius’ per capita income jumped from USD 200 in 1968 to USD 12,000 in 2019. Taking its destiny in its own hands, Mauritius set out to develop its economy and society and has made impressive progress since. Over the past five decades, Mauritius has been internationally recognised for having the
longest stretch of economic growth without a contraction from 1981 to 2019. This has been possible due mainly to the persistent diversification of the economic base. From a one-crop economy, Mauritius today has more than twelve industries to support its socio-economic development. In fact, sugar production, which used to account for over 25 percent of GDP in the 1960s, now contributes to less than 3 percent of the country’s total output. Moreover, the structure of the economy has evolved. The tertiary sector today makes up about 75 percent of the economy, compared to around 50 percent in 1968. In 2020, Mauritius joined the rank of very high human development countries as measured by the United Nations. The level of poverty has been reduced significantly, with less than 1 percent of the population considered absolute poor as defined by the World Bank. Life expectancy has increased to above 70 years. More than 99 percent of the population has access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and electricity. Over the years, Mauritius’ socio-economic development has shown remarkable resilience. The country has been able to ride out the Great Recession and even attract record levels of FDI. The nation’s vision of the Prime Minister, the Hon. Pravind Kumar Jugnauth, as set out in the Government Programme 2020-2024, is to accelerate the transformation of Mauritius into an inclusive, high-income, and green economy. November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine | 37
ECONOMIC LEADERSHIP
As such, we are further opening up our country to the outside world while at the same time consolidating our domestic economy. Our policy focus is on greater self-sufficiency in carbon-neutral energy. We aim to produce 60 percent of our electricity needs by 2030 from local renewable sources. This will have multiple benefits to the economy and society in terms of reducing the country’s dependence on foreign sources of energy, reducing our carbon footprint, and improving the country’s external accounts.
Learning from the lessons of the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine, Mauritius has emerged stronger from the crisis, and we are now building more resilience into the country’s socio-economic fabric. Indeed, in 2022, the Mauritian economy grew by 8.8%, at its fastest pace in over 35 years. According to the IMF’s World Economic Outlook in April 2023, Mauritius was among the 20 fastest-growing economies in the world. In the meantime, we further accelerated our fiscal consolidation, as government debt was lower by 7.2 percentage points, standing at 68.7% at the end of 2022. Going forward, our strategy focused on the following 3 pillars: economic growth, social inclusion, and sustainable development.
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The other challenges are to adapt our development to the changing global trends, especially as regards AI, fintech, digitalization, rising Africa, and the rapid changes in geopolitical architecture. All these bear out the fact that Mauritius offers a wide and very diversified range of economic activities for investors. These include existing sectors such as textiles and clothing, light manufacturing, tourism, ICT/BPO, financial services, and luxury real estate. In addition, there are emerging sectors such as the renewable energy industry, the agritech sector, the knowledge centre of excellence, the data industry, the medical hub, eco- and medical tourism, the silver economy, the medical and biotechnology industries, the creative industry, the circular economy, and the ocean economy with an exclusive marine economic zone of 2.3 million square kilometres. Investors in Mauritius can benefit from a wide array of multilateral and bilateral trade agreements. Mauritius is a member
ECONOMIC LEADERSHIP
of COMESA, SADC, the Indian Ocean Commission, and the Indian Ocean Rim Association. Mauritius is also a member of the wider African Continental Free Trade Agreement. In recent years, Mauritius has signed a Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership Agreement (CECPA) with India and a Free Trade Agreement with China. Together with these trade agreements, Mauritius has preferential access to markets with more than 3 billion people. Mauritius also benefits from the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) of the USA. The country is also party to an Economic Partnership Agreement between the UK and the Eastern Southern African states and has a long tradition of trade with Europe,
to which it sells some 65 percent of its exports and from which it receives some 65 percent of tourist arrivals. In recent years, Mauritius has been receiving record levels of foreign direct investment, which is testimony to the confidence of international investors in its economy and development. The socio-political stability, strong institutions, good governance, a well-developed private sector, modern economic infrastructure, and a business-friendly environment combined with the commitment to realise its vision of an inclusive, flourishing, and green Mauritius are the right recipe for continuing the progress that it has achieved in the past five decades. November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine | 39
ECONOMIC LEADERSHIP
PROSPERITY ARCHITECT Hon. Renganaden Padayachy’s Role in Shaping Mauritius’ Modern Economy By King Richard
Renowned economist John Maynard Keynes once wisely noted, “The challenge doesn’t solely lie in conceiving novel ideas, but rather in liberating ourselves from antiquated ones.” This sentiment rings true, especially when considering the transformative journey embarked upon by Honourable Renganaden Padayachy in Mauritius, under the guidance of the President, His Excellency Prithvirajsing Roopun, and the Prime Minister, Honourable Pravind Jugnauth. The Honourable Renganaden Padayachy, an esteemed figure serving as the Minister of Finance, Economic Planning, and Development of Mauritius, has emerged as an architect of financial and economic renaissance, not only within the borders of his homeland but also across the African continent and beyond. His recent accolade as the “African
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Finance Minister of the Year” at the prestigious African Business Leadership Awards event, held by the African Leadership Organisation in London, is a clear additional proof of his visionary guidance, strategic acumen, and unwavering dedication to propelling his nation’s economic progress. Within the following narrative, we delve into the exceptional achievements that define Honourable Padayachy’s tenure, contributing significantly to Mauritius’ ascension as a commanding economic force on the African landscape. The tenure of Honourable Renganaden Padayachy has been marked by the implementation of groundbreaking economic policies that have effectively reshaped Mauritius’ economic panorama. Drawing inspiration from the wisdom of Mahatma Gandhi, who urged us to “be the change that you wish to see in the world,” Padayachy has ardently
ECONOMIC LEADERSHIP championed policies prioritising inclusivity, sustainability, and innovation. His visionary approach to economic planning has nurtured fertile ground for both domestic and foreign investments, thereby fostering robust economic growth across various sectors. Steve Jobs’ words, “Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower,” perfectly encapsulate Honourable Padayachy’s leadership ethos. He has spearheaded the diversification of Mauritius’ economy, transcending conventional boundaries. By fostering the growth of nascent industries such as technology, renewable energy, and financial services, he has successfully positioned Mauritius as an epicentre of innovation and entrepreneurship, thereby reducing the nation’s reliance on single-sector dominance. In the face of global economic uncertainties, Honourable Renganaden Padayachy’s fiscal acumen and resolute resilience have illuminated his path. His adept management of economic challenges echoes the sentiments of Winston Churchill: “Success is not final; failure is not fatal; It is the courage to continue that counts.” Guiding Mauritius through the tumultuous waves of economic volatility with remarkable agility, he has ensured the nation’s stability and cultivated a climate of confidence for both investors and businesses, hence the nickname Architect of Prosperity. The profound words of Nelson Mandela, “Our rich and varied cultural heritage has a profound power to help build our nation,” find resonance in Honourable Padayachy’s endeavours. He has harnessed the cultural heritage to champion sustainable development, recognising the symbiotic relationship between economic prosperity, environmental preservation, and social equity. Through strategic policies, he has championed green investments, supported renewable energy initiatives, and advocated sustainable practises that safeguard Mauritius’ natural beauty, gaining global acclaim for the nation’s dedication to a greener future. Kofi Annan’s assertion, “To live is to choose, But to choose well, you must know who you are and what you stand for, where you want to go, and why you want to get there,” profoundly mirrors Honourable Renganaden Padayachy’s global outlook. He has meticulously nurtured collaborations with international organisations, fostering partnerships that facilitate knowledge exchange, trade pacts, and foreign investments. These strategic efforts have propelled Mauritius onto the global economic stage, amplifying its influence in shaping international economic dialogue.
Minister Padayachy address stakeholders
In the wise words of Malala Yousafzai, “One child, one teacher, one book, and one pen can change the world.” Honourable Padayachy’s foresight recognises that the future of Mauritius hinges upon an empowered and skilled workforce. His policies have underscored the significance of education, vocational training, and technological upskilling, equipping the youth to embrace the evolving economic landscape. By fostering a culture of lifelong learning, he has paved the path for sustained economic growth driven by a skilled and adaptable populace. As this narrative draws to a close, it is imperative to reiterate that Honourable Renganaden Padayachy’s tenure as the Minister of Finance, Economic Planning, and Development of Mauritius under the guidance of the President, His Excellency Prithvirajsing Roopun, and the Prime Minister, Honourable Pravind Jugnauth, has been profoundly transformative. His visionary leadership, strategic acumen, and unwavering commitment to progress have propelled Mauritius to newfound heights of economic prosperity and global recognition. His recent recognition as the “African Finance Minister of the Year” stands as an accolade well deserved for his remarkable contributions, serving as an inspiration for future leaders across the African continent. Honourable Padayachy’s legacy underscores the profound impact that visionary leadership can wield, leaving indelible imprints on the annals of history. November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine | 41
POLITICAL LEADERSHIP
LEADERSHIP IN DIFFICULT TIMES An Exclusive Interview with
His Excellency Nana Akufo-Addo: President of Ghana
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POLITICAL LEADERSHIP
ALO Publisher, Dr Ken Giami in a visit to President Akufo Addo at Jubilee House, Accra
The majority of countries around the world have experienced the economic shocks of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine War, and Ghana is no exception. However, this West African country has demonstrated remarkable economic resilience. Rated as the most attractive market for trade and investments in West Africa by Fitch, Ghana is on a trajectory to become the next economic miracle in the subregion. In this exclusive interview with African Leadership Magazine UK, the President of Ghana, His Excellency Nana Akufo-Addo, talks about his vision for Ghana and his principles regarding leadership. Not too long ago, you were unanimously voted across all shades of thought as the African political leader of the year. And one year later, we feel vindicated because you kept your vision, stuck to your promise, and pursued your mandate. Our readers want to know, what are those guiding principles underpinning your political journey for the few decades you’ve been in public office? First, a huge thank you to you and your readers for what I can only call an elevation and recognition that you have given me and the work we have been trying to do here in Ghana. The idea that it was unanimous is particularly gratifying. It’s incredible that everybody who spoke agreed with what we are doing here in Ghana. So that’s the first thing to express my gratitude and the fact that these developments and this assessment humble me.
