Good emergency management practice: the essentials

Page 69

Respond: The Basics

57

in the midst of an outbreak. EDR is a robust and simple measure of the reproductive rate and is adequate for most disease management information systems (see next section). Where possible, the EDR (and all other date-based indicators) should be calculated using the actual infection date. This is rarely possible, so the next best indicator will be the date of first clinical signs. This should be calculated from the outbreak investigation (see below).

Management information system: the key indicators of progress Good decision-making has its foundations in a step-wise process, based on information: • Decisions about control policies must be knowledge-based. • Knowledge is built from reliable information. • Information comes from the analysis of data. Find it fast

1. Ratio of positive to negative reports 2. Surveillance methods that are detecting cases 3. Days from onset of first signs to day of reporting

Kill it quickly

4. Days from report received to end of culling 5. Days from end of culling to end of disposal 6. Days from end of disposal to end of cleansing and disinfection

Stop it spreading

7. Numbers of cases (i.e. outbreak locations) during a given period compared with the number of cases in the previous period (Note: The period most often used for highly infectious diseases is a week). 8. Routes of spread between infected sites

It is important to monitor progress and to make conservative predictions about what is likely to happen in the next period. A key element of resource planning is to have the required resources available before they are needed, not after. This can be done only by close monitoring and interpreting the effectiveness of the current measures. This sort of analysis requires a management information system. It is important to collect and routinely analyse a standard set of data from all outbreaks in order to create a comprehensive set of indicators. These indicators serve the various phases of a comprehensive response, as follows: Knowledge comes from the analysis of data. Without data there can be no information, although there is often misinformation. Data that are not analysed are useless. The collection and analysis of disease data is a key function of the epidemiology unit. Others should be collecting and analysing data on how field activities are being implemented. The use of these sets of information will give policy-makers the ability to plan ahead, another key requirement for disease control. The resources required for tomorrow must be sourced today so that they are available when needed.


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D: GEMP checklist

3min
pages 121-124

C: Risk analysis

18min
pages 111-120

A: Animal disease emergencies: their nature and potential consequences

9min
pages 103-106

Technical and financial support

2min
page 100

B: Risk periods

7min
pages 107-110

Restocking

2min
page 99

Stopping vaccination

2min
page 96

Recovery and rehabilitation of affected farming communities

2min
page 98

Declaration of official recognition of animal disease status

3min
page 97

Communication guidelines – press and public during outbreaks

1min
page 91

Local Disease (Animal) Control Centres

4min
pages 87-88

Difficult or marginalized areas

2min
page 90

National Disease (Animal) Control Centre

2min
page 86

Command and control during an outbreak

2min
page 84

Resource plans

1min
page 79

Risk enterprise manuals

1min
page 78

Operational manuals (or standard operating procedures

3min
pages 76-77

The geographical extent of culling: wide area culling or on a risk-assessed basis

2min
page 66

Management information system: the key indicators of progress

2min
page 69

Culling and disposal

2min
page 65

Contingency plan contents

6min
pages 72-75

Outbreak investigation

1min
page 70

Submission of samples from initial events to regional and world reference laboratories

1min
page 62

Animal health information systems

2min
page 59

Laboratory diagnostic capabilities

2min
page 60

Training veterinarians and other animal health staff

2min
page 55

Other strategies

2min
pages 51-52

Interface between field veterinary services and livestock farmers/traders

2min
page 54

Live bird marketing systems

2min
page 49

Developing cross-border contacts with neighbouring administrations

2min
page 46

Risk analysis processes in animal disease emergency planning

4min
pages 39-40

Incorporating risk analysis into the contingency plan

2min
pages 41-42

Illegal imports

2min
page 45

Updating disease plans

1min
pages 35-36

Contingency plans and operations manuals

2min
page 32

Public awareness

2min
page 34

A national disaster plan

3min
pages 18-20

Surveillance systems

2min
page 31

Compensation policy

2min
page 30

Factors affecting the frequency, size and length of disease emergencies

3min
pages 14-15

Role of central government, local authorities and the private sector

3min
pages 25-26

The required elements of preparedness planning

2min
page 17

Financing

2min
page 29

The value of planning for emergencies

2min
page 16
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