The reasons why I went into politics have stayed the same. They coalesce around two or three fundamental ideas. I found that the Ghanaian people will develop faster and with a better quality of life if they develop within democratic institutions and create a political system where democracy, respect for human rights, the rule of law, and principles of democratic accountability. This will provide the best context in which we can harness and mobilize the energies of our people to move from the underdevelopment stage to the stage of prosperity. That is the fundamental premise which has guided everything that I do. The wealth of ideas allowed me to participate in the movements against military rule in our country and to insist that the best government we could have was the democratic system. I’ve always been very animated by the statements of the British Prime Minister on the war, and the great war leader, Winston Churchill, when he said, “Democracy is the worst form of government, except for all the others.” And that has been very much my philosophy. So thatʼs the first thing. The second is also in believing that the entrepreneurial capabilities of the Ghanaian people, their ability to innovate, their ability to create, their ability to design things for themselves, also offered the best solution to economic growth and development in our country. The market is essentially the more efficient way of developing any economy rather than central planning, the socialist fabric that November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine | 43
POLITICAL LEADERSHIP we saw in the 20th century was condemned as inefficient. And for that to happen, you will need a government that has a clear idea of the role of government in developing such a market. And then thirdly, of course, the whole business of fairness and creating opportunity. We live in a society where as a result of poverty or complicated economic difficulties, people are frozen out of some necessities, access to education and health. Then, of course, the basic things, water and the rest, didnʼt create an atmosphere where you could mobilize the energies of all the people. We want to create a political, social, and economic system that will allow everybody willing to participate to the best of their abilities and talents and see what they can do to raise the social product. So those principles have guided me in my journey all these 14plus years. I’ve been on the frontline of political activity in Ghana, and going into the office, as if anything else, reinforced my attachment to these principles.
The wealth of ideas allowed me to participate in the movements against military rule in our country and to insist that the best government we could have was the democratic system
I’ve seen that if you want us to be a state and a society that is performing and is capable of delivery for all the citizens, we have to adopt democracy in its proper form. One with respect for the rule of law, human rights, and the principles of democratic accountability for a marketdriven and market-led economy. A society where we count on the energies of people, that entrepreneurial ability, and then a community that emphasizes creating conditions of fairness and opportunities for every citizen. Those principles that have guided my political career have been reinforced during my five years in office. These compelling principles will enable our country to take off, confront the underdevelopment issue, and move into prospects. That more or less encapsulates everything that Iʼve been, and of course, the overarching business of where we are as Africans - And insists that whatever we do, we should be conscious of where we are in history. The years of exploitation and being used to benefit other people, our resources, be used to benefit other people that, not ourselves, we should also consciously come to grips with that, do something about it, and change it. My slogan and mantra all these years has been to create
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a Ghana beyond aid. We understand that we are a country with the resources that we do on a continent that has the resources that all of us as Africans have and that that content should be dependent on handouts and acts of charity from the significant parts of the West. For me, I’ve always needed to understand the logic of that. We should be able to create our prosperity and surpluses and depend on ourselves to build our society. So these principles have been the values that have driven my political career. And they continue to be the values that move me, as I say, in these years of the presidency. The COVID-19 pandemic hit nations, and many countries couldn’t withstand it. Ghana was among the few countries that didnʼt go into recession. And you have consistently said that you need to invest in those critical infrastructures that will prepare us better for you. What are the lessons learned? And what do you think African leaders, of course, Ghana, but African leaders should do to prepare for the pandemics of the future? This has to be one of the most important questions facing all of us at this stage. The lessons from the COVID pandemic are not straightforward, but they stare you in the face. Firstly, when the pandemic erupted, we immediately needed to decide what to do to protect our population from the worst aspects of it. The decisions that we took were all directly within our hands. One became standard procedure elsewhere, closing the airports in our borders, insisting on small gatherings, making it difficult for certain kinds of activities to occur, and even initially, closing our schools. All these were decisions that were, once those decisions been taken. Some degree of stability has been brought to the rate of spreading of the disease of the virus, then came the question of how you then act, ultimately, long-term deal with the virus. And that is where we got our first major shock. To find out that vaccine development that has taken place in the developed world was not available to us was unacceptable. This was the period of so-called vaccine nationalism, where a few countries in the world that could make the vaccines were in the position to hoard the vaccines and say that they had to deal with the sustenance of their populations before they could turn to others. And in the meantime, we were scrambling and unable to find vaccines for us, sadly, it opened up another area, which was to see our old system; where were the deficiencies in our public health system? And therefore, What decisions did we need to take to plug those
POLITICAL LEADERSHIP deficiencies, reverse them and get us a stronger public health system? Ghana, for instance, was the first country in the world to access COVAX initiatives. It allowed them because it became obvious to those who have to study this thing that our public health system could handle the distribution of these vaccines. We have a relatively robust public health system. It’s been built over several generations and was ramped up, especially at the time of the Ebola crisis, where our system learned many lessons from handling mass epidemics. So when those became more and more available, it eased the issue of vaccine dissemination. It became clear that if we cannot manufacture and produce our vaccines, we might be doomed the next time something happens. when you listen to the scientists and the commentators on these pandemics, they’re telling us that in the 21st century, we have entered the era of pandemics. The next time, our situation could be even worse and more precarious. So that was a vital lesson for us. And we began immediately to put together the mechanism for managing these issues. We have a vaccine development committee in the process of being transformed into a National Vaccine Institute that is actively planning to establish facilities here in Ghana that will enable us to have our vaccines. So that’s a critical aspect of it. And in so doing, we want to build a medical health advisory containment service here in Ghana as part of the new ecosystem that we want to develop. So that’s one important event; this will not just be the COVID vaccines that we are looking at. We’re looking at being able to produce; we’re told that now, the world is virtually on the verge of a vaccine that will be effective against malaria. And you can imagine malaria for all of us on the continent continues to be a major menace, and then against tuberculosis, you have had to sneak serums. All of these are going to be the hotspots of vaccines that we intend to be able to produce for ourselves here. And our mechanism is not necessarily statecentered. We want to have private Ghanaian entrepreneurs, with the state’s support, able to do this development. And that’s the pathway to take. The other is our infrastructure. Halfway through the last year, I asked for a report on our district hospitals and to what extent district hospitals in the country sufficiently serve the population of our country. To my big surprise, it was like a kick in the guts to me; while I was told initially that 88 We have 260 districts in Ghana, these are the administrative units on which the state system is built, 88 of them did not have
any district hospitals at all. Subsequently, with more inquiry, it was, it became raised to 101. One hundred and one districts in the country do not have any district hospitals. Other issues had to be dealt with, like we have new regions in Ghana today, they donʼt have their regional hospitals, and then the psychiatric hospitals that we have the one in Accra, and thereʼs none in the rest of the country. So we put it all together and said to ourselves, weʼre now going to see how we could build 111 hospitals in the country; we call it Agenda 111. Agenda 111, whereby, hopefully, within the next 18 months, we will be able to build hospitals in the 101 districts, the six or seven regional hospitals, etc. But that is also the other great lesson: the need to facilitate access to hospitals. When diseases hit, the first thing you think about, as an ordinary person, is what hospital you can get to faster. Now, we see that almost half the country doesnʼt have easy access; they have to go long distances to be able to get to obtain health services, which isn’t good enough. For us, it doesn’t fit in with the idea of fairness; it doesn’t fit in with the idea of opportunity for everybody. So that commitment, too, is the other major commitment that we have made as a result of COVID - agenda 111, and we own it. Fortunately, in 88 districts, the land has been tested for suitability, and the contractors are now systematically going on board. You can imagine how tough it is to discuss land in a country like Ghana. However, God willing, Touchwood, most of them are being sorted out as we speak now.
We should be able to create our prosperity and surpluses and depend on ourselves to build our society. These principles have been the values that have driven my political career
We are about to unveil the next African Leadership Person of the Year, which has become an annual tradition for the ALO; what will be your message to the next award winner? Well, it is a difficult burden because it means that the eyes of the continent are on you as if you have chosen such an honor. It means that you are at the center of everybody’s examination and scrutiny. And that, yes, we political leaders, especially presidents, are used to it when it becomes even more intense scrutiny. November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine | 45
Political Leadership
BORNO’S EVOLUTION:
Governor Zulum’s 100 Days of Progress and Promise By King Richard
In an intriguing season of Nigerian politics, where challenges often appear to overshadow opportunities, Governor Babagana Zulum of Borno State is reshaping the narrative with his remarkable initiatives during his second term. As he marks his first 100 days in office, it becomes evident that his administration is laserfocused on delivering concrete and transformative changes across various sectors.
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Political Leadership A Security-First Approach: Governor Zulum’s unwavering commitment to the security of Borno State is unquestionable. In a region long plagued by insurgency, he has made the safety and well-being of his constituents a top priority. The procurement of 50 brand-new Hilux patrol vehicles for security outfits, including the military, police, NCDC, vigilante groups, and the Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF), underscores his resolute commitment. Additionally, the acquisition of 300 brand-new motorcycles for security patrols and the provision of various security gadgets and equipment highlight the government’s resolve to restore peace to the state. Investing in Education: Education stands as a cornerstone of Governor Zulum’s vision for Borno State. The establishment of the Mega-size Government Day Secondary School in Gamboru, equipped with state-of-the-art facilities such as classrooms, laboratories, and solar power, is a bold stride towards providing quality education. Similar efforts in primary schools across the state, including the construction of the MegaSize Primary School in Alakaramti and the completion of the Shuwari II Primary School, underscore the government’s commitment to nurturing a brighter future for Borno’s youth. Revamping Healthcare Infrastructure: The healthcare sector has not been overlooked in Governor Zulum’s ambitious agenda. The
construction of a 30-bed capacity primary healthcare center in Lemankara and the completion of similar facilities in Shuwari, Kaleri, and Zarmari signal a significant enhancement in healthcare access for rural communities. The provision of essential medical equipment and drugs statewide further demonstrates the government’s determination to elevate healthcare services. Infrastructure Development: Infrastructure development is a key focal point of Governor Zulum’s administration. Projects like the construction of a tunnel-like underpass pedestrian bridge in Gamboru and the ongoing construction of 72 units of three-bedroom flats near Ramat Polytechnic in Maiduguri play pivotal roles in urban development and housing. Empowering the People: Governor Zulum recognizes the vital role of human empowerment in achieving sustainable development. The equipping of vocational enterprise institutes in various towns, including Mafa, Magumeri, Biu, Shani, Gajiram, and Gubio, represents an investment in the skills and capabilities of the people. Additionally, the construction of ICT centers with 100 computers each in Gajiram and Gubio is a testament to the government’s commitment to bridging the digital divide.
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Political Leadership
Supporting Agriculture: Agriculture, the backbone of many Nigerian communities, receives due attention from Governor Zulum. The procurement of farm implements and the distribution of fertilizers and agro-chemicals to farmers across the state are essential steps to boost agricultural productivity. The cultivation of 50 hectares of maize, rice, and groundnut at Mega Farms further underscores the government’s focus on food security. Good Governance Initiatives: Governor Zulum’s administration has not only been about physical development but also good governance. From the distribution of palliatives to thousands of households to the allocation of non-interest loans to state workers, his commitment to improving the livelihoods of the people is evident. Recruitment of teachers for primary and secondary schools, cash support to traders affected by the Maiduguri Monday Market fire disaster, and scholarship allowances for tertiary students demonstrate a government keen on uplifting the people. Legal Reforms: The signing of nine bills into law, including the Borno State Social Investment Law, Criminal Justice Administration Law, and Investment Protection Law, highlights the government’s commitment to legal reforms that will foster economic growth and social stability. Water and Electricity Access: Governor Zulum’s focus on improving access to clean water and electricity in rural
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areas is commendable. The construction and rehabilitation of numerous boreholes and electrification projects will undoubtedly enhance the living standards of Borno’s residents. Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Borno State is no stranger to conflict, and Governor Zulum’s dedication to post-conflict reconstruction is laudable. The reconstruction of villages like Mallam Killumuri and the resettlement of IDPs at Molai 500 Housing units reflect the government’s efforts to heal the wounds of the past. Environmental Sustainability: Lastly, the reactivation of afforestation programs and the production of seedlings demonstrate the government’s commitment to environmental sustainability and reforestation efforts. Governor Babagana Zulum’s first 100 days in office for his second term have been marked by substantial progress across various sectors. While challenges persist, his administration’s determination to tackle them head-on is evident. Borno State is on a trajectory towards lasting peace, improved infrastructure, and enhanced quality of life for its people. As the journey continues, Governor Zulum’s leadership will undoubtedly be pivotal in shaping the state’s future.
Political Leadership
CHARTING A NEW COURSE: Rethinking Africa’s
Governance Style for Progress By Janet Abena Quainoo
The style of governance in many nations, regardless of their location, significantly influences a nation’s development trajectory. Africa, as a continent, has not been exempt from this phenomenon, grappling with its share of challenges related to governance styles. Despite its considerable promise, Africa contends with leadership issues, institutional weaknesses, political unrest, economic instability, and more. This article delves into Africa’s prevailing governance style, assesses its merits and demerits, explores the associated challenges, and offers potential solutions to enhance the continent’s political, institutional, and economic progress towards sustainable growth and development. Government Forms in Africa:
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Africa predominantly comprises unitary, federal, and monarchical government forms, with unitary governance styles holding sway across the continent. The Unitary Form of Government:
governments, but declaring war or taking similar actions falls within the purview of the federal government. Nations such as Nigeria, Ethiopia, South Africa, Sudan, and Cameroon employ federal systems of governance.
Under this system, the central government wields ultimate authority, with sovereign nations operating as a single entity. While sub-national units or administrative divisions can exist, their authority is determined by the national government. This system, characterized by a robust central authority overseeing sub-national governments, is a prevalent form of governance. It centralizes authority within the national government. Zimbabwe, Egypt, Tunisia, and Morocco are examples of countries employing this system.
Merits: One advantage of federalism or a federal government system lies in its promotion of innovative policymaking, political engagement, and tolerance for differing opinions. The presence of two levels of government with the power to act allows for flexibility, compensating for the failure to achieve a desired policy goal at one level by gaining support at another.
Merits: In unitary governments, roles and powers of the government are usually well-defined. This clarity often results in faster responses and assistance during crises, in contrast to situations with divided power structures. Demerits: However, this concentration of power carries the risk of leading to totalitarian governance, where all authority rests in the hands of a single individual. It can also foster hypercentralization and alienation from local concerns. Federal Form of Government: In contrast, the federal system of governance divides governmental authority between the federal government and state and municipal governments. Each level of government in a federal system possesses sovereignty over specific matters while sharing control over others. For instance, taxation powers are shared between the federal and state
Political Leadership
Demerits: Nevertheless, federalism can impede federal efforts to address national issues, potentially causing cross-state economic and social disparities, increasing inequalities between states, and inciting a race to the bottom among states. Governance Styles in Africa: Two predominant governance styles have prevailed in Africa for decades: authoritarian and democratic rule. While many African nations initially experienced authoritarianism, they transitioned towards democratic rule after gaining independence. Yet, coup attempts and political turmoil have sometimes led to military rule. The key distinction between authoritarian and democratic styles lies in their means and impact on citizens. Authoritarian rule can bring stability but often at the expense of political liberties and human rights. In contrast, democracy encourages citizen participation but can be challenging to implement effectively.
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Political Leadership Is There a Need for a Review of Governance Styles in Africa?
Solutions to Enhance Africa’s Development:
Achieving good governance, both globally and especially in Africa, necessitates a fair and impartial legal framework, robust protection of human rights (especially for minorities), an independent judiciary, and an incorruptible security service. Any African country failing to meet these requirements should undergo a review of its governance style. Furthermore, a good government should be participatory, consensus-oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective, equitable, and law-abiding, demonstrating a collective strategic vision.
Economic Development: - Diversify economies and reduce reliance on key commodities. - Maintain stable inflation rates, implement responsible fiscal policies, and establish a stable monetary system to foster investment and a conducive business environment. - Promote entrepreneurship by facilitating access to funding, reducing administrative obstacles, and supporting start-ups. Foster an environment where innovation can flourish, recognizing that access to affordable financial services empowers people and stimulates economic activity.
Challenges Facing African Governments: 1. Persistent Development Challenges: Poverty, underdevelopment, and inadequate access to basic amenities remain significant issues across many African countries, warranting a reevaluation of governance structures and policies.
To unlock Africa’s tremendous potential and create conditions for long-term economic, political, and institutional progress, it is time for the continent’s governments to jointly assess and modify their governance practices.
2. Political Instability: Coup attempts, civil wars, and electoral disputes are common occurrences in some African nations’ political landscapes, obstructing governance, slowing economic growth, and jeopardizing citizen security. 3.Mismanagement and Corruption: Corruption remains a major problem, resulting in poor management of public resources, insufficient funding for essential services, and deterring foreign investment while undermining development initiatives.
4. Weak Institutions: Weak institutional frameworks, such as ineffective judicial systems and bureaucratic inefficiency, hinder the provision of public services and the application of the rule of law, exacerbating inequality and impeding development. 5. Authoritarianism and Lack of Accountability: In some cases, authoritarian regimes suppress political freedoms, quash dissent, and limit accountability, ultimately leading to a lack of transparency.
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It is imperative to note that the emergence of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) will enhance economic activities among African countries, uniting some 1.3 billion traders on the continent and reducing trade restrictions. This will contribute to the continent’s economic strength. Political Development: - Invest in robust and independent judiciaries, electoral commissions, and monitoring organizations to enhance democratic institutions and political growth. - Uphold the rule of law and ensure the noninterference of politics in institutions. - Promote transparent and accountable governance methods, advance open data projects, hold public officials accountable for their actions, and enact comprehensive anticorruption measures to foster good governance and accountability. - Combat corruption, strengthen the rule of law, and ensure efficient and responsive institutions. - Encourage inclusive leadership and policies that reduce ethnic and tribal divisions and cater to the needs of all citizens, regardless of their backgrounds. Institutional Development: - Regularly conduct institutional audits to maintain checks and balances among state or government institutions. - Thoroughly vet appointees to key positions. - Take deliberate action to penalize heads of institutions accused of corruption and similar violations. While Africa’s governance practices play a significant role in its development challenges, they are not the sole cause. There is no one-sizefits-all approach, but a comprehensive strategy emphasizing the advancement of democratic institutions, good governance, and inclusion in leadership and public policy can be a positive starting point. To unlock Africa’s tremendous potential and create conditions for long-term economic, political, and institutional progress, it is time for the continent’s governments to jointly assess and modify their governance practices.
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Business Leadership
THE RISE OF AFRICA’S TRADE AND THE NEED FOR AID By Peter Burdin
It’s a little-known fact that the United Kingdom pays for and distributes billions of condoms throughout Africa. It’s part of a long-standing commitment to combat the spread of HIV AIDS. It’s also a good example of how aid and trade are intrinsically intertwined. The common wisdom that trade is good and aid is bad only tells part of a very complex relationship between Africa and the wider world. Ever since the great Zambian-born economist Dambisa Moyo published her seminal book “Dead Aid” in 2010, there’s been a recognition that aid hasn’t helped Africa prosper but has actually condemned the continent to poverty and a dependency on others. Moyo argued that over the past fifty years or so, around one trillion dollars of development aid had flowed from largely Western governments into Africa, and there was very little to show for it on the ground. Rather than achieving its stated goal of reducing poverty, aid donations had contributed to economic stagnation and political corruption.
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In “Dead Aid,” she highlights a culture of “aid dependency” which she argues blunts the incentives for African leaders to develop their own economies while contributing to corruption as some leaders have been able to mismanage and abuse incoming aid funding. As a result, the aid often goes to the wrong places and doesn’t reach those who need it most. One of Moyo’s theories that has really struck a chord is her belief that aid often crowds out private investment and blunts the promotion of entrepreneurship and business ingenuity. That message has been embraced by many Western governments. The UK government’s Trade Ambassador in East Africa, Lord Popat, is a true believer in the power of trade to transform the continent: “Every time one of our UK Ministers goes to Africa and talks about aid, Africans hate it. Our High Commissioners tell Ministers don’t talk about aid, they don’t like it and they don’t want it. Trading prosperity is the key, not aid.”
Business Leadership Lord Popat says this mind shift from aid to trade is really working. He highlights a trade mission to Uganda he led recently to support the Ugandan government’s industrialization program. This includes helping to finalize UK financing for a hospital and electricity and solar power projects: “The UK is investing heavily in Uganda because increased trade between the UK and Uganda will deliver more jobs, increased exports, and technology transfers. Africa is undergoing a sea change. I was born in Uganda. When I was at school there you wouldn’t find a single African who was qualified as a teacher. Now we’ve got a body of highly qualified people. There’s a lot of enthusiasm for Africans to own their own businesses. Everywhere now in Africa, you find young entrepreneurs setting up their enterprises and trying to sell you things. These SMEs are the cornerstone of the economy and they are flourishing.” Lord Popat says the trade figures speak for themselves. When he became Trade Minister in 2016, UK trade with Uganda was worth £140 million, now it’s in excess of £2 billion. Likewise in Rwanda where £12 million of trade in 2016 has grown to more than £1 billion as Rwanda continues to develop its infrastructure and promote inward investment. Lord Popat also highlights the role Rwanda’s shirt sponsorship with Arsenal Football Club as a good example of this new entrepreneurial Africa: “Every year since President Kagame and Arsenal signed that deal tourism in Rwanda has grown by 8%. It’s changed perceptions of Rwanda and places Africa as the next frontier for trade and investment”. Lord Popat sees the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) as a key player in the new Africa. He points to the Trademark East Africa as a great example of promoting the intra-Africa cross-border trade that the AfCFTA seeks to promote: “I remember queues of lorries at the border between Uganda and Kenya, sometimes some six or eight miles long. It would take the drivers up to six hours to get across the frontier. Now thanks to the electronic controls that have been installed it takes less than six minutes. Uganda’s President Museveni told me that as a result of these digital systems customs and duty are now thirty times higher between Uganda and Kenya. That will allow better roads and greater intra-Africa trade.” The UK is investing £140 million in the AfCFTA project to make it effective and facilitate the trade of goods, services, and people in Africa to help create the world’s largest single market serving a population in excess of 1.1 billion people.
Does that investment count as trade or is that aid? Very often the two strands are closely intertwined. Perhaps the answer is not to choose between either aid or trade. That’s the view of the World Trade Organisation’s International Trade Centre’s Arancha Gonzales: “It would be a simplification to make countries choose between aid and trade. The reality is that both are needed. The question is not whether to choose between aid or trade, but how to balance the two.” The International Trade Centre (ITC) works by providing training on how African entrepreneurs can secure access to capital. According to Ms. Gonzales: “There are thousands of companies that could benefit if we build capacity locally. The expertise that we provide for mango producers in Senegal, for example, will also benefit pineapple or poultry producers there. “We have a project with spice traders in Zanzibar, Tanzania. We found out that producers can obtain up to 20 times more revenue by branding and packaging the product attractively.”
Rather than achieving its stated goal of reducing poverty, aid donations had contributed to economic stagnation and political corruption.
The US government is firmly moving to this view that Africa needs more trade than aid. At a recent event in honor of Africa Day, the US’s Chair of the House Foreign Affairs subcommittee on Africa, Karen Bass, stressed this shift towards trade and investment: “We view the continent of Africa as a partner – as an investment partner, a business partner and don’t view the continent of Africa as a place where we need to deliver charity”. The US’s African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) is a concrete example of this trend. It offers many African economies duty-free access to the US market across more than 1,800 goods. In the words of the veteran Nigerian politician Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, the Director-General of the World Trade Organisation (WTO): “Trade, not aid, for Africa,” she says and points out: “We need to make use of the African Continental Free Trade Area to develop certain industries. If we want to trade more, we need to add value. We can’t continue selling the same raw materials we used to do if we want to move forward. So there’s a huge opportunity on the continent. “ I see three opportunities for the future. One is the services trade, the next is digital trade. That’s a November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine | 55
Business Leadership huge opportunity. E-commerce is becoming so important, and the third is green trade; there is going to be a big opportunity in green trade and investment”. For other African leaders like Fronati Kofa, the Deputy Speaker of the Liberian parliament, China sets a good example for the continent’s path to prosperity. Speaking at the African Leadership Summit in London he said: “I admire where China has come from. It had a single mind-set and Africa can do the same. We can develop a single currency and open our borders. It’s time to develop a pan-African approach. “African leadership has been stereotyped because of what happened in the past. We are building a new breed of competent and capable leaders, committed to transparency. As Africans we must act together and take our place on the world stage”.
The common wisdom that trade is good and aid is bad only tells part of a very complex relationship between Africa and the wider world.
It’s a view endorsed by Lord Popat of the UK’s Uganda and Rwanda Trade mission: “Africa is a sleeping giant that is now waking up. It has the talent, knowledge, creativity, and resources to prosper. Don’t look at Africa through a BandAid lens that Africa is poor or begging for money. Look at Africa’s potential through new eyes. Africa will shape the world of the future. “The potential is enormous. There’s an emerging middle class in Africa of highly educated people. With a population about to double, there’s a growing demand for education, health services, energy, infrastructure, you name it”. Lord Popat recognizes that agriculture remains a key sector in Africa and has been encouraging UK investors to help develop Uganda’s agribusiness to be more climate emergency-resilient and enabling Uganda’s farmers to gain access to affordable finance. So Trade is the future but don’t write off the importance of aid just yet. Lord Popat’s own UK government has just published a chilling report of what happens when the aid runs out. It’s the work of the UK Parliament’s International Development Committee and it looks at the devastating impact UK government aid cuts have wrought.
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The UK was committed to spending 0.7% of its Gross National Income on international development or aid as it is commonly known. In addition, around a third of the remaining budget is now spent on funding refugees awaiting processing in the UK. As a direct result, many of the UK’s aid projects have been slashed: - The African Girls Education Department has suffered an 87% reduction in funding, so it is estimated that 230,000 students will be denied education, including 115,000 girls. - In South Sudan, 27,000 children suffering from severe and acute malnutrition will no longer be fed, 12% or 3,000 of them will die. - Also in South Sudan, cuts to a GenderBased Violence education program mean that 101,580 women will no longer be supported and taught how to prevent and respond to violent attacks on them. And 567,000 children will no longer receive their childhood vaccinations. - In Ethiopia, 41,700 teachers will no longer receive training and 233,000 pupils will lose access to education. In addition, 8,000 disabled children will no longer be able to attend inclusive schools. - Thousands of women across Africa will die as they no longer have access to prenatal and maternity services. - Perhaps the starkest evidence from the Committee is the fact that feeding programs in Ethiopia’s “From Crisis to Resilience” scheme have been cut from £41 million to £24 million. It says that as a consequence some 350,000 beneficiaries will no longer receive food. Overall it makes grim reading. It is also a reminder that aid is not dead but still has a vital role in the lives of millions of Africans living in some of the continent’s most deprived and impoverished countries. Trade may well be the future but we ignore the importance of aid at our peril. It seems that the UK government has recognized that and next year its aid to Africa is planned to double from £646 million to more than £1.3 billion. And it has promised to restore its commitment to 0.7% of GDI when economic conditions allow. This contrasts starkly with the $34 billion trade that takes place between the UK and Africa each year. Trade dwarfs Aid by a considerable margin. And that will only grow in the coming years. The Trade versus Aid debate will continue, but the reality is Africa needs every resource it can get its hands on if the continent is to prosper.
COVER
FINANCE LEADERSHIP
RINDRA HASIMBELO: The Catalyst Of Madagascar’s Economic Recovery And Growth 58 | November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine
FINANCE LEADERSHIP In Madagascar’s economic landscape, one individual stands out as a catalyst for transformation and progress: Rindra Hasimbelo Rabarinirinarison. As the esteemed Minister of Economy and Finance of Madagascar, handpicked by President Andry Rajoelina in August 2021, Rabarinirinarison has spearheaded remarkable achievements in the realms of economic growth, recovery, and progress. Her strategic foresight, unwavering commitment, and exceptional leadership have propelled Madagascar towards a brighter future. Her accomplishments led to her being recognized as the African Minister of the Year for 2023 in London. In this engaging and exclusive interview with the ALM team, she guides us through the extraordinary successes of her ministry and the profound impact she has had on the economic landscape of the nation under the guidance of President Andry Rajoelina. (Excerpt) According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Madagascar’s economic growth is expected to stabilize at around 4.0 percent in 2023. What are your thoughts on this data as of today, and what efforts are you making to promote economic growth in Madagascar? In 2023, several economic growth drivers are expected to come into play and bolster our economy. One of these drivers is the tourism sector. Madagascar is set to host the 11th Indian Ocean Islands Games in August. This event is expected to boost tourist arrivals in the country, contributing to the growth of various sectors such as transportation, hospitality, entertainment, and more. Additionally, many airlines serving our country have already announced significant increases in their weekly flights. For example, Kenya Airways is scheduled to increase its weekly flights to 14 starting this June. Another critical sector is mining. We recently adopted a new mining code in June of this year, alongside other measures like the gradual lifting of the ban on gold exports and the issuance of mining permits. These measures are expected to invigorate the mining sector. Furthermore, this sector is benefiting from the global demand for minerals essential for battery manufacturing, such as graphite, nickel, cobalt, which is in line with the ongoing global energy transition. In the first quarter of 2023, the graphite mining sites of Sahamamy and Molo entered their production phase, with each having a capacity of approximately 17,000 TPA (tons per annum).
Agriculture and agroindustry also play a significant role in our economy. Our aim is to achieve food self-sufficiency in the medium and long term. We have made intensive investments in developing our agriculture, livestock, and fisheries activities. Additionally, we have been working on strengthening the connection between agriculture and industry to fully exploit the potential in these sectors. Since 2022, we have observed a particular dynamism in this sector, providing alternatives to costly imports due to global inflation. While there are potential downside risks, if these materialize, they could result in economic slowdown or contraction. However, we believe that Madagascar’s economic growth may exceed 4% in 2023. Madagascar is susceptible to climate disasters, the frequency and intensity of which have continued to increase in recent years, negatively impacting the nation’s agricultural sector and the economy at large. What measures has your Ministry taken to mitigate the economic impact of climate disasters and build economic resilience in Madagascar?
Receiving recognition for my work, as bestowed by ALM at ABLA 2023, is a blessing that will inspire me to accomplish even more.
Regarding climate disasters, our actions serve two main objectives: enhancing disaster and risk management (DRM) and strengthening resilience. In terms of DRM, we have established a contingency fund that allows for rapid responses to disasters and the implementation of emergency measures. Additionally, the Ministry of Economy and Finance has an ongoing partnership with the World Bank through the Development Fund for Actions (FID) to execute the social safety nets program, providing support to the most vulnerable households affected by climate disasters.
Furthermore, with the assistance of our partners, including the World Bank, AfDB, GIZ, etc., we have subscribed to insurance mechanisms such as the CAT DDO with the World Bank and climate insurance with the African Risk Capacity. These mechanisms enhance our DRM capacity and alleviate pressure on our public finances. November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine | 59
FINANCE LEADERSHIP
ALO Publisher, Dr Ken Giami and Madagascar Minister of Finance, Mrs. Rindra Hasimbelo
In terms of resilience and adaptation, the core of our strategy is to prioritize climate-resilient investments. To achieve this, we updated our public investment management framework in March 2023. Henceforth, projects lacking a robust climate component will not be included in our budget laws. Additionally, we are among the first five countries to complete the Climate Macroeconomics Assessment Program, which has already received validation from the International Monetary Fund. The recommendations from this assessment serve as an indicative roadmap for our climate disaster management efforts. The World Bank Group recently announced a Development Policy Operation (DPO) in Madagascar aimed at supporting reforms to unleash inclusive and resilient growth in the country. Could you provide more insights into this Development Policy Operation and its expected impact on the Malagasy economy? Madagascar signed a Development Policy Operation (DPO) agreement with the World Bank on June 9 of this year, amounting to 100 million US dollars. This marks the first in a series of three DPOs and is the first budgetary support following the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary objectives of the DPO are to support reforms aimed at fostering
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inclusive and resilient growth in Madagascar. These objectives include strengthening governance and macro-fiscal resilience, particularly focusing on climate-smart and decentralized fiscal management. It also aims to create an enabling investment environment while deepening structural reforms in critical sectors such as energy, digital connectivity, and mining. The DPO is expected to accelerate Madagascar’s economic recovery and enhance the country’s real GDP growth in the medium term. Madagascar has undertaken various prior actions and reforms before concluding this DPO, including reforms related to an open market for telecommunications, new policy management for the national water and electricity company, renewable energy equipment procurement, an open market for mining and gold exports, a new legal framework for digital infrastructure, and general investment reforms. The agricultural sector is a cornerstone of Madagascar’s economy, responsible for over 25 percent of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employing 80 percent of the population. Can you share some of your policies aimed at enhancing the growth and development of this sector?
FINANCE LEADERSHIP The development of agriculture is pivotal in our fight against poverty. Our primary strategy to combat poverty involves achieving food self-sufficiency. In June 2022, we held a national forum on agriculture development, resulting in a pact that we presented during the Dakar Summit in January 2023. As part of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme, the Government has committed to allocate 10% of its budget (approximately $350 million per year) to the agriculture, livestock, and fisheries sectors. Specifically for agriculture, our programs are designed to boost the production of essential crops like rice, corn, cassava, and oilseeds. To achieve this, the Government is pursuing three strategic priorities: 1. Increasing and securing access to productive lands by developing irrigated areas and issuing “Green Title Deeds” to landowners. 2. Enhancing access to agricultural materials and inputs by launching a fertilizer distribution program that will cover 11 regions across the country. Additionally, a fertilizer plant will be established in partnership with the private sector in the eastern part of the country. 3. Promoting innovation by developing a climate-resistant variety of corn seed in collaboration with a Zimbabwe-based company. This hybrid seed has the potential to triple our productivity to up to 8 tonnes per hectare. Furthermore, our national center for agricultural research (FOFIFA) has developed a technique to enhance rice productivity by at least 35%. Madagascar’s economic policies are structured around four strategic pillars, including industrialization to advance the structural transformation of the economy. Can you tell us about some of your policies and achievements in promoting industrialization in the country? Madagascar has introduced a program known as “One District, One Factory” (ODOF). The program’s objective is evident from its name – we aim to establish at least one factory in each of the 119 districts across the country. In partnership with the Fihariana Fund, the Government provides funding, equipment, and technical assistance to project developers. The overarching vision is to foster local production and reduce our reliance on imports. Over the past two years, we have set up 37 industries that manufacture products such as sugar, pasta, oil, and soap, among others.
The Government is dedicated to creating an investment-friendly environment. In this regard, we passed a new investment law in June 2023, which includes measures aligning Madagascar with international standards concerning investment security and access to land, among other factors. This significant step was taken, considering the previous investment law was enacted in 2007, and we anticipate that it will encourage more transformative investments in Madagascar. Furthermore, structural transformation requires a reliable source of energy. Madagascar boasts a substantial potential of 7,399 MW for hydroelectricity, of which only 2% is currently harnessed. The solar potential is approximately 2,000 Kwh/m2. These untapped resources present investment opportunities, and we invite interested companies to engage in such projects with us. Madagascar possesses vast deposits of natural resources, including precious metals, minerals, and gemstones, making it an attractive destination for mining companies and investors. Can you elaborate on the investment and business opportunities in Madagascar’s mining sector?
The core of our strategy is to prioritize climate-resilient investments... projects lacking a robust climate component will not be included in our budget laws.
Madagascar indeed offers numerous investment and business opportunities in the mining sector. I would like to encourage interested investors to explore these opportunities in our country. Today, I’ll focus on two significant aspects. First, Madagascar boasts substantial reserves of essential minerals required for the ongoing energy transition, notably graphite, nickel, and cobalt. Several studies indicate a surging global demand for these products in the coming years. The impact of this increasing demand is already noticeable and is further confirmed after the Ukrainian conflict. Another area of investment lies in what we term “rare earths,” or “terres rares” in Madagascar. These elements are crucial inputs for electronic devices, which are in high demand with the development of artificial intelligence. November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine | 61
FINANCE LEADERSHIP Microchips powering laptops, servers, and other devices rely on these elements, making “rare earths” a global strategic asset. According to findings from the World Bank, industrial mining in Madagascar has the potential to account for a substantial portion of GDP, ranging from 4 to 14 percent, and could dominate the country’s exports by 2025. What policies support investments in this sector and promote its growth and development? The new mining code and investment law are undoubtedly transformative in our efforts to promote the growth and development of the mining sector. The new investment environment is geared towards enhancing competitiveness, attractiveness, and transparency. Madagascar also became a member of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) in February 2008, and we recently updated the EITI statute. The EITI membership contributes to improving transparency in the sector.
Africa’s debt burden has indeed increased substantially due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukrainian crisis. These shocks have affected economies, raising government requirements and the cost of debt.
Available influential data shows that the government debt-toGDP ratio in Africa was 64.5 percent, significantly higher than the pre-pandemic figure for 2019, which stood at 57.1 percent. What are your thoughts on Africa’s debt profile, and what strategies can be employed to address the debt levels on the continent?
Africa’s debt burden has indeed increased substantially due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukrainian crisis. These shocks have affected economies, raising government requirements and the cost of debt. To return debt levels to pre-pandemic figures, solutions must primarily come from African governments. This includes implementing structural reforms and adopting a sound fiscal policy framework. The goal is to eliminate inefficient spending, boost domestic
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resources, and stimulate growth. Multilateral Development Banks have played a pivotal role by supporting such programs through grants or highly concessional loans, as exemplified by the World Bank’s DPO. For countries experiencing debt distress, debt restructuring should be undertaken, encompassing both debt contracted with official creditors (such as the Club of Paris and MDBs) and non-official creditors. Loans from non-official creditors have considerably increased for some countries. Despite the prevailing debt levels, Africa must continue pursuing its development goals. Increased concessional funding and Special Drawing Rights (SDR) allocations are vital to meet countries’ needs. Furthermore, guarantees and other innovative instruments should be made available for governments and the public sector. You recently received the African Minister of the Year Award for Economic Growth, Recovery, and Development. How do you feel about this recognition? Being honored as the African Minister of the Year is a recognition that fills me with immense pride and motivates me to continue dedicating myself to the development of not only my country but the entire African continent. It allows me to amplify Africa’s voice and make it more influential on the global stage as our continent emerges as a focal point amid worldwide challenges. Naturally, I am dynamic, passionate, and resolute in my commitment to my work and my country, with or without accolades. My upbringing instilled in me a spirit of volunteerism, propelling me to serve and deliver my best. Receiving recognition for my work, as bestowed by ALM at ABLA 2023, is a blessing that will inspire me to accomplish even more. Lastly, I wish to emphasize my readiness and openness to collaboration and partnerships that promote development, not only for my country but for the entire African continent. Together, we can make a significant difference. What unites us holds far greater importance than what divides us. Let’s work together to make it happen for Africa.
FINANCE LEADERSHIP
LEADING THE WAY: An Exclusive Interview with Azola Mayekiso, CEO of NHFC Azola Mayekiso, the CEO of the National Housing Finance Corporation (NHFC), shared insights into NHFC’s achievements and strategies in an exclusive interview. Under her leadership, NHFC increased housing finance approvals by 20% in 2023. Mayekiso explained that their focus is on the “gap market,” which encompasses income brackets ranging from 3,501 to 22,000 Rand. NHFC operates using a B2B model, supporting developers and non-banking intermediaries. They also facilitate fully subsidized housing, offering bridging loans to developers. Mayekiso emphasized the
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FINANCE LEADERSHIP
urgent need for funding to address South Africa’s housing backlog and discussed enhancing risk management within NHFC, emphasizing robust policies and monitoring to ensure financial stability. Her personal experiences have further strengthened her commitment to affordable housing, and she offered advice to young professionals on prioritizing learning, obtaining relevant qualifications, finding sponsors and mentors, and letting their work speak for itself. Mayekiso underscored NHFC’s goal of partnering with the private sector and attracting donor funding to sustainably address South Africa’s housing challenges as they move towards becoming the Human Settlements Development Bank.
Furthermore, we play a key role in the delivery of fully subsidized housing. We offer a revolving bridging loan facility to developers, and the size of projects awarded to these developers guides our annual approval numbers. Our goal is to ensure developers have the necessary funding to meet market demand.
Congratulations on the 20% increase in housing finance approvals in 2023 under your leadership. Could you share the key initiatives or strategies you implemented to achieve this substantial growth?
After completing my Bachelor of Business Science degree at the university, I began seeking advice from professionals already in the workforce. It became clear to me that I didn’t want to follow a traditional accounting career path. While I had a background in finance, I also majored in economics and statistics and was introduced to fields like marketing during my earlier studies. My experience as a consultant was initially captivating, but it soon became monotonous. After two and a half years, I felt I had exhausted the opportunities there.
Increasing approval rates is a crucial aspect of our work. Currently, we don’t directly engage with our clients, who are developers, because we function as wholesale financiers. We provide funding to those who are actively involved in housing projects, including retail, non-banking intermediaries. Essentially, we operate on a business-to-business (B2B) model, even though, in the end, they provide financing to individual homeowners. We primarily interact with other businesses, and this approach is integral to our strategy. To increase our approval rates, we continually set higher targets each year to match the demand in what we refer to as the “gap market,” which comprises income brackets ranging from 3,501 to 22,000 Rand.
What personal experiences or moments have reinforced your commitment to making a difference through affordable housing, and how do these experiences shape your leadership philosophy?
This is when the opportunity to study overseas presented itself. In September 2006, I embarked on my MBA studies at Ashcroft International, part of Anglia Ruskin University in the UK. I pursued a double degree, earning an MBA and a master of arts in international business. I also took coursework at Humboldt University of Applied Sciences within their international business school. Following my studies, I joined November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine | 65
FINANCE LEADERSHIP
the Goonies Group, a diversified listed financial services business, where I spent eight and a half years. I began in the corporate finance unit and later transitioned to working in the private equity funds business. My journey eventually led me to their asset management business, known today as Veneti Fund Managers, where I played a pivotal role in transforming the business.
with the most recent developments. I’ve been with NHFC for nearly six months as of the end of this month, September. We’re currently working towards instilling a culture of high performance within the organization. Given the significance of our mandate, we cannot afford to be complacent. We must expedite transaction approvals and, if necessary, rejections. Speed and efficiency are critical.
The business initially operated as a quantitative investment house, but it became clear that a shift to an active asset management model was needed. Under my leadership, we managed to increase assets under management from 6 billion Rand to 15 billion Rand within five years. This transformation caught the attention of investors, leading to my recruitment to run their traditional assets as the CEO. This business was the fourth-largest asset management company in the country at the time, and I served in this role for three and a half years.
We believe that cultivating this highperformance culture will position us well for our transition to become the Human Settlements Development Bank (HSTD). We are committed to this transformation, and there is a high likelihood that by this time next year, we will already have become the HSTD, which will be the sole development finance institution (DFI) in the human settlements sector.
With your impressive background in finance and business, how do you balance the financial sustainability of the NHFC with your mission to provide affordable housing for all? What strategies do you employ to strike this balance effectively? To address the balance between financial sustainability and our mission, I’d like to start
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Regarding the question of sustainability, I believe it’s essential to collaborate with the private sector to achieve our goals. We are working to enhance our partnership with the private sector as a way to address our nation’s housing challenges effectively. This partnership will allow us to continue providing affordable housing solutions and meet our mission.
WOMEN LEADERSHIP
WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS By Omowumi Odesomi
Around the world, there is a universal goal of achieving equal political participation for both men and women, as outlined in the 1995 Beijing Declaration, which seeks to empower women in all aspects of life. In today’s society, this goal has become increasingly important, given the pivotal role that women’s participation in politics can play in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Narrowing our focus to Africa, the Africa 2063 Agenda also emphasizes the need for the participation of all, including women, in politics and public life. However, records indicate that, like women in many other parts of the world, African women are underrepresented in politics, creating a significant gap that needs to be addressed. So, what is the current level of women’s participation in politics on the continent, and what does this mean for Africa? Are there efforts to change this narrative? This article aims to explore the state of women’s participation in African politics and the initiatives aimed at improving it. According to the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) in its 2023 edition of the IPU-UN Women Map of Women in Politics, which represents the regional distribution of women in executive positions and national parliaments as of January 1, 2023, more women now hold political positions compared to before. However, achieving gender parity is still a distant goal. The report reveals that Rwanda currently leads globally and in Africa in terms of women’s participation, with over 60 percent of seats in its national parliament held by women as of May 2022. South Africa follows as the second-highest in Africa with 46.5%, followed by Namibia with 44.23%, Senegal with 42.68%, and Mozambique with 42.4%. Nevertheless, many African countries are struggling to achieve even minimal levels of women’s representation in politics.
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WOMEN LEADERSHIP One key factor that has contributed to these African countries’ success in promoting women’s participation in politics is the adoption of electoral quotas for women, which guarantee women a certain number of seats and positions in parliament. While progress has been made, it is clear that more measures are needed for African women to become active participants in politics and to occupy crucial positions. Women’s participation is essential to challenge gender stereotypes and promote a more peaceful and stable society. Several development agencies have stepped in to support this agenda and are dedicating resources to drive this muchneeded change. For instance, organizations like the International IDEA and Sida are funding the Women in Political Participation (WPP) project, a pan-African gender initiative aimed at supporting women’s political careers. Their activities span countries like Tanzania, Congo, and Swaziland, among others. They work closely with political parties, parliaments, and other political institutions to create strong alliances, templates, and communities that can advance the cause of women. Another example is Trocaire, the official overseas development agency of the Irish Catholic Church, which has been active in Sierra Leone. The agency worked alongside civil society organizations to support the drafting and passage of the Gender Equality Women’s Empowerment (GEWE) Bill in Sierra Leone, a historic achievement that established a 30% quota for women in both appointed and elective positions, up from the previous 13%. Trócaire also engages in advocacy and awareness campaigns and has developed manuals to guide female candidates through the election processes in Sierra Leone, with plans to support female candidates in forthcoming elections. In Ghana, the United Nations Democracy Fund (UNDEF) utilizes the Gender Centre for Empowering Development (GCED) project to train and empower women as agents of change in governance. This center also addresses cultural and economic barriers faced by women that hinder their effective participation in politics. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) plays a crucial role in enhancing women’s participation in politics, particularly in Somalia, by advocating for women’s inclusion in political activities and providing technical assistance and support.
These initiatives extend beyond the countries mentioned and encompass nearly all African nations. Moreover, support comes from governments in the UK, the USA, Canada, and other nations, who are committed to increasing women’s participation in politics. These commitments include financial support, technical assistance, and capacitybuilding programs. However, much more can be done. While some African countries may be ahead in terms of women’s representation compared to more developed nations, there is room for improvement. African nations must continue to strategize to ensure that more women actively engage in politics and governance. To achieve this, it is essential to address the underlying social and religious barriers that women face in getting nominated and elected, rather than solely relying on quotas. Additionally, it is crucial to strengthen women’s leadership skills through mentorship programs and educational empowerment from a young age. This empowerment should encompass training in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to provide equal access to information and bridge educational gaps. In addition to efforts by development agencies and foreign countries, African governments, regional bodies, and the African Union must pass laws that support effective monitoring of progress for adequate implementation, ensuring that countries failing to meet targets face sanctions.
for those who are interested in investment, Zanzibar offers the best incentives when it comes to investment. So, if you come to Zanzibar and want to invest in any of the sectors that I have mentioned, then you are likely to have the best tax incentives as compared to most of the other areas in the region.
Women’s participation in politics is not just a fundamental human right; it is also beneficial for society as a whole. Africa, with its goal of being a global voice to be reckoned with, cannot afford to overlook this issue. It is time for African leaders to take action and ensure that women across the continent actively participate in politics and dominate in governance.
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TOURISM AFRICA
US-AFRICA TOURISM REVOLUTION IMPACT By Janet Abena Quainoo
In developing nations around the world, tourism plays a crucial role in building economies and creating job opportunities. Africa, with its fascinating history and spectacular natural resources, is witnessing a growing interest in cultural, heritage, and development tourism both locally and internationally. For the past two decades, Africa’s economies have heavily relied
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on tourism, with the continent adding $169 billion to its economy in 2019, and tourism contributing approximately 7% of the continent’s GDP. Notably, a significant portion of international tourism to Africa originates from other countries. In recent years, several African nations, including Ghana, Sierra Leone, Zanzibar, Zambia, Nigeria, and Mauritius, have experienced significant
TOURISM AFRICA growth in their tourism sectors. This article explores the historical ties between the USA and these African nations and the initiatives aimed at promoting tourism and fostering friendly relations. Ghana:
“The Year of Return, Ghana 2019” was a remarkable initiative by the Ghana Tourism Authority (GTA) in collaboration with other organizations. It sought to strengthen tourism ties while honoring the resilience of survivors of the Transatlantic Slave Trade dispersed worldwide. This initiative encouraged African families to return to Ghana on the 400th anniversary of the arrival of the first enslaved Africans in Jamestown, Virginia. It positioned Ghana as a sought-after destination for African Americans and members of the African Diaspora, achieving its primary goal. The initiative ensured a safe and welcoming experience for returnees, inspiring many to re-engage, invest, and contribute to the process of rebuilding what was lost 400 years ago. Additionally, Ghana’s government launched the “Beyond the Return” campaign in 2020, envisioning a ten-year project under the theme “A Decade of African Renaissance—2020-2030.” Collaborative efforts between Ghana and the United States aim to promote travel, arts, and culture in both nations. Renovations at tourist sites like the Kwame Nkrumah Museum further enhance the understanding of Ghana’s arts and culture. Sierra Leone:
The Bunce Island Preservation Project is a significant step towards boosting tourism in Sierra Leone. Bunce Island remains a vital historical site and a unique cultural monument, symbolizing Africa’s interaction
with the United States and the broader Atlantic World. It served as an international trade center and a transit point for ships carrying enslaved people to the West Indies and North America. This preservation project offers hope for African-Americans seeking to reconnect with their Sierra Leonean heritage, preserve this significant historical site, and promote intercultural understanding. Sierra Leone today actively fosters ties with the United States through cultural exchange programs, allowing U.S. visitors to experience the nation’s diverse history, music, and arts. Zanzibar: The United States began engaging with Zanzibar in the nineteenth century, establishing diplomatic contacts and trade interactions. These interactions encompassed the establishment of consulates, trade agreements for commodities such as ivory, cloves, and spices, and maritime cooperation to ensure safe navigation in the region. Zanzibar’s unique civilization is a significant tourism draw. Stone Town, a Swahili coastal trading town in East Africa, stands out as Zanzibar’s liveliest and most popular tourist destination. It reflects a unique civilization that has harmonized various aspects of African, Arab, Indian, and European cultures over centuries. Tourism in Zanzibar has been on the rise, contributing 27% to the region’s GDP. The island’s increased popularity is attributed to the growth of direct flight options, now served by 30 airports worldwide. Investments in hotels and the development of additional tourist attractions demonstrate a robust tourism investment program. The Zanzibar Commission for Tourism (ZCT) plays a pivotal role in marketing tourism overseas and ensuring adherence to tourism regulations, bolstering government revenue and encouraging tourists to explore historical monuments and wildlife.
African countries such as Zambia, Nigeria, and Mauritius are strategically advancing their tourism sectors. With innovative marketing plans, cultural agreements, and digital initiatives, they are attracting visitors and digital nomads from the United States. These collaborations hold vast economic, cultural, and diplomatic potential, fostering mutual growth and understanding between nations.
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TOURISM AFRICA Zambia: The Zambia Tourism Agency has unveiled its 2023 Marketing Plan for Destination Zambia, with the primary aim of boosting tourism through advanced strategies. The plan seeks to position Zambia as a safe and prosperous tourist destination, capitalizing on increased government funding for marketing, visa waivers for select markets, and growing consumer confidence in tourism products. The strategy also encourages active involvement from key stakeholders and promotes each Zambian as a brand ambassador. Tourism in Zambia encompasses adventure, safari, culture, heritage, and business tourism. The marketing strategy aligns with various strategic plans, including the ZTA strategic plan for 2022–2026 and the Tourism Master Plan 2018–2038, highlighting Zambia’s distinctive selling points such as its welcoming people, breathtaking safaris, and the iconic Victoria Falls. Nigeria: The United States has historically played a significant role in Nigeria’s foreign direct investment. Bilateral relations between the two countries were established following Nigeria’s independence from Great Britain in 1960. Nigeria’s strong ties with the United States, driven by the sizable Nigerian American community and shared cultural heritage, set it apart from other African nations. To enhance cultural ties, the U.S. and Nigeria signed a bilateral agreement on cultural property in January 2020. This agreement aims to protect cultural landmarks and artifacts from trafficking while raising awareness of Nigeria’s rich cultural heritage. The collaborative effort demonstrates a commitment to preserving cultural heritage and combating illegal trafficking. Mauritius:
Historical ties between the US and Mauritius date back to the 18th century when the US initiated trading relations with the island nation. Throughout this period and beyond, both countries maintained diplomatic contacts, engaged in trade, and promoted economic and cultural exchanges. Mauritius is harnessing its digital assets to boost tourism, especially following the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact. 72 | November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine
Shifting focus from traditional online tourism promotion, Mauritius is creating a rich digital environment to attract location-independent workers. The launch of the Premium Travel Visa, an online renewable residence permit, is a significant step in this direction. With favorable Internet speeds, coverage, and cybersecurity, Mauritius is becoming an attractive destination for digital nomads. Through this initiative, Mauritius aims to not only revive tourism’s contribution to GDP but also attract highquality visitors. Benefits of Boosting Africa: Increasing tourism from the United States to Africa, as seen in initiatives like “Beyond the Return,” holds significant benefits for both continents. Tourism can stimulate economic growth by injecting cash, generating job opportunities, and promoting cultural exchanges between American tourists and African locals. Moreover, it can contribute to infrastructure development, conservation efforts, and an enhanced global image for Africa. Additionally, it supports educational opportunities, fosters diplomatic relations, nurtures entrepreneurship, and facilitates people-to-people relationships, ultimately promoting mutual understanding and cooperation between the United States and Africa. Prioritizing sustainable practices is crucial for ensuring long-term positive outcomes. Conclusion: The historical ties between the USA and various African countries serve as a strong foundation for strengthening tourism and cultural exchange. As African countries continue to develop their tourism sectors, collaborations with the USA offer opportunities for growth and mutual benefit. Recognizing shared historical narratives and unique attractions in these African nations, US-Africa tourism can experience exponential growth, fostering enduring connections between people from different corners of the world.
TOURISM AFRICA
PRESERVING THE RICH TAPESTRY OF AFRICA’S HERITAGE
By Blossom Ukoha
Culture, the invaluable thread that weaves together the tapestry of people’s past, present, and future, holds profound significance, especially when we delve into the wonders of African culture. From language to music, dance to art, cuisine to religion, clothing to social customs, and even encompassing tangible and intangible relics, monuments, natural wonders, and historical landmarks, African culture embraces an extraordinary array of diversity and achievements. Hugh Masekela poignantly articulates how his profound connection to African culture has shaped his life, far surpassing any contributions he has made to the world. Africa, a continent of immense cultural diversity, boasts more than 3,000 ethnic groups and languages. Alas, since the dawn of colonialism, numerous forces have assailed and fractured African culture. Among these adversities are the harrowing legacies of slavery, colonization, forced conversions, wars, urbanization, globalization, and cultural imperialism. Consequently, many African communities have suffered the erosion of their cultural identity and heritage, often overshadowed by the tide of Westernization. November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine | 73
TOURISM AFRICA
Thus, the most pivotal endeavor in perpetuating the continent’s opulent heritage and embracing its cultural multiplicity is to ignite a renaissance of African traditions and safeguard the quintessence of its identity.
empowers the craftsmen with sustainable livelihoods but also safeguards cultural treasures.
To underscore the primacy of revitalizing African values, we must recognize that they form the bedrock of societal progress, identity, and unity. In this discourse, we shall explore pragmatic approaches to preserving African culture while nurturing a cultural revival across the continent.
The rekindling of African traditions finds expression in the vibrant tapestry of cultural festivals. By meticulously planning and jubilantly celebrating these events, communities can resurrect customs, music, dance, and traditional attire. These festivals act as beacons that beckon tourists, fostering economic growth and cross-cultural exchanges. On a global scale, they dispel misconceptions and kindle a spirit of appreciation for the richness of African heritage.
Championing Crafts
Traditional
Arts
and
The restoration of African culture finds its essence in the promotion and sustenance of traditional arts and crafts, for they offer us a gateway to the past and represent a vital facet of our heritage. By extending support and recognition to local artisans who master the traditional crafts of basket weaving, ceramics, wood carving, and beadwork, we can ensure the passage of these artistic skills to future generations. Establishing training facilities and workshops will serve as conduits for the dissemination of these precious crafts. Moreover, showcasing and marketing these unique works of art through markets, exhibitions, and online platforms not only
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Reviving Through Cultural Festivals
Cultural Tourism for Conservation Embracing cultural tourism becomes the harbinger of African cultural preservation. Through tourism, communities gain financial incentives to uphold their cultural identity by showcasing traditional practices, performing arts, and cultural festivals. However, we must tread with caution, ensuring that tourism remains ethical and sustainable while respecting indigenous cultures without commodifying or diluting them for monetary gain. The promotion of civic engagement and equitable economic distribution should be the lodestar of this endeavor.
TOURISM AFRICA Educating and Raising Awareness The cornerstone of preserving cultural heritage lies in making it accessible to younger generations through education and awareness programs. Infusing African history, arts, and culture into school and university curricula elevates students’ consciousness about the depth and significance of their legacy. Community-led efforts, such as cultural festivals, workshops, and seminars, further propagate cultural pride. The integration of African history, traditions, and rituals into education fosters a sense of pride in the youth, thereby perpetuating their roots. Moreover, cultural exchange programs and workshops provide an ideal platform for the transmission of ancestral knowledge and practices. Guarding Africa’s Oral Traditions Embedded within African society, oral history, storytelling, and ancient wisdom offer invaluable insights into our cultural heritage. Preserving and promoting these oral traditions becomes imperative for reclaiming cultural vigor. Local communities must safeguard folktales, proverbs, myths, and legends, capturing them digitally for the benefit of future generations. Storytelling events and cultural interactions rekindle the spirit of our communities and provide a cultural foundation for posterity. Embracing contemporary technology, such as audio and video recordings, facilitates the documentation and preservation of these cultural treasures, disseminating them through accessible digital channels and archives. Empowering Elders and Community Leaders The wisdom and experience of elders and community leaders stand as invaluable assets in cultural revival initiatives. Their inclusion in decision-making processes and cultural preservation endeavors ensures the passage of knowledge, customs, and rituals to the next generation. Community leaders, in particular, hold the mantle of actively promoting and preserving African culture by infusing traditional values into governance and policymaking. Intergenerational dialogue becomes the conduit for cultural transmission and sustenance. Mentorship programs and cultural seminars offer opportunities for elders and youth to share their wisdom and experiences, bridging the generational divide and securing the continuity of African culture. Embracing Technology and Media
In this digital era, technology emerges as a potent instrument to rejuvenate fading African cultures. Utilizing websites, social media platforms, and mobile apps, we can disseminate cultural knowledge, stories, and experiences. Virtual spaces and online forums facilitate cross-cultural collaborations and exchanges, uniting Africans from all walks of life. Moreover, technology fosters language revitalization efforts by preserving and transmitting indigenous languages. While traditional and digital media platforms serve as pivotal channels for cultural preservation, supporting African artists and producers ensures the perpetual creation and dissemination of African cultural content. Fostering Active Community Engagement Central to cultural preservation is the active participation of local communities in cultural events, festivals, and rituals. By empowering and funding communityled projects that uphold and rejuvenate cultural practices, governments and organizations reinforce the authenticity and endurance of traditions. Financial support, infrastructural development, and capacity building for community organizations bolster the conservation of African cultural heritage for generations to come.
“The revival of African culture thrives through championing traditional arts, cultural festivals, and responsible tourism. By preserving and celebrating our unique customs, we not only empower local communities but also foster economic growth and crosscultural exchanges.”
By embracing the outlined strategies, African communities will undoubtedly safeguard their cultural legacy, ensuring its endurance for the prosperity of future generations. Preserving African culture not only strengthens a sense of identity and pride but also fosters diversity, inclusivity, and global understanding. By cherishing and supporting customs, traditions, and heritage, Africans forge a powerful bond with their roots, weaving a vibrant cultural tapestry that stands resilient against the challenges of the modern world.
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NOTE FROM THE EDITOR
FROM BENCH TO BALLOT: The Critical Role of the Judiciary in Global Democratic Fortunes By King Richard
In the intricate fabric of democracy, the judiciary stands as one of its most crucial components. As a student of democracy, I invite you on a journey to explore the pivotal role of the judiciary in safeguarding democracy. However, this journey comes with a stern warning: the urgent need to expedite the resolution of election disputes within the courts and election tribunals and to guard against unnecessary delays, unclear judgments, and partial verdicts that harm the public interest. We shall explore how the judiciary shapes or undermines democracy across the world. Before we delve into the urgency of timely justice, let’s first understand the foundational principles of democracy. Democracy, thriving in diverse corners of the world, rests on three pillars: the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary. Each pillar plays a distinct yet interconnected role, with the judiciary serving as the guardian of democratic values and principles.
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NOTE FROM THE EDITOR The judiciary’s role in safeguarding democracy is multifaceted. It serves as the ultimate arbiter of disputes, ensuring that the rule of law prevails. It interprets and upholds the Constitution, providing a solid legal foundation for the state’s functioning. Moreover, the judiciary safeguards individual rights and liberties, ensuring that the voice of every citizen is heard and protected. As former Chief Justice of India, P.N. Bhagwati, eloquently stated, “The judiciary is the guardian of the Constitution and fundamental rights, and it is the duty of the judiciary to protect the rights of the citizens.” Now, let’s shine a light on the ominous shadow cast by delayed justice in election disputes. When election results are contested, and disputes arise, timely resolution is paramount. Delayed justice not only erodes public trust but also creates an environment ripe for unrest and instability. Citizens need swift closure to maintain faith in the democratic process. Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill, aptly noted, “The mood and temper of the public in regard to the treatment of crime and criminals is one of the most unfailing tests of the civilization of any country.” Case Studies: Africa Africa has witnessed both the perils of delayed justice and the triumphs of timely resolution. In Kenya, the 2017 presidential election results were challenged, leading to a protracted legal battle. Months of uncertainty left the nation on edge, and the public’s trust in the judiciary waned. Conversely, in Ghana’s 2012 election dispute, the judiciary swiftly addressed the issue, reaffirming the nation’s commitment to democratic principles. Insights from the United States of America The United States, often regarded as a democratic beacon, has faced its share of election disputes. Former Chief Justice of the United States, William Rehnquist, stressed, “The role of the court is to protect the rights of individuals, particularly when they’re in the minority, against the government.” Insights from India and Asia In India, the judiciary has time and again played a crucial role in upholding democratic values. Former Chief Justice M.N. Venkatachaliah stated, “The judiciary
is the sentinel qui vive—eternal vigilance— to guard and protect the rights and freedoms of the people.” This sentiment echoes throughout Asia, where judiciaries have been instrumental in maintaining democratic integrity. Case Studies: Europe Turning our gaze to Europe, we find similar tales of judicial influence on democracy. In the United Kingdom, the judiciary played a pivotal role in ensuring the legality of the Brexit process, swiftly addressing legal challenges and upholding the rule of law. In contrast, Spain faced turmoil in Catalonia due to delayed justice regarding the independence referendum, highlighting the dangers of procrastination. While the timing of justice is vital, the clarity and impartiality of judgments are equally essential. Unclear judgments can lead to confusion and disputes that persist beyond the initial ruling, threatening democratic stability. Partial judgments that do not serve the public interest undermine faith in the judiciary. The role of the judiciary in safeguarding democracy is undeniable, but it comes with immense responsibility. Delayed justice, unclear judgments, and partial verdicts pose grave threats to the democratic fabric. To ensure the continued health of our democracies, we must heed this warning: expedite election dispute resolutions, provide clear and impartial judgments, and protect the public interest at all costs.
Delayed justice in election disputes erodes public trust and creates an environment ripe for unrest and instability, emphasizing the need for timely resolution.
As citizens of democratic nations, it is our duty to remain vigilant and demand accountability from our judicial systems. The judiciary, as the guardian of democracy, must rise to the occasion, ensuring that justice is not only served but is served swiftly and fairly. In the words of Chief Justice Earl Warren, “In civilized life, law floats in a sea of ethics.” Let our judiciary be the beacon guiding our nations through the storms of democracy, ensuring that the waters remain calm and just. November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine | 77
AFRICAN REAL ESTATE
SETTING THE AGENDA: African Housing and Urban Development Leadership
In a groundbreaking and visionary step that promises to reshape the landscape of African housing and urban development, the shareholders of Shelter Afrique have enthusiastically embraced revised statutes, opening the door to a remarkable transformation of the pan-African housing and urban development financier into a dynamic Development Bank. This historic decision was made at the Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM) recently convened in Algiers, Algeria. The evolution of Shelter Afrique into Shelter Afrique Development Bank (ShafDB) signifies more than a mere alteration in nomenclature; it stands as a monumental milestone in the saga of African housing and urban development. Within this write-up, we will delve into the intricacies of this extraordinary accomplishment and the profound implications it carries for the continent’s future, commencing in Algeria as the need for housing takes center stage on the continent. The EGM in Algiers was nothing short of historic, drawing key figures in African governance and development. His Excellency Aymen Benabderrahmane, Prime Minister of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria, inaugurated the
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opening ceremony, emphasizing the importance of this event in shaping the future of housing development financing in Africa. He was joined by four Cabinet Ministers of Finance, Trade and Export Promotion, Infrastructure, and the Minister of Housing, Urbanism, and the City. The gathering convened under the inspiring theme of “Transforming Shelter Afrique into a Development Bank for Sustainable Affordable Housing and Urban Development in Africa.” This theme brought together visionary leaders who graciously hosted the event. His Excellency Mohamed Tarek Belaribi, Minister of Housing, Urbanism, and the City of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria, played a crucial role as the host. Architect Ahmed Musa Dangiwa, Nigeria’s newly appointed Minister of Housing and Urban Development, presided over the deliberations as the Chair of the General Assembly Bureau. The first Vice-President of the General Assembly Bureau, represented by Mr. Edward Kyazze from the Rwanda Ministry of Infrastructure, Urbanization & Housing Department, delivered the vote of thanks.
AFRICAN REAL ESTATE In his opening address, H.E. Arc. Dangiwa stressed the significance of the 2023 EGM and its role in shaping Shelter Afrique’s future. He commended the company’s leadership, recognizing the remarkable work of the Board and Management Team in steering the organization toward growth, profitability, and a more substantial impact on housing development across the continent. The Board Chair, Dr. Chii Akporji, expressed her gratitude, stating, “Our heartfelt appreciation extends to Algeria, the host country of this pivotal EGM that ratified these transformative changes, as well as to our 44 Member Countries, the African Development Bank, Africa-Re, our esteemed Board of Directors, and the dedicated staff of ShafDB. Their invaluable contributions have culminated in this historic milestone.” The renaming of Shelter Afrique to Shelter Afrique Development Bank (ShafDB) signifies a renewed sense of purpose, solidifying the financier’s status as a transformative and sustainable development bank exclusively dedicated to advancing urban housing and related infrastructure development across Africa. “The impact of this transformation will be evident through concrete metrics such as increased housing unit financing and construction, improved access to decent, sustainable, and affordable housing, and positions ShafDB on a progressive path towards the execution of our strategic plan (‘The New Dawn’),” says the Managing Director, Thierno-Habib Hann. Key Highlights of ShafDB’s Transformation International Alignment: The new Agreement aligns the Bank with international standards, granting the institution a leading position among housing sector financiers and placing it on par with peer Development Finance institutions (DFIs). The diversification of the shareholding and Board composition into Class A (African States), Class B (African Institutions), and Class C (International and Private sector) will ensure financial sustainability and best-in-class Corporate Governance. Enhance Housing Development Impact and Shareholder Value: The Bank will generate and maintain robust positive financial returns by posting and monitoring key performance indicators on liquidity, profitability, asset quality, efficiency, and productivity. ShafDB’s strategic vision is to expand its portfolio offerings to include thematic areas across the housing value chain, such as Green/Climate/Resilience, Gender, Jobs (SMEs/ Trade), Trunk Infrastructure, Islamic finance, IDPs (Migrants/Refugees), and Diaspora. This
expansion will be achieved through specialized funds in the Asset Management business. Improve Organizational Sustainability: The repositioning of ShafDB through the revision of its Statutes will further strengthen its adherence to the highest standards of Corporate Governance and align the Bank’s structures with international frameworks and best practices. The inclusion of an Advisory Board composed of representatives of the Ministry of Finance and international experts will enhance the strategic and financial management capabilities of the Bank. Shelter Afrique Development Bank (ShafDB) is a Pan-African institution solely dedicated to financing and promoting housing, urban, and related infrastructure development across the African continent. ShafDB operates through a partnership involving 44 African Governments, as well as the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the Africa Reinsurance Corporation (Africa-Re). Shelter Afrique Development Bank delivers financial solutions and associated services that support both the supply and demand aspects of the affordable housing value chain. As a premier provider of financial, advisory, and research solutions, ShafDB focuses on addressing Africa’s housing crisis through financial institutions, project finance, and public-private partnerships, striving to achieve sustainable developmental impact.
The renaming of Shelter Afrique to Shelter Afrique Development Bank (ShafDB) signifies a renewed sense of purpose, solidifying the financier’s status as a transformative and sustainable development bank exclusively dedicated to advancing urban housing and related infrastructure development across Africa.
The transformation of Shelter Afrique into Shelter Afrique Development Bank represents a significant step toward a brighter future for affordable housing and urban development in Africa. It aligns the institution with international standards, enhances its impact, and ensures organizational sustainability. As Africa continues to grow and develop, ShafDB has positioned itself through dedication to providing sustainable solutions to the housing crisis and urban development challenges on the continent.
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AFRICAN REAL ESTATE
UNLOCKING OPPORTUNITIES: The Surge in African Real Estate
Africa is on the cusp of a remarkable transformation in its real estate sector. With a rapidly urbanizing population and increasing demand for affordable housing, the continent has become a hotspot for housing and urban development projects. This piece explores the dynamic world of African real estate, shedding light on prominent projects, key companies, the forces driving this growth, and the challenges and solutions that come with it.
Major Housing and Development Projects
Urban
- Lekki Free Zone (Nigeria): A $1.65 billion mixed-use development in Nigeria, encompassing a port, industrial park, and residential area, poised to drive economic growth in the region. - Konza Techno City (Kenya): A groundbreaking $60 billion smart city project near Nairobi, set to transform Kenya’s tech landscape and infrastructure. - Hope City (Ghana): A $10 billion mixed-use development near Accra, creating a modern metropolis and business hub. - Tatu City (Kenya): A $2.5 billion mixed-use development, another jewel in Kenya’s real estate crown. - Vision City (Rwanda): A $2 billion mixed-use development in
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AFRICAN REAL ESTATE
Rwanda, symbolizing the country’s ambitious vision for urban development.
in Nairobi, Kenya, focusing on housing development funding.
- Grand Baie La Croisette (Mauritius): A $1 billion mixed-use development on the northern coast of Mauritius, offering luxury living.
- Home Afrika: A Kenyan real estate development company headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya, actively involved in shaping the Kenyan real estate landscape.
- Acacias Golf City (Morocco): A $1 billion project outside Rabat, catering to Morocco’s growing urban population.
- Nedbank: One of South Africa’s largest banks, significantly contributing to the housing sector in Africa through lending.
- Casablanca Green City (Morocco): A $1 billion development outside Casablanca, contributing to Morocco’s sustainable urbanization.
- Standard Bank: Another South African giant that plays a pivotal role in housing sector financing across the continent.
- Pearl of Africa (Uganda): A $1 billion mixed-use development outside Kampala, showcasing Uganda’s urban aspirations. - The Waterfront (Ghana): A $1 billion development on the coast of Accra, combining luxury and leisure. - Smart City Mauritius: A $2 billion smart city near Port Louis, merging technology and urban living.
Key Players in African Real Estate - Africa Housing Finance: A pan-African housing finance institution headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya, providing financial support for housing development. - Shelter Afrique: A pan-African housing development finance institution, also based
- Attijariwafa Bank: A Moroccan banking heavyweight actively supporting housing development in Africa. - Ecobank: A pan-African bank that is a vital player in housing sector financing across the continent. - The First Bank of Nigeria: A Nigerian bank with a significant role in funding housing development in Africa. - Access Bank: A Nigerian bank making substantial contributions to the African housing sector. - Zenith Bank: A Nigerian bank playing a key role in financing housing projects in Africa. - GTBank: Another Nigerian banking giant contributing to housing development financing in Africa. November 2023 | African Leadership Magazine | 81
AFRICAN REAL ESTATE Why should you have your sights set on African real estate? The answer is simple but powerful. The continent boasts immense growth potential, fueled by the rapid urbanization wave and the expanding middle class. This combination makes it an alluring prospect for both local and international investors. Sustainability takes the spotlight in African housing projects, aligning with global environmental priorities. From sustainable architectural designs to ecoconscious construction methods, the African real estate sector champions environmentally friendly development practices. In the intricate dance between banking and real estate in Africa, symbiosis is the key. Banks play a central role by providing vital financial support for real estate development. This symbiotic relationship is instrumental in fueling the growth of housing and urban projects. Tech integration is revolutionizing African real estate, from seamless digital platforms for property transactions to groundbreaking construction techniques. This technological transformation is shaping the sector’s future, enhancing efficiency and accessibility. At the forefront of urban development in Africa is the concept of smart cities. These cities are designed to be technologically advanced, sustainable, and highly efficient, offering residents a marked improvement in their quality of life.
Urbanization: The Driving Force Behind African Real Estate Urbanization is the dynamic catalyst propelling the African real estate sector toward unprecedented growth. As an increasing number of people trade rural landscapes for urban opportunities, the demand for housing and urban infrastructure is reaching new heights. This urbanization wave is not without its hurdles, including infrastructure gaps, financing complexities, and regulatory challenges. Urbanization stands as the vibrant heartbeat driving African real estate into an era of unprecedented growth. It’s a tale of rural landscapes giving way to urban opportunities, a narrative where the demand for housing and urban infrastructure reaches sky-high levels. This surge of urbanization, however, isn’t without its challenges. As Africa leaps forward, it faces hurdles like infrastructure gaps, complex financing mechanisms, and regulatory puzzles. Yet, in the face of adversity, Africa’s real estate market shows resilience and adaptability as innovative solutions, strategic partnerships, and government backing unite to create an environment primed for investment.
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For those contemplating entry into the African real estate market, a plethora of options await, encompassing residential, commercial, and mixed-use properties. This diverse landscape caters to investors with a range of objectives, making it a versatile market brimming with opportunities. Bridging the affordable housing gap emerges as a top priority within African real estate. Ambitious initiatives are underway aimed at providing decent and affordable housing to the masses. In summary, the African real estate sector is on an exhilarating journey, fueled by visionary projects, robust financial institutions, and a burgeoning urban population, and it’s poised to sculpt the continent’s urban future for generations to come. Africa’s real estate sector is a dynamic, everevolving landscape. With visionary projects, supportive financial institutions, and a growing urban population, it is poised to shape the continent’s urban future for generations to come.